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Rocket troops in Russia, almost the youngest branch of the military in the state, which was created in the middle of the last century. But during this time they have become a real shield of our Motherland from the encroachment of the enemy, as well as a sword that is still in the sheath, but at any moment can be taken up to protect the people of Russia and the territorial integrity of the state.
Russian Rocket Forces: shield and sword of our Motherland
It is difficult to overestimate the role of this kind of troops. The Rocket Forces are a component nuclear forces country and a separate type of troops. The accumulation of nuclear potential at one time in the USSR could lead to a third world war in which humanity would perish. But it should be noted that the presence of powerful weapons, including mobile systems, has become a deterrent to aggression, preventing a potential adversary from striking our country, including a nuclear one.
The following tasks are assigned to the missile forces today:
- Dealing, independently or as part of the nuclear forces, a massive, group or single strike using nuclear missile weapons against strategic objects, which are the basis of the military and military-economic potential of the enemy, in several or one strategic direction.
- Nuclear containment.
Today, silo-based and mobile-based intercontinental ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads are the main armament of Russian missilemen.
History of the Russian Missile Forces
Even during the Second World War, the United States began to develop a secret nuclear program, which was a response to the intelligence received, which clearly indicated that Germany was rapidly moving towards weapons of weapons mass destruction based on the principle thermonuclear reaction. Many German research scientists in this field, who disagreed with the regime of Adolf Hitler, immigrated to the United States, bringing their knowledge to the development of the Manhattan project.
* The Manhattan Project is a secret project of the US Armed Forces to create nuclear weapons, which was launched in September 1943.
After Hitler's Germany and its satellites were defeated, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics became enemy No. 1 for "democratic values". In the United States, since 1945, plans were made for an attack on the "Red Empire" using nuclear weapons. In total, it was planned to drop more than 300 atomic bombs on the cities of the country, which were supposed to destroy most of the industry, demoralize the Soviet troops and population, and completely decapitate the country and the army. Civilian deaths were not taken into account.
But thanks to Soviet scientists, as well as powerful Soviet intelligence by 1949, the first tests were carried out atomic bomb. Which seriously undermined the plans of the Americans to defeat the main enemy in 30 days, without serious retaliatory measures on his part. Therefore, instead of seizing the USSR, the former allies began to prepare to repel a nuclear attack by the Soviet Union on the United States. Beginning in 1945, the Pentagon annually developed plans for waging war with the active use of atomic bombings. And after successful tests of similar weapons in the USSR (the Americans predicted its creation only by the end of the 1950s), the last date for the most profitable strike on the territory of the Soviets was 1954, until the enemy had time to build up the proper nuclear potential. But US President Eisenhower, the only person with the right to press the button, did not do this, judging correctly that "there are not enough bulldozers in the USA to remove all the corpses from the streets as a result of the war." True, he did not abandon plans to build up nuclear potential.
The leadership of the Soviet Union was not going to stand aside while the potential enemy would build up its offensive weapons, which could be directed against the Soviet people at any moment when political and diplomatic dialogues ceased to be effective.
And in 1945, the first missile unit was created, stationed in Western Europe, the 72nd Special-Purpose Engineering Brigade. At that time, the secret units were armed with ballistic missiles with a conventional warhead. Soon part was transferred to the Kaliningrad region. By 1950, another secret part was created. By the end of the 1950s, missile parts nuclear weapons appeared, and in 1959 the first intercontinental ballistic missile (training) was fired near Plesetsk. December 17, 1959 is considered the date of birth of the Rocket Forces, when the Rocket Forces were separated into a separate branch. The command was entrusted to General Nedelin M.I. applied to the development of new troops
After the Caribbean Crisis between the USSR and the USA in 1962, growth from the strategic offensive arms race was limited. In 1987, international treaties of the USSR were signed, according to which the countries participating in the treaty were to gradually reduce not only strategic missiles, but also short-range and medium-range targets.
The international obligations assumed by Russia after the signing of START-1 in 1991 and START-2 in 1993 (a treaty with the United States of America on the reduction of strategic offensive weapons) led to the fact that the nuclear arsenal of our state has significantly decreased. Among other things, the most important strike weapon of the missile forces was removed from service, and later completely eliminated - missiles, the warheads of which could be separated.
In 1995, in accordance with the Decree of the President Russian Federation The day of the Rocket Forces and Artillery was set to be celebrated on November 19. The number was chosen in honor of the anniversary of the victory of the Soviet troops at Stalingrad, where artillery played a significant role in the overall outcome of the battle. In 2001 space troops were withdrawn from the Strategic Missile Forces, becoming the youngest troops in the Russian Armed Forces.
Structure of the Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN)
The troops, which are the land component of the nuclear forces, still have the structure of an army-divisional model. In other military branches, such a structure has already been partially or completely abolished. At the moment, the Strategic Missile Forces include 3 missile armies: the 31st and 27th Guards, the 31st, which is planned to be disbanded in the plans of the Ministry of Defense. Organizationally, 3 armies include 12 missile divisions, including 5 guards.
Management of the Strategic Missile Forces
The first commander of the Rocket Forces was Marshal of Artillery Nedelin M.I. from 1955 to 1960 until his tragic death at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Of the Russian generals, I.D. Sergeev achieved the highest career heights, who commanded the Strategic Missile Forces from 1992 to 1997, received the rank of army general and later became the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation. Since 2010, Colonel General Karakaev S.V. has been appointed the country's chief rocket scientist.
The composition and strength of the Strategic Missile Forces
The Missile Forces of the Russian Federation includes a command, with a location in the village of Vlasikha, 3 missile armies, 12 missile divisions. The Strategic Missile Forces also include State landfill Kapustin Yar, Test site on the territory of Kazakhstan, Separate scientific and testing station in Kamchatka, Military Academy named after Peter the Great in Moscow, Scientific Research Institute and Serpukhov Military Institute of Missile Forces. In addition, repair plants and arsenals, a storage base for weapons and equipment are an integral part of the Rocket Forces. Today, the number of troops is 120 thousand people, a third of which are civilians.
Development prospects
Video presentation of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia:
If we take into account weapons, then more than 70% of intercontinental ballistic missiles have simply exhausted their service life. In addition, most mobile missile systems on the basis of railway trains that received the NATO classification "Stiletto" were dismantled. It is also worth noting that Russia cannot partially cover the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
At the same time in Krasnodar Territory, Kaliningrad and Leningrad regions put into operation the latest missile attack warning stations. 4 military satellites were launched into Earth orbit, which became a key element of the Oko early warning system.
As the latest data show, to date, the total number of missile systems and missiles with nuclear warheads is not decreasing. They are being purposefully replaced with the latest developments, including the Topol-M and Yars mobile complexes.
The most modern equipment that enters the Strategic Missile Forces requires qualified personnel. Such a task was set by the Higher Educational Institutions of Higher Education and the military registration and enlistment offices. For example, when recruiting lower-ranking military personnel and junior officers, attention is paid to their education. Preference is given to those who have completed higher educational establishments with a technical twist.
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Medium emblem of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia Patch of the Strategic Missile Forces (1) Patch of the Strategic Missile Forces (2) Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN) land component of strategic nuclear forces ... Wikipedia
Day of Strategic Missile Forces in Russia- On December 17, Russia celebrates the Day of the Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN). The holiday was established on the basis of the decree of the President of Russia of December 10, 1995 On the establishment of the Day of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Day of the Military ... ... Encyclopedia of newsmakers
Day of the Strategic Missile Forces- On December 17, a memorable day is celebrated in Russia - the Day of the Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN). The holiday was established on the basis of the decree of the President of Russia of December 10, 1995 On the establishment of the Day of the Strategic Missile Forces ... Encyclopedia of newsmakers
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Books
- To the guys about missiles Combat missiles of Russia from Peter I to the present day A book of fascinating stories for schoolchildren of Suvorov and cadet gymnasiums, Pervov M., After reading the book "To the guys about rockets", you will find answers to questions about why rockets fly, how they are arranged, who invented combat missiles, how missiles were installed on aircraft, tanks and… Category:
Magnitogorsk Medical College named after P.F. Nadezhdina.
abstract
in disaster medicine and life safety.
Topic:
"Strategic Rocket Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"
Checked by: Burdina I.P.
Completed by: Murzabaeva Zh.
Magnitogorsk 2010.
Introduction ................................................ ................................................. ...............2p.
Emblems ................................................. ................................................. ...............4p.
History reference................................................ ...............................................5p.
Commander of the Strategic Missile Forces .................................. 11str.
The structure of the missile forces .............................................................. ................................................13p.
Armament of missile troops .................................................................. .................................16p.
Tasks of the Missile Forces .............................................................. .................................................18p.
Literature................................................. ................................................. ...........19p.
INTRODUCTION
The Armed Forces are an inalienable attribute of statehood. They are a state military organization that forms the basis of the country's defense and is designed to repel aggression and defeat the aggressor, as well as to perform tasks in accordance with Russia's international obligations.
The Armed Forces of Russia were created by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on May 7, 1992. They form the basis of the defense of the state.
In addition, the following are involved in the defense:
Borderline Russian troops,
· Internal troops Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation,
Railway troops of the Russian Federation,
Troops of the Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information under the President of the Russian Federation,
The Civil Defense Troops.
Strategic Rocket Forces (RVSN) - branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the main component of its strategic nuclear forces. Designed for nuclear deterrence of possible aggression and destruction as part of strategic nuclear forces or independently massive, group or single nuclear missile strikes of strategic objects located in one or more strategic aerospace directions and forming the basis of the military and military-economic potential of the enemy.Modern Strategic Missile Forces are the main component of all our strategic nuclear forces.
The Strategic Missile Forces account for 60% of warheads. They are entrusted with 90% of the tasks of nuclear deterrence.
EMBLEMS:
Patch of the Rocket Forces
Emblem missile troops
Control missile troops and Artillery of the Armed Forces
History reference
The emergence of the Strategic Missile Forces is associated with the development of domestic and foreign missile weapons, then nuclear missile weapons, with the improvement of its combat use. In the history of the Rocket Forces:
1946 - 1959 - the creation of nuclear weapons and the first samples of guided ballistic missiles, the deployment of missile formations capable of operational tasks in front-line operations and strategic tasks in nearby theaters of military operations.
