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Interests as personality traits in people are different and have a different impact on the life and activities of a person. Features of interests characterize personality traits.
The content of interests speaks about the direction of a person, about the goals that he sets in life.
Depth of interest is closely related to common development, the human mind. There are people whose interests are very superficial, petty, primitive. Sometimes they come down only to the satisfaction of organic needs.
N.V. Gogol in the poem "Dead Souls" describes the landowner P.P. Petukh, who is very upset that his guest Chichikov will not dine with him, as he has already dined and generally has a poor appetite. "What do I have in you after dinner?" - exclaims the Rooster, believing that the whole meaning of life is to eat delicious food yourself and impress the guest with the culinary art. When the conversation turns to boredom, the Rooster wonders how you can be bored if you have to do this in the morning, afternoon, and evening. interesting business like ordering food to a chef. Of course, we still meet people whose all interests are reduced to external gloss, to petty acquisitions, to the satisfaction of petty-bourgeois tastes. But these people are an exception, and every year there are fewer of them in our country.
Breadth of interests plays a significant role in a person's life. She speaks about the richness of the spiritual life of the individual, about the versatility of her intellectual needs.
The famous natural scientist K. A. Timiryazev said: “You need to know a little about everything and a little about everything.” This means that a person should be interested in everything, but his main, central interest should be directed to one thing, which he is seriously engaged in, to which he devotes his life.
A wide range of interests is especially necessary for people of certain professions. So, A. M. Gorky believed that literary workers should be interested in everything, delve into everything.
The breadth of cultural inquiries should also distinguish the teacher. If intellectual interests encourage him to acquire knowledge from different areas, this greatly increases the authority of the teacher in the eyes of students. When an experienced teacher was asked by young teachers what to do to become a good teacher, she replied: “It seems to me that for this you must first of all live a real, full and reasonable life, that is, study and observe nature, read books, listen to music, go to theaters, travel. The soul of a teacher must absorb a lot in order to be able to give more to others. And I am constantly learning from books, from people, from nature, I am constantly learning, persistently.
Some people are interested in a lot of things, but their interests quickly replace each other, they are not stable, they are superficial and shallow, they have the character of momentary hobbies. If the basic interests of a person are just as fleeting, then he will not accomplish anything significant in life.
It is also very important that the interests of the person differ in effectiveness. A person who has a passive interest does nothing to seriously satisfy this interest. Such a person reads little relevant literature, does not study. An example of an active interest in science is the life of M. V. Lomonosov. This interest prompted him to leave his native places and, overcoming incredible difficulties, make his way into science.
Interests can grow and develop. If a person has insufficient interests in something useful, for example, in reading fiction, in art, they can be educated by first forcing themselves to the appropriate activities, then, as their horizons expand, the interest will gradually grow and deepen.
But interests can gradually weaken and, finally, completely disappear if a person does not care about their maintenance, periodically does not satisfy them. Such an atrophy of interests occurs even in a person of great intelligence.
The scientist Charles Darwin wrote in his autobiography: “Until the age of thirty and even later, all kinds of poetry gave me great pleasure ... In the old days I found great pleasure in painting and even more in music. But for many years now, when I cannot bring myself to read a single line of poetry. I also almost lost my taste for painting and music.
If I had to relive my life, I would make it a rule for myself to read some poetry and listen to some music at least once a week; perhaps by such (permanent) exercise I could keep the parts of my brain active which have now atrophied. The loss of these tastes is tantamount to the loss of happiness and, perhaps, is harmful to the mental faculties, and more likely to the moral qualities, as it weakens the emotional side of our nature.
The father of cosmonaut German Titov believed that an engineer, designer, any person who does not understand the charms of poetry, who does not feel music, is simply a person who has robbed himself. He advised his son to live a rich spiritual life, to be able to see beauty and admire it. And son Herman followed his father's advice: he was interested in literature, music, sports, mathematics, and physics, but most of all he was fascinated by technology and dreams that he would become a pilot.
outlook
Even in adolescence, a person develops ideals, i.e., images of people whom he puts high and whose example he would like to follow. In the process of life and activity, under the influence of the environment social environment and the knowledge gained, in connection with the developing needs and inclinations, a person develops convictions, that is, certain views on what is happening around him, as well as on himself and his activities.
The system of views on the world, society and oneself is called a worldview. This is the most important quality that determines the direction of the individual. Worldview influences the choice of motives and the development of interests. It is not innate, but is developed in the course of a person’s life and activities, his communication with other people, as a result of reflection, teaching, self-education, etc.
“Ready-made convictions,” wrote D. I. Pisarev, “can neither be begged from good friends, nor bought in a bookstore. They must be worked out by the process of one's own thinking.
The worldview of an individual, as a rule, reflects the views and ideas of society, the environment in which he lives. Soviet people are characterized by a communist worldview based on the teachings of Marx, Engels and Lenin. Anyone who has this worldview has a reasonable and correct view of life, nature, and human relations. Harmful remnants of the past, religious views, all kinds of superstitions are alien to him. All phenomena surrounding life he considers in mutual connection and dependence, not only observing the facts, but also trying to find an explanation for them, to reveal their causes. The Marxist-Leninist worldview encourages a person to be useful public figure, an active builder of communism in our country. Thus, this worldview determines the development of a communist orientation as the main, most important feature of the personality of a Soviet person.
But it is not enough to have advanced views based on knowledge and a correct understanding of life, as well as high ideals. It is necessary that a person not only memorize these views, learn them, but experience them, feel them, make sure that they are correct, so that they become his convictions.
