Novikov V.S. Tourism innovation

Among modern theories of tourism development, a special place is occupied by the concept sustainable development tourism. The need for the transition of the tourism sector to the principles of sustainable development in the current conditions of globalization and informatization of society is obvious. Practice shows that the uncontrolled growth of tourism, pursuing the goal of quick profit, often has negative consequences, because it damages the environment, the local community and destroys the very foundation on which the functioning and successful development of tourism is based.
Debate around the world about the concept of sustainable tourism development has become a phenomenon of the 90s. last century. However, undoubtedly, the concept of sustainable tourism development originates from the concept of sustainable development in general. The concept of sustainable development is multifaceted, multifaceted and ambiguous. Thus, sustainable development takes into account more long-term perspectives than people usually take into account when making decisions and implies the need for management and planning.
While the term "sustainability" itself has only come into use unambiguously within the last 20 or 30 years, the ideas behind it are among the earliest examples of urban planning. Some of the earliest attempts to achieve sustainable development were cities and towns built and run by the Romans during the time of the Roman Empire. Also, many traditional agricultural systems were based on the principles of sustainability. Farming was carried out in such a way as to preserve rather than squander the fertility of the land in order to continue to grow food on it in the future.
However, over time, technological inventions, population growth, social and economic changes led to increased production and urbanization. This, in turn, influenced the desire to maximize production in a short period of time. This way of development inevitably led to many problems.
Industrialization has transformed the economy and society as well as the environment. There was an understanding that if this process is not controlled, then the environment can be destroyed. However, until the turn of the 60-70s. XX century was dominated by ideas about unlimited resources or enough great potential used resources, inexhaustibility and free of charge many benefits provided by the environment. The priority was the maximum possible quantitative economic growth, which, even from a purely mathematical point of view, must stop sooner or later, and with the most adverse consequences.
And only in the 70s. of the twentieth century, when environmental problems sharply worsened all over the world, before economics the task arose of comprehending the current trends in ecological and economic development and developing fundamentally new concepts of development.
Since the beginning of the 1970s. the situation has changed dramatically: the aggravation of the resource and raw materials global problem, deterioration environmental situation and the demographic "explosion" in developing countries contributed to the fact that previous ideas about the possibility of practically unlimited economic growth were refuted by the famous American scientists Dennis and Donella Meadows in the 1972 study "The Limits to Growth". They showed, based on computer simulations, how economic growth could affect the future of mankind if the level of pollution and resource use remained the same.
In case of saving current trends Population growth, industrialization, pollution, food production, and resource depletion could push the world to the limits of growth over the next century. As a result, a sharp deterioration of the human environment may occur, incompatible with its further existence.
However, growth trends can be reversed and long-term sustainable economic and environmental stability can be achieved. The state of global equilibrium can be set at a level that allows you to meet the basic material needs of each person and gives each person equal opportunities to realize their personal potential.
The document that first spoke about the concept of sustainable development is the World Strategy for the Protection of environment”, published in 1980 by the World Conservation Union. The World Conservation Union has proposed the following formulation of sustainable development: “Sustainable development is a process in which development occurs without damaging or depleting resources, which makes development possible. This is usually achieved either by managing resources so that they can be renewed at the same rate as they are used, or by switching from slow-renewable to fast-renewable resources. With this approach, resources can be used both by the future and
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real generations."
Then, in 1984, the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) decided to establish an international commission on environment and development, which was to prepare an appropriate report for the UN. In 1987, the World Commission on Environmental Protection and Development under the leadership of the Norwegian doctor G.Kh. Bruntland published the report Our Common Future. It reported that the poorest 20% of the world's population own less than 2% of the output of the global economy, while the richest 20% account for 75% of output. 26% of the world's population living in developed countries consume 80 to 86% of irreplaceable resources and 34 to 53% of food. It spoke about the strategy of sustainable development as a salvation for humanity.
The Commission defined sustainable development as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations". The main essence of the concept was as follows: human society, through production, demographic processes and other forces, creates too much pressure on the ecosphere of our planet, leading to its degradation, only an immediate transition to the path of sustainable development will satisfy existing needs, while providing future generations with the same possibility.
In 1992, at the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro, the heads of 179 states approved an action plan for sustainable development, called Agenda 21. It was adopted in connection with the rapidly deteriorating environmental situation and the forecast of a possible global catastrophe in the 21st century, which could lead to the death of all life on the planet. Mankind is faced with a growing contradiction between the growing needs of people and the inability of the biosphere to provide them. As a result, the need for a fundamental change in the nature of economic growth was recognized and the concept of sustainable development was proclaimed, which all states of the world should follow.
Sustainable development should be based on such economic mechanisms that, on the one hand, lead to the efficient use of natural resources and the preservation of the environment, and on the other hand, to meet the needs of people and improve the quality of life not only for the present, but also for future generations.
The final documents of the conference determined the main provisions of the current economic, resource, socio-demographic and environmental situation and formulated the main provisions for the transition of the world economy to a sustainable development strategy.
Tourism was not included in Agenda 21 as a separate topic, but its impact on the preservation of the environment, cultural and natural heritage and on the unification of the efforts of various organizations for sustainable development, was the reason for the development and adoption in 1995 of the World Tourism organization (UNWTO), the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) and the Earth Council document entitled "Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry".
This document analyzes the strategic and economic importance of tourism, stating that there is ample evidence of excessive tourist influx, resorts losing their former glory, the destruction of local culture, transport problems and the growing resistance of the local population to the development of tourism. The tourism and travel industry has the potential to significantly improve the environmental and socio-economic situation in all centers and countries in which this industry operates, using a culture of sustainable tourism development for this. It is to replace the culture of intensive consumption with a culture of intelligent growth; balance economic and environmental factors development; find common interests of tourists and the local population; distribute the benefits received among all members of society, and primarily among the poorest categories of the population.
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The document outlines a specific program of action for state bodies responsible for the development of tourism and tourism companies to create conditions for the sustainable development of tourism. The important role of cooperation between authorities, sectors of the economy and tourism organizations is emphasized.
Leading international organizations such as UNWTO, World Travel and Tourism Council, International Federation tour operators, the European Commission and others are actively working to stimulate the sustainable development of tourism around the world.
UNWTO prepares recommendations and teaching materials on sustainable development and tourism management; disseminates successful experience collected from around the world, providing governments and private business necessary tools and advisory support for the sustainable development of tourism. In order to get acquainted with successful examples of tourism development and management, UNWTO published 3 collections of the most successful good examples, each containing about fifty case studies in more than thirty countries around the world.
In 2004, UNWTO formulated the concept of sustainable tourism development, according to which sustainable tourism development requires the competent participation of all relevant stakeholders, and equally strong political leadership, in order to ensure broad participation and consensus building. In addition, it is noted that the achievement of sustainable tourism is a continuous process that requires constant monitoring of environmental impacts, introducing, if necessary,
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appropriate preventive and corrective measures.
The Agenda defines sustainable tourism development as follows: “Sustainable tourism development meets the current needs of tourists and host regions while safeguarding and enhancing opportunities for the future. All resources must be managed in such a way as to satisfy economic, social and aesthetic needs while preserving cultural integrity, important ecological processes, biodiversity and life support systems. Sustainable tourism products are products that exist in harmony with the local environment, society, culture in such a way that it benefits and does not harm the tourism industry.
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development".
Sustainable tourism development is a long-term tourism development that achieves a balance in the implementation of economic, environmental, social and cultural development goals, takes into account the interests of all stakeholders (tourists, host and destination destinations, the local population), basis of rational use of tourism resources and comprehensive partnership.
sustainable tourism- this is a type of tourism that ensures the rational use of environmental resources, supports the socio-cultural characteristics of the host communities, ensures the efficiency and viability of long-term economic processes, and part of the funds received from the development of tourism is directed to the restoration of tourism resources and the improvement of tourism production technologies. services.
At the same time, there are many other terms that are closely related to sustainable tourism, but are not. At the heart of all these concepts is a careful attitude to nature, the preservation of cultural objects, social responsibility and economic prosperity of the territory (Fig. 5.1).
In general, it is necessary to strive to make any type of tourism more sustainable. The norms and practices of tourism sustainable development management can be applied to all types of tourism. Now, by its very nature, most types of tourism do not meet the criteria for sustainable development; it is necessary to try to make them such, to switch to new principles of tourism development.
The popularity of most tourist centers is often based on the cleanliness of the environment and the originality of the local culture. Therefore, only by observing the basic principles of sustainable development, tourist centers can count on success in the development of tourism. These principles include the following.
¦¦¦ Environmental sustainability ensures that development is compatible with the maintenance of basic ecological processes, biological diversity and biological resources.
¦¦¦ Social and cultural sustainability ensures that development is compatible with the preservation of cultural values ​​and traditions, as well as local identity.
¦¦¦ Economic sustainability ensures the economic efficiency of development and a situation in which the chosen method of resource management makes it possible for future generations to use them.