1959 - 1965 - the formation of the Strategic Missile Forces, the deployment and putting on combat duty of missile formations and parts of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and medium-range missiles (RSMs) capable of solving strategic tasks in military geographical regions and in any theater of military operations. In 1962, the Strategic Missile Forces took part in Operation Anadyr, during which 42 RSD R-12s were secretly deployed in Cuba, and made a significant contribution to resolving the Caribbean crisis and preventing the American invasion of Cuba.
1965 - 1973 - deployment of a group of intercontinental ballistic missiles with single launches (OS) of the 2nd generation, equipped with monoblock warheads (warheads), the transformation of the Strategic Missile Forces into the main component of strategic nuclear forces, which made the main contribution to the achievement of military-strategic balance (parity) between the USSR and USA.
1973 - 1985 - equipping the Strategic Missile Forces with intercontinental ballistic missiles 3rd generation with separable warheads and means of overcoming the missile defense of a potential enemy and mobile missile systems (RK) with IRMs.
1985 - 1992 - armament of the Strategic Missile Forces with intercontinental stationary and mobile missile systems of the 4th generation, liquidation in 1988-1991. medium range missiles.
Since 1992 - the formation of the Strategic Missile Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the elimination of missile systems of intercontinental ballistic missiles on the territory of Ukraine and Kazakhstan and the withdrawal of mobile missile systems "Topol" from Belarus to Russia, the re-equipment of obsolete types of missile systems in the Republic of Kazakhstan with unified monoblock ICBMs of stationary and mobile basing RS- 12M2 5th generation (RK "Topol-M").
The material basis for the creation of the Strategic Missile Forces was the deployment in the USSR of a new branch of the defense industry - rocket science. In accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1017-419 dated May 13, 1946 "Issues of jet weapons", cooperation between the leading ministries of industry was determined, research and experimental work began, and a Special Committee on jet technology was created under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
The Ministry of the Armed Forces has formed: a special artillery unit for the development, preparation and launch of FAU-2 missiles, the Research Rocket Institute of the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU), the State Central Range of Rocket Equipment (the Kapustin Yar training ground), and the Department of Rocket Weapons in part of the GAU. The first missile formation armed with long-range ballistic missiles was the special-purpose brigade of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command - armored RVGK (commander - Major General of Artillery A.F. Tveretsky). In December 1950, the second special-purpose brigade was formed, in 1951-1955. - 5 more formations that received a new name (since 1953), - engineering brigades of the RVGK. Until 1955, they were armed with R-1 and R-2 ballistic missiles, with a range of 270 and 600 km, equipped with warheads with conventional explosive(general designer S.P. Korolev). By 1958, the personnel of the brigades conducted more than 150 combat training launches of missiles. In 1946 - 1954, the brigades were part of the RVGK artillery and were subordinate to the artillery commander of the Soviet Army. They were managed by a special department of the artillery headquarters of the Soviet Army. In March 1955, the post of Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR for special weapons and rocket technology was introduced (Marshal of Artillery M.I. Nedelin), under which the headquarters of rocket units was created.
The combat use of engineering brigades was determined by the order of the Supreme Command, the decision of which provided for the assignment of these formations to the fronts. The front commander carried out the leadership of the engineering brigades through the artillery commander.
On October 4, 1957, for the first time in world history, the first artificial satellite of the Earth was successfully launched from the Baikonur test site by the personnel of a separate engineering test unit using a combat missile R-7. Thanks to the efforts of Soviet rocket scientists, a new era in the history of mankind began - the era of practical astronautics.
In the second half of the 1950s. The R-5 and R-12 strategic RSDs equipped with nuclear warheads (general designers S.P. Korolev and M.K. Yangel) with a range of 1200 and 2000 km and R-7 and R-7A ICBMs (general designer S.P. Korolev). In 1958, the RVGK engineering brigades, armed with R-11 and R-11M operational-tactical missiles, were transferred to the ground forces. The first formation of ICBMs was the object with the code name "Angara" (commander - Colonel M.G. Grigoriev), which completed its formation at the end of 1958. In July 1959, the personnel of this formation carried out the first combat training launch of ICBMs in the USSR.
The need for centralized leadership of troops equipped strategic missiles, determined the organizational design of a new type of aircraft. In accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1384-615 dated 12/17/1959, the Strategic Missile Forces were created as an independent branch of the Armed Forces. According to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1239 of December 10, 1995, this day is celebrated as an annual holiday - the Day of the Strategic Missile Forces.
On December 31, 1959, the following were formed: the Main Headquarters of the Rocket Forces, the Central command post with a communication center and a computer center, the Main Directorate of Missile Weapons, the Combat Training Directorate, and a number of other directorates and services. The Strategic Missile Forces included the 12th Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense, which was in charge of nuclear weapons, engineering units, previously subordinate to the Deputy Minister of Defense for special weapons and jet equipment, missile regiments and directorates of three air divisions, subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force, missile arsenals, bases and warehouses special weapons. The structure of the Strategic Missile Forces also included the 4th State Central Range of the Ministry of Defense ("Kapustin Yar"); 5th Research Test Site of the Moscow Region (Baikonur); a separate scientific and testing station in the village. Keys in Kamchatka; 4th Research Institute of the Moscow Region (Bolshevo, Moscow Region). In 1963, on the basis of the Angara facility, the 53rd research test site for rocket and space weapons of the Moscow Region (Plesetsk) was formed.
The origin of the Strategic Missile Forces is associated with the development of domestic and foreign missile weapons, and then nuclear missile weapons, with the improvement of their combat use. In the history of RV:
1946 - 1959 - the creation of nuclear weapons and the first samples of guided ballistic missiles, the deployment of missile formations capable of solving operational tasks in front-line operations and strategic tasks in nearby theaters of military operations.
1959 - 1965 - the formation of the Strategic Missile Forces, the deployment and putting on combat duty of missile formations and parts of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and medium-range missiles (RSMs) capable of solving strategic tasks in military geographical regions and in any theater of military operations.
In 1962, the Strategic Missile Forces took part in Operation Anadyr, during which 42 RSD R-12 and R-14 were secretly deployed in Cuba, and made a significant contribution to resolving the Caribbean crisis and preventing the American invasion of Cuba.
1965 - 1973 - deployment of a group of intercontinental ballistic missiles with single launches (OS) of the 2nd generation, equipped with monoblock warheads (warheads), the transformation of the Strategic Missile Forces into the main component of strategic nuclear forces, which made the main contribution to the achievement of military-strategic balance (parity) between the USSR and USA.
1973 - 1985 - equipping the Strategic Missile Forces with third-generation intercontinental ballistic missiles with multiple warheads and means of overcoming the anti-missile defense of a potential enemy and mobile range missile systems.
1985 - 1992 - armament of the Strategic Missile Forces with intercontinental stationary and mobile missile systems of the 4th generation, liquidation in 1988-1991. medium range missiles.
Since 1992 - the formation of the Strategic Missile Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the elimination of missile systems of intercontinental ballistic missiles on the territory of Ukraine and Kazakhstan and the withdrawal of mobile Topol missile systems from Belarus to Russia, the re-equipment of obsolete types of missile systems on the DBK with unified monoblock stationary and mobile-based missiles "Topol" -M” 5th generation.
The material basis for the creation of the Strategic Missile Forces was the deployment in the USSR of a new branch of the defense industry - rocket science. In accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1017-419 dated May 13, 1946 “Issues of jet weapons”, cooperation between the leading ministries of industry was determined, research and experimental work was started, and a Special Committee on jet technology was created under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
The Ministry of the Armed Forces has formed: a special artillery unit for the development, preparation and launch of FAU-2 missiles, the Research Rocket Institute of the Main Artillery Directorate, the State Central Rocket Test Range (Kapustin Yar test site), and the Jet Weapons Directorate as part of the GAU. The first missile formation armed with long-range ballistic missiles was the special purpose brigade of the RVGK (commander - Major General of Artillery A.F. Tveretsky). In December 1950, the second special-purpose brigade was formed, in 1951-1955. - 5 more formations that received a new name (since 1953) - engineering brigades of the RVGK. Until 1955, they were armed with ballistic missiles R-1, R-2, with a range of 270 km and 600 km, equipped with warheads with conventional explosives (general designer S.P. Korolev). By 1958, the personnel of the brigades conducted more than 150 combat training launches of missiles. In 1946 - 1954, the brigades were part of the RVGK artillery and were subordinate to the artillery commander of the Soviet Army. They were managed by a special department of the artillery headquarters of the Soviet Army. In March 1955, the post of Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR for special weapons and rocket technology was introduced (Marshal of Artillery M.I. Nedelin), under which the headquarters of rocket units was created.
The combat use of engineering brigades was determined by the order of the Supreme Command, the decision of which provided for the assignment of these formations to the fronts. The front commander carried out the leadership of the engineering brigades through the artillery commander.
On October 4, 1957, for the first time in world history, the first artificial satellite of the Earth was successfully launched from the Baikonur test site by the personnel of a separate engineering test unit using the R-7 combat missile. Thanks to the efforts of Soviet rocket scientists, a new era in the history of mankind began - the era of practical astronautics.
In the second half of the 50s. strategic missile launchers R-5 and R-12 equipped with nuclear warheads (general designers S.P. Korolev and M.K. Yangel) with a range of 1200 and 2000 km and ICBMs R-7 and R-7A (general designer S.P. Korolev). In 1958, the RVGK engineering brigades, armed with R-11 and R-11M tactical missiles, were transferred to the Ground Forces. The first ICBM formation was an object with the code name "Angara" (commander - Colonel M.G. Grigoriev), which completed its formation at the end of 1958. In July 1959, the personnel of this formation carried out the first combat training launch of ICBMs in the USSR.