Review questions
1. What is personality orientation?
2. What are the main types of human needs.
3. What is meant by interest and inclination towards something?
4. Explain the difference between direct and indirect interest. Give examples.
5. What are the main features of the interests that characterize the personality?
6. What is a worldview? Specify some features of the communist worldview.
Topic 7 Activities
In the previous chapter, it was said that a person is active in order to satisfy his needs. However, this satisfaction is by no means always of an immediate nature, as in animals, which act only under the direct influence of their organic needs. In humans, even such a natural need as the need for food is realized under the influence of social experience developed by mankind. K. Marx wrote: “Hunger is hunger, but the hunger that is quenched by boiled meat eaten with a knife and fork is a different hunger than that in which raw meat is swallowed with the help of hands, nails and teeth.”
The active behavior of a person, aimed at satisfying certain needs, is usually called activity. In relation to the actions performed by animals, this term cannot be used. The difference between human activity and animal behavior lies in the fact that they adapt to nature, and a person in the process of his activity actively transforms the surrounding reality to meet his needs.
The result of human activity, which has a social and conscious character, is a certain product. Most of what a person does, he does not for himself, but for society. In turn, many other people, members of this society, satisfy the needs of each individual. But even when a person does something personally for himself, he uses the experience of other people in his work, applies the knowledge received from them.
Most often, the activity of a modern person takes place in a team, the goal is achieved by common efforts. The results of human activity have a positive or negative value for society.
Consciousness of activity is expressed in understanding the purpose of activity and ways to achieve it. Individual elements labor activity can occur unconsciously, automatically.
In activity, in actions, a person’s personality is revealed: he shows his positive or negative qualities. According to N. G. Chernyshevsky, reliable information about the mind and character of a person is acquired only by studying the actions of this person.
But at the same time, personality is formed in activity. An example is the working life of the colony, which was led by A. S. Makarenko. Reasonably organized activity, a deeply thought-out system of educational measures and influences on the pupils of this colony formed in them valuable personality traits.
Development of the theory of interest and its essence. System of interests and their classification
In Soviet times, in the conditions of complete nationalization of all public life, there was no need to investigate the problem of social interests, especially in relation to the practice of life. Consideration of the content of interests, their role in the life of society was of a general theoretical nature, far from applied problems. Most often, they were considered as an abstract, purely philosophical category that did not require specific efforts for their purposeful formation, let alone implementation. Therefore, the question is extremely important both from a theoretical and practical point of view: what are social interests?
All purposeful human activity is based on needs and interests. Needs - this is the need for something necessary to maintain the vital activity of the organism of an individual, social group, society. This is an internal stimulus of activity. They are divided into biological, inherent to both animals and humans, and social, inherent only to humans, of a historical nature and subject to a significant influence of the economy, culture, and ideology.
Needs and interests are not identical concepts, but both have an objective character on a common basis. The need expresses the attitude of any subject of life activity to the necessary conditions of his being, since without the satisfaction of basic needs, the existence of neither a biological nor a social organism is possible. Between human needs and their satisfaction is human activity, the purpose of which is to satisfy the needs of people.
Satisfaction of a number of immediate needs of people in housing, food, clothing and other ensures their physical existence, but the main part of the needs of modern man is associated with his social functions, and not physiological needs. Spiritual needs of a social person - personality are as necessary as food. The range of needs of the modern personality is exceptionally wide, it is constantly expanding and developing. The more versatile a person is developed, the more complex this or that social organism, the wider the range of their needs and the more diverse the forms of their satisfaction.
However, not every need can equally become the cause and internal stimulus of one or another type of life activity. Needs, expressing the relationship of the subject and the conditions of his life, reveal themselves in unconscious drives and fully conscious motives of behavior.
The true real cause and driving force of social development are interests. Interests are conscious needs, consciously formed by society, social groups, individuals.
It is awareness, the closest connection with personal and public consciousness, that makes it possible to single out interests from the variety of needs as a special, most significant category in the life of a person and society.
The difference between interest and need can be understood with this example. Thus, the need to eat is a vital human need. But eating only vegetarian food is already an interest, since it is consciously formed by one or another person in order to strengthen, in his opinion, health and prolong life.
Interests have all the features of needs, but are enhanced by the characteristics of the individual and public consciousness, worldview, psychological state, cultural development and other qualities of a person. That is why interests, unlike ordinary needs, have that effective and real power.
The first attempts to isolate special role interests in the life of society and the state can be seen in ancient Rome. A theoretically worked out attempt to explain social life with the help of interests was made as early as the 18th century. French materialists. In the interests they saw the real foundation of morality, politics, the social system as a whole.
Interest as a cause and motive of human activity is generated by the dependence between the objective need to satisfy needs and interests and the search for opportunities to satisfy them, acting as a real form of manifestation of social relations of various types.
The French philosopher Helvetius argued: “Everyone in essence always obeys his own interest .. If the physical world obeys the law of motion, then the spiritual world is no less subject to the law of interest ... Personal interest is the only and universal measure ... of human actions ... ". Therefore, any attempts to deprive a person of personal interests or belittle their role in public life can only slow down the process of social development or negatively change its trajectory.
The disadvantage of such views is that interests are derived from the sensual nature of man, considering him rather as a purely biological being.
Hegel, developing the theory of interest, showed the irreducibility of interests only to sensibility, to the natural nature of man, and revealed their social essence.
The strength of interest is manifested in the perseverance of a person and society to satisfy it. The effectiveness of interest lies in the impact it has on people's activities. Passive interest that does not stimulate activity is of no importance. Hegel proved that "... the interest for the subject is only the immediate pre-found in nature, and his subject's special goal is that this interest be satisfied by his actions ...".
A significant contribution to the development of the theory of interest was made by the English philosopher and sociologist G. Spencer. He, considering the basic law of social development the law of survival of the fittest, divided into classes or "differentiated" society, showed, in particular, that public and private interests are essentially harmonious.
There is great merit in the development of the theory of social interest by K. Marx and F. Engels, mainly in the field of economic interests, although during the years of Soviet power few people heard about the special role of interests, especially personal ones, in the life of a person and society.
