The highest life expectancy in the USSR. Life expectancy in the Soviet Union and in Russia

The issue of life extension is one of the most serious tasks of mankind. Entire teams of scientists, who are sponsored both by the state and by private companies and individuals, have worked and are working on its solution. Recently, Rosstat published important news that the life expectancy of Russians reached a historical maximum, exceeding 72 years, and we decided to dig into the statistics for Russia and the world in order to analyze this curious topic “by the bones”.

Some shifts in this direction are already noticeable, but it is still too early to talk about a stable mass overcoming of the age of one hundred years. BelowReconomica will consider the basic information that is related to topical issues of prolonging life and maintaining health in old age.

How average life expectancy in Russia has changed: from Rosstat statistics over the years

So, we analyze the secrets of active longevity. To begin with - general information. Table average life expectancy in Russia by years (since the nineties to this day) looks like this:

By looking at the table, you can 2 important conclusions:

1. The average life expectancy of men in Russia, although growing in 1995, is still very low. In fact, almost all of the increase in the overall rate was achieved by reducing male mortality from catastrophically high to simply high. Women still live 11 years longer. Many do not understand what the term “life expectancy” means. In simple words, which means that every average girl born in 2017 is expected to live the last 11 years of her life having already buried her spouse.
2. As we can see, heavy for the country the nineties With a high degree mortality due to economic reasons, as well as from alcoholism and other addictions, reflected in the statistics. When technological progress pushed up the standard of living in developed countries, Russia sank to the bottom due to economic catastrophe.

So, let's remember the current figures for today in order to analyze them further:

• The average life expectancy of men in Russia in 2017 is 66.5 years
• Women - 77 years
• On average, Russia, according to Rosstat in mid-2017, reached the level of 72.4 years in terms of life expectancy.

On August 14, Deputy Prime Minister Olga Golodets announced that average life expectancy in Russia for the first time exceeded 72 years , amounting to the results of the first half of 2017, according to the preliminary estimate of Rosstat, 72.4 years.

How many years did people live in the USSR?

Evaluating some parameters modern life, people often like to remember how everything was before the collapse of the USSR. Therefore, we present data on life expectancy in the Soviet Union in the quietest years:

However, the statistics for the USSR are considered too high. The main reason is inaccurate data on mortality in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Moldova.

How are our neighbors doing? Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan and other CIS countries for life expectancy today

Table by CIS/former USSR countries (actual data for the full year 2016):

As we can see, today only Georgia is ahead of Russia in terms of life expectancy among our closest neighbors, while Armenia is at the same level, taking into account the measurement error.

List of countries in the world by average life expectancy (for 2017 year)

Here are the statistics of longevity by countries of the world, separately general, and separately - for men and women.

Since there are no statistics for 2017 yet, the rating is based on data for the full year 2016:

List of countries by average life expectancy, part 1

List of countries by life expectancy, part 2

List of countries by average life expectancy, part 3

List of countries by average life expectancy, part 4

As you can see, global statistics have not yet officially recognized the data on Russia. Collecting statistics around the world is hard and slow, as national results are validated before being published in the peer-reviewed scientific journals from which we sourced the data.

But the data that the Russian Federation has almost passed the mark of 72 years comes from Rosstat, which means that we are now between 90th and 100th place in the world in terms of life expectancy. It should also be said that this is a national historical record!

Why are women living longer around the world?

There is a clear gender disparity in life expectancy: women in all countries, on average, live longer than men.

Briefly in numbers: the number of women who lived to 85 years, on average, 2 times more than men. And of the 49 oldest people in the world, only 2 are men. Why?

Because:

1. Attitude towards own health. Men pay much less attention to the state of health, often “dragging out” to the last, until the symptoms of the disease interfere with life. Women, on the other hand, are much more attentive to health, more willing to visit doctors and more accurately follow their instructions.
2. Attitude to own safety. Have you ever seen women who unusual video climb onto the roof along the wall of the house? Or women who happily jump into the water from a height of several floors? Of course, there are such people, but it is men who commit reckless and dangerous acts much more often.
3. The level of psychological stress. Most often, the work of a man is a constant stress. Add to this the eternal rush to earn more. And moral fatigue, which accumulates over the years, will certainly lead to the appearance of physical problems.
4. Lack of time for rest. A man striving to earn more to provide for his family, in addition to psychological health, also loses a good rest, and often lacks sleep.
5. Working conditions. The vast majority of all "dangerous" professions are men. And difficult working conditions for a long time often lead either to the appearance of serious diseases or to a general deterioration in health.
6. Differences in the functioning of the hormonal system. Testosterone (male sex hormone) partially "interferes" with the immune system, while estradiol (female hormone), on the contrary, helps.
7. Diet difference. Men do not have such a need to look slim and count every kilogram. Men don't have enough time to prepare healthy meals. Men require much more calories than women. All this leads to the fact that the representatives of the stronger sex often eat improperly.

Race role: to whom people are written to live long?

If we talk about racial predisposition to longevity, then it is impossible to single out any one race that lives longer than others.

