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Man is not only a social being, but primarily a biological one, therefore all natural conditions and environmental factors in one way or another affect his health. Active human activity for thousands of years was aimed not at a harmonious existence in the biosphere, but at creating comfortable living and working conditions exclusively for themselves.

People built cities in swampy areas, dug tunnels in the mountains, cut down forests, drained reservoirs, released and released into the air carbon, immured in the bowels of the earth in the form of coal and oil for many millions of years, built nuclear power plants, neglecting the living conditions of other inhabitants of the Earth ( animals, plants, microorganisms). This greatly complicated the relationship between man and nature. Over time, people realized that, trying to ensure a comfortable existence for themselves, they violate the natural balance of the biosphere. But, since the destructive mechanism was launched a very long time ago, it will take many years to restore the balance.

What is an environmental factor? Classification of environmental factors Realizing that an instant return to life in close contact with nature is impossible, to study the problems of relationships between humans, other living organisms and the conditions of their existence, people came up with a special science - ecology (from the Greek. oikos - dwelling, house). According to the terminology used in this scientific field, any environmental condition that has a direct or indirect effect on a living organism at any phase of its life and to which it produces adaptive reactions is an environmental factor.

Environmental factors can be conditionally divided into three large groups:

1. biotic - the influence of wildlife;
2. abiotic (climatic, edaphic, etc.) - the influence of inanimate nature;
3. anthropogenic - the influence of reasonable or unreasonable human activity.

At present, the adaptive mechanisms of the human body work more slowly than the environment changes, and in connection with this, health problems arise. This is especially true for residents of modern megacities. Why is air pollution dangerous? Living in a big city has many positive aspects. These include comfort, availability of utilities, developed infrastructure and the possibility of self-realization. But at the same time, megacities are fraught with a huge danger to human health, which is associated with adverse environmental factors. In addition to the fact that the air of large cities is regularly poisoned by the gasoline exhausts of millions of cars, accidents at industrial enterprises periodically occur, as a result of which emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere occur.

As a result of unreasonable human activity, tens of billions of tons of carbon dioxide, hundreds of millions of tons of carbon monoxide and dust, tens of millions of tons of nitrogen oxide, as well as a huge amount of freons, toxic chemicals and dangerous carcinogens, which include asbestos, beryllium, and nickel, enter the environment. , chromium, etc. Chemical substances contained in waste products pass from one chain to another along ecological links: from air to soil, from soil to water, from water to atmosphere, etc. As a result, they enter the human body. Toxins that modern industrial enterprises emit into the atmosphere have even been found in the ice of Antarctica! Environmental pollution is expressed in acid rain, the formation of smoky smog and toxic effects.

Freon in the atmosphere helps to reduce the thickness of the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays. All of the above chemicals, depending on the concentration and time of exposure, cause various symptoms: sore throat, cough, nausea, dizziness, loss of consciousness, as well as acute or chronic poisoning. Regular poisoning of the body with chemicals, even in small doses, is very dangerous! It manifests itself in the form of fatigue, apathy, weakening of attention, forgetfulness, drowsiness, insomnia, severe mood swings and other neuropsychic abnormalities. Harmful toxins adversely affect the kidneys, liver, spleen, and Bone marrow, which is the main hematopoietic organ.

Highly active chemical compounds tend to accumulate in the body and cause a long-term effect. Thus, unfavorable environmental factors cause genetic changes in living organisms, adversely affect the intrauterine development of the fetus, provoke severe diseases and increase mortality. In this regard, radioactive emissions are especially dangerous. Reactions to environmental pollution depend on gender, age, characteristics of the human body and immunity. The most vulnerable are children, pensioners and people suffering from certain chronic ailments. Doctors have established a direct relationship between the deterioration of the environmental situation and the growth of allergic and oncological diseases in specific regions.

Also, one should not forget that smoking is a great danger to human health. In addition to the fact that the smoker himself inhales harmful substances, he also poisons the atmosphere, endangering those who are close to him. Experts say that the so-called passive smokers receive more toxic substances than the person smoking a cigarette directly. Ways to solve the problem To solve the problem associated with the unfavorable environmental situation, it is necessary to mobilize the entire society, develop and implement state and non-state programs and their clear, phased implementation.

To be specific, you need to do the following:

• switch to the use of energy and material-saving technologies, and in the future - to the use of closed, hopeless production cycles;
• spend rationally Natural resources taking into account regional features;
• expand nature reserves; introduce environmental education;
• promote healthy lifestyle life.

In conclusion, it should be noted that in our country, as in a number of other highly developed countries, a citizen is granted the constitutional right to environmental safety which is linked to the right to life and access to health care. But what is written on paper is just words! In order to avoid man-made disasters on Earth, accidents at nuclear power plants (Chernobyl, Fukushima), the consequences of which will adversely affect the health of several generations, humanity must be very careful about nature.

Environmental factors and human health.

The main sources of atmospheric air pollution in industrial areas are industrial enterprises, vehicles, and thermal power plants.

Exhaust gases are a mixture of approximately 200 substances. They contain hydrocarbons - unburned fuel components, for which it increases sharply if the engine is running at low speeds or at the moment of increasing speed at start, ᴛ.ᴇ. during traffic jams and at traffic lights. At the moment of forcing the engine, unburned particles are emitted 10 times more. The unburned gases include carbon monoxide. The exhaust gases of a normally running engine contain an average of 2.7% carbon monoxide. With a decrease in speed, this share increases to 3.9, and at low speed - up to 6.9%.

Carbon monoxide and other components of exhaust gases, as a rule, are heavier than air and accumulate near the ground, in the human breathing zone. Carbon monoxide is, first of all, a blood poison. Connecting with the hemoglobin of the blood, it prevents it from carrying oxygen to the tissues of the body. Exhaust gases contain even aldehydes, which have a pungent odor and irritant effect. Formaldehyde, which belongs to the 2nd hazard class, has a particularly strong effect.

Due to incomplete combustion of fuel in the engine, part of the carbons turns into soot containing resinous substances and polycyclic hydrocarbons, among which benz-a-pyrene, which has a pronounced carcinogenic effect, is especially dangerous.

A very dangerous component of exhaust gases are compounds of inorganic lead formed during the combustion of the antiknock additive of gasoline - tetraethyl lead.

The impact of atmospheric pollution on a person largely depends on what concentrations of harmful substances are formed in the atmosphere and the duration of exposure to a harmful factor.

Atmospheric pollution and natural impurities undergo complex processes of transformation, interaction, leaching, etc.

The ʼʼlifeʼʼ time of suspended solids in the atmosphere depends on their physical and chemical properties, as well as on some meteorological parameters. The approximate settling rate of the particles depends on the size. The presence of wind can change the rate of particle settling. It should be said that suspended solids of industrial origin with a particle radius of 0.1-10 microns are of primary importance for populated areas. Numerous studies have established that particles of 0.3 microns in size enter the lungs, and the filtering role of the nasal passages is important for particles of 1-5 microns in diameter. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, industrial air pollution is in the particle size distribution range that is biologically active.

The issue of the behavior and ʼʼlifetimeʼʼ of gaseous pollution is more complicated. The term of "life" in an atmosphere of sulfur dioxide is from several hours to 1.5 days. It can form sulfuric acid. Humidity plays an important role in this process. Most of the reactions of gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere are associated with thermal oxidation. The main cause of photochemical transformations in the surface layer of the atmosphere of modern cities is high degree air pollution by organic substances and nitrogen oxides. Under these conditions, the starting moment for the start of the reaction is the action of the ultraviolet spectrum of solar radiation with a wavelength of more than 290 nm.