The classics of Marxism revealed the objective basis for the emergence and formation of interest. “The economic relations of each given society are manifested, first of all, as interests,” wrote F. Engels. At the same time, it was specifically pointed out that the interests of people are expressed and regulated only through the policy of the state: “Since the state is the form in which individuals ... carry out their common interests and in which all civil society of a given era finds its concentration, it follows from this that all general institutions are mediated by the state, receive a political form.
Further development of the theory of interest is determined by the tasks of forming a new civil society in our country, creating a state of law, focusing on the development of human potential in the context of increasing importance human factor and an objective reduction in the role of the state in public life.
Interests as needs are organically inherent in all people, it is impossible to deprive a person of interest, without interest, no activity of people is possible. In social interests, social relations of individuals, social groups, and strata of society are fixed. The connection of interests with social relations in functional terms is that social relations are determined by several conditions:
A form of awareness by the subject of his needs, goal-setting, practical actions. The realization of the interests of the subjects leads to the consolidation of social relations, in connection with which the interests become elements of an objective social reality.
The complex structure of society, differences in the social status of people, the peculiarities of the refraction of the objective conditions of reality in the inner world of a person, in his mind and activity lead to the emergence of a huge variety of, as a rule, diverging interests. This set of interests does not line up in some kind of hierarchy with a certain subordination, but is a large complex system of interests, reflecting their close interconnection, interdependence and interdependence.
The social interests of an individual express the mutual dependence of him and other people, i.e. express a certain facet of the social interdependence of the individual with the group or community with which it is united by the general conditions of life.
Representation of a set of interests as a complex developing system makes it possible to more fully show their integrity and reveal a fairly complete typology of their heterogeneous relationships as logically homogeneous, allowing direct comparison and comparison.
The scientific classification of interests makes it possible to fix the regular connections between various types interests and determine their place in the overall system. Each classification is relative in nature and is focused on achieving certain goals of knowledge. Classification is especially problematic when we are talking about extremely heterogeneous sets. As the basis for the classification of interests, it is necessary to use their most characteristic features, which allow to fully reflect the structure of the entire system of interests.
Classification of interests can be carried out on various grounds. The following set of bases for the classification of social interests seems to be the most adequate for the theoretical and practical tasks.
The division of interests on the indicated grounds - according to the degree of generality, according to the nature of the subjects - carriers of interests, according to the spheres of life, according to the duration of the action, according to the nature of their interaction - has importance in the study of interests and the organization of practical activities for the purposeful formation of interests, their implementation and protection from internal and external threats.
Interests are classified: according to the degree of generality - individual (personal), group, corporate, public (general), national and universal; by subjects (bearers of interests) - individuals, societies, regions, states, coalitions of states, the world community; according to the degree of social significance - vital, important, unimportant; by spheres of life - in the economic sphere, in the foreign policy sphere, in the domestic political sphere, in the asocial sphere, in the spiritual and cultural sphere, in the international sphere, in the defense sphere, in the information sphere, etc.; by duration of action - permanent, long-term, short-term; by the nature of the orientation - economic, political, military, etc.; by the nature of the interaction - coinciding, parallel, divergent, confrontational (counter).
As you can see, the range of classification of interests is quite wide. This once again emphasizes their social essence and social orientation. If we are talking about a person, then the individual always has a desire to constantly change his position in society. It is dictated not only by the desire to improve material well-being, but also to realize oneself in society, self-improvement, etc.
The structure of interests is closely related to social structure society. Moreover, interests are, among other things, the basis for the differentiation of society, as a result of the interaction of all social strata and groups with the diversity of their interests.
The most significant role is played by the classification of interests by spheres of life, subjects-bearers of interests, social significance of interests.
A special applied role is played by the classification of interests by spheres of life.
Interests have specific characteristics that reflect the development of social relations in social systems different levels. At each of these levels, their own systems of interests are formed, steadily interacting with each other. The objective nature of the formation of a certain hierarchy of such systems of interests is created, first of all, by the division of labor into various spheres of life, each of which is characterized by its own special interests and a variety of forms of ownership, which gives rise to differences in the standard of living of different social groups and, accordingly, specific interests. Therefore, it is no coincidence that in the Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation, when analyzing interests, threats to these interests, and when organizing activities to ensure national security, a classification is used by spheres of life.
This approach makes it possible to more purposefully organize activities for the formation and implementation of social interests, as well as for their protection from internal and external threats.
Of great methodological and even ideological significance is the classification of interests according to the nature of the subjects of the bearers of interests.
Today, for the first time in the history of Russia, the vital interests of the individual, then society, and only then the state are put in the first place. Such a sequence means a qualitative leap in solving problems not only of security, but also of the role of interests in the life of an individual and society.
The new edition of the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation notes that the interests of the individual consist in the realization of constitutional rights and freedoms, in ensuring personal security, in improving the quality and standard of living, in the physical, spiritual and intellectual development of man and citizen.
The document clearly indicates those rights and freedoms that are the interests of the individual. These are constitutional rights and freedoms, that is, the rights and freedoms contained in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. This provision very favorably distinguishes this document from many others, as well as from political and sociological literature, where, as a rule, it is about human rights in general. However, in this case yet there is no complete clarity and a strictly scientific approach in relation to these concepts.
So, for example, in contrast to the provision of the Concept, in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, human rights and freedoms are called not interests, but the highest value (Article 2). But interests and values are not the same thing.
In addition, assuming the constitutional rights of the individual as its fundamental vital interests, one should keep in mind the complex internal connection and hierarchy in the structure of these rights. This circumstance has great importance, since the structure of constitutional rights has a direct impact on the legal space within which other interests of the individual are formed.
The National Security Concept of the Russian Federation also notes that the interests of society lie in strengthening democracy, in creating a new, social state, in achieving and maintaining social harmony, and in the spiritual renewal of Russia.