In the ranking of centenarians, Switzerland leads, with a minimum lag - Japan. However, this does not mean that Asians and Europeans live the longest: in other European and Asian countries average life expectancy is not that high. The low life expectancy in the countries of the African continent can be easily attributed to poverty, hunger, sanitary problems and lack of clean fresh water. Put a European or Japanese in such conditions - how long will he live?

The reason is that the main factor influencing longevity is not nationality or race, but living conditions.

Climate influence

Important in matters of longevity is also the climate in which a person lives. It's not for nothing that trips to the sea or to nature are considered health-improving, aren't they?

indirectly from climatic conditions depends:

1. Diet. For example, in coastal cities, the population has more seafood on the menu, which are considered healthier than animal meat.
2. Industry. If the region is not suitable for the construction of large industrial facilities, the environment in such a zone will be better and cleaner.

In the North Caucasus, there are the most centenarians in Russia.

The climate directly affects the human body in the following way:

1. Northern. Low temperatures require the body to burn more calories to “warm up”. Also due to lack sunlight and because of the frosty air, problems with the respiratory system increase. The lack of light is considered the cause of prolonged depression and high mortality from suicide.
2. Deserted. dry air, high temperatures, dust - such conditions constantly support respiratory system in tension, which makes it more prone to illness.
3. Mountain. In the mountains, the air is not only cleaner, it contains less oxygen. It stimulates the nervous system, increasing efficiency. Immunity during life in the mountains is usually stronger, health itself is better.
4. Seaside. In the coastal zone, the air is usually cleaner, but also more humid. Such conditions may not be suitable for people who have heart or lung conditions.

The level of development and accessibility of medicine in developed countries

One of the main factors affecting longevity among residents of developed countries is the level of medical services. And conditionally, this nuance can be divided into several:

1. Treatment in case of illness.
2. Preventive measures for each citizen separately (vaccinations, diagnostics).
3. Prevention measures for the general population (monitoring environment quality of drinking water, food).

In many ways, the quality of medical services affects longevity. Where would you rather lie?

In developed countries, all these factors are controlled and carried out at a high level, using modern methods and equipment.

In less developed countries - on the contrary: the medical sector is often neglected. This affects both the quality of treatment of existing diseases among citizens, and preventive measures (which leads to an increase in the incidence).

Russians began to live longer: whose merit is this?

AT last years the life expectancy of citizens of the Russian Federation is steadily increasing, which is reliably demonstrated by the table at the beginning of the article. There are several reasons for this:

1. Decreased number of smokers and alcohol consumption. In recent years, control over the circulation of alcohol and tobacco has been noticeably tightened, and prices for these products are rising. In addition, bad habits are going out of “fashion”: now people are paying more attention to a healthy lifestyle and career.
2. Decreased drug use. If we recall the nineties and the beginning of the 2000s, when drugs could be purchased practically without problems and without risk, now everything has become seriously tougher and more complicated in this regard. Of course, narcotic drugs are still illegally distributed, and their choice has become larger, but now consumers are monitored, and distributors are prosecuted much more effectively.
3. The standard of living of the population has risen. The average salary in Russia in 2004 was about 7 thousand rubles. . Of course, prices have also risen, but the situation on the labor market has improved, and the population has the opportunity to spend more on good nutrition and on treatment, although in the last 2-3 years there has been some due to the crisis.
4. Improved quality of healthcare. We are talking about both public clinics and private medical institutions, which have become much more than 15-20 years ago.
5. The economic situation in the country has improved. This led to a decrease in the crime rate.

What factors affect a person's life expectancy?

Life expectancy is directly or indirectly affected by the following factors:

1. Genetics, hereditary diseases and predisposition to them.
2. Food.
3. Bad habits.
4. Regular physical exercise (this is not about daily two-hour workouts in the gym, but about moderate activity - exercises, walking, active species sports).
5. Climate.
6. Psychological health (lack of stress, worries).
7. Attention to health in childhood and adolescence(on the part of the parents - whether diseases were treated in a timely manner, vaccinations were given, whether the diet was correct, whether the parents led the right lifestyle before conception and during pregnancy).
8. Work(whether it is associated with heavy physical labor, whether it leads to regular stress, whether it leaves enough time for sleep and rest).
9. Quality of medical care(both hospitals that treat existing diseases, and structures that are involved in the prevention of their development).
10. Ecology in the region.

What has changed in the economy, ecology and medicine over the past 20 years?

Since the statistics of longevity directly depends on these areas of human activity, we will give brief description the most significant news (for the Russian Federation).

In ecology.

In terms of ecology, there were no positive changes. On the contrary, the situation in this area continues to deteriorate (not only in the Russian Federation, but in the world as a whole). Specifically, in the Russian Federation, a harmful factor is a large number of large industrial facilities that degrade air quality with emissions.

Tatelektromash plant (Naberezhnye Chelny), emergency salvo release during commissioning, April 14, 2016

Moreover, because of the crises, enterprises have to save money (including on modernization and cleaning), because of which the situation is even more aggravated. In addition: uneven logging is carried out, dumping is poorly controlled Wastewater into water bodies, minerals are often mined without observing safe technology.

In economics.