Joint oxidation of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides leads to the formation of peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN) and peroxybenzene nitrates (PBN), which have a strong toxic effect. As a result of such reactions, the continuous formation of ozone occurs. The conditions that contribute to the formation of photochemical fog at a high level of air pollution are the abundance of solar radiation, low wind speed, and temperature inversion.

Temperature inversion as a meteorological process plays a significant role in the accumulation of harmful substances in the surface layer under any conditions. Under normal conditions, the air temperature decreases based on the height strictly naturally. This process contributes to a faster transition of pollution to higher layers of the atmosphere and subsequent dispersion. There are cases when, due to the rapid cooling of the surface layer above the earth's surface, warm layers of air are formed at relatively low altitudes, powerful enough not to release pollution. A dome is being created, which contributes to the accumulation of pollution in the surface layer, creating an increased danger to the population. In the Omsk region, the frequency of surface inversions in different seasons varies on average from 35 to 45%. This is a rather unfavorable hygiene assessment the state of the atmospheric air of the city and its impact on the health of the population.

The impact of atmospheric pollution on human health should be acute and chronic.

The first signal of a possible negative effect of atmospheric pollution on the health of the population was the so-called toxic fogs - cases of acute influence of pollution, the concentration of which increased under adverse meteorological conditions. The first such case was officially registered in 1930 ᴦ., in the valley of the river.
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Meuse, Belgium (63 deaths); 1952 ᴦ., London-don (3000). Similar cases were observed in London and in subsequent years, as well as in the cities of the USA (New York, Detroit), Japan (Osaka), the Netherlands (Rotterdam). There were no such statistics in the USSR.

All cases of toxic fog had common features: they took place during periods of unfavorable meteorological conditions (storm, fog, inversion), accompanied by a sharp rise in sulfur dioxide and suspended solids. The first deaths were observed by the 3rd day of fog and continued for some time after its termination, mainly children and people over 55 suffered.

The reason for the toxic effect was the ability of sulfur dioxide in the presence of suspended particles to penetrate deep into the lungs, creating high local concentrations. It should be shown that the concentration of sulfur dioxide (up to 4) by itself could not cause such a toxic effect, since this gas is easily neutralized by the moisture of the mucous membranes and does not penetrate deep into the lungs. But suspended particles, especially wet ones, adsorb sulfur dioxide on themselves and play the role of a conductor. In the lungs, gas is released, its toxic properties are manifested.

Mass acute impacts on the population are also noted in the second type of smog - photochemical fog. Photochemical fog can occur at lower concentrations of pollutants than London smog and is characterized by a yellow-green or blue haze rather than a solid fog. With smog, an unpleasant smell appears, visibility deteriorates sharply. Domestic animals are dying, mainly dogs and birds. People develop irritation of the eyes, mucous membranes of the nose and throat, symptoms of suffocation, exacerbation of pulmonary and other chronic diseases.

Given that the level of motorization in the city of Omsk is growing quite rapidly, the transport network of the city is imperfect, solar activity is quite high, there are conditions for temperature inversions, photochemical smog situations of the classical type may occur, and something similar to this has already been observed.

Of great concern is the effect on the human body of lower concentrations, but acting for a long time.

In recent decades, in many countries of the world, especially industrially developed ones, there have been changes in the structure of the incidence of the population, in particular, an increase in the number of chronic nonspecific diseases has been recorded. nonspecific morbidity is characterized by the fact that it is a direct consequence of the environmental factor. The factor acts indirectly, reducing the adaptive capacity of the body, its immunity. Against this background, well-known diseases of the cardiovascular system, the gastrointestinal tract, especially the respiratory system, may arise or worsen.

Among chronic non-specific diseases, atherosclerosis and related heart diseases, as well as lung cancer, are of significant importance. chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchial asthma. There is evidence of the presence of an "urban gradient" in the structure of the incidence of the population: with relatively low rates of morbidity and mortality from certain chronic diseases of the rural population, there is an increase in these rates in the city, while the larger the city, the higher the rates morbidity and mortality. It is quite natural that the role of air pollution in this case is not the only factor and should not be the leading one, but the fact that the level of air pollution correlates with the size of the city is an established fact.

The dependence of the level of atmospheric air pollution and lung diseases is more clearly traced. Convincing evidence of this is the data of a study of the incidence of children, conducted in various regions. In a group of schoolchildren who lived in different areas with different levels of air pollution, an increase in the incidence rate was noted respiratory system people living in contaminated areas.

Along with an increase in the level of non-specific morbidity among the population, there are more and more factors indicating the presence of specific changes in the body, when one or another pollutant acts directly, causing changes peculiar only to it. Thus, air pollution with fluorine causes the phenomenon of fluorosis in the population, lead - specific lead, and mercury - mercury intoxication. In Ukraine, back in the 60s, scientists found persistent fibrotic changes in the lungs of schoolchildren living in the zone of ferrous metallurgy enterprises. Such changes are typical for workers who work for a long time in mines, in workshops with significant dust emissions. Similar changes were found in adults who have never worked in the cement industry, but live in a settlement polluted by its emissions.

In the late 60s - early 70s, many researchers proved the possible taratogenic, embryotoxic and mutagenic effects of many atmospheric pollutants.

The air we breathe must be a carrier of living and dead, solid and liquid microscopic particles that can act as allergens. Allergic diseases can be divided into two large groups: immediate-type reactions (for example, bronchial asthma) and delayed-type reactions (contact dermatitis).

In connection with the development of the microbiological industry, it should be said that allergens are also microorganisms used as biologically active substances. A large number of spores of fungal producers are released into the air during the manufacture of enzyme preparations. Upon receipt of fodder yeast, viable yeast cells may fall into the atmosphere. Especially a lot of them is released in the production of protein-vitamin concentrates (PVK) from oil hydrocarbons.

Allergenic properties are not only products natural origin. There are many chemical compounds synthesized by man. Among them are aromatic amines, epoxy resins, cobalt and nickel compounds, aniline, antibiotics, etc.
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It has allergenic properties and so common sulfur dioxide.

Among the consequences of atmospheric air pollution, one should note the adverse impact on the sanitary conditions of life of the population. It is known that dust particles in the air absorb solar radiation, especially in the ultraviolet spectrum - the most biologically active. These losses reach 30% or more.

Atmospheric air pollution affects the change in its electrical properties, changes the ionic composition of the air. It has been established that there are fewer ions in light where there are enterprises that pollute the atmospheric air. On the contrary, there are 7-17 times more heavy ions in the atmosphere of industrial zones. Experts have proposed the so-called ionic pollution coefficient, which is the ratio of heavy ions to light ones. If, for example, on the territory of a metallurgical plant, this coefficient is 71, then at a distance of 0.5 km - 55, 3 km - 36. Thus, by the nature of ionization, one can judge to what extent atmospheric air is polluted.

Environmental factors and human health. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Environmental factors and human health." 2017, 2018.