The conceptual foundations of sustainable development were founded by our compatriot V.I. Vernadsky, who considered the theory of sustainable development as a doctrine of the noosphere - "a stage in the evolution of the Earth's biosphere, at which, as a result of the victory of the collective human mind, the harmonious development of man will begin both as an individual, and a united society, and, accordingly, the environment changed by man." An important role in the development and implementation of the concept of sustainable development was played by the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992), which adopted the Agenda for the 21st Century, and the Johannesburg Summit was held in 2002 in the PAR. Documents ratified at the international level have defined sustainable development (Sustainable Development - English) as socio-ecological and economic development modern generation that does not threaten the activities of future generations. Unfortunately, the answer to the question "how can you make processes permanent and keep them going?" is not obvious and unambiguous, which is one of the main limitations of sustainable (or sustainable or balanced) development. AT general view the process of transition to sustainable development can be seen as a movement from a certain state of instability to some ideal, which is called "sustainable development" (Fig. 3.1). The impossibility of harmonizing the development of mankind and the idea of ​​what it should be is due to the fact that: 1) ideal values ​​are an abstraction that is used in all sciences as one of the methodological approaches for research, but is not observed in Everyday life; 2) does not yet have clear parameters for measuring "ideal sustainable development", therefore, the existing "gap" of instability cannot be determined or calculated; 8) the development of mankind will certainly lead to changes in technology, level, living conditions and other components of development, which will change the idea of ​​sustainable development; 4) human development will continue to affect the environment natural environment; 5) many of these changes are irreversible and cannot be predicted, which also predetermines the emergence of a gap between real development and its desired state.