If we compare the situation in the "nineties" and the state of the economy today, then only positive changes are noticeable. The average wages of the population have grown, the unemployment rate has decreased, the number of diverse enterprises has increased. Foreign investors are also active on the Russian market.

Here is a brief table of specific figures, comparing 2000 and 2014 (the last pre-crisis year, when there was a maximum positive trend):

In medicine.

Immediately specific figures: in 2000, there were 10.7 thousand hospitals and 21.3 thousand polyclinics in the Russian Federation. In 2015, this figure fell by about half: hospitals - 4,400, polyclinics - 13,800. True, according to the authorities, this is done in order to optimize costs. However, in fact, the population is experiencing a shortage of medical staff, primarily pediatricians and general practitioners.

The quality of service and the possibilities of medicine have increased. Qualitative breakthroughs are observed in dentistry, and in cardiology, and in prosthetics, and in diagnostics, and in gynecology, and in therapy. oncological diseases, and in pediatrics - that is, in all the most basic and mass areas. In addition, the salaries of medical personnel have increased, which can also indirectly affect the quality of service and the popularity of medical professions. Now . Modern Russian hospitals are better equipped than 15-20 years ago. True, this is far from being true for all medical institutions - in many medical institutions in the regions, the equipment still remains outdated.

Differences by regions of the Russian Federation: where do people live longer?

Since Russia is a large country, and the conditions in the regions differ from each other, life expectancy in them will also be different.

The figures (for the full year 2015) are as follows:

As we can see, people in Russia live for a long time either in the conditions of the clean ecology of the North Caucasus, or in the conditions of the developed infrastructure of large cities, where an ambulance is guaranteed to arrive and take them to a normal hospital, which has “live” equipment and the necessary medicines.

We identify the key factor in longevity from statistics

If we rationally analyze all the information about longevity (countries in which centenarians live, the standard of living of the population in these countries, the quality of medical care, and so on), then the key factors are the high standard of living of the population and economic stability in the country.

If a citizen has a high income, he can afford highly qualified medical care, good rest (both moral and physical), proper nutrition, living in comfortable conditions. If a country has a high standard of living of the population, it means that everything is in order with the economy. This means that the state has the opportunity to allocate funds to maintain a normal state of the environment, to prevent morbidity, to build modern medical facilities, water treatment facilities, produce high-quality food, and so on.

Longevity - who are they?

According to Wikipedia, a long-liver is a person who has lived to be 90 years old. This age is relatively large for all countries. However, in some states there are more such people (if we take the ratio of centenarians to the total population), in others - less. Let's try to figure out why.

In which countries do people live to be 100 years old?

Let's bring list of countries with the most people living to the age of 100:

1. Japan. Moreover, long-lived women - approximately 87.3% (if we take the last 30 years).
2. Sweden. The “concentration” of centenarians in relation to the population is quite high here: with 9.4 million citizens, there are about 1600 centenarians (that is, about 1 out of 5888 people live up to 100 years).
3. Great Britain. Here for every 6777 citizens there is 1 long-liver.
4. Cuba. In total, about 1,500 people live in Cuba, who celebrated their 100th anniversary. In relation to the total number - 1 centenarian per 7222 people.

As we can see, the chances of the average person to overcome the centenary milestone today are really negligible! It is easier to win a large amount in the lottery.

About centenarians-record holders (video)

Guinness World Record holders

Here is a list of the "most-most" centenarians.

Of those living today:

1. W. Brown (Jamaica). Born March 10, 1900 (117 years old).
2. Nabi Tajima (Japan). August 4, 1900 (aged 116)
3. Chie Miyako (Japan) May 2, 1901 (aged 116)
4. Marie-Josephine Godette (Italy). March 25, 1902 (age 115).
5. Giuseppina Proetto-Frau (Italy). May 30, 1902 (aged 115).
6. Kane Tanaka (Japan). January 2, 1903 (aged 114)
7. Maria Giuseppa Robucci Nargiso (Italy). March 20, 1903 (aged 114).
8. Iso Nakamura (Japan). April 23, 1903 (aged 114)
9. Tae Ito (Japan). July 11, 1903 (aged 114)

In 2017, two centenarians from this list died:

1. Ana Vela Rubio (Spain). October 29, 1901 (died at 116).
2. Emma Morano (Italy) November 29, 1899 (died at 117).

Of those already deceased, confirmed:

1. Jeanne Calment (France). Lived 122 years and 164 days.
2. Sarah Knauss (USA). Lived 119 years and 97 days.
3. Lucy Hanna (USA) Lived 117 years and 248 days.
4. Maria Louise Meyer (Canada). She lived 117 years and 230 days.
5. Emma Morano (Italy). She lived 117 years and 137 days.
6. Misao Okawa (Japan). Lived 117 years and 27 days.
7. Maria Esther de Capovilla (Ecuador). She lived 116 years and 347 days.
8. Suzanne Mushatt Jones (USA). She lived 116 years and 311 days.
9. Gertrude Weaver (USA). Lived 116 years and 276 days.
10. Tane Ikai (Japan). Lived 116 years and 175 days.

An interesting nuance: the first man from this list is found only in the 16th position, and there are only 6 men in the list of 99 items.