State educational institution of higher professional education

Department of "Engineering Ecology"

ESSAY
Topic: "Influence of environmental factors on humans"

Completed:

Checked:

2008
Content

1.Introduction……………………………………………………………………..3
2. The impact of environmental factors on humans……………………….5
3. Chemical pollution of the environment and human health……………………5
4.Man and radiation…………………………………………………………….7
5. Biological pollution and human diseases………………………….10
6. The influence of sounds on a person………………………………………………….12
7. Weather and human well-being………………………………………….15
8. Nutrition and human health……………………………………………...18
9. Landscape as a health factor……………………………………………21
10.Conclusion……………………………………………………………………25
11. List of references………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………29

Introduction
All processes in the biosphere are interconnected. Mankind is only an insignificant part of the biosphere, and man is only one of the types of organic life - Homo sapiens (reasonable man). Reason singled out man from the animal world and gave him great power. For centuries, man has sought not to adapt to the natural environment, but to make it convenient for his existence. Now we have realized that any human activity has an impact on the environment, and the deterioration of the biosphere is dangerous for all living beings, including humans. A comprehensive study of a person, his relationship with the outside world led to the understanding that health is not only the absence of disease, but also the physical, mental and social well-being of a person. Health is a capital given to us not only by nature from birth, but also by the conditions in which we live.
The influence of the environment on the body is called the environmental factor. The exact scientific definition is:
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR- any environmental condition to which the living reacts with adaptive reactions.
An environmental factor is any element of the environment that has a direct or indirect effect on living organisms at least during one of the phases of their development.
By their nature, environmental factors are divided into at least three groups:
abiotic factors - the influence of inanimate nature;
biotic factors - the influence of wildlife.
anthropogenic factors - influences caused by reasonable and unreasonable human activity ("anthropos" - a person).
Man modifies animate and inanimate nature, and in a certain sense takes on a geochemical role (for example, releasing carbon immured in the form of coal and oil for many millions of years and releasing it into the air with carbon dioxide). Therefore, anthropogenic factors in terms of scope and global impact are approaching geological forces.
Not infrequently, environmental factors are subjected to a more detailed classification, when it is necessary to point to a particular group of factors. For example, there are climatic (relating to climate), edaphic (soil) environmental factors.

The impact of environmental factors on humans .

Chemical pollution of the environment and human health.

Currently, human economic activity is increasingly becoming the main source of pollution of the biosphere. Gaseous, liquid and solid industrial wastes enter the natural environment in increasing quantities. Various chemicals that are in the waste, getting into the soil, air or water, pass through the ecological links from one chain to another, eventually getting into the human body.
It is almost impossible to find a place on the globe where pollutants would not be present in one or another concentration. Even in the ice of Antarctica, where there are no industrial facilities, and people live only at small scientific stations, scientists have found various toxic (poisonous) substances of modern industries. They are brought here by atmospheric flows from other continents.
Substances polluting the natural environment are very diverse. Depending on their nature, concentration, time of action on the human body, they can cause various adverse effects. Short-term exposure to small concentrations of such substances can cause dizziness, nausea, sore throat, cough. The ingestion of large concentrations of toxic substances into the human body can lead to loss of consciousness, acute poisoning and even death. An example of such an action can be smog formed in large cities in calm weather, or accidental releases of toxic substances into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises.
The body's response to pollution depends on individual features: age, gender, health status. As a rule, children, the elderly and sick people are more vulnerable.
With a systematic or periodic intake of relatively small amounts of toxic substances, chronic poisoning occurs.
Signs of chronic poisoning are a violation of normal behavior, habits, as well as neuropsychic deviations: rapid fatigue or a feeling of constant fatigue, drowsiness or, conversely, insomnia, apathy, weakening of attention, absent-mindedness, forgetfulness, severe mood swings.
In chronic poisoning, the same substances in different people can cause various damage to the kidneys, hematopoietic organs, nervous system, liver.
Similar signs are observed in radioactive contamination of the environment.
Thus, in areas exposed to radioactive contamination as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, the incidence among the population, especially children, has increased many times over.
Biologically highly active chemical compounds can cause a long-term effect on human health: chronic inflammatory diseases of various organs, changes in the nervous system, effects on the intrauterine development of the fetus, leading to various abnormalities in newborns.
Doctors have established a direct link between the increase in the number of people suffering from allergies, bronchial asthma, cancer, and the deterioration of the environmental situation in the region. It has been reliably established that such production wastes as chromium, nickel, beryllium, asbestos, and many pesticides are carcinogens, that is, they cause cancer. Back in the last century, cancer in children was almost unknown, but now it is becoming more and more common. As a result of pollution, new, previously unknown diseases appear. Their reasons can be very difficult to establish.
Smoking causes great harm to human health. A smoker not only inhales harmful substances himself, but also pollutes the atmosphere and endangers other people. It has been established that people who are in the same room with a smoker inhale even more harmful substances than he himself.

Man and radiation.

Radiation, by its very nature, is harmful to life. Small doses of radiation can “start” a not yet fully established chain of events leading to cancer or genetic damage. At high doses, radiation can destroy cells, damage organ tissues and cause the death of an organism.
Damage caused by high doses of radiation usually shows up within hours or days. Cancers, however, do not appear until many years after irradiation—usually not earlier than one to two decades. And congenital malformations and other hereditary diseases caused by damage to the genetic apparatus appear only in the next or subsequent generations: these are children, grandchildren and more distant descendants of an individual who has been exposed to radiation.
While it is not difficult to identify short-term (“acute”) effects from exposure to high doses of radiation, it is almost always very difficult to detect long-term effects from low doses of radiation. This is partly because they take a very long time to manifest. But even having discovered some effects, it is still necessary to prove that they are explained by the action of radiation, since both cancer and damage to the genetic apparatus can be caused not only by radiation, but also by many other reasons.
To cause acute damage to the body, radiation doses must exceed a certain level, but there is no reason to believe that this rule applies in the case of consequences such as cancer or damage to the genetic apparatus. At least theoretically, the smallest dose is sufficient for this. However, at the same time, no radiation dose produces these effects in all cases. Even with relatively high doses of radiation, not all people are doomed to these diseases: the reparation mechanisms operating in the human body usually eliminate all damage. In the same way, any person exposed to radiation does not necessarily have to develop cancer or become a carrier of hereditary diseases; however, the likelihood, or risk, of such consequences is greater than that of a person who has not been exposed. And this risk is greater, the greater the dose of radiation.
Acute damage to the human body occurs at high doses of radiation. Radiation has a similar effect only starting from a certain minimum, or "threshold", radiation dose.
A large amount of information has been obtained in the analysis of the results of the use of radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer. Many years of experience have allowed physicians to obtain extensive information about the response of human tissues to radiation. This reaction for different organs and tissues turned out to be unequal, and the differences are very large.
Of course, if the radiation dose is high enough, the exposed person will die. In any case, very high radiation doses of the order of 100 Gy cause such severe damage to the central nervous system that death, as a rule, occurs within a few hours or days. At radiation doses of 10 to 50 Gy for whole-body irradiation, CNS damage may not be so severe as to lead to death, but the exposed person is likely to die anyway in one to two weeks from hemorrhages in the gastrointestinal tract. At even lower doses, serious damage to the gastrointestinal tract may not occur or the body can cope with them, and yet death can occur after one to two months from the time of exposure, mainly due to the destruction of red bone marrow cells, the main component of the body's hematopoietic system. : from a dose of 3-5 Gy during whole-body irradiation, about half of all exposed people die.
Thus, in this range of radiation doses, large doses differ from smaller ones only in that death occurs earlier in the first case, and later in the second. Of course, most often a person dies as a result of the simultaneous action of all these consequences of exposure.
Children are also extremely sensitive to the effects of radiation. Relatively small doses of irradiation of cartilage tissue can slow down or completely stop their bone growth, which leads to anomalies in the development of the skeleton. The younger the child, the more bone growth is inhibited. A total dose of the order of 10 Gy received over a period of several weeks with daily irradiation is sufficient to cause some skeletal anomalies. Apparently, there is no threshold effect for such action of radiation. It also turned out that irradiating a child's brain with radiation therapy can cause changes in his character, lead to memory loss, and in very young children even to dementia and idiocy. The bones and brain of an adult are capable of withstanding much higher doses.
There are also genetic consequences of exposure. Their study is associated with even greater difficulties than in the case of cancer. First, very little is known about what damage occurs in the human genetic apparatus during irradiation; secondly, the full identification of all hereditary defects occurs only over many generations; and thirdly, as in the case of cancer, these defects cannot be distinguished from those that arose from quite different causes.
Approximately 10% of all living newborns have some form of genetic defect, ranging from minor physical defects such as color blindness to severe conditions such as Down's syndrome and various malformations. Many of the embryos and fetuses with severe hereditary disorders do not survive to birth; according to available data, about half of all cases of spontaneous abortion are associated with abnormalities in the genetic material. But even if children with hereditary defects are born alive, they are five times less likely to survive to their first birthday than normal children.