The interests of the state consist in the inviolability of the constitutional order, the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia, in political, economic and social stability, in the unconditional provision of law and order, in the development of equal and mutually beneficial international cooperation.
Finally, the classification of interests according to their social significance is of exceptional importance.
Without a doubt, each subject of social relations has its own vital, important and unimportant interests - this is a categorical imperative of development. The first act as the fundamental basis of all social activity, the rest are taken into account when determining current tasks in order to achieve certain, quite specific tactical goals while ensuring their existence.
It is vital interests that reflect the relatively stable features of individuals and society and determine the nature of being, the trajectory and purpose of the existence, development and security of any subject. social life. In accordance with the provisions of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Security" of 1992, vital interests are a set of needs, the satisfaction of which reliably ensures the existence and possibilities for the progressive development of the individual, society and the state.
The legislator expressed the essence of interests as a set of needs clearly and specifically. It should be emphasized that this is the only legally legitimized definition of interests
The concept of national interest
One of the main characteristics of the modern world system is the interdependence of states and the integrity of the world, its unity.
The basis of international politics is the national state interest of any country.
It is known from philosophy that interest is real reason social actions underlying motives, ideas, etc. In relation to the state, the national interest is a conscious, officially expressed objective needs, the consistent implementation and protection of which ensure the sustainable existence and progressive development of states.
The state ensures its interests with all the means at its disposal: political, ideological, economic, diplomatic, military. The last resort is the threat or actual use of force, up to and including a declaration of war.
national interests Russia is a set of balanced interests of the individual, society and the state in the economic, domestic political, social, international, informational, military, border, environmental and other spheres.
National interests are ensured by the institutions of state power that perform their functions, including in cooperation with public organizations operating on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Russian Federation. They are of a long-term nature and determine the main goals, strategic and current tasks of the domestic and foreign policy of the state.
Distinguish interests:
Individuals, societies, states and national;
Domestic and foreign policy;
Short-term and long-term;
General and regional;
Major and minor;
Constants and variables;
Political, economic, military, environmental, humanitarian, cultural, etc.
National Russian interests include:
› the interests of the individual;
› public interests;
› the interests of the state.
Personal Interests consist in:
≈ realization of constitutional rights and freedoms;
≈ ensuring personal security;
≈ improving the quality and standard of living;
≈ physical, spiritual and intellectual development of man and citizen.
Society interests consist in:
♦ strengthening democracy:
♦ in the creation of a legal, social state;
♦ achievement and maintenance of public consent;
♦ spiritual renewal of Russia.
State interests consist in:
◊ the inviolability of the constitutional order, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia;
◊ political, economic and social stability;
◊ unconditional enforcement of law and order;
◊ development of equal and mutually beneficial international cooperation.
A condition for the realization of Russia's national interests is the sustainable development of the economy.
The national interests of Russia consist of interests in various areas: economic, domestic political, social, spiritual, international, informational, military, border, environmental.
In the domestic political sphere Russia's national interests are:
- maintaining the stability of the constitutional system, institutions of state power;
- ensuring civil peace and national accord, territorial integrity, unity of the legal space and the rule of law;
- completion of the process of formation of a democratic society;
- neutralization of the causes and conditions that contribute to the emergence of political and religious extremism, ethnic separatism and their consequences - social, interethnic and religious conflicts, terrorism.
Russia's national interests in the international sphere consist in:
~ ensuring sovereignty;
~ strengthening Russia's positions as a great power - one of the influential centers of the multipolar world;
~ development of equal and mutually beneficial relations with all countries and integration associations (primarily the CIS);
~ universal observance of human rights and freedoms and the inadmissibility of applying double standards.
National interests differ in their importance and influence in the international arena. On this basis, they are subdivided into main (or vital) and secondary, constant and variable, long-term and opportunistic.
Main and permanent national interests are determined by the most important geopolitical parameters: the place and role of a given state in the system of interstate relations, its prestige and relative military power, its ability to defend its sovereignty and guarantee the security of its allies, etc.
Minor and variables interests, bearing a derivative of the first character. Changing depending on foreign policy factors, they can serve as a subject of bargaining in the implementation of the main and permanent interests of the state.
Concept of national interest
The foreign policy of the state is determined by the level of socio-economic and socio-political development, the geographical position of the country, its national and historical traditions, the goals and needs of ensuring sovereignty and security, etc. All this in foreign policy is focused in the concept of national interest. Representatives of political realism consider the national interest as the main component of the foreign policy of any state.
The term "national interest" in 1935 was included in the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences and thus received an official political status. The priority in developing the concept of "national interest" belongs to American scientists - theologian R. Niebuhr and historian C. Bird.
After the Second World War, the disputes around the concept of national interest, G. Morgenthau called "the new great debate." In its most expanded form, this concept was formulated in Morgenthau's book In Defense of the National Interest (1948). G. Morgenthau defined the concept of interest with the help of categories of power. The concept of national interest in his concept consists of three elements:
≈ the nature of the interest to be protected;
≈ the political environment in which the interest operates;
≈ rational necessity, limiting the choice of ends and means for all subjects of international politics.
The contribution to the development of the concept of national interest was made by American scientists J. Kennan, W. Lippman, K. Waltz, E. Furniss, J. Rosenau and others. -B.Dyurozel, F.Braira, R.Debre and others.
national interests- the interests of a national community or group united by specific ties and relationships of genetic and cultural homogeneity.
Homogeneity - homogeneity, uniformity, internal indistinguishability, the degree of similarity of members of a certain population among themselves.
National interests are embodied in the desire of representatives of one nationality to unite on the basis of a common culture, expressed in language, family, religious, moral traditions and customs, methods of recreation, political systems and behavior, as well as in clothing and jewelry.
National interests serve to preserve the national community as a whole and are manifested in feelings of sympathy for members of their national community, different from feelings for other nationalities.