Rice. 3.1. in

Considering the possibilities of implementing the postulates of sustainable development, they talk about the parameters for achieving sustainability, but sometimes it is easier to single out and define indicators of the “instability” of a situation1. Assuming that processes are considered fickle when they reduce the environmental, social and productive resources on which the processes at the chosen level directly depend, then this will be primary impermanence; if processes at other levels depend on them - secondary inconstancy (Fig. 3.2).

Rice. 3.2. in

The concept of "sustainable tourism development" and its basic principles were defined by the World Tourism Organization in the late 1980s.

In the process of considering a holistic approach to the development of tourism (from the English whole - whole), it is worth considering the needs of other industries, ensuring their interconnection and interdependence. Despite the rather long period of development of this concept, researchers have not come to a consensus on the definition of sustainable tourism. Today, the most common of them are the following:

1) sustainable tourism development is all forms of tourism development and management that do not contradict the natural, social, economic unity and well-being of formed societies in an indefinite period (World Federation of Natural and National Parks, 1992);

2) the sustainable development of tourism is ensured within the limits of environmental sustainability, makes it possible to effectively restore the productivity of natural resources; takes into account the contribution of local communities to the recreation of tourists; provides for the equality of the rights of the local population to the economic benefits from tourism; prioritizes the wishes and needs of the receptive side (Tourist Concern & Wild World Fund, 1992);

3) the sustainable development of tourism allows the modern inhabitants of the planet to satisfy their own needs for recreation and recreation without the threat of loss of this opportunity by future generations (UNDP, Production and consumption branch, 1998).

According to Agenda 21, the principles of sustainable tourism development are as follows:

1) promoting the establishment of a full and healthy human life in harmony with nature;

2) contribution to the conservation, protection and restoration of the Earth's ecosystems;

3) development and application of sustainable production and consumption patterns as a basis for travel and tourism;

4) cooperation of peoples in the field of an open economic system;

5) the abolition of protectionist tendencies in the provision of tourism services;

6) mandatory environmental protection as an integral part of the tourism development process, respect for relevant laws;

7) participation of citizens of the country in solving problems related to the development of tourism, including those that concern them directly;

8) ensuring the local nature of decision-making on the planning of tourism activities;

9) exchange of experience and introduction of the most effective tourism technologies;

10) taking into account the interests of the local population.

On the present stage the essence of the sustainable development of tourism is considered as the most important factor in the sustainable development of society as a whole. This provision is clearly stated in the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, adopted by the CTO in 1999. It proclaims the obligation of all participants in the tourism process to preserve the natural environment for the purpose of sustainable and balanced development. An important place belongs to the role of central, regional and local authorities which should support the most environmentally friendly forms of tourism. In order to change the negative impact of large tourist flows, measures should be taken to evenly distribute tourists and visitors, thus reducing the effect of the seasonality factor. The planning of new tourist infrastructure facilities should be carried out taking into account the characteristics of the area, to ensure the preservation of the habitual way of life of the population. The sustainable development of the territories involved in tourism activities is ensured by creating tourism infrastructure facilities, organizing new jobs, and involving the local population in group activities in the field of tourism services. As a result, the standard of living of the inhabitants of peripheral regions rises, and they are consolidated in the historical territory of residence. The environmental nature of tourism, instead, lies in the obligation to preserve the biodiversity of recreational areas and centers. For this, environmental technologies, practical developments, recommendations of fundamental and applied sciences are used. Importance in the protection and restoration of recreational territories, they also have schemes for financing and lending to environmental activities within their boundaries.

A significant role in this context is played by the formation of the ecological outlook of the population of recreational regions and tourists. First of all, to realize the recreational attractiveness of the natural landscape, its ecological and aesthetic value, which can bring economic benefits, and therefore the need to protect and respect recreational resources. Understanding by the local population that the predatory use of resources will lead to the fact that their territory will remain outside the scope of recreational use can be a significant incentive for the careful and rational use of resources. As for tourists, they should also understand the need to accept the rules dictated by nature, that is, to comply with resource restrictions. This means ensuring an appropriate level of awareness of the conditions of stay. Tourists are required to agree to give up some of their comfort; providing the benefits of products produced in the region; interest in and respect for local habits, traditions and accepted way of life; consent to use only public transport; enthusiasm for the active protection of the environment, minimizing the negative consequences of recreational activities; increasing the time spent on vacation by reducing the frequency of travel. So, according to the sustainable development of tourism, all recreational resources are used and directed in such a way as to satisfy economic, social and aesthetic needs while maintaining cultural identity, ecological balance, biological diversity and life support systems of the recreation region.

Ukraine, although it has ratified international documents on issues of environmental safety, but does not have significant achievements in the field of practical application principles of sustainable development. In our opinion, first of all, it is necessary to apply the following measures to intensify work in this direction:

1) approval at the state level of the provisions of sustainable development, including tourism;

2) cooperation and exchange of experience with the international community on the theory and practice of sustainable development, adaptation of their methods and tools for Ukraine;

3) raising the level of environmental consciousness of the population, dissemination of information about the quality of the environment and methods of its protection;

4) economic and legal support for environmental activities;

5) stimulation of environmental initiatives of the population through the support of non-governmental organizations.

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Member of the Presidium of the International Tourism Academy.