Unconfirmed centenarians (age is known only from the words of the person himself):

1. Li Qingyun (China). Supposedly lived 256 years.
2. Anna Feinseth (USA). Supposedly lived 195 years.
3. Mom Efisho (Nigeria). Supposedly lived 193 years.
4. Elizabeth Mahoney (USA). Supposedly lived 191 years.
5. Mahashta Murasi (India). Supposedly lived 182 years.
6. Tense Abaeva ( South Ossetia). Supposedly lived 180 years.
7. Ezekiel Srenze (Uganda). Supposedly lived 180 years.
8. James Olofintui (Nigeria). Supposedly lived 172 years.
9. Pa Aki Onoforere (Nigeria). Supposedly lived 170 years.
10. Hanger Nine (Turkey). Supposedly lived 169 years.

About a man who lived (?) 256 years: truth or fiction? (video)

Where centenarians live: the role of nutrition and ecology

Let's highlight a few places where people are statistically more likely to live to 90 years. The data was collected by Dan Buttner (an American explorer, traveler, writer who explored the secrets of longevity).

1. Japan - Okinawa Island. It is easy to meet on this island (whose population is about 1 million inhabitants) a person aged 80-90 years old. Moreover, he will look 10-30 years younger than the number in the passport. Okinawans eat often, but in small portions. In the diet - fresh vegetables and fruits, soy and tofu. On the island, martial arts are common, various breathing techniques are practiced, and in general the population leads an active lifestyle.
2. Italy - the island of Sardinia, the city of Ovvoda. One of the most beautiful paradises in the Mediterranean. The inhabitants of the island do not adhere to any special diet, eating what is common in their region (seafood and traditional Italian dishes). However, Den Buettner cites interesting fact: earlier, the inhabitants of Ovvod lived in isolation, and often married only within their community. Genetically, people born here are predisposed to longevity.
3. Costa Rica - Nicoya Peninsula. There are no ultra-modern medical centers or any very useful products food produced nearby. Pure nature and a calm course of life - perhaps this is what has a positive effect on longevity local residents. According to statistics, they are about 4 times more likely to live to 90 than the average US citizen (who spends much more money on healthcare).
4. Greece - Icarus island. Approximately 6 out of 10 local residents live to be 90 years old. Of the features of the lifestyle - a diet with a predominance of seafood and fresh vegetables, regularity and calmness, fresh air and warm and favorable climate. Local wine is also highly valued here, which is prepared right there, without preservatives and chemical additives. This type of diet is also known as the "Mediterranean diet". Numerous studies have proven the positive impact of such a diet on health.

As we see The main factors of longevity are a warm (but not abnormally hot) climate, fresh and clean air, measured life and food without an abundance of harmful products.

It has been proven that daily work preserves health and sanity until the very end.

So many of those who have lived beyond 90 years, as their secret to longevity, are constant activity.

And also longevity!

You can give a simple analogy: any equipment that is idle idle deteriorates (it rusts, some parts dry out, dust gets into the mechanisms, and so on). Inaction is bad for human body both morally and physically.

That is why it is extremely important to constantly develop and be active in different directions (work both physically and mentally). This is not about exhausting work for 14-20 hours a day - you need to work in moderation, but regularly.

This also applies to those who have already retired (or for some reason can afford not to work). Various studies have a similar conclusion: early retirement from work leads to premature extinction: the meaning of life is lost, depression arises from the lack of communication, motor activity decreases, and the desire to live on disappears. And after that, nature simply gets rid of the “obsolete material”.

What centenarians themselves say about their secret to longevity: 5 quotes

Emma Morano, Italian centenarian, 117 years old ( oldest person, who lived in 3 centuries: born in 1899 and died in 2017).

According to Emma, ​​starting from the age of 20, she ate 3 eggs (raw or boiled) daily, on the advice of a doctor. Otherwise, in terms of diet, she did not adhere to any strict restrictions: she ate meat, chocolate, and sometimes drank alcohol. Fruits and vegetables in the diet, according to her doctor, was not very much.

She considers a small number of years in marriage to be one of the secrets of longevity, thanks to which she did not waste energy on relationships. She was married twice, after 1938 and until the end of her life - she lived without a husband.

Leila Danmark, USA, 114 years old.

Believed that the secret of longevity lies in happy marriage(she herself lived with her husband for over 60 years) and her favorite work. Leila continued to work until she was 103 years old.

Israel, 110 years old.

Being a talented musician (pianist), she believed that the secret of longevity lies in doing what she loves, which makes her happy. She said that the worst thing in life is boredom.

Optimism can also be distinguished: Alice believed that there should be no time for pessimism and hatred, and that they eat the soul.

Misao Okawa, Japan, 117 years old.

She said that the key to a long life lies in a sufficient amount of rest (at least 8 hours a day, and, if possible, daytime sleep), in the ability to relax and in proper nutrition. Misao's favorite food was sushi, which she could eat three times a day. I also drank coffee every day.

According to doctors, the secret of a woman's longevity was good health (she did not suffer from anything serious throughout her life) and a strong psyche.

Gisele Kazadsyu, France, 102 years old.