The need for centralized leadership of troops equipped with strategic missiles led to the organizational design of a new type of armed forces. In accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1384-615 dated 12/17/1959, the Strategic Missile Forces were created as an independent branch of the Armed Forces. According to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1239 of December 10, 1995, this day is celebrated as an annual holiday - the Day of the Strategic Missile Forces.
On December 31, 1959, the following were formed: the Main Headquarters of the Missile Forces, the Central Command Post with a communications center and a computer center, the Main Directorate of Missile Weapons, the Combat Training Directorate, and a number of other departments and services. The Strategic Missile Forces included the 12th Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense, which was in charge of nuclear weapons, engineering formations previously subordinate to the Deputy Minister of Defense for special weapons and jet equipment, missile regiments and directorates of 3 air divisions of the Air Force, missile arsenals, bases and warehouses of special weapons. The structure of the Strategic Missile Forces also included the 4th State Central Range of the Ministry of Defense (Kapustin Yar); 5th Research Test Site of the Moscow Region (Baikonur); a separate scientific and testing station in the village. Keys in Kamchatka; 4th Research Institute of the Moscow Region (Bolshevo, Moscow Region). In 1963, on the basis of the Angara facility, the 53rd Scientific Research Test Site for Missile and Space Weapons of the Moscow Region (Plesetsk) was formed.
On June 22, 1960, the Military Council of the Strategic Missile Forces was created, which included M.I. Nedelin (chairman), V.A. Bolyatko, P.I. Efimov, M.A. Nikolsky, A.I. Semenov, V.F. Tolubko, F.P. Thin, M.I. Ponomarev. In 1960, the Regulations on combat duty units and divisions of the Strategic Missile Forces. In order to centralize combat control The Strategic Missile Forces included bodies and control points in the strategic, operational and tactical levels in the structure of the control system of the Strategic Missile Forces, introduced automated systems communications and command and control of troops and combat means.
In 1960 - 1961. on the basis of the air armies of long-range aviation, missile armies were formed, which included RSD formations. Engineer brigades and regiments of the RVGK were reorganized into missile divisions and RSD missile brigades, and the directorates of training artillery ranges and ICBM brigades - to the directorates of missile corps and divisions. The main combat unit in an RSD formation was a missile battalion, and in an ICBM formation, a missile regiment. Until 1966, the intercontinental DBK R-16, R-9A were put into service (general designers M.K. Yangel and S.P. Korolev). In the troops of the RSD, subunits and units armed with the R-12U, R-14U DBKs with mine launchers group arrangement (general designer M.K. Yangel). The first missile formations and units were manned mainly by officers from the artillery, navy, air force, and ground forces. Their retraining for rocket specialties was carried out in training centers polygons, at industrial enterprises and at courses at military educational institutions, and subsequently by instructor groups in units.
In 1965 - 1973 The Strategic Missile Forces are equipped with DBK OS RS-10, RS-12, R-36, dispersed over a large area (general designers M.K. Yangel, V.N. Chelomey). In 1970, in order to improve the leadership of troops and increase the reliability of combat command and control, directorates of missile armies were created on the basis of the directorates of missile corps. Formations and units with single silo launchers were capable of inflicting a guaranteed retaliatory strike in any conditions of the beginning of the war. DBK 2nd generation ensured remote launch of missiles in the shortest possible time, high accuracy of hitting the target and survivability of troops and weapons, improved operating conditions for missile weapons.
In 1973 - 1985. in the Strategic Missile Forces, the stationary BRK RS-16, RS-20A, RS-20B and RS-18 (general designers V.F. Utkin and V.N. Chelomey) and the mobile ground BRK RSD-10 (“Pioneer ”) (general designer A.D. Nadiradze), equipped with multiple warheads of individual guidance. Missiles and control points of stationary DBKs were located in structures of especially high security. The missiles use autonomous control systems with an on-board computer, which provide remote re-targeting of missiles before launch.
In 1985 - 1992 The Strategic Missile Forces were armed with missile launchers with mine- and rail-based RS-22 missiles (general designer V.F. Utkin) and upgraded mine- and RS-12M ground-based RS-20V missiles (general designers V.F. Utkin and A.D. Nadiradze). These complexes have increased combat readiness, high survivability and resistance to damaging factors nuclear explosion, operational re-targeting and an increased autonomy period.
Since 1972, the quantitative and qualitative composition of nuclear weapons carriers and warheads of the Strategic Missile Forces, as well as other components of strategic nuclear forces, has been limited by the maximum levels established by the Treaties between the USSR (Russia) and the USA. In accordance with the Treaty between the USSR and the USA on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles (1987), RSDs and launchers for them were destroyed, including 72 RSD-10 ("Pioneer") missiles - by launching from field combat starting positions in districts of Chita and Kansk.
In 1997 there was a merger of the Strategic Missile Forces, the Military Space Forces, the Troops of the Rocket and Space Defense Troops air defense Russian Armed Forces in single view RF Armed Forces - Strategic Missile Forces. Since June 2001, the Strategic Missile Forces have been transformed into 2 types of troops - the Strategic Missile Forces and the Space Forces.
The priority areas for the further development of the Strategic Missile Forces are: maintaining the combat readiness of the existing grouping of troops, maximizing the service life of missile systems, completing the development and deployment at the required pace of modern stationary and mobile-based Topol-M missile systems, developing a combat command and control system for troops and weapons, creating scientific and technical groundwork for promising models of weapons and equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces.
Appointment of Strategic Missile Forces
Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN), a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the main component of its strategic nuclear forces. Designed for nuclear deterrence of possible aggression and destruction as part of strategic nuclear forces or independently massed, group or single nuclear missile strikes of strategic objects located in one or more strategic aerospace directions and forming the basis of the military and military-economic potentials of the enemy.
The role and place of the Strategic Missile Forces in the emerging system of ensuring strategic stability and national security
The modern world is characterized by high dynamism of system transformation international relations. After the end of the era of bipolar confrontation, contradictory trends arose towards the formation of a multipolar world and the establishment of the dominance of one country or group of countries. At the same time, their implementation is often based on military force methods of solving the problems of world politics, which run counter to the existing norms of world law. Thus, relying on military force still tops the list of measures to resolve crises in the world.
Russia, as one of the largest states in the world with a unique geostrategic position, centuries-old history and rich cultural traditions, with significant economic, scientific, technical and military potential, cannot remain aloof from the ongoing world processes. To achieve your national interests it is interested in maintaining stable international relations between the most economically and militarily powerful states and strategic stability in general, both globally and regionally. Therefore, as priority areas ensure their military security Russia is considering strengthening a set of measures to maintain strategic stability, prevent military conflicts and prevent their escalation. In implementing these measures, Russia relies on deterrence, the main purpose of which is to prevent and stop attempts by states or coalitions of states to resolve with the help of military force contradictions with the Russian Federation and its allies through a convincing demonstration of determination and readiness to use force.
Today Russia has sufficient military power. The plan for the construction and development of the Armed Forces provides for their further organizational improvement and the qualitative development of weapons and military equipment. However, an important feature of the current situation is that the reform of the Russian Armed Forces has not yet been completed. A number of states and their alliances gained significant superiority in general-purpose forces. In the current economic situation in the country, the strategic nuclear forces (SNF) remain the main real military force capable of offsetting potential military threats to Russia.
It should be noted that if in the initial period of its existence, nuclear weapons were considered as a powerful offensive means of achieving superiority in war, today they have largely become a political means of achieving goals, exercising their function of deterring a potential aggressor. Therefore, in the current conditions, Russia, as defined in the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, considers nuclear missile weapons as one of the most important factors in deterring aggression, ensuring its military security, maintaining international stability and peace.
However, it is not only and not so much the presence of nuclear weapons that is holding back, but their real combat characteristics and high possibilities of its combat use in any conditions of the situation. Today, the strategic nuclear forces of Russia are most in line with the geostrategic and economic situation of the country. Possessing a global reach, enormous destructive power and not requiring prohibitive maintenance costs, they make it possible to provide deterrence functions at the lowest cost relative to countries that have significant superiority in economic and human resources, as well as in the level of equipment of troops with modern highly effective conventional weapons. In addition, the presence of strategic nuclear forces and their high combat readiness enable Russia to carry out a lengthy and economically difficult reform of the Armed Forces and the entire military organization of the state.
Strategic Missile Forces are one of the three components of strategic nuclear forces (along with naval and aviation strategic nuclear forces). Due to their geostrategic position, the Soviet Union, and then Russia, traditionally gave priority in the development of their strategic nuclear forces to the ground component - the Strategic Missile Forces. Therefore, even today, approximately 2/3 of all carriers and warheads of strategic nuclear forces are concentrated in their combat strength. The role of the Strategic Missile Forces in strategic nuclear forces is determined not only by quantitative parameters, but also by their inherent qualitative characteristics, such as: high combat readiness and survivability of missile systems, efficiency and stability of combat control, including under enemy pressure.
An indirect confirmation of the "weightiness" of the Strategic Missile Forces in the strategic nuclear forces is that the United States for many years considered the ground-based ICBMs of the Soviet Union as means nuclear destruction that pose the greatest threat to them national security. That is why, in the course of the START negotiations, they have always sought to limit the capabilities of the Strategic Missile Forces to a greater extent. Thus, more than 80% of the limitations of the START-1 Treaty relate to ICBMs. Further limitation of ground-based RK is provided for by the START-2 Treaty (elimination of ICBMs with MIRVs, special procedures for the elimination of heavy ICBMs and their silos). The Draft START-3 Treaty, as well as the START-1 and START-2 Treaties, imposes the main restrictions on the ground grouping of fixed- and mobile-based strategic missile systems.
From June 1 of this year. The Strategic Missile Forces were transformed from a branch of the Armed Forces into two independent, but closely interacting types of troops of central subordination: the Space Forces and the Strategic Missile Forces. In the process of reorganization, the Strategic Missile Forces retained their combat capabilities and the ability to complete tasks assigned to them in a timely manner. combat missions on nuclear deterrence. As before, the Rocket Forces with the entire existing nuclear missile group, the system of centralized combat control and the previously created infrastructure remain combat-ready and now, as a branch of the centrally subordinated troops, continue to carry out the tasks assigned to them.