By the end of the 20th century, tourism took a leading place in international foreign economic relations, began to have a serious impact on the development of the economies of individual countries and the world economy as a whole, and its influence on the formation of gross domestic product increased. Therefore, tourism was called the "phenomenon of the twentieth century."

Despite the obstacles that arise (natural disasters, man-made disasters, terrorist attacks, etc.), tourism continues to develop actively at the present time. The forms and methods of organizing travel are changing, new types of tourism are emerging, conditions for the sustainable development of tourism are being developed and created. Tourists, in connection with the expansion of opportunities for obtaining information, are increasingly beginning to intervene in the process of preparing a trip.

Trends that are developing in the tourism industry in last years, indicate that the further development of tourism will be carried out through the widespread introduction of innovations. Further technical progress, the emergence and implementation of basic innovations (nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, etc.), and the widespread use of knowledge will have a significant impact.

This will be facilitated by the struggle for the sustainable development of world civilization, including tourism.

Sustainable tourism development

Sustainable development of tourism is the ability of tourism to maintain its quantitative and qualitative indicators for a long period of time, that is, to meet the expectations of residents and tourists, both in a short and long period, without damaging the environment of the territory that is interested in this phenomenon.

The document adopted by the General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization (1985) - "Tourism Charter and the Tourism Code" - put forward the position that "the local population, having the right to free access to tourism resources, must ensure, by their attitude and behavior, respect for the natural and cultural environment. It has the right to expect tourists to understand and respect their customs, religions and other aspects of their culture, which are part of the heritage of mankind.”

Tourists, realizing that they are guests of the host country, should show the greatest respect for the natural and cultural heritage of the place of stay and refrain from comparing the economic, social and cultural differences existing between them and the local population. Such behavior of tourists can be facilitated by preliminary (before the start of the trip) information: a) about the customs of the local population, its traditional and religious activities, local prohibitions and shrines; b) about artistic, archaeological and cultural values, about fauna, flora and other natural resources of the visited territory, which must be protected and preserved.

In April 1989, the Inter-Parliamentary Conference on Tourism adopted the Hague Declaration. The declaration emphasizes that “Given the deep relationship that exists between tourism and the environment, one should: Promote integrated tourism development planning based on the concept of “sustainable development”, which was endorsed General Assembly UN; stimulate the development of alternative forms of tourism that promote closer contact and understanding between tourists and host populations, preserve cultural identity and offer diverse and original tourism products and facilities, as well as ensure the necessary cooperation of the public and private sectors in achieving these goals, both at the national, as well as internationally."

In 1992, at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, the concept of sustainable development received further confirmation. Delegations from 182 countries of the world adopted the program document "Agenda for the XXI century" ("Agenda 21"). Tourism as a separate topic was not included in this document, however, its impact on the preservation of the environment, cultural and natural heritage and on the integration of the efforts of various organizations for sustainable development, was the reason for the development and adoption in 1995 by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) and the Earth Council (Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry).

This document defines sustainable tourism development as follows: “Sustainable tourism development meets the current needs of tourists and host regions while safeguarding and enhancing opportunities for the future. All resources must be managed in such a way as to meet economic, social and aesthetic needs while preserving cultural integrity, important ecological processes, biodiversity and life support systems. Sustainable tourism products are products that exist in harmony with the local environment, society, culture in such a way that it benefits and does not harm tourism development. Consequently, those types of tourism activities that have the highest total positive effect in terms of ecology, economy and social development are the most sustainable.

Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry states that there is ample evidence of excessive tourist influx, resorts losing their former glory, destruction of local culture, transport problems and growing resistance of the local population to the development of tourism. The tourism and travel industry has the potential to significantly improve the environmental and socio-economic situation in all the centers and countries in which the industry operates through a culture of sustainable tourism development. It is to replace the culture of intensive consumption with a culture of intelligent growth; balance the economic and environmental factors of development; find common interests of tourists and the local population; distribute the benefits received among all members of society, and primarily among the poorest categories of the population.

The document outlines a specific program of action for state bodies responsible for the state of tourism and tourism companies to create conditions for the sustainable development of tourism. The important role of cooperation between authorities, economic sectors and tourism organizations is emphasized, and the enormous benefits of shifting the focus from “eco-tourism” to “sustainable tourism” are demonstrated. Tourism sustainability implies a positive overall balance environmental, socio-cultural, and economic impacts of tourism, as well as the positive impact of visitors on each other.

Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry recommends nine priority areas for government action:

1. assessment of the existing regulatory, economic and voluntary framework in terms of sustainable tourism development;
2. assessment of the economic, social, cultural and environmental activities of the organization;
3. training, education and public awareness;
4. tourism sustainable development planning;
5. promoting the exchange of information, skills and technologies related to the sustainable development of tourism between developed and developing countries;
6. ensure the participation of all public sectors;
7. development of new tourism products based on the principle of sustainability;
8. assessment of progress towards sustainable tourism development;
9. cooperation for sustainable development.

The tasks of tourism companies are: the development of systems and procedures for introducing ideas of sustainability into management and determining areas of activity for the implementation of the principles of sustainable tourism development. "Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry" emphasizes that consideration of economic, social, cultural criteria and environmental protection should be integral part of all managerial decisions, they should be given precedence over the inclusion of new elements in existing programs. All company activities from marketing to sales should be influenced by programs to protect, preserve and restore the environment.