She believed that the key to longevity is love: for her husband, for children, for family. She also said that it is necessary to always study, since the training of the mind slows down its old age.

She led a relatively correct lifestyle: she watched her diet (sometimes allowing herself wine), and did regular physical activity. She also does not forget about genetics: in terms of health, she did not experience any special problems.

1. Give up bad habits. Smoking, alcohol - all this is unacceptable even in minimal doses.
2. Tidy up your diet. About the rules healthy eating you have to learn a lot: dietology is a whole science, which should be applied individually for each person.
3. Get your routine in order. It is desirable to sleep for 7-8 hours, and ideally - at night.
4. Keep physical activity. It is not necessary to be a professional athlete, but regular (ideally daily) exercises for 15-20 minutes will definitely be useful. Walk more, get yourself some kind of active hobby (swimming, cycling, table tennis, and so on - as desired).
5. Keep track of your health. Prevention is easier than cure - so visit your doctor every 1-2 years (at least). You can make a basic list of specialists: cardiologist, urologist (gynecologist), therapist, gastroenterologist, neurologist. If there is no time or desire - you can limit yourself to a therapist. It is also advisable to take tests annually.
6. Don't Delay Your Treatment. The main problem that prevents our people from living long is the launching of diseases. Many of us go to the doctor only when the symptoms become obvious and intolerable.
7. Avoid stress. Conflict less, quarrel, try to avoid communication with people who are unpleasant to you. Spend more time with loved ones, do something together.
8. Choose the right job. If the goal is precisely longevity, then it’s definitely not worth working in hard places for a long time. Loaders, miners, workers in the "heavy" industry - among such specialties, centenarians are unlikely to be found very often.
9. Relocate if possible if your city has environmental problems.
10. Be more social. Socially active and outgoing people tend to be more optimistic and positive.

If we upset someone with dry figures and facts, breaking the plan to live more than 100 years - do not worry in vain. The statistics as a whole reflect the past more, we ALREADY live in a different world. For example, the average life expectancy in Russia in the 19th century was only 32 years(and in Europe - not much more than this figure, they did not live in European countries at that time for more than 40 years). Could anyone then suggest that at 70-80 years old you can be an active person? And it's only been a little over 100 years.

We don't know the future. Until now, technological progress has only increased life expectancy. On the Japanese, who are now 80-90 years old, 2 nuclear bombs! Stay positive and take care of your health, you'll need it for years to come!

Importance of socio-demographic indicators

Efficiency public policy of any country is reflected in the statistics, not in the words of politicians. The speeches of politicians, as history has shown, are often cynical and deceitful. Although the famous ancient Greek philosopher Plato argued that the concealment of the truth by the state is a noble lie. Human life expectancy is a social indicator that reflects the level of compliance with the article of the Constitution on the right to life of every person.

Russian empire

Probability of death during each year of human life in Russian Empire reflected in the book by S. A. Novoselsky "Mortality and life expectancy in Russia", written in 1916. In the first year of their lives, approximately 26% of women and 30% of men died. Average age of the inhabitants of the Russian Empire was up to 50 years for both men and women. According to some reports, the number of years lived did not exceed 31 years. Worldwide at the beginning of the 20th century, the mortality rate was quite high. On average, people lived from 30 to 40 years. However, the average life expectancy in the United States was about 50 years, which, according to some historians, is one of the most best performance in the 1900s.

Soviet Union

There is a lot of controversy about the representativeness and honesty of the statistical and demographic data collected in the USSR. Based on official statistics, the average life expectancy in Russia under socialism reached its peak during the time of L. I. Brezhnev. From 1965 to 1970, the inhabitants of the Soviet Union lived to an average of 70 years, then a slight decline began. In general, the increase in life expectancy in the middle of the 20th century to 65 years made it possible to accelerate the growth of the population by 4 times.

After a radical change in the political and economic system, life expectancy in Russia began to fall sharply. The reasons for this decline were the increased crime rate, chronic alcoholism, the weakening of everyone, including healthcare, and economic crises. AT last decade of the twentieth century, Russia ranked second in the world in terms of the number of suicides. And if in the middle of the century the number of suicides per 100 thousand people was 15, then at the time described by Pelevin in “Generation P”, there were already 40. The average life expectancy in Russia in 1990 was 69 years, five years later - 65.

Current situation

It cannot be said that the country has reached new level on this indicator and at the beginning of the XXI century. The probability of a twenty-year-old Russian to live to be 60 is only 63%, while for a Western European man this chance is 93%. By 2000, the average life expectancy in Russia among men was only 58 years, while in Japan this figure was 77 years. By 2020, the country's politicians, through reforms, want to increase the average life expectancy to 80 years.