At the same time, the Construction and Development Plan of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, developed for the period up to 2005, provided for the qualitative development of the Strategic Missile Forces by re-equipping them with the new Topol-M missile system with more advanced combat and technical characteristics. This complex subsequently formed the basis of the grouping of the Strategic Missile Forces.
The planned reduction of the Strategic Missile Forces grouping in the coming years will be carried out taking into account international agreements on strategic offensive arms and the expiration of the service life of the corresponding missile systems and combat control systems.
Based on this, the prospects for the further development of the Strategic Missile Forces provide for the solution of two main tasks:
- Guaranteed provision of nuclear deterrence against aggression against Russia at a minimum sufficient level;
- Bringing the strength of the Strategic Missile Forces in line with the new organizational structure and the combat missions assigned to them.
The quantitative and qualitative parameters of the grouping of the Strategic Missile Forces are determined by a number of factors, of which the following are of paramount importance:
- First, the economic opportunities of the state. It is no secret that these opportunities are currently quite limited. Therefore, the chosen path of ensuring Russia's military security based on nuclear potential, maintained at the minimum level sufficient to solve the problems of deterrence, today seems to be the most appropriate;
- Secondly, the fulfillment of contractual obligations. As you know, in accordance with the START-2 Treaty, by 2007 the Rocket Forces had to eliminate all heavy PC-20 missiles with multiple reentry vehicles and re-equip the PC-18 missile with a monoblock head part, that is, switch completely to the grouping of monoblock missiles;
- Thirdly, the state of the military-political situation in the world and the level of military threats to Russia. Today the situation is such that we have no grounds to talk about the possibility in the foreseeable future of large-scale aggression against Russia in traditional forms, even if the nuclear deterrence potential is maintained at a lower level. Expert assessments show that in the current military-political situation, the task of nuclear deterrence can be solved by reducing the total number of warheads in the strategic nuclear forces to 1,500 units. Taking into account the economic situation in the country, mutual reduction to this level nuclear potentials parties would meet the long-term interests of Russia.
Composition of the Strategic Missile Forces and location
The Strategic Missile Forces include three missile armies: the 27th Guards Missile Army (headquartered in Vladimir), the 31st Missile Army (Orenburg), and the 33rd Guards Missile Army (Omsk). The 53rd Rocket Army (Chita) was disbanded at the end of 2002. It is also planned that the 31st Rocket Army (Orenburg) will be disbanded within the next few years. As of July 2004, the missile armies of the Strategic Missile Forces have 15 missile armies, whose divisions are armed with combat missile systems. According to the plan for the development of the Strategic Missile Forces, published in November 2004, the number of missile divisions will be reduced to 10-12.
Now in the Strategic Missile Forces, the main areas for the deployment of silo launchers of intercontinental ballistic missiles are six regions: Kozelsk, Tatishchevo, Dombarovsky, Uzhur, Kartaly, Aleysk, in which the RS-20, RS-18, UR-100UTTKh missiles and some others are on alert, as well as nine patrol areas of the Topol and Topol-M mobile DBKs: Yoshkar-Ola, Teikovo, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, Barnaul, Nizhny Tagil, Vypolzovo, Drovyanaya. 12 launchers RS-22 "Scalpel" at the railway complex are at permanent deployment points in Kostroma, Krasnoyarsk and Perm.
Missile systems of the Strategic Missile Forces
As of July 2004, the Strategic Missile Forces were armed with 608 missile systems of five various types, which were capable of carrying 2365 nuclear warheads:
| Missile complex | Power of one warhead, kt | Number of warheads | Total power, kt | Locations |
| R-36MUTTH/R-36M2 (SS-18) | 108 | 10 | 1080 | Dombarovsky, Kartaly, Uzhur |
| UR-100NUTTH (SS-19) | 130 | 6 | 780 | Kozelsk, Tatishchevo |
| RT-23UTTH (SS-24) | 15 | 10 | 150 | Kostroma |
| Poplar (SS-25) | 315 | 1 | 315 | Teikovo, Yoshkar-Ola, Yuria, Nizhny Tagil, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, Barnaul, Vypolzovo |
| Topol-M (SS-27) | 40 | 1 | 40 | Tatishchevo |
Technical equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces
At the end of 2003, the new Iskander operational-tactical missile system will enter service with the Russian Ground Forces. Its deliveries, according to Deputy Defense Minister Alexei Moskovsky, are provided for by the state defense order for the current year.
"Iskander" is designed to strike at especially important small targets. The firing range of the complex does not exceed 300 km. It has two missiles on the launcher, which greatly increases firepower missile battalions and brigades. It strikes targets with exceptional accuracy, which is equivalent in effectiveness to the use of a nuclear weapon. "Iskander" was developed in design office engineering.
Its sample was first demonstrated at the Ural exhibition of weapons and military equipment in Nizhny Tagil in July 2000.
The development of R-36MUTTKh missiles (also known as RS-20B and SS-18) and R-36M2 (RS-20V, SS-18) was carried out by Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine). The deployment of R-36MUTTKh missiles was carried out in 1979-1983, R-36M2 missiles in 1988-1992. The R-36MUTTKh and R-36M2 missiles are two-stage liquid-propellant, can carry 10 warheads (there is also a monoblock version of the missile). The production of missiles was carried out by the Southern Machine-Building Plant (Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine). The plans for the development of the Strategic Missile Forces provide for the maintenance of all R-36M2 missiles (about 50 missiles) on combat duty. Subject to the planned extension of service life to 25-30 years, the R-36M2 missiles will be able to remain on combat duty until about 2020. The R-36MUTTKh missiles were planned to be decommissioned by 2008.
The UR-100NUTTH (SS-19) missiles were developed by NPO Mashinostroeniya (Reutov, Moscow Region). The missiles were deployed in 1979-1984. Rocket UR-100NUTTH two-stage liquid, carries 6 warheads. The production of missiles was carried out by the plant. M. V. Khrunicheva (Moscow). To date, some of the UR-100NUTTH missiles have been withdrawn from service. At the same time, according to the results of test launches, the life of the missile has apparently been extended to at least 25 years, which means that these missiles can be stored for several years. In addition, Russia purchased 30 UR-100NUTTH missiles from Ukraine, which were in storage. It is planned that after deployment, these missiles will be in service until about 2030.
The RT-23UTTH (SS-24) missiles were developed at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Dnepropetrovsk). Rocket variants were created for the silo-based complex and the railway-based complex. The deployment of the railway version of the complex was carried out in 1987-1991, the mine-in 1988-1989. The RT-23UTTKh missile is a three-stage solid propellant, carries 10 warheads. The production of rockets was carried out by the Pavlograd Machine-Building Plant (Ukraine). To date, the process of removing the RT-23UTTKh missiles from service is underway - all silo-based complexes have been liquidated, and in 2005 it is planned to liquidate the last railway complexes.
Soil missile systems "Topol" (SS-25) were developed at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. The missiles were deployed in 1985-1992. The rocket of the Topol complex is a three-stage solid propellant, carries one warhead. The production of missiles was carried out by the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant. To date, the process of removing the Topol complexes from service has begun in connection with the expiration of the service life of the missiles.
Brief description of missiles
Pioneer-3
Pioneer-3 is a mobile ground-based missile system with a two-stage medium-range ballistic missile. The development of the complex was carried out by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. Tested in 1986.
A more advanced launcher, new more efficient and accurate warheads have been developed for the missile. The design bureau of the Minsk Automobile Plant developed a rocket carrier with more comfortable and cozy cabins for personnel. Testing of the complex was interrupted during negotiations on the elimination of medium and shorter range missiles. Mass production no missiles were deployed.
R-36M. 15A14 (RS-20A)
R-36M is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. It was equipped with a monoblock warhead and MIRV with ten warheads. Developed at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Mikhail Yangel and Vladimir Utkin. Development started on September 2, 1969. LCTs were held from 1972 to October 1975. Tests of warheads as part of the complex were carried out until November 29, 1979. The complex was put on combat duty on December 25, 1974. Adopted on December 30, 1975.
The first stage is equipped with a main engine RD-264, consisting of four single-chamber engines RD-263. The engine was developed at Energomash Design Bureau under the direction of Valentin Glushko. The second stage is equipped with the RD-0228 propulsion engine, developed at the Chemical Automation Design Bureau under the direction of Alexander Konopatov. The fuel components are UDMH and nitrogen tetroxide. The OS silo was finalized in KBSM under the leadership of Vladimir Stepanov. Start method - mortar. The control system is autonomous, inertial. Developed at NII-692 under the leadership of Vladimir Sergeev. A complex of means of overcoming missile defense was developed at TsNIRTI. The combat stage is equipped with a solid propellant propulsion system. The unified gearbox was developed at TsKB TM by the leadership of Nikolai Krivoshein and Boris Aksyutin.
Serial production of missiles was launched at the Southern Machine-Building Plant in 1974.
| TTX missiles"Voevoda" R-36M2. 15A18M | |
| Maximum firing range with a "light" monoblock warhead | 16,000 km |
| Firing range of a missile with a "heavy" warhead | 11,200 km |
| Range of missiles with MIRV | 10,200 km |
| Max launch weight | 211 t |
| Head weight | 7.3 t |
| Rocket length | 34 m |
| Maximum case diameter | 3m |
| Fuel mass | 188 t |
| 400 tf | |
| 450 tf | |
| 293 kgf s/kg | |
| 312 kgf s/kg | |
| Pressure in the combustion chamber of the propulsion engine of the first stage | 200 atm |
| The inner diameter of the reinforced concrete shaft of the silo | 5.9 m |
| silo barrel depth | 39 m |
| Missile readiness | 30 s |
R-36M UTTH. 15A18 (RS-20B)
R-36M UTTH is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. Developed at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the direction of Vladimir Utkin. Equipped with MIRV with ten warheads. Development started on August 16, 1976. LCTs were carried out at the Baikonur training ground from October 31, 1977 to November 1979. The complex was put on combat duty on September 18, 1979. Adopted on December 17, 1980.