In recent years, there has been a gradual, but increasingly large-scale transition to the use by tourist companies and enterprises, especially accommodation facilities, of special methods that ensure the rational use of environmental resources. Voluntary certification systems, environmental labels, awards for environmental performance, codes of conduct are increasingly being used and are becoming more popular.

In 2000, well-known tour operators, with the participation of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Commission (UNESCO) and the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), created a voluntary non-profit partnership "Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development". Among the participants of this partnership are such well-known companies as TUI Group (Germany), Hotelplan (Switzerland), First Choice (Great Britain), ACCOR (France) and others. This organization is open to all interested participants in the tourism sector, regardless of their size and geographical location.

The members of this initiative define sustainability as the foundation of their business activities and working together to promote practices and practices that are compatible with sustainable development. They committed themselves to striving, both within each organization and in business relationships with partners, to apply the best practices regarding the responsible use of natural resources. To do this, companies will reduce and minimize waste, prevent environmental pollution; protect and conserve plants, animals, landscape, protected areas and ecological systems, biodiversity, cultural and natural heritage respect the integrity of local cultures and avoid negative impact on social structures; collaborate with local communities and peoples; to use local products and skill of workers.

The World Tourism Organization is actively involved in the implementation of the provisions for the sustainable development of tourism, which are set out in Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industries. The “Silk Road” campaign is actively carried out, in which many interested countries participate, in August 2002, at the World Summit on Sustainable Tourism in Johannesburg, the UNWTO and UNCTAD joint program was approved - “Sustainable Tourism - Poverty Eradication” (Sustainable Tourism - Eliminating Poverty - ST-EP). The program pursues two goals: the sustainable development of tourism and the eradication of poverty in order to increase their potential dependency and strengthen the role of the least developed and developing countries in sustainable development.

For the sustainable development of tourism, it is necessary that all actors involved in this process, and at all levels, responsibly and with mutual respect fulfill their role - only such tourism can be sustainable. Hence the emergence of a new type of tourism - socially responsible tourism. Its philosophy is to exchange cultural traditions so that the peoples of the world are consolidated on the basis of national identity, in order to acquaint tourists with the life of local residents, their customs and customs.

The main problem in organizing such trips is that it is necessary to teach tourists to behave like guests who have been kindly allowed to live in the house, and not masters who everyone around should serve. On the other hand, locals should stop treating tourists as pushy. uninvited guests and to understand that visitors contribute to the improvement of the economic and social situation in their homeland.

An example of the development of responsible tourism is the activity of a non-profit organization - the Italian Association for Responsible Tourism (AITR), organized in May 1998. Currently, members of the association are more than 60 organizations representing various areas of the tourism business.

According to the latest edition of the charter, approved in October 2005, this association is a second-level association, i.e. only organizations can be members of it. The association involves societies that carry out activities aimed at disseminating the principles set out in the documents on the sustainable development of tourism based on the criteria of justice, respect for human rights, concern for the economic and social sustainability of the environment, transparency in financial transactions, institutional and operational structures.

The charter of the association determines that responsible tourism is carried out on the basis of social and economic justice and in full respect for the environment and cultures. Responsible tourism recognizes the dominant role of local communities that host tourists, their right to be participants in the development of sustainable tourism and bear social responsibility for their own territory.

Responsible tourism activities contribute to the successful interaction between the tourism business, local communities and travelers. Initially, the concept of this new style of travel meant that the tourist chooses the excursion route, the way to move around the country and the place to stay for the night. Many began to use this type of travel because of the desire to save money, since the payment of intermediary services was excluded from the costs, and housing was rented directly from local residents. However, in recent years, the concept has changed, which has affected the availability of "responsible voyages". Since the association took over responsible tourism, the function of intermediary has shifted from tourism companies to the AITR association.

Activities to ensure the sustainable development of tourism involve not only tourism enterprises and associations, but government and many non-governmental organizations.

In November 2003, the Australian Government, with the aim of sustainable development of the country's tourism industry and to better position tourism against possible future shocks, adopted the White Paper "Supporting a long-term strategy for tourism" (Tourism White Paper). White paper provides for the creation of a framework for cooperation between government authorities at various levels and the tourism industry, encourages the improvement of technological development in the tourism sector and the quality of tourism products, the practice of sustainable development of tourism business in the field of ecology and culture.

sustainable tourism

Sustainable tourism implies greater social responsibility, fulfillment of obligations in relation to nature, as well as the involvement of the local population in all processes related to the management of tourism activities. World Tourism Organization (WTO), World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) and European Union

Defined sustainable tourism:

Sustainable tourism development meets the current needs of tourists and host regions while safeguarding and enhancing opportunities for the future. All resources must be managed in such a way as to meet economic, social and aesthetic needs while preserving cultural integrity, important ecological processes, biodiversity and life support systems. Sustainable tourism products are products that exist in harmony with the local environment, society, culture in such a way that it benefits and does not harm tourism development.

Responsible tourism, soft tourism, nature-based tourism and alternative tourism - all of these terms have a similar meaning to the concept of Sustainable Tourism, and are grouped under the term "Sustainable Tourism" in this module.

There are factors that stimulate the tourism industry to develop in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. These factors are:

Increasing regulatory pressure

Increasing awareness of cost savings while judicious use of resources

Organizations providing tourism services are aware that environmental quality is a necessary indicator of competitiveness

· Competence of government and organizations in what tourism development has Negative influence on the environment.