Biological pollution and human diseases

The effect of sounds on a person

Man has always lived in a world of sounds and noise. Sound is called such mechanical vibrations of the external environment, which are perceived by the human hearing aid (from 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second). Vibrations of a higher frequency are called ultrasound, a smaller one is called infrasound. Noise - loud sounds that have merged into a discordant sound.
For all living organisms, including humans, sound is one of the environmental influences.
In nature, loud sounds are rare, the noise is relatively weak and short. The combination of sound stimuli gives animals and humans time to assess their nature and form a response. Sounds and noises of high power affect the hearing aid, nerve centers, can cause pain and shock. This is how noise pollution works.
The quiet rustle of leaves, the murmur of a stream, bird voices, a light splash of water and the sound of the surf are always pleasant to a person. They calm him, relieve stress. But the natural sounds of the voices of Nature are becoming more and more rare, they disappear completely or are drowned out by industrial traffic and other noises.
Prolonged noise adversely affects the organ of hearing, reducing the sensitivity to sound.
It leads to a breakdown in the activity of the heart, liver, to exhaustion and overstrain of nerve cells. Weakened cells of the nervous system cannot clearly coordinate the work of various body systems. This results in disruption of their activities.
The noise level is measured in units expressing the degree of sound pressure - decibels. This pressure is not perceived indefinitely. The noise level of 20-30 decibels (dB) is practically harmless to humans, this is a natural background noise. As for loud sounds, here the permissible limit is approximately 80 decibels. The sound of 130 decibels already causes
a person feels pain, and 150 becomes unbearable for him. Not without reason in the Middle Ages there was an execution “under the bell”. The hum of the bell ringing tormented and slowly killed the convict.
The level of industrial noise is also very high. In many jobs and noisy industries, it reaches 90-110 decibels or more. Not much quieter in our house, where new sources of noise appear - the so-called household appliances.
For a long time, the effect of noise on the human body was not specially studied, although already in ancient times they knew about its harm and, for example, in ancient cities, rules were introduced to limit noise.
Currently, scientists in many countries of the world are conducting various studies to determine the impact of noise on human health. Their studies have shown that noise causes significant harm to human health, but absolute silence frightens and depresses him. So, employees of one design bureau, which had excellent sound insulation, already a week later began to complain about the impossibility of working in conditions of oppressive silence. They were nervous, lost their working capacity. Conversely, scientists have found that sounds of a certain intensity stimulate the process of thinking, especially the process of counting.
Each person perceives noise differently. Much depends on age, temperament, state of health, environmental conditions.
Some people lose their hearing even after brief exposure to noise of comparatively reduced intensity.
Constant exposure to strong noise can not only adversely affect hearing, but also cause other harmful effects - ringing in the ears, dizziness, headache, increased fatigue.
Very noisy modern music also dulls the hearing, causes nervous diseases.
Noise has an accumulative effect, that is, acoustic irritation, accumulating in the body, increasingly depresses the nervous system.
Therefore, before hearing loss from exposure to noise, a functional disorder of the central nervous system occurs. Noise has a particularly harmful effect on the neuropsychic activity of the body.
The process of neuropsychiatric diseases is higher among persons working in noisy conditions than among persons working in normal sound conditions.
Noises cause functional disorders of the cardiovascular system; render bad influence on the visual and vestibular analyzers, reduces reflex activity, which often causes accidents and injuries.
Studies have shown that inaudible sounds can also have a harmful effect on human health. So, infrasounds have a special effect on the mental sphere of a person: all types of
intellectual activity, mood worsens, sometimes there is a feeling of confusion, anxiety, fright, fear, and at high intensity
feeling of weakness, as after a great nervous shock.
Even weak sounds of infrasound can have a significant impact on a person, especially if they are of a long-term nature. According to scientists, it is infrasounds, inaudibly penetrating through the thickest walls, that cause many nervous diseases residents of large cities.
Ultrasounds, which occupy a prominent place in the range of industrial noise, are also dangerous. The mechanisms of their action on living organisms are extremely diverse. The cells of the nervous system are especially susceptible to their negative effects.
Noise is insidious, its harmful effect on the body is invisibly, imperceptibly. Violations in the human body against noise is practically defenseless.
Currently, doctors are talking about noise disease, which develops as a result of exposure to noise with a primary lesion of hearing and the nervous system.

Weather and human well-being

A few decades ago, it never occurred to anyone to connect their performance, their emotional state and well-being with the activity of the Sun, with the phases of the Moon, with magnetic storms and other cosmic phenomena.
In any natural phenomenon that surrounds us, there is a strict repetition of processes: day and night, high and low tide, winter and summer. Rhythm is observed not only in the motion of the Earth, Sun, Moon and stars, but is also an integral and universal property of living matter, a property penetrating into all life phenomena - from the molecular level to the level of the whole organism.
During historical development a person has adapted to a certain rhythm of life, due to rhythmic changes in the natural environment and the energy dynamics of metabolic processes.
Currently, there are many rhythmic processes in the body, called biorhythms. These include the rhythms of the heart, breathing, bioelectrical activity of the brain. Our whole life is a constant change of rest and activity, sleep and wakefulness, fatigue from hard work and rest.
etc.................

Environmental factor- this is any element of the environment that is not further divided and capable of exerting a direct or indirect effect on a living organism at least during one of the stages of its individual development, or, in other words, from the environmental conditions to which the organism responds with adaptive reactions.

Environmental factors are very diverse both in nature and in their impact on living organisms. They can be roughly divided into three main groups: abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic.

Abiotic factors- these are factors associated with the impact on organisms of inanimate nature, that is, climatic factors (temperature, light, humidity, pressure, etc.); physical properties of soil and water; orographic factors (relief conditions).

Abiotic factors affect the body directly, such as light or heat, or indirectly - as a relief that determines the degree of action of direct factors: illumination, humidity, wind strength, etc.

Biotic relationships are extremely complex. They can also have both direct and indirect effects.

Anthropogenic factors- these are all those forms of human activity that either indirectly affect organisms, changing the natural (natural) environment, and hence the living conditions of living organisms, or directly affect certain types animals and plants.

Anthropogenic factors, in fact, are also biotic, since they owe their origin to man - a biological being. However, these factors began to be singled out in a special group due to their diversity and specificity.