- The maximum firing range is 11,500 km.
- Initially established warranty period of storage is 10 years.
The main characteristics of the R-36M UTTKh missile are similar to those of the R-36M.
"Voevoda" R-36M2. 15A18M (RS-20V)
R-36M2 is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. It was equipped with a MIRV with ten warheads and a monoblock warhead. Developed at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Vladimir Utkin. The technical proposal was developed in June 1979. Development started on August 9, 1983. LCTs were held from March 1986 to March 1988. The complex was put into service on August 11, 1988. Placed on combat duty in December 1988.
The first stage is equipped with a sustainer engine RD-274, consisting of four independent single-chamber propulsion units RD-273. Developed under the direction of Valentin Glushko and Vitaly Radovsky. The second stage is equipped with a single-chamber propulsion engine RD-0255, made in a closed circuit. The LRE was developed at the Chemical Automation Design Bureau under the direction of Alexander Konopatov. The steering engine of the second stage has four rotary combustion chambers and one THA. The fuel components are UDMH and nitrogen tetroxide. The autonomous inertial control system was developed under the leadership of the chief designer of the Kharkov Research Institute-692 (NPO "Khartron") Vladimir Sergeev. The unified gearbox was developed at TsKB TM under the leadership of Boris Aksyutin. The missile is equipped with a set of means to overcome the enemy's missile defense system.
Serial production of missiles has been launched at the Southern Machine-Building Plant in Dnepropetrovsk.
| TTX missiles "Voevoda" R-36M2. 15A18M | |
| 11,000 km | |
| 15,000 km | |
| Max launch weight | 211 t |
| Head weight | 8.8 t |
| Rocket length | 34.3 m |
| Maximum case diameter | 3m |
| Thrust of the main engine of the first stage near the ground | 144 ts |
| 296 kgf s/kg | |
| 15 years. | |
MR-UR-100. 15A15 (RS-16A)
MR-UR-100 is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. It was equipped with a MIRV with four warheads and a monoblock warhead. Developed at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Mikhail Yangel and Vladimir Utkin. The development of the project began in 1967. The government decree was issued on September 2, 1969. Flight design tests were carried out from December 26, 1972 to December 17, 1974 at the Baikonur training ground. The complex was put into service on December 30, 1975. Placed on combat duty May 6, 1975.
The launcher was developed at the Leningrad Special Engineering Design Bureau under the leadership of Alexei Utkin. Start method - mortar. A unified shaft type increased security gearbox was developed at the Central Design Bureau TM under the leadership of Nikolai Krivoshein and Boris Aksyutin. The first stage is equipped with a marching single-chamber fixed-mounted liquid-propellant rocket engine RD-268, made according to a closed circuit. The steering engine has four rotary combustion chambers. The first-stage sustainer liquid-propellant rocket engine was developed at Energomash Design Bureau under the direction of Valentin Glushko. The second stage is equipped with a single-chamber fixed engine 15D169, developed in KB-4 of Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Ivan Ivanov. The control of the second stage is provided by gas injection into the supercritical part of the nozzle and four steering nozzles. The fuel components are UDMH and nitrogen tetroxide. Breeding of warheads is carried out using a solid rocket engine. The control system is autonomous, inertial. Developed at NIIAP under the direction of Nikolai Pilyugin. Gyroscopic devices were developed at the Research Institute of Applied Mechanics under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov. Solid propellant charges of powder pressure accumulators were developed under the guidance of the chief designer of LNPO Soyuz Boris Zhukov. The missile is equipped with a set of anti-missile defense systems developed at TsNIRTI. For the MR-UR-100, R-36M and UR-100N missile systems, the Leningrad NPO Impulse developed a unified automated combat control system.
Serial production of missiles was launched at the Southern Machine-Building Plant in 1973.
| TTX missiles MR-UR-100. 15А15 | |
| Maximum range of missiles with MIRV | 10,200 km |
| The maximum firing range of a missile with a monoblock warhead | 10,300 km |
| Max launch weight | 71 t |
| Head weight | 2.5 t |
| Rocket length | 21 m |
| Maximum first stage body diameter | 2.25 m |
| Maximum second stage body diameter | 2.1 m |
| Thrust of the main engine of the first stage near the ground | 117 ts |
| Specific thrust impulse of the first stage engine near the ground | 296 kgf s/kg |
| Initial warranty period | 10 years |
MR-UR-100 UTTH. 15A16 (RS-16B)
MR-UR-100 UTTKh is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. It was equipped with a MIRV with four warheads and a monoblock warhead. Developed at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the direction of Vladimir Utkin. Development started on August 16, 1976. Flight design tests were carried out from October 25, 1977 to December 15, 1979 at the Baikonur training ground. The complex was put on combat duty on October 17, 1978. Adopted on December 17, 1980.
The main characteristics of the MR-UR-100 UTTKh missile are similar to those of the MR-UR-100.
"Perimeter" 15А11
"Perimeter" - command rocket. The development of a draft design of the command missile of the Perimeter system was started at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Vladimir Utkin in accordance with a government decree of August 30, 1974. In December 1975, a preliminary design of the rocket was developed.
In December 1977, a draft design of the 15A11 command rocket with the 15B99 warhead of the Perimeter system was developed. In December 1979, the first launches of 15A11 missiles were carried out for testing and issuing commands for launching missiles in a special period. In March 1982, flight design tests of the rocket were completed.
UR-100N. 15A30 (RS-18A)
UR-100N is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. Equipped with MIRV with six warheads. Developed at the Central Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering under the direction of Vladimir Chelomey and at Branch No. 1 of the Central Design Bureau under the direction of Viktor Bugaisky. Development started on September 2, 1969. Tests were carried out at the Baikonur test site from April 9, 1973 to October 1975. The complex was put on alert on April 26, 1975. Adopted on December 30, 1975.
The OS silo launch complex was developed at Branch No. 2 of the TsKBM (GNIP OKB Vympel) under the leadership of Vladimir Baryshev. The launch method is gas-dynamic. The first stage was equipped with four single-chamber rotary rocket engines RD-0233 and RD-0234. The engines are made in a closed circuit. For the second stage, marching single-chamber rocket engines were created: RD-0235, made according to a closed circuit, and RD-0236, made according to an open circuit. The main engine of the second stage is installed motionless. Marching LREs of the first and second stages and LREs of the combat stage were developed in the Chemical Automation Design Bureau under the leadership of Alexander Konopatov. The second stage is controlled by a steering motor with four rotary combustion chambers. The fuel components are UDMH and nitrogen tetroxide. Brake motors were developed in Design Bureau No. 2 of Plant No. 81 (MKB Iskra) under the direction of Ivan Kartukov. The autonomous inertial control system was developed at the Kharkov Research Institute-692 (NPO "Khartron") under the leadership of Vladimir Sergeev.
Serial production of missiles was launched in 1974 at the Khrunichev Moscow Machine-Building Plant.
UR-100N UTTH. 15A35 (RS-18B)
UR-100N UTTH is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. Equipped with MIRV with six warheads. Developed at the Central Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering under the leadership of Vladimir Chelomey and Herbert Efremov. Development started on August 16, 1976. Tests were carried out at the Baikonur test site from December 1977 to June 1979. The complex was put into service on December 17, 1980. Placed on combat duty in January 1981. Serial production of missiles at the Moscow Machine-Building Plant named after M. Khrunichev continued until 1985.
The main characteristics of the UR-100N UTTKh missile are similar to those of the UR-100N missile.
RT-23. 15Zh43
RT-23. 15Zh43 - combat railway missile system with a solid-propellant three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. The development was carried out at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Mikhail Yangel in accordance with the order of the Minister of General Mechanical Engineering "On the creation of a mobile combat railway missile system (BZHRK) with the RT-23 missile" dated January 13, 1969. In October 1975 on Pavlogradsky mechanical factory construction of a solid-propellant engine assembly building for the RT-23 ICBM began.
RT-23. 15Zh44
RT-23. 15ZH44 is a three-stage solid-propellant intercontinental ballistic missile for silo launchers. The development was carried out in the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Mikhail Yangel in accordance with the decree of the government of the country of July 23, 1976. The control system was created at the Research Institute of Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Nikolai Pilyugin and Vladimir Lapygin.
The first draft design of a rocket with a monoblock warhead was completed in March 1977. On June 1, 1979, a government decree was issued on the development of an MIRV for the missile. The second, modified, preliminary design of the rocket with MIRV IN 15F143 and increased energy was completed in December 1979. Flight design tests of the silo variant began in December 1982. On February 10, 1983, by the decision of the Council of Defense of the USSR, the RT-23 rocket. 15Zh44 was not accepted into service.
RT-23. 15Zh52 (RS-22)
RT-23.15ZH52 is a three-stage solid-propellant intercontinental ballistic missile for the BZHRK. Equipped with MIRV with ten warheads. Developed at Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Mikhail Yangel and Vladimir Utkin. Development started in 1976. The government decree was issued on July 6, 1979. The complex was put into trial operation on February 10, 1983, but was not accepted into service.
The autonomous control system was developed at the Moscow Research Institute of Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin. The launcher was developed at the Leningrad Design Bureau Spetsmash under the leadership of Alexei Utkin. Start method - mortar. The missile is equipped with a set of means to overcome missile defense. The mixed propellant and solid propellant charge of the first stage of the rocket were developed in Biysk under the leadership of Yakov Savchenko, the second and third stages - in Dzerzhinsky under the leadership of Boris Zhukov. The command module was developed at TsKBTM under the leadership of Boris Aksyutin and Alexander Leontenkov.
The assembly of missiles was mastered at the Pavlograd Mechanical Plant. The railway launcher was mass-produced by the Yurga Machine-Building Plant.