· Increasing public awareness of the possibilities of influencing tourism policy

Principles of sustainable tourism development

Scientific, technical and socio-economic progress has led to the accelerated development of tourism. Because of this, in places that are massively visited by tourists, there are serious problems in the field of ecology, culture and social development. The uncontrolled growth of tourism, driven by the desire to quickly make a profit, often leads to negative consequences - damage to the environment and local communities. This forces humanity to take care of the preservation of natural, historical and cultural values. The principles of protecting the biosphere on a global scale were enshrined in 1992 by the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, which was attended by government delegations from 179 countries of the world, numerous international and non-governmental organizations. The conference approved the program document "Agenda 21" ("Agenda 21") and adopted the Declaration on Environment and Development.

The adoption of this document was the beginning of the introduction of a radical innovation in the field of tourism - the principle of sustainable tourism development, which was proposed by the UNWTO. This radical innovation forces tourism workers and tourists to change their views on tourism, on the relationship of its participants.

In 1995, the joint efforts of the World Tourism Organization, the World Travel and Tourism Council and the Earth Council developed the document "Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry" (Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry).

This paper analyzes the strategic and economic importance of tourism, citing numerous reports of over-tourist influx, some resorts losing their former glory, destruction of local culture, traffic problems and growing resistance from the local population to the influx of tourists.

The document outlined a specific program of action for government departments, national tourism administrations (NTA), industry organizations and tourism companies for the sustainable development of tourism. The following priority areas have been identified for government departments:

Assessment of the existing regulatory, economic and voluntary framework in terms of sustainable tourism;
- evaluation of economic, social, cultural and environmental activities national organization;
- training, education and public awareness; sustainable tourism planning;
- promoting the exchange of information, experience and technology; ensuring the participation of all public sectors in the development of sustainable tourism;
- development of new tourism products; cooperation for the development of sustainable tourism.

The tasks of tourism companies are to develop and determine areas of activity for the development of sustainable tourism. Priority areas of activity should be the preservation and restoration of the environment: minimizing waste; involvement of staff, customers and the public in solving environmental issues. Consideration of economic, social, cultural criteria and environmental protection should be an integral part of all management decisions, including the inclusion of new elements in existing programs.

In 2004, the World Tourism Organization formulated the concept of sustainable tourism development (we quote):

"The norms and practices of managing sustainable tourism development can be applied to all types of tourism and to all types of destinations, including mass tourism and various niche tourism segments. The principles of sustainability refer to environmental protection, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development and between these three aspects an appropriate balance must be struck to ensure the long-term sustainability of tourism.Sustainable tourism must therefore:

1) ensure the optimal use of environmental resources, which are a key element in the development of tourism, supporting basic ecological processes and helping to preserve natural heritage and biological diversity;
2) respect the unique socio-cultural characteristics of the host communities, preserving their inherent created and established cultural heritage and traditional customs, and contribute to the mutual understanding of different cultures and tolerance for their perception;
3) to ensure the viability of long-term economic processes, taking into account their benefits to all stakeholders who disseminate them impartially, including permanent employment and opportunities for income generation and social services for host communities and a contribution to poverty reduction.

Sustainable tourism development needs the competent participation of all relevant stakeholders and equally strong political leadership in order to ensure broad participation and consensus building. Achieving sustainable tourism is a continuous process that requires constant monitoring of environmental impacts, introducing, if necessary, appropriate preventive and/or corrective measures.

Sustainable tourism must also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction by tapping into the multifaceted demands of tourists, raising their awareness of sustainable outcomes, and promoting sustainable tourism practices among them."

The main difference between the models of mass (traditional) and sustainable tourism (Table 9.1) is that part of the benefits received in the case of sustainable development of tourism is directed to the restoration of the resource base and the improvement of technologies for the production of services.

Table 9.1.

The main differences between sustainable tourism and mass (traditional) tourism

In 2000, well-known tour operators, together with UNEP (United Nations Environmental Protection Programme), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Commission (UNESCO) and the World Tourism Organization, created a voluntary non-profit partnership "Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development" (TOI), open for all new members. Members of this partnership define sustainability as the core of their business activities and work together to promote practices and practices that are compatible with sustainable development. They strive to prevent environmental pollution; preserve plants, animals, ecological systems, biological diversity; protect and preserve the landscape, cultural and natural heritage, respect the integrity of local cultures and avoid negative impact on social structures; collaborate with local communities and peoples; use local products and the skills of local workers. In 2002, UNWTO, together with UNCTAD, developed the Sustainable Tourism for Poverty Eradication (ST-EP) programme.

There are currently a number of international programs on the introduction of sustainable tourism. One of them is the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Program, which has the status of a code and is accepted by most European countries, is being intensively developed in America, and is relevant for Russia. The purpose of this program is to take into account the specific social and natural conditions of the sea coasts in the organization of life and management of coastal zones. The European Integrated Coastal Zone Management Training Program is funded by the European Union.

The Government of the Republic of Belarus adopted a decision (No. 573 dated May 30, 2005) to create 27 tourist zones in the country, create favorable conditions for economic development and attract domestic and foreign investment in the tourism industry while maintaining and rational use natural potential and historical cultural heritage.