National interests are one of the driving forces behind the behavior and activities of an individual, nationality, nation, society or state; they are present in many forms of struggle and cooperation between people. An attempt to infringe on national interests is perceived as an attack on the vital foundations of a national group or community, as well as the state.
National interests have rarely come forward in history in pure form. They were clothed in various ethical-religious (ideological) forms, realized in the course of religious wars and national liberation movements. The ideology raised the private national interest to the level of "general".
A social community with a developed national self-consciousness, as a rule, does not voluntarily sacrifice its national interests, on the basis of moral considerations or calls for humanism, to take into account the interests of the other side - other national groups and communities. The conflict of national interests often results in armed clashes and military confrontations. Under these conditions, the most important task of politicians is the ability to combine national interests with the prospect of maintaining peace on earth.
National interest is an abstract and subjective category, since its parameters are determined by the picture of the world and the value system that prevails in a given society and state. Politics can be seen as a means of realizing national interests.
Often, state interests are opposed to national and public (civil society interests), recognizing their relationship, yet it is considered appropriate to define them within the framework of the “national interest - state interest” dichotomy.
Dichotomy (Greek “in two” + “division”) - bifurcation, division into two parts that are not interconnected.
In the lexicon of international politics, speaking of the national interest, as a rule, they mean the state interest and, conversely, the state interest means the national interest.
National-state interests are formed in accordance with geopolitical parameters, resource opportunities, national-cultural traditions, etc. states.
The formation of national interests is a gradual and lengthy historical process, carried out in a complex interweaving of economic, social, national-psychological and other factors that together determine the content and nature of the national-historical experience of a given people or country.
The main component of the national interest is the imperative self-preservation of the state.
But the very concept of national interest is permeated with value norms and ideological content. This is especially true with regard to misunderstood and misunderstood national interests (the US war in Vietnam, the USSR in Afghanistan, etc.).
The foreign policy of any state can be considered realistic to the extent that it is built taking into account the interests of other parties involved in the system. international relations. This point is of particular importance in the modern world, where the determination of the national interests of any individual state implies the obligatory consideration of the interests of other states, and in some ways the interests of the entire world community.
National security concept
The success of a state's foreign policy depends on the clarity of the formulation of national interests and on the understanding of the ways and means of realizing these interests. Among the priority goals of the state in the international arena, in the first place is the security of the country or national security in all its forms and manifestations.
Distinguish safety public and state,economic, social, political, environmental, military etc.
In a broad sense safety - this is the provision of normal conditions for self-realization to citizens of the state, the protection of their lives, freedom and property from encroachment by an individual, organization or the state itself.
Safety- this is a state of relations between states in which they are not threatened by the danger of war, or other encroachment from outside. From this perspective, security is considered indivisibly on various scales:
› National security- within the boundaries of one state;
› regional security - within the framework of this or that region of the world;
› international, general security - in the global, world framework.
For the first time in the political lexicon, the concept of "national security" was used in 1904 in the message of President T. Roosevelt to the US Congress, where he justified the annexed zones of the Panama Canal by the interests of "national security". In subsequent years, this problem has become a pivotal one in the studies of American political scientists.
American authors see the source of the concept of "national security" in the theory of "national interests". This approach was proposed by the sociologist W. Lippman. Most studies define national security through force, that is, the predominance of power over other states, or from the standpoint of the interaction of states, that is, the creation of optimal conditions for the development of the entire system of international relations.
In our country, since the beginning of 1990, understanding the problem of national security has been undertaken within the framework of the USSR Armed Forces Committee on Defense and State Security; established the National and international security, a number of initiative groups.
The national security of the Russian Federation is the security of its multinational people as the bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation.
Russia has developed The concept of national oh security, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on January 10, 2000, No. 24.
The concept of national security of the Russian Federation is a system of views on ensuring the security of the individual, society and the state in the Russian Federation from external and internal threats in all spheres of life.
National security means, first of all, the physical survival of a given state, the protection and preservation of its sovereignty and territorial integrity, the ability to adequately respond to any real and potential external threats.
National security is closely linked to the security of the country's socio-political system. National security as a category of political science reflects the connection of security with the nation, that is, with a certain territorial-state community based on stable socio-political, economic, cultural and other ties.
National security characterizes the state of the nation as an integral system, including social relations and public consciousness, institutions of society and their activities that contribute to and hinder the realization of national interests in a specific historical situation. The essence of national interests is, first of all, in counteracting and compensating for any destructive disturbances that are formed within society or outside it, which impede the needs of life and the development of the individual and society.
National security- this is the protection of the state from external and internal threats, resistance to adverse external influences, ensuring such internal and external conditions for the existence of the country that guarantee the possibility of stable progress of society and its citizens.
In national security stand out three levels security: individual, society and state, the significance of which is determined by the nature of social relations, the political structure, the degree of internal and external threats. In critical periods for a nation, the security of society or the state can dominate. As a rule, authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, constantly creating such critical conditions, highlight the security of the state at the expense of the security of the individual. For democratic societies, the most valuable thing is the freedom and security of the individual. For a democratic society, the security of the state and society is not an end in itself, but a function of ensuring the freedom and security of the individual.
State Security is achieved by the presence of an effective mechanism for managing and coordinating the activities of political forces and public groups, as well as effective institutions for their protection.
Community safety presupposes the existence of public institutions, norms, developed norms of public consciousness that allow realizing the rights and freedoms of all groups of the population and resisting actions leading to a split in society (including by the state).
Personal security consists in the formation of a set of legal and moral norms, public institutions and organizations that would allow it to develop and realize socially significant abilities and needs without experiencing opposition from the state and society.
Structural elements of the system national security are: political, economic, military, environmental, information security and security of the nation's cultural development.