Depending on the nature of the impacts, anthropogenic factors are divided into two groups:

– factors of direct influence - this is a direct (direct) human impact on the body (mowing grass, cutting down forests, shooting animals, catching fish, etc.);

– factors of indirect influence- this is an indirect (indirect) effect on the body (environmental pollution, habitat destruction, anxiety, etc.).

Depending on the consequences of the impact, anthropogenic factors are divided into the following groups:

– positive factors - factors that improve the life of organisms or increase their numbers (animal breeding and protection, planting and feeding plants, environmental protection, etc.);

– negative factors - factors that worsen the life of organisms or reduce their numbers (cutting down trees, shooting animals, destruction of habitats, etc.).

The most dangerous environmental pollutants. Large volumes of various chemicals, biological agents released into the environment with a low level of control of industrial, agricultural, domestic and other pollutants do not allow us to establish a sufficiently clear measure of the health hazard of technogenic pollutants contained in the atmospheric air or soil, drinking water or food.

The most dangerous and toxic heavy metals are cadmium, mercury and lead. A relationship has been established between the amount of cadmium, lead, arsenic found in water and soil and the incidence of malignant neoplasms of various forms among the population of ecologically disadvantaged areas.

Cadmium contamination of foodstuffs usually occurs due to contamination of soil and drinking water from sewage and other industrial wastes, as well as from the use of phosphate fertilizers and pesticides. In the air of rural areas, the concentration of cadmium is 10 times higher than the levels of the natural background, and in the urban environment, the standards can be exceeded up to 100 times. Most of the cadmium a person receives from plant foods.

It is well known that nitrates and nitrites are far from harmless to the body. Nitrates, used as mineral fertilizers, are found in the highest concentrations in green vegetables, such as spinach, lettuce, sorrel, beets, carrots, cabbage. Especially dangerous are high concentrations of nitrates in drinking water, since when they interact with hemoglobin, its functions as an oxygen carrier are disrupted. There are phenomena of oxygen starvation with signs of shortness of breath, asphyxia. AT severe cases poisoning may end. lethal outcome. It has been experimentally proven that nitrates also have mutagenic and embryotoxic effects.

Nitrites, which are salts of nitrous acid, have long been used as a preservative in the manufacture of sausages, ham, and canned meat. Another danger of finding nitrites in food products is that in the gastrointestinal tract, under the influence of microflora, nitro compounds with carcinogenic properties are formed from nitrites.

Radionuclides that enter the human body also mainly with food are stable in ecological chains. Of the fission products of uranium, strontium-90 and cesium-137 (having a half-life of about 30 years) are of particular danger: strontium, due to its similarity to calcium, very easily penetrates into the bone tissue of vertebrates, while cesium accumulates in muscle tissues, replacing potassium. They are able to accumulate in the body in quantities sufficient to cause damage to health, remaining in the infected body for almost its entire life and causing carcinogenic, mutagenic and other diseases.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution

higher professional education

"Russian State Vocational Pedagogical

university"

Faculty of Physical Education

Department of Physical Education

Abstract on the discipline " Physical Culture»

on the topic:

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH

Completed by: Kochetova V.A.

Checked:

Yekaterinburg 2015

PLAN-TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

1. Environmental factors

2. The impact of environmental factors on the body

5.2. The effect of vibration on a person

6. Biological pollution

7. Nutrition

9. The results of the impact of environmental factors on the human body.

10. Landscape as a health factor

11. Problems of human adaptation to the environment conclusion

List of used literature

INTRODUCTION

Starting to consider the issues of the influence of environmental factors on the health of the population, it is necessary to dwell on the concepts: ecology and health.

AT recent times the word "ecology" is most often used, speaking about the unfavorable state of the nature around us.

The term ecology is derived from two Greek words (oikos home, dwelling, homeland, and logos science), literally "science of habitat". In a more general sense, ecology is a science that studies the relationship of organisms and their communities with their environment (including the diversity of their relationships with other organisms and communities).
A community or population (from Latin populus people, population) cannot exist in isolation from the environment, since the relationship of populations is carried out through elements of inanimate nature or is highly dependent on it.

The natural living space occupied by the community forms ecological system, and the totality of ecosystems the biosphere.

All processes in the biosphere are interconnected. Mankind is only a small part of the biosphere, and man is only one of the types of organic life. Reason singled out man from the animal world and gave him great power. For centuries, man has sought not to adapt to the natural environment, but to make it convenient for his existence. This desire became especially acute after the consequences of unreasonable economic activity, leading to the destruction of the natural environment, became obvious.

Starting to consider the issues of the influence of environmental factors on the health of the population, it is necessary to dwell on the concept of health.

According to the WHO definition ( world organization Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Relevance of the topic: the impact of environmental factors has led to significant changes in the health indicators of the population, which consist in the fact that new patterns are observed in the distribution and nature of human pathology, otherwise demographic processes proceed.

The purpose of the study: to determine the dependence of the state of human health on environmental factors.

Research objectives:

The study of factors affecting human health;

Consideration of the results of the impact of these factors on the human body.

1. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.

Environmental factors properties of the environment that have any effect on the body. Indifferent elements of the environment, for example, inert gases, are not environmental factors.

Environmental factors are highly variable in time and space. For example, temperatures vary greatly on the surface of the land, but are almost constant at the bottom of the ocean or in the depths of caves.

The same environmental factor has different meaning in the lives of living organisms. For example, the salt regime of the soil plays a primary role in the mineral nutrition of plants, but is indifferent to most land animals. The intensity of illumination and the spectral composition of light are extremely important in the life of phototrophic organisms (most plants and photosynthetic bacteria), while in the life of heterotrophic organisms (fungi, animals, a significant part of microorganisms), light does not have a noticeable effect on life.

2. IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE BODY

The structure of the environment can be conditionally divided into natural (mechanical, physical, chemical and biological) and social elements of the environment (work, life, socio-economic structure, information). The conditionality of such a division is explained by the fact that natural factors act on a person in certain social conditions and are often significantly changed as a result of the production and economic activities of people.

The properties of environmental factors determine the specifics of the impact on a person. Natural elements influence their physical properties: hypobaria, hypoxia; gain wind regime, solar and ultraviolet radiation; changes in ionizing radiation, electrostatic voltage of air and its ionization; fluctuations of electromagnetic and gravitational fields; increasing climate severity with height and geographic location, precipitation dynamics; frequency and variety of natural phenomena.

Natural geochemical factors affect a person by anomalies in the qualitative and quantitative ratio of trace elements in soil, water, air, and, consequently, a decrease in diversity and anomalies in the ratios of chemical elements in agricultural products of local production. The action of natural biological factors is manifested in changes in macrofauna, flora and microorganisms, the presence of endemic foci of animal and plant diseases, as well as in the emergence of new allergens of natural origin.

The group of social factors also has certain properties that can affect living conditions and health status. So, if we talk about the influence of working conditions, then the following groups of factors that form these conditions should be distinguished: socio-economic, technical, organizational and natural.

The first group of factors is decisive and is determined by industrial relations. This includes legal and regulatory factors (Labor Law, rules, norms, standards and practice of state and public control over their observance); socio-psychological factors that can be characterized by the employee's attitude to work, specialty and its prestige, the psychological climate in the team; economic factors, such as material incentives, a system of benefits and compensation for work in adverse conditions.