Dynamics of average life expectancy in Russia-USSR
(data taken from: Urlanis B.U. Fertility and life expectancy in the USSR. M., 1963. pp. 103-104)

Year Average life expectancy in the USSR

1917 32
1927 44
1939 47
1955 64
1956 67
1958 68
1959 69
1961 70
1975 70,4
1980 70,9
1985 71,4
1990 69,5
1995 64
2000 62
2005 60

Considering the data of this table as a result of the development of the Soviet state and society, the primary foundations of which were laid in 1917, it should be noted that the lag in average life expectancy by 1917 in comparison with other most developed bourgeois states was very large. From the most developed countries (England. USA. France) it was more than 20 years old. Even from the most backward in Europe - Austria-Hungary - more than 7-8 years.
It is very interesting to compare this jump in this main indicator of historical progress in the USSR, made in the 20th century, with a similar situation that took place in the USA, England, France, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway. This information is shown in the following table. (data from: Rosset E. The duration of human life. M. 1981, p. 207)

Year Average life expectancy
1840 41,0
1860 42,2
1880 45,2
1900 50,5
1910 54,3
1920 58,3
1930 61,7
1940 64,6
1950 69,8
1960 72,0
1965 72,3

In order to comment on this table, I note that in order to achieve approximately the same level of life expectancy that was in the USSR in 1985, these countries took almost 120 years, while we have about 70. I also note that the countdown in this table is taken from 1840 ., where life expectancy was already 9 years higher than that of Russia in 1917. From this we can conclude that one of the main lines of historical progress, which I reduce to the growth of life expectancy in the conditions of Soviet society, was 1.8 times more intense than in these bourgeois countries. The given data testify that after 1917 the USSR was walking, and with very large steps, along the main road of historical progress, despite a number of negative phenomena during these years.
If we compare this process with other European countries, not included in the above tables, then in comparison with the USSR in the middle of 1970, they were almost the same as ours in terms of life expectancy. In Italy, this figure was 72 years, in Bulgaria - 71.3. in the GDR - 71.2, in the FRG - 70.6, in Poland - 71. (data from: Rosset E. The duration of human life. M. 1981, p. 207)
In the 70s - 80s of the XX century. Life expectancy in other countries of the world was significantly lower than in the USSR and amounted to 45-65 years. The exceptions were Cuba, China, North Korea. South Korea, Singapore, Puerto Rico, where it was almost equal, and in some years even slightly higher or lower. In the mid-1980s, the USSR was firmly among the top ten countries with the highest life expectancy, where it reached and exceeded 70 years. (Rosset E. Decree. cit. pp. 212, Population of the world. Demographic guide. M., 1989. p. 210-237.)

These facts show that Russia during the Soviet period made a colossal step forward in terms of the level and quality of life of the people, despite all the trials of the century. And the transition to capitalism in the 90s led to the extinction of the nation, which continues to this day. The way out is a return to socialism. The oligarchic regime of Putin-Medvedev must be destroyed mercilessly by the National Revolution! Socialism is the only best option the existence of Russian civilization. Glory to socialist Russia!!! May it be so!!!

Every year life expectancy in the world increases. Our descendants will live much longer than us. After all, progress does not stand still, and modern medicine can defeat most of the known diseases. Now it is not difficult to be healthy if you follow certain rules.

But how was it before? How did our predecessors live in the USSR? In those years, medicine was not so developed (and especially in our country), and there was no talk of promoting sports and caring for one's health. In the article, you will find out what life expectancy was in the USSR at that time.

The average life expectancy in the USSR was undermined by many repressions: "collectivization", Stalinism, "Red Terror". The level of life expectancy, if not getting lower, then remained in place, rising at a negligibly slow pace. The civil war, revolution, collectivization and other events took away countless human lives. Most of the losses were among the male population. Statistics put the figure at 60 million. Few survived to old age, most often women.

In 1917, the average life expectancy reached 32 years and after two decades it was 42 years (in 1939).

Then came the most terrible period in the history of the USSR - the Great Patriotic War. Our state suffered huge losses of about 27.5 million people. And again, the deaths were mostly among the male population. Young people were taken to the war, they had hardly begun to shave. After this war, life expectancy in the country dropped to an extremely low level.

After the war, Stalin dies, and post-war repression is on the wane. They cannot be compared with the horror that was in 1937. The country is entering a period of calm development and prosperity. People do not suffer from hunger, the infrastructure of cities is developing, medicine is gaining momentum.

The beginnings of social security appear in the state: free medicine, affordable education, the provision of additional jobs for the unemployed. The people, in turn, respond to the government with no less zeal to develop the country. Life expectancy in the USSR was 70 years in 1975. People calmly start families, enjoy state benefits, and work. Young students, graduate students, bachelors from all over the world flock to the USSR to study at our universities. In those years, the education system flourished.

People get used to stability, are not afraid of being fired from their jobs and know that sooner or later they will be provided with housing. The overall picture was spoiled by the shortage of goods and products. But our people have always been distinguished by ingenuity and resourcefulness. People traveled for the right things to the Crimea, Sochi, and other places. Such activities were prohibited, but the authorities often turned a blind eye to this, because they understood that there was no way without it.

Firewood was thrown into the fire by alcohol. Our people actively consumed alcoholic beverages, and large doses of alcohol can undermine the health of even the most active and young citizens. Not only did people not control their alcohol intake, but the products were all too often "scorched". But the introduction of the Gorbachev reform in 1985 improved the situation. In 1985, life expectancy in the state reached 72 years. The USSR was included in 10 countries of the world with a high standard of living. The long-awaited heyday came in the state.

