Technologies for waste disposal. Food Waste Processing Technologies

Waste management is an activity that generates

waste, as well as activities for the collection, use, disposal, transportation, disposal of waste. Waste management processes ( life cycle waste) include the following stages: formation, accumulation and temporary storage, primary processing (sorting, dehydration, neutralization, pressing, tare, etc.), transportation, recycling(neutralization, modification, recycling, use as secondary raw materials), storage, burial, etc.

The variety of non-food waste from food industry enterprises and the versatility of their use imply the use of different recycling technologies. And the more perfect these technologies, the higher the profitability of processing and the quality of the resulting products.

The waste collection and recycling system should be based on the principle of minimizing the impact of waste on the environment. To achieve this, the following priorities are important:

Minimization of environmental pollution from unauthorized dumps;

Maximum utilization of all valuable components of food waste;

Gradual preparation of the population for separate waste collection;

Maximum use of valuable secondary resources; - resource saving when handling food waste;

– transparent data recording as a basis for making decisions on tariffs, as well as other management decisions;

Improving the quality of life of the population.

The following subsystems can be considered as the main technical elements of the food waste management system:

1) collection and intermediate storage of food waste;

2) removal of food waste;

3) processing of food waste;

4) burial of non-utilizable fractions.

5) processing of food waste into biogas;

6).use the latest technologies food waste disposal.

Food waste management technologies are divided, as a rule, into the following several stages.

Organization of food waste collection system

The adopted waste collection system depends on the distance of the settlement to the processing facility, the type of housing stock (high-rise or low-rise buildings), the layout (width of passages, the availability of areas for turning equipment, etc.), the adopted waste management strategy (the main technology is burial , selection of secondary raw materials or incineration), climatic conditions, the accepted collection technology (in one bucket, selective), the equipment used for waste removal, the presence of restrictions on the dimensions and weight of vehicles for waste removal.

The main options for implementing waste collection are:

Collection in containers of small capacity (up to 3 cubic meters);

Collection of waste using garbage chutes;

Harvesting using interchangeable containers with/without pre-pressing in buried or ground version;

Individual collection system using bags.

A modern and reliable container fleet that allows you to collect food waste, along with garbage collection equipment, is the basis for the efficient collection and transportation of food waste to places of their further processing (transshipment, sorting, disposal).

The number of containers should be determined based on the current situation and economic feasibility.

Basic requirements for containers:

Availability of lids to prevent the spread of bad odors, the removal of waste by animals, the spread of infections, the preservation of the resource potential of waste, and the prevention of flooding of waste;

Equipped with wheels, which allows the container to be rolled out for emptying when removed by garbage collection equipment with rear loading;

Strength, fire resistance, preservation of strength properties in the cold period of time;

Low adhesion properties (in order to prevent freezing and sticking of waste).

Advantages of this scheme:

Possibility of use in the implementation of separate collection;

Ease of use for waste generators (it is possible to place waste on the site at any time);

Sufficiently low unit costs for transportation (the route can be easily optimized).

The multi-vendor container yard scheme is suitable for the collection of waste from infrastructure and well-maintained housing stock. The use of this scheme in rural areas is impractical, since it is problematic to organize regular waste disposal.

Collection of food waste using garbage chutes is implemented in houses with more than nine floors. At the same time, waste accumulates in a specially designated room inside the house for a day or more, which leads to the spread of odors, the reproduction of insects and rodents that are carriers of various diseases.

The main and only advantage of the waste collection system using garbage chutes is the convenience of garbage removal for the population.

The disadvantages of such a system include:

The impossibility of organizing a selective collection;

The spread of insects, rodents that are carriers of infections;

Service inconvenience.

Organization of food waste disposal system.

Options for the food waste disposal system: direct collection by collecting garbage trucks and two-stage collection with intermediate reloading at the station.

Direct waste disposal by collecting garbage trucks (with a body volume of 12-18 cubic meters) is applicable only if the distance to the disposal site is no more than 15-17 km, otherwise their use becomes economically unfeasible.

Garbage trucks with rear loading allow you to:

Serve containers of various configurations (from 0.1 to 2 cubic meters);

Minimize waste loading costs (lower container lifting height);

Provide more comfortable working conditions for workers servicing special equipment;

Reduce the amount of spilled waste.

The choice of transport for the removal of food waste is largely determined by the collection system adopted. In addition, when selecting equipment, consider:

The maximum permitted load on the roadway;

Possibility of access and turning of equipment (width of streets, availability of turnaround areas, bridges, tunnels, arches, etc.);

Quantity and quality of generated waste.

Waste removal from container sites is carried out by collecting garbage trucks. According to the method of loading food waste from the container, the garbage collecting trucks are divided into two groups: (1) rear loading garbage trucks; (2) side loading garbage trucks. To service the container park described above for collecting food with the help of "euro containers" or containers of the GMT type (60 - 240 l), it is optimal to use rear-loading garbage trucks, for example, of the "rotopress" or "variopress" type.