"Well done" RT-23UTTH. 15Zh60 (RS-22)
RT-23 UTTH is a three-stage solid-propellant intercontinental ballistic missile for three types of basing. Equipped with MIRV with ten warheads. The development of the Molodets RT-23 UTTKh complex was started at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau under the leadership of Vladimir Utkin on August 9, 1983. Tests of the mine version 15ZH60 at the Plesetsk training ground took place from July 31, 1986 to September 26, 1988. The complex in the OS silo was put on combat duty on August 19, 1988. Adopted on November 28, 1989.
The silo was developed at the GNIP "OKB Vympel" under the leadership of Oleg Baskakov. Start method - mortar. The autonomous control system was developed at the Moscow Research Institute of Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin. The mixed propellant and solid propellant charge of the first stage of the rocket were developed in Biysk under the leadership of Yakov Savchenko, the second and third stages - in Dzerzhinsky under the leadership of Boris Zhukov. The system of temperature and humidity conditions and heat removal was created in the Moscow Design Bureau of Transport and Chemical Engineering. The missile is equipped with a set of means to overcome missile defense.
Topol-M (SS-27)
The Topol-M missile system (SS-27) was developed at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. The complex is being created in a silo-based version and in a mobile ground-based version. The deployment of the mine version of the complex began in 1997. Testing of the mobile version of the complex was completed in December 2004. The deployment of mobile complexes is planned to begin in 2006. From three to nine complexes will be commissioned annually. The rocket of the Topol-M complex is a three-stage solid propellant, created in a monoblock version. The production of missiles is carried out by the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant.
Three engines allow her to pick up speed much faster than all previous types of rockets. In addition, several dozen auxiliary engines and control equipment provide a flight that is unpredictable for the enemy.
R-1. 8A11
R-1 is a single-stage tactical ballistic missile (long-range ballistic missile). Developed at NII-88 under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. Chief designer— Alexander Shcherbakov. The work was started by Korolev in 1946. The government decree on development was issued on April 14, 1948. Tests at the Kapustin Yar range were carried out from September 17, 1948 to October 1949. The complex was put into service on November 25, 1950.
The marching single-chamber rocket engine RD-100 (8D51) was developed in OKB-456 under the leadership of Valentin Glushko. The fuel components are ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen. The complex of ground facilities was developed at GSKB Spetsmash under the leadership of Vladimir Barmin. The starting device is a stationary ground table. The launch method is gas-dynamic (the launch was carried out due to the main engine). The control system is autonomous, inertial. Developed at NII-885 under the direction of Nikolai Pilyugin and at NII-944 under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov. The transport units of the missile system were developed by the Moscow Design Bureau under the leadership of Anatoly Gurevich. The rocket installer was developed at the Central Design Bureau for Heavy Engineering under the direction of Nikolai Leikin. Fuel tanks suspended (non-bearing). Controls - air and gas-jet rudders. The rocket has a monoblock non-nuclear warhead that cannot be separated in flight.
The production of missiles is deployed at the NII-88 Pilot Plant in Podlipki. Serial production of R-1 missiles and RD-100 engines was launched in November 1952 at the State Union Plant No. 586 in Dnepropetrovsk.
| TTX missiles R-1. 8A11 | |
| 270 km | |
| Max launch weight | 13.4 t |
| Dry weight of the rocket | 4 t |
| Head weight | 1 t |
| 785 kg | |
| Fuel mass | 8.5 t |
| Rocket length | 14.6 m |
| Maximum case diameter | 1.65 m |
| 27 ts | |
| 31 ts | |
| 199 kgf s/kg | |
| 232 kgf s/kg | |
| 206 p. | |
| Main engine weight | 885 kg |
R-2. 8Ж38
R-2 is a single-stage operational-tactical ballistic missile (long-range ballistic missile). Developed at NII-88 under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. Sergey Korolev started the project of a rocket with twice the flight range in 1946. A government decree that determined the stages of work on the project was issued on April 14, 1947. The preliminary design of the rocket was defended on April 25, 1947. Tests were carried out at the Kapustin Yar test site from September 21, 1949 to July 1951. The complex was put into service on November 27, 1951.
The marching single-chamber rocket engine RD-101 (8D52) was developed in OKB-456 under the leadership of Valentin Glushko. The fuel components are ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen. The complex of ground facilities was developed at GSKB Spetsmash under the leadership of Vladimir Barmin. The starting device is a stationary ground launch pad. The launch method is gas-dynamic. The transport units of the missile system were developed by the Moscow Design Bureau under the leadership of Anatoly Gurevich. The installer was developed at the Central Design Bureau for Heavy Engineering under the direction of Nikolai Leikin. The autonomous inertial control system was developed at NII-885 under the direction of Nikolai Pilyugin and at NII-944 under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov. The radio correction system was developed under the leadership of chief designer Mikhail Borisenko. Rocket controls - air and gas-jet rudders. The fuel tank is load-bearing, the oxidizer tank is suspended. The missile has a monoblock non-nuclear warhead detachable in flight.
Serial production of R-2 missiles and RD-101 engines was launched at the State Union Plant No. 586 in Dnepropetrovsk in June 1953.
| TTX missilesR-2. 8Ж38 | |
| Maximum firing range | 600 km |
| Max launch weight | 20.4 t |
| Head weight | 1.5 t |
| Mass of conventional explosive warhead | 1 008 kg |
| Fuel mass | 14.5 t |
| Rocket length | 17.7 m |
| Maximum case diameter | 1.65 m |
| Propulsion engine thrust near the ground | 37 ts |
| Propulsion engine thrust in the void | 41 ts |
| Specific thrust impulse of a main engine near the ground | 210 kgf s/kg |
| The specific thrust impulse of a propulsion engine in a vacuum | 237 kgf s/kg |
| Main engine weight | 1 178 kg |
R-3. 8A67
R-3 is a single-stage medium-range ballistic missile (long-range ballistic missile). The development was carried out at NII-88 under the leadership of Sergei Korolev from April 14, 1947. The preliminary design was approved on December 7, 1949 at a meeting of the NTS NII-88. On October 4, 1950, a government decree was issued on the creation of the R-3 ballistic missile with a firing range of up to 3,000 km. In December 1951, S.P. Korolev stopped work on the project in favor of the R-5 project.
The marching single-chamber rocket engine RD-110 was developed at OKB-456 under the leadership of Valentin Glushko. The fuel components are oxygen and kerosene. The complex of ground facilities was developed at GSKB Spetsmash under the leadership of Vladimir Barmin. The starting device is a stationary ground launch pad. The launch method is gas-dynamic. The autonomous control system with radio correction was developed at NII-885 under the direction of Mikhail Ryazansky and Nikolai Pilyugin, as well as at NII-20 under the direction of Boris Konoplev. Command devices (gyroscopes) were developed at NII-944 under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov.
R-5. 8A62
R-5 is a single-stage medium-range ballistic missile (long-range ballistic missile). Developed at NII-88 under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. Leading designer - Dmitry Kozlov. Development started in 1949. A government decree on the creation of a rocket was issued in 1952. Tests took place at the Kapustin Yar test site from April 2, 1953 to February 1955. In 1954, on the basis of the R-5 rocket, the development of the R-5M rocket began.
The sustainer single-chamber engine RD-103 (8D54) was developed in OKB-456 under the leadership of the chief designer Valentin Glushko. The fuel components are ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen. The starting device - a stationary ground launcher - was developed at GSKB Spetsmash under the leadership of Vladimir Barmin. The launch method is gas-dynamic. Inertial control system with radio correction of the flight path. The inertial control system was developed at NII-885 under the direction of Mikhail Ryazansky and Nikolai Pilyugin, and at NII-944 under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov. The radio control system was developed at NII-20 under the leadership of Boris Konoplev. Controls - gas-jet and aerodynamic rudders. The missile has a monoblock non-nuclear warhead detachable in flight. Pilot production of rockets was mastered at the Pilot Plant NII-88.
| TTX missilesR-5 8A62 | |
| Maximum firing range | 1,200 km |
| Max launch weight | 26 - 28.5 t |
| Head weight | 1.42 t |
| Mass of unfuelled rocket | 4.2 t |
| Rocket length | 20.75 m |
| Maximum case diameter | 1.65 m |
| The speed of the MS at the entrance to the dense layers of the atmosphere at an altitude of 90 km | about 3 km/s |
| Propulsion engine thrust near the ground | 44 ts |
| Propulsion engine thrust in the void | 50 tf |
| Specific thrust impulse of a main engine near the ground | 220 kgf s/kg |
| The specific thrust impulse of a propulsion engine in a vacuum | 243 kgf s/kg |
| Running engine operating time | 219 s |
| Main engine weight | 870 kg |
R-5M. 8K51
R-5M is a single-stage medium-range ballistic missile (long-range ballistic missile). Developed in OKB-1 under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. Leading designer - Dmitry Kozlov. Development started on April 10, 1954. The tests took place at the Kapustin Yar test site from January 20, 1955 to February 1956. The missile was put into service on June 21, 1956.
The RD-103M single-chamber main engine was developed at OKB-456 under the direction of Valentin Glushko. The ground launch complex was developed at GSKB Spetsmash under the leadership of Vladimir Barmin. Transport units were developed at KBTM under the leadership of Vladimir Petrov. The rocket installer was developed at TsKB TM under the direction of Nikolai Krivoshein. The autonomous inertial control system was developed at NII-885 under the direction of Mikhail Ryazansky and Nikolai Pilyugin, and at NII-944 under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov. The radio control system was developed at NII-20 under the leadership of Boris Konoplev. Controls - air and gas-jet rudders. The missile has a monoblock nuclear warhead detachable in flight. The atomic warhead was developed in Arzamas-16 under the leadership of Samvel Kocharyants. The means of detonating an atomic warhead were created at the Moscow Branch No. 1 (now the All-Russian Research Institute of Automation named after N.L. Dukhov) KB-11 (Arzamas-16) under the leadership of Nikolai Dukhov and Viktor Zuevsky.