However, by 1997 the situation had changed dramatically against the backdrop of ethnic conflicts, the Chechen war and the unhealthy criminal situation in the state. Life expectancy was 56 years.

More about life in the USSR:

Life expectancy in the USSR by years

Below is the statistics of life expectancy in the Soviet Union in peacetime.

Scientists demographers argue that life expectancy indicators in the USSR are overestimated by years due to inaccurate information on life expectancy in many countries (Uzbekistan, Georgia, Azerbaijan).

Demographic situation in Russia today

Compared to the USSR, we have not advanced so far. About 63% of the population in Russia live up to the age of sixty. In the west, about 93%. By 2000, life expectancy in our country was only 59 years. Compared to Japan (77 years), these are insignificant numbers.

There are many reasons for this state of affairs: undeveloped medicine, low living standards in many parts of the country, a small amount of social support from the government, the same problem of alcoholism and drug use. Such factors adversely affect the demographic situation in the country.

Today, the government of the Russian Federation is trying to improve the situation: to promote a healthy lifestyle, impose heavy taxes on alcohol and tobacco products, provide free medical care, and improve infrastructure. But so far this is not enough.

The table clearly shows the dynamics of population growth in Russia over the years.

From this table it follows that although life expectancy in the country is growing, it remains at a low level. In fact, we have raised the standard of living from very low to low. The female population invariably lives longer than the male population.

The reason for this is the 90s, in which life expectancy in the state decreased at an enormous pace.

Today, life expectancy in the country is 66 years for the male half of the population and 78 years for women.

Our country is slowly but surely moving towards increasing the threshold of life expectancy. Comparing life expectancy in the USSR and in Russia, we can say that today the situation is much better. And yet, the situation in the country leaves much to be desired. But according to forecasts, by 2020 life expectancy in the country will be 75 years. We just have to take care of ourselves and our health.

Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said on April 21 that in 1932 the average life expectancy in the USSR was 35 years. He said this, reporting to the State Duma, and referred to Rosstat. I'm afraid now young people will think that in the Soviet Union people barely lived to be 35 years old. And they will also refer to Rosstat. Let's see what and why the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation said and what Rosstat knows about it.

With his statement in the Duma, Dmitry Medvedev essentially entered into a dispute with President Putin about raising the retirement age.

Putin said during a direct line that it is illogical to raise the retirement age to 65, since the average life expectancy for men in Russia today is 65 and a half years. “If we set the retirement age at 65, - you will excuse me for the simplicity of the expression, did it work, in a wooden mac - and went? This is impossible,” the President said on April 16.

And on April 21, the Prime Minister answered him in absentia: “I remind you that the current retirement age - 60 and 55 years - was established in 1932. At the same time, the average life expectancy (I specifically called yesterday, clarified the Rosstat data) then was 35 years. In 1932, the average life expectancy ... I myself was surprised that such a low life expectancy, but nevertheless, these are Rosstat data.

Interestingly, many of today's young Russians also refer to Rosstat, arguing that in the city of Dzerzhinsk Nizhny Novgorod region Today, the average life expectancy is 45 years. And this is false information.

Here is the table of life expectancy at birth in Russia from 1896 to 2014, posted on the Rosstat website:

From this table, it is easy to see that Rosstat does not have information about the average life expectancy of Soviet citizens in 1932. (If they are, then why would Rosstat hide them?) This Rosstat information coincides with the life expectancy table from the statistical collection “”, prepared by the State Statistics Committee of Russia and published in 1998. In the same statistical collection there is such a graph of life expectancy in the USSR:

The graph clearly shows that the life expectancy curve for the lack of data on age-related mortality between 1927 and 1959 is simply linearly interpolated between the two points of discontinuity in the data. It follows from the graph that the average life expectancy of citizens of both sexes in the USSR in 1932 should have been approximately 45 years, and not 35, as reported by Dmitry Medvedev, citing Rosstat data.

Probably, Rosstat has secret information that is not available general public. However, in this case there would be no point in hiding them, because we are talking about the most controversial and difficult period for the population Soviet history: the era of collectivization, industrialization, repression and the Great Patriotic War.

But, apparently, the point is not in the secrecy of the information of the period 1927-1959, but in their inaccuracy. Materials of the All-Union Population Census of 1937 (declared defective and classified), for which leaders were shot Central Administration National Economic Accounting of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, published in 1990. These materials just state that due to the poor organization of the work of the registry offices in the period from 1927 to 1937 and due to the poorly controlled movement of the population across the country, the mortality rates of the population have large errors. So public references to Rosstat in such circumstances resemble the hackneyed phrase "as British scientists found out."

In the case of the city of Dzerzhinsk, an outright falsification of facts, thrown in by the American NGO Blacksmith Institute, worked in 2006. The fraud was exposed and refuted. But the false assertion that in Dzerzhinsk people live an average of 45 years and that Rosstat said so, is firmly planted in the minds of many, even not very young people.

I am afraid that after the loud words of the Prime Minister of Russia about life expectancy in the USSR, rumors about Rosstat data that disturb the consciousness will again creep. Therefore, I think it is worth talking about the concept of "average life expectancy" or, more correctly, "life expectancy at birth."