The second group of factors has a direct impact on the creation of material elements of working conditions. These are means, objects and tools of labor, technological processes, organization of production, applied modes of work and rest.

The third group of factors characterizes the impact on workers of the climatic, geological and biological features of the area where the work takes place. In real conditions, this complex set of factors that shape working conditions is united by diverse mutual links.

Life has an impact through housing, clothing, food, water supply, the development of the infrastructure of the service sector, the provision of recreation and the conditions for its implementation, etc. The socio-economic structure affects a person through the social and legal status, material security, level of culture, education. Information impact is determined by the volume of information, its quality, accessibility to perception.

The above structure of factors that shape the environment clearly shows that a change in the levels of exposure to any of the listed factors can lead to health problems. In addition, the simultaneous change in several factors of a natural nature or social environment, the difficulty in determining the relationship of a disease with a specific factor is also due to the fact that the formation of one of the three functional states of the body from the point of view of the theory of functional systems, i.e. normal, borderline or pathological, can be masked.

The human body can react in the same way to a variety of influences. Similar in severity changes in the state of the body can be caused in one case by the action of harmful, most often anthropogenic factors environment, in another case, such a factor is excessive physical or mental stress, in the third case, a lack of motor activity with increased neuro-emotional stress. Moreover, depending on the specific conditions, factors can have an isolated, combined, complex or joint effect on the body.

Under the combined action is meant the simultaneous or sequential action on the body of factors of the same nature, for example, several chemicals with the same route of entry (with air, water, food, etc.).

Complex action manifests itself with the simultaneous intake of the same chemical substance into the body in different ways (from water, air, food).

A joint action is observed with simultaneous or sequential action on the human body of factors of various nature (physical, chemical, biological).

Finally, we must remember that in the development of pathological processes in the body, various environmental pollutions can play the role of risk factors, which are understood as factors that are not the direct cause of a particular disease, but which increase the likelihood of its occurrence.

The influence of factors also depends on the state of the organism, therefore they have an unequal effect both on different species and on one organism at different stages of its development: low temperatures are tolerated without harm by adult conifers of the temperate zone, but are dangerous for young plants.

Factors can partially replace each other: with a decrease in illumination, the intensity of photosynthesis will not change if the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is increased, which usually happens in greenhouses.

Environmental factors can act as irritants that cause adaptive changes in physiological functions; as constraints that make it impossible for certain organisms to exist under given conditions; as modifiers that determine morpho-anatomical and physiological changes in organisms.

Organisms are affected not by static unchanging factors, but by their regimes - a sequence of changes over a certain time.

3. Technogenic factors and environmental pollution affecting public health

It should be taken into account that pollution is understood as such a state when the pollutant in an environmental object is in quantities exceeding the MPC, and can have an adverse effect on human health and sanitary and living conditions. According to adopted by the UN By definition, pollution refers to exogenous chemicals found in the wrong place, at the wrong time, and in the wrong amount.

Main factors technogenic nature that have a negative impact on health is chemical and physical.

4. Chemical pollution of the environment and human health

Currently economic activity Human beings are increasingly becoming the main source of pollution of the biosphere. Gaseous, liquid and solid industrial wastes enter the natural environment in increasing quantities. Various chemicals that are in the waste, getting into the soil, air or water, pass through the ecological links from one chain to another, eventually getting into the human body.

It is almost impossible to find a place on the globe where pollutants would not be present, in one concentration or another. Even in the ice of Antarctica, where there are no industrial facilities, and people live only at small scientific stations, scientists have found various toxic (poisonous) substances of modern industries. They are brought here by atmospheric flows from other continents.

Substances polluting the natural environment are very diverse. Depending on their nature, concentration, time of action on the human body, they can cause various adverse effects. Short-term exposure to small concentrations of such substances can cause dizziness, nausea, sore throat, cough. The ingestion of large concentrations of toxic substances into the human body can lead to loss of consciousness, acute poisoning and even death. An example of such an action can be smog formed in large cities in calm weather, or accidental releases of toxic substances into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises.

The body's reactions to pollution depend on individual characteristics: age, gender, health status. As a rule, children, the elderly and sick people are more vulnerable.

With a systematic or periodic intake of relatively small amounts of toxic substances into the body, chronic poisoning occurs.

In chronic poisoning, the same substances in different people can cause various damage to the kidneys, blood-forming organs, nervous system, and liver.

Similar signs are observed in radioactive contamination of the environment.

Biologically highly active chemical compounds can cause a long-term effect on human health: chronic inflammatory diseases of various organs, changes in the nervous system, effects on the intrauterine development of the fetus, leading to various abnormalities in newborns.

Doctors have established a direct link between the increase in the number of people suffering from allergies, bronchial asthma, cancer, and the deterioration of the environmental situation in a particular region. It has been reliably established that such production wastes as chromium, nickel, beryllium, asbestos, and many pesticides are carcinogens, that is, they cause cancer. Back in the last century, cancer in children was almost unknown, but now it is becoming more and more common. As a result of pollution, new, previously unknown diseases appear. Their reasons can be very difficult to establish.

Smoking causes great harm to human health. A smoker not only inhales harmful substances himself, but also pollutes the atmosphere and endangers other people. It has been established that people who are in the same room with a smoker inhale even more harmful substances than he himself.

5. Physical pollution of the environment

The main physical environmental factors that have a negative impact on human health include noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation, and electric current.

5.1. The effect of sound on a person

Man has always lived in a world of sounds and noise. Sound is called such mechanical vibrations of the external environment, which are perceived by the human hearing aid (from 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second). Vibrations of a higher frequency are called ultrasound, and those of a lower frequency are called infrasound. Noise loud sounds that have merged into a discordant sound.

In nature, loud sounds are rare, the noise is relatively weak and short. The combination of sound stimuli gives animals and humans time to assess their nature and form a response. Sounds and noises of high power affect the hearing aid, nerve centers, can cause pain and shock. This is how noise pollution works.

The quiet rustle of leaves, the murmur of a stream, bird voices, a light splash of water and the sound of the surf are always pleasant to a person. They calm him, relieve stress. But the natural sounds of the voices of Nature are becoming more and more rare, they disappear completely or are drowned out by industrial traffic and other noises.

Prolonged noise adversely affects the organ of hearing, reducing the sensitivity to sound.

It leads to a breakdown in the activity of the heart, liver, to exhaustion and overstrain of nerve cells. Weakened cells of the nervous system cannot clearly coordinate the work of various body systems. This results in disruption of their activities.

The noise level is measured in units expressing the degree of sound pressure - decibels. This pressure is not perceived indefinitely. The noise level of 20-30 decibels (dB) is practically harmless to humans, this is a natural background noise. As for loud sounds, here the permissible limit is approximately 80 decibels. A sound of 130 decibels already causes a painful sensation in a person, and 150 becomes unbearable for him.

The level of industrial noise is also very high. In many jobs and noisy industries, it reaches 90-110 decibels or more. Our houses are not much quieter either, where more and more new sources of noise appear - the so-called household appliances.

Currently, scientists in many countries of the world are conducting various studies to determine the impact of noise on human health. Their studies have shown that noise causes significant harm to human health, but absolute silence frightens and depresses him. Conversely, scientists have found that sounds of a certain intensity stimulate the process of thinking, especially the process of counting.

Each person perceives noise differently. Much depends on age, temperament, state of health, environmental conditions.

Some people lose their hearing even after brief exposure to noise of comparatively reduced intensity.