Serial production of rockets and engines was launched in 1956 at the State Union Plant No. 586 in Dnepropetrovsk.
| TTX missiles R-5M 8K51 | |
| Maximum firing range | 1,200 km |
| Max launch weight | 29.1 t |
| Head weight | 1.35 t |
| The power of a nuclear warhead | 300 kt (there are data about warheads with a capacity 80 kt and 1 Mt) |
| Mass of unfuelled rocket | 4.39 t |
| Mass of fuel, hydrogen peroxide and compressed air | 24.5 t |
| Mass of liquid oxygen | 13.99 t |
| Mass of ethyl alcohol | 10.01 t |
| Rocket length | 20.75 m |
| Maximum case diameter | 1.65 m |
| Rocket speed at engine shutdown | 3016 m/s |
| Top of the path | 304 km |
| Flight time to target | 637 s |
| Propulsion engine thrust near the ground | 43 ts |
| Propulsion engine thrust in the void | 50 tf |
| Specific thrust impulse of a main engine near the ground | 216 kgf s/kg |
| The specific thrust impulse of a propulsion engine in a vacuum | 243 kgf s/kg |
| Main engine weight | 870 kg |
R-7. 8K71
R-7 is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. Developed in OKB-1 under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. Leading designer - Dmitry Kozlov. Development started on May 20, 1954. The tests took place at the Baikonur test site from May 15, 1957 to June 1958. The missile system was put into service on January 20, 1960, but was not put on combat duty.
The first stage (four side blocks) is equipped with four four-chamber sustainer rocket engines RD-107 (8D74) and four steering two-chamber engines. The second stage is equipped with a four-chamber sustainer rocket engine RD-108 (8D75) and a steering four-chamber engine. Propulsion engines RD-107 and RD-108 were developed in OKB-456 under the direction of Valentin Glushko. Steering engines were developed in OKB-1 under the leadership of Mikhail Melnikov. The fuel components are T-1 kerosene and liquid oxygen. The starting device - a stationary ground launcher - was developed at GSKB Spetsmash under the leadership of Vladimir Barmin. The launch method is gas-dynamic. The transport units of the complex were developed at KBTM under the leadership of Vladimir Petrov. Ground handling units were developed at the Central Design Bureau for Heavy Engineering under the leadership of Nikolai Krivoshein. Inertial control system with radio correction of the flight path. The autonomous control system was developed at NII-885 under the leadership of Nikolai Pilyugin. The radio control system was developed at NII-885 under the leadership of Mikhail Ryazansky. Command instruments were developed at NII-944 under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov. Rocket controls - steering motors and air rudders. The electrical equipment complex was developed at NII-627 of the Ministry of the Electrical Industry under the leadership of Andronik Iosifyan. The missile has a monoblock nuclear warhead detachable in flight. The atomic warhead was created under the leadership of chief designer Samvel Kocharyants.
Experimental production of missiles was carried out at the Experimental Plant OKB-1 in Podlipki. Serial production of missiles was launched in 1958 at the Kuibyshev Aircraft Plant No. 1. The production of first and second stage main engines was launched at the Kuibyshev Engine Plant No. 24 named after M.V. Frunze.
| TTX missiles R-7 8K71 | |
| Maximum firing range | 9,500 km |
| Max launch weight | 283 t |
| Dry weight of the rocket with warhead | 27 t |
| Head weight | 5.4 t |
| The power of a nuclear warhead | 3 Mt (5 Mt) |
| Fuel mass | 250 t |
| Rocket length | 31 - 33 m |
| The length of the central block of the rocket | 19.2 m |
| Taper head length | 3.5 m |
| The maximum transverse dimension of the assembled package | 10.3 m |
| Thrust of the main engine of the first stage near the ground | 82 ts |
| The thrust of the main engine of the first stage in the void | 100 tf |
| Specific thrust impulse of the main engine of the first stage near the ground | 252 kgf s/kg |
| Specific thrust impulse of the main engine of the first stage in the void | 308 kgf s/kg |
| Operation time of main engines of side blocks (first stage) | 120 s |
| 1 155 kg | |
| 75 tf | |
| 94 ts | |
| 243 kgf s/kg | |
| 309 kgf s/kg | |
| Operating time of the main engine of the central unit (second stage) | up to 290 s |
| 1 250 kg | |
R-7A. 8K74
R-7A is a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile. Developed in OKB-1 under the leadership of Sergei Korolev. Leading designer - Dmitry Kozlov. Development started on July 2, 1958. Tests at the Baikonur test site took place from December 24, 1958 to July 1960. The missile system was put on combat duty on January 1, 1960. Adopted on September 12, 1960.
The first stage (four side blocks) is equipped with four four-chamber sustainer rocket engines RD-107 and four steering two-chamber engines. The second stage is equipped with a four-chamber sustainer rocket engine RD-108 and a steering four-chamber engine. Propulsion engines RD-107 and RD-108 were developed in OKB-456 under the direction of Valentin Glushko. Steering engines were developed in OKB-1 under the leadership of Mikhail Melnikov. The fuel components are T-1 kerosene and liquid oxygen. The starting device - a stationary ground launcher - was developed at GSKB Spetsmash under the leadership of Vladimir Barmin. The launch method is gas-dynamic. The transport units of the complex were developed at KBTM under the leadership of Vladimir Petrov. Ground handling units were developed at the Central Design Bureau for Heavy Engineering under the leadership of Nikolai Krivoshein. Inertial control system with radio correction of the flight path. The autonomous control system was developed at NII-885 under the leadership of Nikolai Pilyugin. The radio control system was developed at NII-885 under the leadership of Mikhail Ryazansky. Command instruments were developed at NII-944 under the direction of Viktor Kuznetsov. Rocket controls - steering motors and air rudders. The electrical equipment complex was developed at NII-627 of the Ministry of the Electrical Industry under the leadership of Andronik Iosifyan. The missile has a monoblock nuclear warhead detachable in flight. The atomic warhead was created under the leadership of chief designer Samvel Kocharyants.
Serial production of missiles has been launched at the Kuibyshev Aircraft Plant No. 1. The production of first- and second-stage sustainer engines has been launched at the Kuibyshev Engine Plant No. 24 named after M.V. Frunze.
| TTX missiles R-7A 8K74 | |
| Maximum firing range | 9,500 km |
| Max launch weight | 276 t |
| Head weight | 3.7 t |
| The power of a nuclear warhead | 3 Mt |
| Fuel mass | 250 t |
| Rocket length | 31.4 m |
| Maximum case package diameter | 10.3 m |
| Thrust of the main engine of the first stage near the ground | 82 ts |
| The thrust of the main engine of the first stage in the void | 100 tf |
| Specific thrust impulse of the main engine of the first stage near the ground | 252 kgf s/kg |
| Specific thrust impulse of the main engine of the first stage in the void | 308 kgf s/kg |
| Mass of the main engine of the first stage | 1 155 kg |
| Thrust of the main engine of the second stage near the ground | 75 tf |
| Thrust of the main engine of the second stage in the void | 94 ts |
| Specific thrust impulse of the propulsion engine of the second stage near the ground | 243 kgf s/kg |
| Specific thrust impulse of the main engine of the second stage in the void | 309 kgf s/kg |
| Mass of the main engine of the second stage | 1 250 kg |
Outlook and trends
The reality is that so far there is no alternative to nuclear weapons in solving the global tasks of ensuring the country's security, both now and in the foreseeable future. That is why the leadership of Russia and the Ministry of Defense, within the framework of the agreements reached, are taking persistent steps to preserve and strengthen the nuclear missile potential of our state. These issues are in the focus of attention of the military-political leadership of the country and are highlighted as priorities by the President of Russia - Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces V.V. Putin at a meeting of the leadership of the Armed Forces on October 2, 2001 and in the Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. The decisions made allowed the Rocket Forces to exclude the early removal from combat duty of missile regiments with systems that had not exhausted their service life, including keeping combat railroad missile systems until 2006.
Within the framework of available solutions, a complete withdrawal from combat strength missile systems, the service life of which will expire, is planned to be implemented only in the next decade. The strength characteristics of missile weapons and the emerging new technologies for assessing its objective state, along with regular checks of the reliability of missiles through combat training launches, make it possible to implement programs to extend their lifespan. As part of this work, in 2001, a survey was carried out and storage of the so-called "dry" missiles ("Stiletto") was organized. As the survey showed, despite the long storage periods, there are no signs of aging of these missiles. According to the general designer, this will make it possible to extend the maintenance of part of the missile regiments on combat duty until 2020 and possibly beyond. this work was highly appreciated by the President of Russia V.V. Putin and gave him the opportunity to declare at a meeting of the leadership of the Ministry of Defense that "... Russia has a significant stock of strategic ground-based missiles."
AT current year work has begun on extending the service life of "heavy" missiles, which will also allow us to keep the most powerful missiles for the coming years.
After 2015, the basis of the grouping of the Strategic Missile Forces will be Topol-M missile systems, both silo-based and mobile, with various combat equipment. Every year we will put on combat duty the number of these missile systems established by the plans. Here in these days Saratov region Another regiment equipped with the Topol-M missile system will take up combat duty.
As for the longer term, the existing scientific, technical and design groundwork allows us to respond flexibly to emerging challenges and threats. But it should be borne in mind that the development of a fundamentally new missile system will take 10-15 years. We still have that much time.
Thus, in the medium term, the Rocket Forces will have the required number of missile formations and, accordingly, launchers, consistent in their capabilities with the country's economic resources and modern military-strategic realities.
By December 31, 2012, according to the SOR Treaty, the Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces should have had no more than 1,700 - 2,200 nuclear warheads, which should, under various options, possible development military-strategic situation to ensure adequate nuclear deterrence. In view of the above, in nuclear triad due to the qualities inherent in the Strategic Missile Forces (efficiency, reliability, independence from weather conditions) The Rocket Forces will continue to be assigned the role of the backbone of Russia's Strategic Nuclear Forces, capable of reliably providing a deterrent against unleashing not only a nuclear, but also a large-scale war using conventional weapons.
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The origin of the Strategic Missile Forces is associated with the development of domestic and foreign missile weapons, and then nuclear missile weapons, with the improvement of their combat use. In the history of RV:
1946 - 1959 - the creation of nuclear weapons and the first samples of guided ballistic missiles, the deployment of missile formations capable of solving operational tasks in front-line operations and strategic tasks in nearby theaters of military operations.