“Life expectancy at birth is the number of years that, on average, one person from a generation born in a given calendar year would have to live if, throughout the life of this generation, the mortality rate at each age remained the same as in the year (s) for of which the indicator is calculated "- such a definition is given in the statistical compendium" Population of Russia for 100 years (1897–1997)».

And here's how life expectancy is calculated.

At the end of each year, statistical authorities calculate age-specific mortality rates by dividing the total number of deaths per year at a given age by the average annual number of people of a given age. (The number of deaths is reported to the statistical authorities by the registry offices of all settlements countries.) These coefficients characterize average level mortality in each age group in a calendar year.

For example, the Demographic Yearbook of Russia 2010 gives the following table of age-specific mortality rates in Russia in 2009 (the number of deaths per 10,000 people of the population of the corresponding sex and age):

Age-specific mortality rates show the probability of dying within a year for each age. That is, out of 10,000 newborns, 81 babies are likely to die within a year. And 9919 babies of both sexes (9919 \u003d 10,000 - 81) have a chance to live this year safely. And so on for all age groups.

For each age, the number of people surviving to the end of the year is calculated: the number of people of a given age is multiplied by the probability of surviving the year. Starting with newborns 10,000 babies. For them, the probability of surviving the year is 0.9919. This means that 9919 people will live to the age of 1 year. For the age group 1 - 4 years, the probability of living a year is 0.9995 (0.9995 = 1 - 0.0005). We multiply the number of children surviving to one year 9919 by 0.9995 and we get the number of children surviving to 2 years: 9914 people. And so on for all ages. We get that 5031 people out of 10,000 babies in 2009 will live up to 72 years - about half. And up to 85 years will be able to live 1710 people - a little less than one-fifth of Russians born in 2009.

Further, for each age group, its number is calculated. They simply take the arithmetic mean of the number of survivors of the lower and upper boundaries of the group. For example, for the 1 year age group, you would take the number of babies who survived to 1 year (9919), add them to the number of children who lived to 2 years (9914) and divide the sum by two. We get that there will be 9916 one-year-old children of the 2009 generation. And Russians at the age of 84 will remain 1814 people out of 10,000 born in 2009.

Then they add up the population of all age groups - from 0 to 85 years - and get the number of person-years that the estimated population of those born will have to live if the same level of age-related mortality that was recorded in the year of their birth remains in the future. For 10,000 people born in 2009, the total number of person-years is 676,941.

Now we divide the total number of person-years born by the number of births and get the average (expected) life expectancy. For 10,000 newborns in 2009, the average life expectancy is 67.69 years (676,941: 10,000 = 67.6941).

What does the number 67.69 years mean for newborns in 2009?

- That each of them will definitely live to this age? No.

The calculation shows that 59% of those born in 2009 will live to 68 years of age.

– That each of them will die before this age? No.

The calculation shows that half of the 2009 generation will live up to 72 years, and a fifth even up to 84.

Life expectancy characterizes the quality of life in the state, and not the chance for a long or short life of a particular person.

Pre-revolutionary Russia had a very high infant mortality rate. Even in many wealthy families, it was possible to raise only a part of the offspring born. Count Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's five out of 13 children died. In the family of the inspector of public schools, Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, two of eight children died before they reached the age of one. In simpler families, up to half of the children born died. But the survivors had good health and often lived to a ripe old age, if life proceeded without shocks.

If in 1932 statistics really showed the average life expectancy of 35 years, as Dmitry Medvedev told us, then this does not mean at all that everyone died at exactly 35 years old, having no chance to live to retirement age.

This means that, firstly, infant mortality was still high. Secondly, collectivization and industrialization were going on in the country - large-scale social changes, people massively moved from the village to the cities and to the construction sites of the century, worked hard, lived hard. And the time was not entirely peaceful. In the registry offices, the collection of statistics, obviously, did not keep up with life. Somewhere in them the Kisy Vorobyaninovs warmed themselves, wishing for sleepy tranquility, but not the seething streams of the builders of communism, and somewhere the illiterate workers failed to put things right.

Bearing in mind such a quality of life in young years, the state took care in 1932 of its tired citizens who worked for society by the sweat of their brow - they assigned them a labor pension at 55 for women, at 60 for men. Because these men and women not only raised the country from ruin civil war, but also eliminated illiteracy, built new system education, a new healthcare system, a new industry, new country. They were worthy of a peaceful old age.

And if today the Prime Minister of Russia reproaches us in 1932 with the intention to raise the retirement age of Russians, then should we consider this a reward for not saving what our grandfathers and great-grandfathers created?

In July 2019, doctors invite Klinsk residents to undergo a preventive fluorography examination at polyclinics at their place of residence on Saturdays: -July 20 - Polyclinic No. 4 (Kazakhstan).
07/18/2019 Klinsky district According to Zhanna Pinyaeva, head of the Shchelkovsky department of social protection of the population, 371 residents of the district, as well as 136 citizens accompanying disabled children for treatment, received vouchers.
07/18/2019 Newspaper Vremya