Political security consists in the ability and ability of the nation and the state institutions it creates to independently resolve issues of state structure, independently pursue domestic and foreign policy in the interests of the individual and society on the positions of sustainable political sovereignty.
economic security characterized by independence and insubordination to external forces, the level of development of productive forces and economic relations aimed at meeting the needs of the individual and society, the presence of a developed infrastructure and minerals, a skilled workforce and a system for its preparation, as well as the nature of integration into the system of world economic relations.
military security characterizes the possibility of ensuring the interests of national security by means of armed violence. External aspect military security reflects the ability of a nation to resist or contain the impact of military force from abroad. Interior aspect is associated with the destructive manifestation of the arms race, the militarization of public consciousness, the strengthening political role armies within the country.
An important place in the concept of national security is occupied by security issues. cultural development nation, environmental, information security, because they are related to the needs of society and the individual. Based on the concept, a national security system is formed, which is a set of legislative and executive bodies, legal norms that provide optimal and stable conditions for life and development of the individual and society.
The concept of national security, as well as foreign policy and geopolitical concepts, is a derivative of the concept of national interests. The concept of national security is built taking into account how external threats coming from outside and associated with attempts to enslave or subjugate the state, and internal threats related to the state of society itself and rooted in society itself.
Distinguish threats real and potential ; global, regional and local .
concept security includes the following Aspects:
♦ ensuring the physical existence, territorial integrity and integrity of the state from external and internal threats;
♦ guarantees against external interference in internal affairs;
♦ prevention of potential and unforeseen threats to the very way of life.
The concept of national security is built taking into account all geopolitical factors that affect the ways, forms and means of realizing national goals.
The primary task of the concept of national security is the definition and development of priority areas, a set of measures and means of preventing, first of all, extreme forms of external and internal threats - war with other states and civil war.
The state has various means and ways of realizing this goal. One of the most obvious of these is the use or threat of violence. The famous aphorism of Clausewitz - war is the continuation of politics by other means.
With the development of scientific and technological progress, the national security of an individual state has become dependent on international security, the security of the entire world community. In modern conditions, the national security of the state depends not only on the power and combat effectiveness of the armed forces, but also on a number of other factors - economic power, competitiveness of the industry, the quality of the education system, the well-being of citizens, their state of mind, etc.
Among modern sources real threat for the security of states can be called: terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, inter-ethnic and inter-confessional conflicts, degradation environment slowdown or halt in economic growth.
In the light of these circumstances, the strategy of collective security is gaining more and more recognition. This strategy implies the creation of a system in which each member state agrees that its security is the concern of all, and joins the collective action to repel aggression.
The problem of integrating military-political security and socio-economic policy on a global scale arises. Security and well-being are two aspects that are interrelated, constantly influencing each other and the effectiveness of the socio-economic order itself throughout the globe.
The national interests of Russia are a set of balanced interests of the individual, society and the state in the economic, domestic political, social, international, informational, military, border, environmental and other spheres of life. As a rule, they are of a long-term nature and determine the main goals, strategic and current tasks of the domestic and foreign policy of the Russian state.
National interests are ensured by the institutions of state power that perform their functions, including in cooperation with public organizations acting on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Russian Federation. The interests of the individual consist in the realization of constitutional rights and freedoms, in ensuring personal security, in improving the quality and standard of living, in the physical, spiritual and intellectual development of man and citizen.
The interests of society lie in the strengthening of democracy, in the creation of a legal, social state, in the achievement and maintenance of social harmony, in the spiritual renewal of Russia. Accordingly, the interests of the state consist in the inviolability of the constitutional order, the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia, in political, economic and social stability, in the unconditional provision of law and order, in the development of equal and mutually beneficial international cooperation. The realization of Russia's national interests is possible only on the basis of sustainable development the economy of the entire country as a whole. Therefore, Russia's national interests in this area are key.
Thus, the transition to a highly efficient and socially oriented market economy in our country should be carried out through the gradual formation of optimal mechanisms for organizing social production and distribution of goods and services in order to maximize the welfare of society and every citizen of the Russian state. At the forefront here are the tasks associated with eliminating deformations in the structure of the Russian economy, with ensuring outstripping growth in the production of science-intensive products and products. high degree processing, with the obligatory support of industries that form the basis of the expanded reproduction of the country, with the provision of employment.
Also of significant importance are the strengthening of state support for investment and innovation activity, the adoption of measures to create a stable banking system that meets the interests of the real economy, facilitating the access of enterprises to long-term loans to finance capital investments, and providing real state support for targeted industrial restructuring programs.
The most important tasks in order to realize national interests in the field of economy are the advanced development of competitive industries and industries, as well as the expansion of the market for science-intensive products. The solution of these tasks involves the concentration of financial and material resources on priority areas development of science and technology, providing support to leading scientific schools, accelerating the formation of a scientific and technical reserve and a national technological base, attracting private capital, including through the creation of funds and the use of grants, the implementation of programs for the development of territories with high scientific and technical potential, the creation of state support of the infrastructure that ensures the commercialization of the results of research and development with simultaneous protection of intellectual property within the Russian Federation and abroad, the development of a public network of scientific, technical and commercial information.
The Russian state should promote the creation of equal conditions for the development and increase in the competitiveness of enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership, including the formation and development of private entrepreneurship in all areas where it contributes to the growth of public welfare, the progress of science and education, the spiritual and moral development of society, the protection of rights consumers, etc.
The priority of economic factors in the social sphere is fundamentally important for strengthening the state, for the real state provision of social guarantees, for the development of mechanisms for collective responsibility and democratic decision-making, social partnership. At the same time, it is important to conduct a socially just and cost-effective policy in the field of income distribution. The organization of the work of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to implement measures aimed at preventing and overcoming threats to the national interests of Russia in the field of economy also requires further improvement of the legislation of the Russian Federation in this area and ensuring its observance by all economic entities.