The International Socio-Ecological Union (ISEU), established in Russia in 1998 and numbering more than 10 thousand people from 17 countries, in 2005 included in its program of activities the project "Development of sustainable tourism in the countries - members of the ISEU". In July 2006, ISEC held a special session in Irkutsk dedicated to the development of sustainable tourism in Baikal.

In 2005, a round table was held on tourism, environmental education and management of specially protected natural areas", dedicated to the conservation of bioresources of Kamchatka.

The Charter for the Development of Sustainable Tourism has been adopted in the Kaliningrad Region. It provides for the implementation of 15 pilot projects, including the restoration of the old postal route on curonian spit, the revival of folk traditions and crafts at the Pineker estate, the organization of centers for the development of rural tourism in the Guryevsky and Nesterovsky districts on the basis of a peasant economy, etc.

In November 2005 in Moscow, under the auspices of UNESCO, international Conference"Innovative policy in the sphere of preservation of cultural heritage and development of cultural and educational tourism". The participants discussed the role of the state in creating an effective system of interaction between all interested parties (state, business, society), in the preservation of world cultural heritage sites and the development of cultural and educational tourism.

AT recent times began to develop the so-called non-traditional types of tourism - ecological, rural, extreme, adventure, socially responsible.

The philosophy of socially responsible tourism is to exchange cultural traditions, consolidate on the basis of national identity, getting acquainted with the life of local residents, their customs and customs. Here it is important that tourists behave like guests who have been kindly allowed to live in the house, and not like hosts who everyone around should serve. At the same time, local residents should not treat tourists as annoying intruders whose presence must be endured, they should understand that visitors contribute to the improvement of the economic and social situation in their homeland. The management scheme for socially responsible tourism is shown in fig. 9.1.

Rice. 9.1. Management scheme for socially responsible tourism

Socially responsible tourism recognizes the dominant role of local communities, their social responsibility for their own territory.

Sustainable and ecological tourism.
The concept of "sustainable tourism" has emerged relatively recently in connection with the global concept of sustainable development of mankind. A major role in the creation of a new model of civilization belongs to International Commission United Nations Environment and Development (UCED). In 1987, she published the report "Our Common Future", which introduced the concept of "sustainable development". It is understood as the development of society on the basis of sustainable, environmentally sound management of nature, ensuring a high quality of life for people in the chain of generations (human health, high duration active life, favorable living environment, environmental safety etc.). Civilization will be able to survive if it changes the dominant economic philosophy, follows the ecological imperative and is in harmony with nature, without disturbing the balance existing in it, the ICED report stressed.
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) became a significant milestone in the beginning of the conscious turn of mankind to a new path of development. The conference, held at the level of heads of state and government,
Mass tourism should be distinguished from popular tourism. The latter is a tourism activity that has gained wide recognition in society due to its attractiveness and accessibility. Unlike mass tourism-Ma, which contains a quantitative description of flows, it reflects the qualitative side of this phenomenon; it adopted several important documents by an overwhelming majority of votes. Among them is Agenda 21, which is a global program for the economic and social development of mankind.
The theory of sustainable development not only attracts the attention of the scientific community in last decade(hundreds of conferences, thousands of monographs, textbooks, etc.), but is quite "practical". Civilized countries have expressed their readiness to follow the set course, and state and international documents operate with the concept of "sustainable development" as an ideological basis.
In tourism, the principles of sustainability have been formulated by the WTO and the World Travel and Tourism Council. They boil down to environmental, cultural, economic sustainability, and sustainability for local communities. Sustainability in tourism means the inexhaustible use of natural and cultural potential based on a program-targeted approach to tourism development; transition of tourism enterprises to resource-saving technologies, reduction industrial waste; involvement of the local population in the decision-making process regarding the development of tourism through consultations; partnership in relations between the public and private sectors; promotion of tourism to the socio-economic rise of individual territories and entire states.
The World Travel and Tourism Council has drawn up a comprehensive Green Planet Action Plan for its members - about 500 hotel chains, travel agencies, airlines and other tourism industry enterprises. Within the framework of the program, experience is exchanged in solving specific environmental issues. The most active participants who have contributed to the protection of the environment are encouraged.
Many tourism companies are developing their own plans for the transition to sustainable development principles. They introduce environmental management systems, apply environmentally friendly technologies, and conduct environmental audits.
The management of the Inter-Continental Hotels and Resorts hotel chain provided staff with 300-page manuals on waste management, noise pollution, and more. The Hyatt Hotels International hotel chain is implementing a recycling program for industrial waste. In the American theme park "Disney World" part of the land is set aside for a natural reserve for those species of animals that live in the state of Florida and are endangered.
The spread of the principles of sustainable development in the practice of tourism activities is influenced by consumer demand. The awareness of the population about the state of the environment and the greening of people's consciousness lead to the fact that the ecological situation is one of the main criteria for choosing a place and form of recreation. This trend is manifested in the growing demand for alternative types of tourism, in particular eco-tourism.
The development of this relatively new type of tourism is based on three main principles: part of the income received from serving tourists remains in place and is directed to nature protection; compliance with environmental requirements is elevated to the rank of a fundamental law; a tourist trip is made for research purposes. This is probably why the circle of real ecotourists is much narrower compared to the results of sociological surveys, according to which 43 million people in the United States alone consider themselves ecotourists.
Ecotourism encompasses extremely diverse visitor flows. In countries Central America and in southern Africa, of particular interest are observations of large predators and ungulates. Recently, tourists and volunteers are often involved in field work that does not require high qualifications. They willingly spend their holidays doing such exotic activities as counting the number of birds and mammals in remote corners of the planet. Some ecotourists are attracted by unique plant communities and biocenoses ( rainforests, blooming tundra in summer, desert in spring), objects of inanimate nature (canyons, caves, etc.), as well as some anthropogenic landscapes.
Recently, orchid habitats have been discovered in Greece. Plants are under state protection. They are supervised by experts. Access to these areas of the country is closed to the general public. An exception is made for members of the Society of Orchid Lovers who have been notified of the find and, accompanied by a guide, can visit protected areas. They come from different countries to admire the plants in vivo. It is legitimate to classify such trips as ecological trips, and the travelers themselves can be classified as ecotourists.
Along with the diversification of ecotourism activities, there is a process of convergence of ecological with other types of tourism. The craving for nature is also present in the mass tourist movement. Bathing and beach holidays, cruises, business trips often include visits to national or natural-ethnographic parks. The boundaries of eco-tourism itself are becoming increasingly blurred, and its scale and socio-economic significance are difficult to describe.
At the next World Congress on Ecological Tourism, held in 1997 in Brazil, the following data were presented. So far, only 12% of tourists in the world prefer "green" travel, but their number is growing at an extremely fast pace - by 30% per year. According to Western experts, in 1993 eco-tourism brought in 30 billion US dollars. dollars, or 10% of income from international tourism.
Almost every country has opportunities for organizing "green" travel. Today, the main ecotourist flows are directed to the USA, Canada, Australia, Nepal, Ecuador, Brazil, the Philippines, Kenya, South Africa and some other countries. Ecological tourism is one of the most promising and dynamic forms of tourism activity.
The classification of tourism has a great scientific and practical value. It allows you to streamline knowledge and better understand the essence of world tourism exchange. With the change in the requirements for the volume and quality of tourism services, and the emergence of new types and forms of tourism activities, it is constantly in the process of improvement and cannot be considered final.