1959 - 1965 - the formation of the Strategic Missile Forces, the deployment and putting on combat duty of missile formations and parts of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and medium-range missiles (RSMs) capable of solving strategic tasks in military geographical regions and in any theater of military operations. In 1962, the Strategic Missile Forces took part in Operation Anadyr, during which 42 RSD R-12 and R-14 were secretly deployed in Cuba, and made a significant contribution to resolving the Caribbean crisis and preventing the American invasion of Cuba.
1965 - 1973 - deployment of a group of intercontinental ballistic missiles with single launches (OS) of the 2nd generation, equipped with monoblock warheads (warheads), the transformation of the Strategic Missile Forces into the main component of strategic nuclear forces, which made the main contribution to the achievement of military-strategic balance (parity) between the USSR and USA.
1973 - 1985 - equipping the Strategic Missile Forces with third-generation intercontinental ballistic missiles with multiple warheads and means of overcoming the anti-missile defense of a potential enemy and mobile range missile systems.
1985 - 1992 - armament of the Strategic Missile Forces with intercontinental stationary and mobile missile systems of the 4th generation, liquidation in 1988-1991. medium range missiles.
Since 1992 - the formation of the Strategic Missile Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the elimination of missile systems of intercontinental ballistic missiles on the territory of Ukraine and Kazakhstan and the withdrawal from Belarus to Russia of the mobile DBK "Topol", the re-equipment of obsolete types of missile systems on the DBK with unified single-block missiles of stationary and mobile basing "Topol" -M” 5th generation.
The material basis for the creation of the Strategic Missile Forces was the deployment in the USSR of a new branch of the defense industry - rocket science. In accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 13, 1946 No. 1017-419 "Issues of jet weapons", cooperation between the leading ministries of industry was determined, research and experimental work began, and a Special Committee on jet technology was created under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
The Ministry of the Armed Forces has formed: a special artillery unit for the development, preparation and launch of FAU-2 missiles, the Research Rocket Institute of the Main Artillery Directorate, the State Central Rocket Test Range (Kapustin Yar test site), and the Jet Weapons Directorate as part of the GAU. The first missile formation armed with long-range ballistic missiles was the special purpose brigade of the RVGK (commander - Major General of Artillery A.F. Tveretsky). In December 1950, the second special-purpose brigade was formed, in 1951-1955. - 5 more formations that received a new name (since 1953), - engineering brigades of the RVGK. Until 1955, they were armed with ballistic missiles R-1, R-2, with a range of 270 km and 600 km, equipped with warheads with conventional explosives (general designer S.P. Korolev). By 1958, the personnel of the brigades conducted more than 150 combat training launches of missiles. In 1946 - 1954, the brigades were part of the RVGK artillery and were subordinate to the artillery commander of the Soviet Army. They were managed by a special department of the artillery headquarters of the Soviet Army. In March 1955, the post of Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR for special weapons and rocket technology was introduced (Marshal of Artillery M.I. Nedelin), under which the headquarters of rocket units was created.
The combat use of engineering brigades was determined by the order of the Supreme Command, the decision of which provided for the assignment of these formations to the fronts. The front commander carried out the leadership of the engineering brigades through the artillery commander.
On October 4, 1957, for the first time in world history, the first artificial satellite of the Earth was successfully launched from the Baikonur test site by the personnel of a separate engineering test unit using the R-7 combat missile. Thanks to the efforts of Soviet rocket scientists, a new era in the history of mankind began - the era of practical astronautics.
In the second half of the 50s. strategic missile launchers R-5 and R-12 equipped with nuclear warheads (general designers S.P. Korolev and M.K. Yangel) with a range of 1200 and 2000 km and ICBMs R-7 and R-7A (general designer S.P. Korolev). In 1958, the RVGK engineering brigades, armed with R-11 and R-11M tactical missiles, were transferred to the Ground Forces. The first formation of ICBMs was the object with the code name "Angara" (commander - Colonel M.G. Grigoriev), which completed its formation at the end of 1958. In July 1959, the personnel of this formation carried out the first combat training launch of ICBMs in the USSR.
The need for centralized leadership of troops equipped with strategic missiles led to the organizational design of a new type of armed forces. In accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1384-615 dated 12/17/1959, the Strategic Missile Forces were created as an independent branch of the Armed Forces. According to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1239 of December 10, 1995, this day is celebrated as an annual holiday - the Day of the Strategic Missile Forces.
On December 31, 1959, the following were formed: the Main Headquarters of the Missile Forces, the Central Command Post with a communications center and a computer center, the Main Directorate of Missile Weapons, the Combat Training Directorate, and a number of other directorates and services. The Strategic Missile Forces included the 12th Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense, which was in charge of nuclear weapons, engineering formations previously subordinate to the Deputy Minister of Defense for special weapons and jet equipment, missile regiments and directorates of 3 air divisions of the Air Force, missile arsenals, bases and warehouses of special weapons. The structure of the Strategic Missile Forces also included the 4th State Central Range of the Ministry of Defense (Kapustin Yar); 5th Research Test Site of the Moscow Region (Baikonur); a separate scientific and testing station in the village. Keys in Kamchatka; 4th Research Institute of the Moscow Region (Bolshevo, Moscow Region). In 1963, on the basis of the Angara facility, the 53rd Scientific Research Test Site for Missile and Space Weapons of the Moscow Region (Plesetsk) was formed.
On June 22, 1960, the Military Council of the Strategic Missile Forces was created, which included M.I. Nedelin (chairman), V.A. Bolyatko, P.I. Efimov, M.A. Nikolsky, A.I. Semenov, V.F. Tolubko, F.P. Thin, M.I. Ponomarev.
In 1960, the Regulations on combat duty of units and subunits of the Strategic Missile Forces were put into effect. In order to centralize the combat control of the Rocket Forces with strategic weapons, bodies and control points at the strategic, operational and tactical levels were included in the structure of the control system of the Strategic Missile Forces, automated systems for communication and command and control of troops and combat assets were introduced.
In 1960 - 1961 on the basis of the air armies of long-range aviation, missile armies were formed, which included RSD formations. Engineer brigades and regiments of the RVGK were reorganized into missile divisions and missile brigades of IRMs, and the directorates of training artillery ranges and ICBM brigades were reorganized into directorates of missile corps and divisions. The main combat unit in an RSD formation was a missile battalion, in an ICBM formation - a missile regiment. Until 1966, the intercontinental DBK R-16, R-9A were put into service (general designers M.K. Yangel and S.P. Korolev). Subdivisions and units armed with R-12U, R-14U missile launchers with grouped silo launchers (general designer M.K. Yangel) were formed in the RSD troops. The first missile formations and units were manned mainly by officers from the artillery, navy, air force, and ground forces. Their retraining for missile specialties was carried out in training centers of ranges, at industrial enterprises and at courses at military educational institutions, and subsequently by instructor groups in units.
In 1965 - 1973 The Strategic Missile Forces are equipped with DBK OS RS-10, RS-12, R-36, dispersed over a large area (general designers M.K. Yangel, V.N. Chelomey). In 1970, in order to improve the leadership of troops and increase the reliability of combat command and control, directorates of missile armies were created on the basis of the directorates of missile corps. Formations and units with single silo launchers were capable of inflicting a guaranteed retaliatory strike in any conditions of the beginning of the war. DBK 2nd generation ensured remote launch of missiles in the shortest possible time, high accuracy of hitting the target and survivability of troops and weapons, improved operating conditions for missile weapons.
In 1973 - 1985 in the Strategic Missile Forces, the stationary BRK RS-16, RS-20A, RS-20B and RS-18 (general designers V.F. Utkin and V.N. Chelomey) and the mobile ground BRK RSD-10 (“Pioneer ”) (general designer A.D. Nadiradze), equipped with multiple warheads of individual guidance. Missiles and control points of stationary DBKs were located in structures of especially high security. The missiles use autonomous control systems with an on-board computer, which provide remote re-targeting of missiles before launch.
In 1985 - 1992 The Strategic Missile Forces were armed with missile launchers with mine- and rail-based RS-22 missiles (general designer V.F. Utkin) and upgraded mine- and RS-12M ground-based RS-20V missiles (general designers V.F. Utkin and A.D. Nadiradze). These complexes have increased combat readiness, high survivability and resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, operational retargeting and an increased autonomy period.
Since 1972, the quantitative and qualitative composition of nuclear weapons carriers and warheads of the Strategic Missile Forces, as well as other components of strategic nuclear forces, has been limited by the maximum levels established by the Treaties between the USSR (Russia) and the USA. In accordance with the Treaty between the USSR and the USA on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles (1987), RSDs and launchers for them were destroyed, including 72 RSD-10 ("Pioneer") missiles - by launching from field combat starting positions in districts of Chita and Kansk.
In 1997, the Strategic Missile Forces, the Military Space Forces, the rocket and space defense troops of the Air Defense Forces of the RF Armed Forces were merged into a single service of the RF Armed Forces - the Strategic Missile Forces. Since June 2001, the Strategic Missile Forces have been transformed into 2 types of troops - the Strategic Missile Forces and the Space Forces.
The priority areas for the further development of the Strategic Missile Forces are: maintaining the combat readiness of the existing grouping of troops, maximizing the service life of missile systems, completing the development and deployment at the required pace of modern stationary and mobile-based Topol-M missile systems, developing a combat command and control system for troops and weapons, creating scientific and technical groundwork for promising models of weapons and equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces.
Strategic Missile Forces includes:
Three missile armies (headquarters are in the cities of Vladimir, Orenburg and Omsk);
State central interspecific range;
10th Test Site (in Kazakhstan);
4th Central Research Institute (Yubileiny, Moscow Region);
Educational institutions (Peter the Great Military Academy in Moscow, military institutes in the cities of Serpukhov, Rostov-on-Don and Stavropol);
Arsenals and central repair plants, a storage base for weapons and military equipment.