Convergence of the interests of the peoples inhabiting the country, the establishment of their comprehensive cooperation, the implementation of a responsible and balanced state national and regional policy will ensure internal political stability in Russia, and A complex approach to the solution of these problems should form the basis of the internal state policy that ensures the development of Russia as a multinational democratic federal state. The strengthening of Russian statehood, the improvement of federal relations and local self-government should contribute to ensuring Russia's national interests.
The implementation of the constitutional principle of democracy requires ensuring the coordinated functioning and interaction of all state authorities, a rigid vertical of executive power and the unity of the judicial system of Russia. This is ensured by the constitutional principle of the separation of powers, the establishment of a clearer functional distribution of powers between state institutions, the strengthening of the federal structure of Russia by improving its relations with the constituent entities of the Russian Federation within the framework of their constitutional status. The main areas of protection of the constitutional order in Russia are:
Ensuring the priority of federal legislation and improving on this basis the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
Development of organizational and legal mechanisms for the protection of state integrity, ensuring the unity of the legal space and national interests of Russia;
Development and implementation of a regional policy that provides an optimal balance of federal and regional interests;
Improving the mechanism that prevents the creation political parties and public associations pursuing separatist and anti-constitutional goals, and the suppression of their activities.
It should be noted that Russia is extremely interested in eradicating the economic and socio-political basis of crime and corruption, developing a comprehensive system of measures to effectively protect individuals, society and the state from criminal encroachments. Here, the formation of a system of measures for effective social prevention and the education of law-abiding citizens is of priority importance. These measures should be aimed at protecting the rights and freedoms, morality, health and property of every person, regardless of race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership in public associations, as well as from other circumstances.
The most important tasks in the field of combating crime are:
Identification, elimination and prevention of the causes that give rise to crime; strengthening the role of the state as a guarantor of the security of society, creating the necessary legal framework and a mechanism for its application;
Strengthening the system of law enforcement agencies, primarily structures that counteract organized crime and terrorism, creating conditions for their effective operation;
Involvement of state bodies within their competence in activities to prevent illegal acts;
Expansion of mutually beneficial international cooperation in law enforcement, primarily with the CIS countries.
Decisions and measures taken by the state authorities of the Russian Federation in the field of combating crime must be open, specific and understandable to every citizen, they must be proactive, ensure the equality of all before the law and the inevitability of responsibility, and rely on the support of society.
To prevent and combat crime, first of all, it is necessary to develop a legal framework as the basis for reliable protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, as well as compliance with the international legal obligations of the Russian Federation in the field of combating crime and respecting human rights. In order to prevent corruption and eliminate the conditions for the legalization of illegally acquired capital, it is necessary to create an effective system of financial control, improve administrative, civil and criminal law enforcement measures, develop a mechanism for checking property status and sources of income officials and employees of organizations and institutions, regardless of the form of ownership, as well as the correspondence of their expenses to these incomes.
Russia's national interests in the international sphere lie in ensuring sovereignty, strengthening Russia's position as a great power - one of the influential centers of the multipolar world, in developing equal and mutually beneficial relations with all countries and integration associations, primarily with the CIS member states and Russia's traditional partners, in the universal observance of human rights and freedoms and the inadmissibility of terrorism and other similar phenomena.
Thus, based on international agreements, it is necessary to effectively cooperate with foreign states, their law enforcement agencies and special services, as well as international organizations tasked with combating terrorism. It is also necessary to make wider use of international experience in combating this phenomenon, create a coordinated mechanism to counter international terrorism, and reliably block all possible channels of illegal circulation of weapons and explosives within the country, as well as their receipt from abroad.
The national interests of Russia in the spiritual sphere are to preserve and strengthen the moral values of society, the traditions of patriotism and humanism, the cultural and scientific potential of our country. Ensuring the national interests of the Russian Federation also includes the protection of cultural, spiritual and moral heritage, historical traditions and norms of public life, the preservation of the cultural heritage of all the peoples of Russia, the formation of state policy in the field of spiritual and moral education of the population, the introduction of a ban on the use of airtime in electronic media for the distribution of programs that promote violence, exploit the base manifestations of human nature, and also includes countering the negative influence of foreign religious organizations and missionaries.
The spiritual renewal of society is impossible without preserving the role of the Russian language as a factor in the spiritual unity of the peoples of multinational Russia and the language of interstate communication between the peoples of the Commonwealth member states Independent States. In order to ensure the preservation and development of our cultural and spiritual heritage, it is necessary to create socio-economic conditions for the implementation of creative activities and the functioning of cultural institutions.
In the field of protecting and promoting the health of citizens, it is necessary to increase the attention of society, the state authorities of the Russian Federation to the development of medical care, the implementation of state protectionism in the medical and pharmaceutical industries, the implementation of federal programs in the field of sanitation and epidemiology, children's health, the provision of emergency and emergency medical care, disaster medicine.
The national interests of Russia in the environmental sphere are to preserve and improve the environment. So, among the most important areas of state activity in the environmental sphere are:
Rational use of natural resources and education of ecological culture of the population;
Pollution Prevention natural environment by improving the safety of technologies related to the disposal and disposal of toxic industrial and domestic waste;
Prevention of radioactive contamination of the environment, minimization of the consequences of earlier radiation accidents and disasters;
Environmentally safe storage and disposal of decommissioned weapons (nuclear submarines, ships and ships with nuclear power plants, nuclear munitions, etc.);
Storage and destruction of stockpiles of chemical weapons safe for the environment and public health;
Creation and implementation of safe industries, search for ways of practical use of environmentally friendly energy sources, adoption of environmental measures in environmentally hazardous regions of the Russian Federation.