Constant exposure to loud noise can not only adversely affect hearing, but also cause other harmful effects ringing in the ears, dizziness, headache, increased fatigue.

Very noisy modern music also dulls the hearing, causes nervous diseases.

Noise has an accumulative effect, that is, acoustic irritation, accumulating in the body, increasingly depresses the nervous system.

Therefore, before hearing loss from exposure to noise, a functional disorder of the central nervous system occurs. Noise has a particularly harmful effect on the neuropsychic activity of the body.

The process of neuropsychiatric diseases is higher among persons working in noisy conditions than among persons working in normal sound conditions.

Noises cause functional disorders of the cardiovascular system; have a harmful effect on the visual and vestibular analyzers, reduces reflex activity, which often causes accidents and injuries.

Studies have shown that inaudible sounds can also have a harmful effect on human health. So, infrasounds have a special effect on the mental sphere of a person: all types of intellectual activity are affected, mood worsens, sometimes there is a feeling of confusion, anxiety, fright, fear, and at high intensity, a feeling of weakness, as after a strong nervous shock.

Even weak sounds of infrasound can have a significant impact on a person, especially if they are of a long-term nature. According to scientists, it is precisely by infrasounds, inaudibly penetrating through the thickest walls, that many nervous diseases of the inhabitants of large cities are caused.

Ultrasounds, which occupy a prominent place in the range of industrial noise, are also dangerous. The mechanisms of their action on living organisms are extremely diverse. The cells of the nervous system are especially susceptible to their negative effects.

5.2. The effect of vibration on a person.

Vibration is a complex oscillatory process with a wide range of frequencies, resulting from the transfer of vibrational energy from some kind of mechanical source. In cities, vibration sources are primarily transport, as well as some industries. On the latter, prolonged exposure to vibration can cause the occurrence of an occupational disease, a vibrational disease, which is expressed in changes in the vessels of the extremities, the neuromuscular and osteoarticular apparatus.

5.3. The influence of electromagnetic radiation on humans

Sources of electromagnetic radiation are radar, radio and television stations, various industrial installations, devices, including household ones.

Systematic exposure to the electromagnetic field of radio waves with levels exceeding the permissible levels can cause changes in the central nervous system, cardiovascular, endocrine and other systems of the human body.

5.4. The influence of the electric field on a person

The electric field to a large extent has a harmful effect on humans. There are three levels of impact:

direct impact, manifested when staying in an electric field; the effect of this exposure increases with increasing field strength and time spent in it;

impact of pulsed discharges (pulse current) arising from a person touching structures isolated from the ground, bodies of machines and mechanisms on a pneumatic course and extended conductors, or when a person, isolated from the ground, touches plants, grounded structures and other grounded objects;

the impact of the current passing through a person who is in contact with objects isolated from the ground - large-sized objects, machines and mechanisms, extended conductors.

6. Biological pollution.

In addition to chemical pollutants, biological pollutants are also found in the natural environment, causing human various diseases. These are pathogens, viruses, helminths, protozoa. They can be in the atmosphere, water, soil, in the body of other living organisms, including in the person himself.

The most dangerous pathogens of infectious diseases. They have different stability in the environment. Some are able to live outside the human body for only a few hours; being in the air, in water, on various objects, they quickly die. Others may live in the environment from a few days to several years. For others, the environment is a natural habitat. For the fourth - other organisms, such as wild animals, are a place of conservation and reproduction.

Often the source of infection is the soil, which is constantly inhabited by pathogens of tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene, and some fungal diseases. They can enter the human body if the skin is damaged, with unwashed food, or if the rules of hygiene are violated.

Pathogenic microorganisms can penetrate the groundwater and cause human infectious diseases. Therefore, water from artesian wells, wells, springs must be boiled before drinking.

Open water sources are especially polluted: rivers, lakes, ponds. Numerous cases are known when contaminated water sources caused epidemics of cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentery.

Airborne infection is transmitted through Airways by inhalation of air containing pathogens.

Such diseases include influenza, whooping cough, mumps, diphtheria, measles and others. The causative agents of these diseases get into the air when coughing, sneezing, and even when sick people talk.

A special group is made up of infectious diseases transmitted by close contact with the patient or by using his things, for example, a towel, handkerchief, personal hygiene items and others that were used by the patient. These include sexually transmitted diseases (AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea), trachoma, anthrax, scab. Man, intruding into nature, often violates natural conditions existence of pathogenic organisms and itself becomes a victim of natural focal diseases (plague, tularemia, typhus, tick-borne encephalitis, malaria).

In some hot countries, as well as in a number of regions of our country, the infectious disease leptospirosis, or water fever, occurs. In our country, the causative agent of this disease lives in the organisms of common voles, widely distributed in meadows near rivers. The disease of leptospirosis is seasonal, more common during periods of heavy rains and during the hot months. A person can become infected when water contaminated with rodent secretions enters his body.

7. Nutrition

The source of building materials and energy necessary for the body are nutrients coming from the external environment mainly with food. If food does not enter the body, a person feels hungry. But hunger, unfortunately, will not tell you what nutrients and in what quantity a person needs.

A complete balanced diet is an important condition for maintaining the health and high performance of adults, and for children it is also a necessary condition for growth and development.

For normal growth, development and maintenance of life, the body needs proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts in the right amount.

Irrational nutrition is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the digestive system, diseases associated with metabolic disorders.

Regular overeating, consumption of excessive amounts of carbohydrates and fats is the cause of the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.

They cause damage to the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and other systems, sharply reduce the ability to work and resistance to diseases, reducing life expectancy by an average of 8-10 years.

Rational nutrition is the most important indispensable condition for the prevention of not only metabolic diseases, but also many others.

The nutritional factor plays an important role not only in the prevention, but also in the treatment of many diseases. Specially organized food, the so-called medical nutrition- a prerequisite for the treatment of many diseases, including metabolic and gastrointestinal.

Medicinal substances of synthetic origin, unlike food substances, are alien to the body. Many of them can cause adverse reactions, for example, allergies, therefore, in the treatment of patients, preference should be given to the nutritional factor.

In products, many biologically active substances are found in equal, and sometimes in higher concentrations than in the drugs used. That is why, since ancient times, many products, primarily vegetables, fruits, seeds, herbs, have been used in the treatment of various diseases.

Many food products have bactericidal action, inhibiting the growth and development of various microorganisms. So, apple juice delays the development of staphylococcus, pomegranate juice inhibits the growth of salmonella, cranberry juice is active against various intestinal, putrefactive and other microorganisms. Everyone knows the antimicrobial properties of onions, garlic and other foods. Unfortunately, all this rich medical arsenal is not often used in practice.

A new danger has appeared - chemical contamination of food, which occurs if crops are grown with the use of large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides. Such agricultural products can have not only bad taste qualities but also be hazardous to health.

Plants are able to accumulate in themselves almost all harmful substances. That is why agricultural products grown near industrial enterprises and major highways are especially dangerous.

A new concept has also appeared - environmentally friendly products.

8. Weather, rhythmic processes in nature

In any natural phenomenon that surrounds us, there is a strict repetition of processes: day and night, high and low tide, winter and summer.

Rhythm is observed not only in the motion of the Earth, Sun, Moon and stars, but is also an integral and universal property of living matter, a property penetrating into all life phenomena - from the molecular level to the level of the whole organism.

Currently, there are many rhythmic processes in the body, called biorhythms. These include the rhythms of the heart, breathing, bioelectrical activity of the brain. Our whole life is a constant change of rest and activity, sleep and wakefulness, fatigue from hard work and rest.