Relationship between ecotourism and other types of tourism

When Hector Ceballos-Laskurein introduced the term "ecotourism" in 1983, there were (and still are) more than 30 more or less related and interrelated concepts and terms. Here are some of the most famous of them.

nature tourism (nature tourism, nature-based or nature-oriented tourism) - any type of tourism that directly depends on the use of natural resources in their relatively unchanged state, including landscapes, landforms, waters, vegetation and wildlife (Healy, 1998). Unlike ecological tourism, the concept of "nature tourism" is based only on the motivation of tourists (rest in the wild, acquaintance with it) and the nature of their activities (rafting, trekking, etc.) and does not take into account the environmental, cultural and economic impact of such travel. Therefore, the use of natural resources in this type of tourism is far from always reasonable and sustainable (suffice it to mention such types of tourism as hunting, traveling by motor boats, etc.).
Ecotourism is a more comprehensive concept, involving sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity for future generations, planning and management of tourism activities; in addition to the interests of tourists, it implies the achievement of public goals (Ziffer, 1989). An integral component of ecotourism is the interaction with the local population, the creation of more favorable economic conditions in the areas visited.
Thus, the difference between tour operators offering "traditional" nature tours and organizers of ecological tours becomes clear. The former do not commit themselves to conservation or natural area management, they simply offer clients the opportunity to visit exotic places and experience indigenous cultures "before they disappear." The second set partnerships with protected areas and local residents. They strive to ensure that their business makes a real contribution to the conservation of wildlife and the development of local settlements in the long term. They try to improve mutual understanding between tourists and locals (Wallace, 1992).
As a type of nature tourism is sometimes distinguished biotourism (wildlife tourism) and travel to wildlife (wilderness travel), the purpose of which can be any objects of wildlife, from individual species to communities and biocenoses.

Nature tourism is not a concept, but specific types of tourism, the impact of which can be very different.

* Ecotourism is often associated with adventure tourism (adventure tourism). However, eco-tourism does not always involve an adventure component. On the other hand, not all adventure tours meet environmental criteria, especially in terms of sustainable use resources. So, for example, sports and safari tours associated with the extraction of live trophies or the achievement of a sports result at any cost, for example, using cut down living trees for the construction of crossings, can be anti-environmental.

Green rural tourism , or agritourism (agrotourism), especially popular in the United States and Western Europe, is a vacation in the countryside (in villages, on farms, in comfortable peasant houses). Tourists for some time lead a rural lifestyle among nature, get acquainted with the values ​​of folk culture, applied arts, national songs and dances, local customs, take part in traditional rural work, folk holidays and festivals.
* "Green" tourism (green tourism) implies the use of environmentally friendly methods and technologies in the tourism industry. In German-speaking countries, the adjective "environmental" is used very rarely, and is practically not used in definitions of "green" tourism industries. There, the most widely used term "soft tourism" ("Sanfter Tourismus"), or "environmentally and socially responsible tourism". This term, as an alternative to industrialized mass tourism, was proposed in 1980 by R. Jungk. Typically, soft tourism is opposed to hard tourism, the main goal of which is to maximize profits, according to key principles that indicate that soft tourism prioritizes not only a successful business, but also concern for the cultural well-being of tourist regions, the sparing use and reproduction of their resources, and minimizing environmental damage. environment.