The foreign policy of the Russian Federation in order to protect and ensure national interests should be aimed at:
Conducting an active foreign policy;
Strengthening the key mechanisms of multilateral management of world political and economic processes;
Providing favorable conditions for the economic and social development of the country, for maintaining regional stability;
Protection of the legitimate rights and interests of Russian citizens abroad, incl. with the use of political, economic and other measures;
Development of relations with the CIS member states in accordance with the principles of international law, development of integration processes that meet the interests of Russia within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States;
Promoting conflict resolution;
Achieving progress in the field of nuclear arms control, maintaining strategic stability in the world based on the fulfillment by states of their international obligations in this area;
Fulfillment of obligations in the field of reduction and elimination of weapons of mass destruction, conventional weapons, implementation of measures to strengthen confidence and stability, ensuring international control over the export of goods and technologies, the provision of military services;
Assistance in the creation of zones free from weapons of mass destruction, as well as the development of international cooperation in the field of combating transnational crime and terrorism, etc.
The national interests of Russia in the military sphere are to protect its independence, sovereignty, state and territorial integrity, to prevent military aggression against Russia and its allies, to provide conditions for the peaceful, democratic development of the state. In preventing wars and armed conflicts, Russia gives preference to political, diplomatic, economic and other non-military means. However, the national interests of Russia require the presence of sufficient military power for its defense. Russian Armed Forces play leading role in ensuring the military security of the Russian Federation.
Also, the most important task of the Russian Federation is the implementation of deterrence in the interests of preventing aggression of any scale, including with the use of nuclear weapons, against Russia and its allies.
One of the most important strategic directions in the field of ensuring Russia's military security is effective interaction and cooperation with the CIS member states. The interests of ensuring the national interests of Russia predetermine, under appropriate circumstances, the need for Russia's military presence in certain strategically important regions of the world. Deployment of limited military contingents in them on a contractual and international legal basis, as well as on the principles of partnership, should ensure Russia's readiness to fulfill its obligations, promote the formation of a stable military-strategic balance of forces in the regions and enable the Russian Federation to respond to a crisis situation in its initial stage. to promote the realization of the foreign policy goals of the state.
The national interests of Russia in the border sphere consist in the creation of political, legal, organizational and other conditions for ensuring reliable protection of the state border of the Russian Federation, in observing the procedure and rules established by the legislation of the Russian Federation for the implementation of economic and other types of activities in the border space of the Russian Federation. The main tasks of the Russian Federation in the border area are:
Creation of the necessary regulatory and legal framework;
Development of interstate cooperation in this area;
Opposition to economic, demographic and cultural-religious expansion into the territory of Russia by other states;
Suppression of the activities of transnational organized crime, as well as illegal migration;
Implementation of collective measures to ensure the security of the border space of the CIS member states.
The national interests of Russia in the information sphere lie in the observance of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens in the field of obtaining information and using it, in the development of modern telecommunication technologies, in the protection of state information resources from unauthorized access. Thus, the most important tasks of ensuring the information security of the Russian Federation are:
Implementation of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation in the field of information activities;
Improvement and protection of the domestic information infrastructure, integration of Russia into the global information space;
Opposition to confrontation in the information sphere.
The system for ensuring the national interests of Russia is created and developed in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation, and federal programs in this area.
So, the most important components of the national interests of Russia are the protection of the individual, society and the state from terrorism, including international, as well as from emergencies natural and man-made nature and their consequences, and in wartime - from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions.
Increased attention to someone or something can be observed not only in people, but also in animals. However, in psychology, interests are not only a focus on any object or being. It is also a process in which emotions are involved. Thus, interests are an integral part of the personality, often determining the characterological profile of the individual.
In psychological science, a number of basic criteria are distinguished, according to which this concept is defined. First, interests are necessarily associated with the presence of certain knowledge. However, do not confuse them with simple curiosity. They determine the involvement of the individual in the activity, are the most important motivators. In addition, interests are a process associated with emotional satisfaction. Moreover, this feeling is inextricably linked with the acquisition and availability of knowledge, and with activities in this area. Cognitive interest, for example, is characterized not only by curiosity. He directs the actions of a person, his activity: both physical and mental.
So, if interests are a multilateral multifactorial process, and also therefore, they can be described in terms of intensity, depth, scope, and so on. For example, if something occupies our attention, then we can determine the duration, strength, absorption of this object or phenomenon. So, they distinguish between deep interests and superficial ones. People also differ in the strength of the experience, in intensity. Someone can devote his whole life or a significant part of it to one thing that captures him completely. And the other person, on the contrary, does not strive and is not able to experience a deep interest in anything, treats everything with slight disdain.
You can also evaluate the "scale" of this process. Interests are multilateral, diverse, broad. A person is fascinated by various things and phenomena, he wants to know the world in all its richness. For example, he may be interested in and understand music, literature, natural sciences, medicine. By the way, most geniuses had a broad outlook. Let us recall at least Leonardo da Vinci, Bulgakov, Einstein. Interests can also be narrow, that is, directed to a specific phenomenon or subject, to a special field of knowledge.
The other could be switchability or stability of interests. It depends on temperament, on the psychophysiological characteristics of a person, although such a quality as perseverance and the ability to concentrate can be developed. Some people easily change hobbies, switch from one to another. Others are constant in their interests and hobbies. For example, once fascinated by mathematics, such a person can devote his whole life to it, leaving other areas of science and culture, as it were, on the periphery of consciousness. Interests can also be strong - completely captivating all thoughts, or weak. For the sake of the first man is able to undertake active actions, he is engaged in creativity, is in constant search. The latter can be classified as "contemplative". That is, it is interesting to observe or passively learn, but I don’t want to put much effort into the process. However, passionate people are the engines of progress. It is they who reach heights, achieve outstanding results in science and culture. It is thanks to them that discoveries are made, they create all kinds of inventions. Consequently, the interests of society also lie in maintaining and cultivating those that will allow people to realize their intellectual and spiritual potential. You can do it different ways However, families play a key role educational institutions. It is there that they are laid and begin to develop