The central place among all rhythmic processes is occupied by circadian rhythms, which are of the greatest importance for the organism. The reaction of the body to any impact depends on the phase of the circadian rhythm (that is, on the time of day).

This knowledge made it possible to reveal that the same drug at different times of the day has different, sometimes directly opposite, effects on the body. Therefore, in order to obtain a greater effect, it is important to indicate not only the dose, but also the exact time of taking the medication.

The climate also has a serious impact on the well-being of a person, affecting him through weather factors.

Until now, it has not yet been possible to fully establish the mechanisms of the reactions of the human body to change. weather conditions. And she often makes herself felt by violations of cardiac activity, nervous disorders. With a sharp change in the weather, physical and mental performance decreases, diseases become aggravated, the number of errors, accidents and even deaths increases.

Most of the physical factors of the environment, in interaction with which the human body has evolved, are of an electromagnetic nature.

It is well known that near fast-flowing water, the air is refreshing and invigorating. It contains many negative ions. For the same reason, it seems to us clean and refreshing air after a thunderstorm.

On the contrary, the air in cramped rooms with an abundance of various kinds of electromagnetic devices is saturated with positive ions. Even a relatively short stay in such a room leads to lethargy, drowsiness, dizziness and headaches. A similar picture is observed in windy weather, on dusty and humid days. Experts in the field of environmental medicine believe that negative ions have a positive effect on health, while positive ions have a negative effect.

At the same time, in a healthy person, when the weather changes, the physiological processes in the body are timely adjusted to the changed environmental conditions. As a result, the protective reaction is enhanced and healthy people practically do not feel the negative effects of the weather.

In a sick person, adaptive reactions are weakened, so the body loses the ability to quickly adapt. The influence of weather conditions on a person's well-being is also associated with age and individual susceptibility of the body.

9. Results of the impact of environmental factors on the human body.

The result of the influence of factors depends on the duration and frequency of their extreme values ​​throughout the life of the organism and its descendants: short-term effects may not have any consequences, while long-term effects through the mechanism natural selection lead to qualitative changes.

Features of the impact of environmental factors have led to significant changes in the health indicators of the population, which consist in the fact that new patterns are observed in the prevalence and nature of human pathology, otherwise demographic processes proceed.

The changing environment and the wrong attitude to one's health have a significant impact on the change in health indicators. According to some data, up to 77% of all cases of diseases and more than 50% of deaths, as well as up to 57% of cases of abnormal physical development are associated with the action of these factors.

10. Landscape as a health factor.

A person always strives to the forest, to the mountains, to the seashore, river or lake.

Here he feels a surge of strength, vivacity. No wonder they say that it is best to relax in the bosom of nature. Sanatoriums and rest houses are built in the most beautiful corners. This is not an accident. It turns out that the surrounding landscape can have a different effect on the psycho-emotional state. Contemplation of the beauties of nature stimulates vitality and calms the nervous system. Plant biocenoses, especially forests, have a strong healing effect.

The craving for natural landscapes is especially strong among the inhabitants of the city.

In cities, a person comes up with thousands of tricks for the convenience of his life - hot water, telephone, various modes of transport, roads, services and entertainment. However, in large cities, the shortcomings of life are especially pronounced - housing and transport problems, an increase in the level of morbidity. To a certain extent, this is due to the simultaneous impact on the body of two, three or more harmful factors, each of which has an insignificant effect, but in the aggregate leads to serious troubles for people.

So, for example, saturation of the environment and production with high-speed and high-speed machines increases stress, requires additional efforts from a person, which leads to overwork. It is well known that an overworked person suffers more from the effects of air pollution, infections.

Polluted air in the city, poisoning the blood with carbon monoxide, causes the same harm to a non-smoker as a smoker smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. A serious negative factor in modern cities is the so-called noise pollution.

Given the ability of green spaces to favorably influence the state of the environment, they must be brought as close as possible to the place of life, work, study and recreation of people.

It is very important that the city be, if not absolutely favorable, but at least not harmful to people's health. Let there be a zone of life. To do this, it is necessary to solve a lot of urban problems. All enterprises that are unfavorable in sanitary terms must be withdrawn from the cities.

Green spaces are an integral part of a set of measures to protect and transform the environment. They not only create favorable microclimatic and sanitary and hygienic conditions, but also increase the artistic expressiveness of architectural ensembles.

A special place around industrial enterprises and highways should be occupied by protective green areas, in which it is recommended to plant trees and shrubs that are resistant to pollution.

The most important components of the urban greening system are plantations in residential areas, on the sites of children's institutions, schools, sports complexes, etc.

The modern city should be considered as an ecosystem in which the most favorable conditions for human life are created. Consequently, these are not only comfortable dwellings, transport, and a diverse service sector. This is a habitat favorable for life and health; clean air and green urban landscape.

It is no coincidence that ecologists believe that in a modern city a person should not be divorced from nature, but, as it were, dissolved in it. Therefore, the total area of ​​green spaces in cities should occupy more than half of its territory.

11. Problems of human adaptation to the environment

In the history of our planet, grandiose processes on a planetary scale have continuously taken place and are taking place, transforming the face of the Earth. With the advent of a powerful factor - the human mind - a qualitatively new stage in the evolution of the organic world began. Due to the global nature of human interaction with the environment, it becomes the largest geological force.

The specificity of the human environment lies in the most complex interweaving of social and natural factors. At the dawn of human history, natural factors played a decisive role in human evolution. On the modern man the impact of natural factors is largely neutralized by social factors. In new natural and industrial conditions, a person at present often experiences the influence of very unusual, and sometimes excessive and harsh environmental factors, for which he is not yet evolutionarily ready.

Man, like other types of living organisms, is able to adapt, that is, adapt to environmental conditions. Human adaptation to new natural and industrial conditions can be characterized as a set of socio-biological properties and characteristics necessary for the sustainable existence of an organism in a particular ecological environment.

Adapting to adverse environmental conditions, the human body experiences a state of tension, fatigue. Tension is the mobilization of all mechanisms that ensure certain activities of the human body. Depending on the magnitude of the load, the degree of preparation of the organism, its functional, structural and energy resources, the possibility of the organism functioning at a given level decreases, that is, fatigue occurs.

The ability to adapt to new conditions is not the same for different people. So, many people during long-haul flights with a quick crossing of several time zones, as well as during shift work, experience such adverse symptoms as sleep disturbance, and performance decreases. Others adapt quickly.

Among people, two extreme adaptive types of a person can be distinguished. The first of them is the sprinter, which is characterized by high resistance to short-term extreme factors and poor tolerance to long-term loads. Reverse type - stayer.

CONCLUSION.

The fate of nature and society, of all mankind, of our planet should excite everyone. Indifference and irresponsibility can lead to unpredictable and irreversible consequences. The earth is our home, and everyone is responsible for its safety.

The duty of science and society is to stop the process of deterioration of the biosphere, to restore nature's ability to self-regulate based on natural processes.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE.

V.F. Protasov, A.V. Molchanov. Ecology, health and environmental management in Russia. M.: Finance and statistics, 1995.

E.A. Kriksunov, V.V. Pasechnik. Ecology. M.: Bustard, 2007.

E.A.Rustamov. Nature management. M.: Publishing house "Dashkov and K", 2000.

A.M. Prokhorov. Soviet encyclopedic Dictionary. M.: " Soviet Encyclopedia", 1988.