Main advantages of rear loading technology:

The coefficient of compaction of garbage in garbage trucks with rear loading reaches 5, while in garbage trucks with side loading this coefficient does not exceed 1.5 - 2, therefore, with the same volume of the garbage bin, when using the appropriate chassis, the load capacity of the garbage truck increases by 2.5 - 3 times, which makes it possible to proportionally reduce the required fleet of special equipment;

Rear loading technology allows solving environmental problems by eliminating spillage of garbage when loading a container, since loading is carried out in the dimensions of the garbage bin, and not through a small funnel on the roof of the garbage bin, as with side loading;

Working with the tipping mechanism on rear-loading garbage trucks is much safer for the machine operator, since the container is lifted to a height of 1.5 - 1.8 m from the ground, and not 2.5 - 4 m, as with side loading;

When rear loading with solid household waste, the garbage truck can be loaded both manually and with a front loader, which is excluded with side loading.

A two-stage export with intermediate reloading at the station is used for an export distance of more than 17 - 25 km.

Delivery of food waste to the waste transfer stations is carried out by small collecting garbage trucks. Waste removal from the waste transfer station is carried out by garbage trucks with removable containers of 20-30 cubic meters. m in compacted state.

When choosing heavy-duty garbage trucks, consider:

The curb weight of the vehicle (whether it exceeds the permissible load on the roads);

Vehicle length, turning radius, height, width;

Noise level;

The level of environmental pollution (if there are special requirements);

Ability to work in winter.

The device of waste transfer stations allows you to:

Reduce the time spent on collection and disposal of waste;

Reduce operating costs for fuel and lubricants and repair of the garbage truck fleet;

Enlarge processing facilities;

Accumulate transport batches of secondary raw materials and compost fractions at the waste transfer station;

Perform primary processing of waste (pressing, baling).

All of these benefits ultimately lead to lower waste collection and disposal costs.

A common part of various variants of single-level MPS schemes is the following technological process:

a) the collecting garbage truck unloads the waste onto the concreted area of ​​the MPS receiving department;

b) on the site of the receiving department, manual selection of bulky waste and scrap metal is carried out;

c) SDW is unloaded by forklift onto the deep part of the inclined receiving plate conveyor;

d) MSW is dumped from the inclined receiving conveyor either:

Into a transport heavy-duty (up to 25 tons) garbage truck through an accumulation funnel by dosed supply of MSW by a receiving conveyor (option 1);

In a press container, as well as in a buffer storage bin with a volume of up to 30 cubic meters. m each with a stationary compactor and subsequent loading of the press container onto a heavy-duty vehicle equipped with a "multi-lift" mechanism, cable or chain device (option 2). The filling of the press container or the buffer storage hopper is controlled by a reversible conveyor at the end of the receiving conveyor. Implementation of the MPS scheme according to variant 2 is recommended with low plant productivity and a small (about 5–10 km) distance to the landfill;

In a stationary baling press for food waste with automatic binding of 4 - 5 rows of wire and subsequent loading of formed bales with a density of up to 1 t / cu. m using a loader with a side grip on a heavy vehicle (option 3).

Stations of high power are distinguished by the presence of a zone for temporary accumulation of waste (for the accumulation of waste during peak hours, in the event of a breakdown and during scheduled repairs of equipment). The equipment sent to the station passes the control section, where the machine is weighed, subjected to radiation and visual control. Further, the waste is sent to the unloading site.

Organization of waste sorting.

Imagine a conveyor scheme for sorting waste in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Waste sorting conveyor scheme

Sorted recyclables are dumped into the mines, after which it enters the bunker located under the control platform. When the bin is full, the recyclables are conveyed to the central baling press.

Here, valuable substances are pressed into bags and sent to the bag warehouse, where they will remain until the next stage of their processing.

The fractions remaining on the control area are cleaned of metals by a magnetic separator above the belt. The rest is taken to the landfill and compacted.

The transport of the material or product to be processed is carried out while ensuring a continuous flow of material. During the mechanical preparation of mixed waste, dusty exhaust air is released. It is drawn at the source and output to an industrial filter built into this line. The dust is added to the residue sent to the landfill.

Food waste recycling

As the main options for the industrial processing of food waste, the following can be considered:

Technology of mechanobiological processing;

Technology of energy utilization;

Composting technology.

Methods of mechanobiological processing of waste

1. The process is designed to stabilize waste before further disposal in landfills. The technology is designed in such a way as to ensure the most complete decomposition of organic substances and the separation of combustible components. Complemented by the percolation process, this technology allows, in a limited space with low emissions, to reduce the time of waste stabilization at the disposal site. In addition, the technology allows you to get compost. Advantages of the technology: increasing the life of the landfill, reducing the mass of buried waste, reducing the cost of disposal, stabilizing waste, producing compost.

2. The process is aimed at the optimal use of the energy potential of the waste. The technology has been developed in such a way as to reduce the amount of landfilled waste and to homogenize it as much as possible. Benefits: reduction of waste volumes directed to landfill, reduction of landfill costs, increase in productivity.

3. The process is focused on minimizing the amount of landfilled waste. Both main output streams (high-energy and aerobically stabilized fractions) after additional preparation (drying, grinding, etc.) can be processed by pyrolysis, gasification, combustion in cement kilns, etc.

After removal of oversized components, the waste is crushed and mixed using special equipment.

Further, the waste is divided into two streams using a drum screen, while the size of the sieve openings is selected depending on the composition of the waste. Screening is a fine fraction rich in organic components. Large fraction - dry components with high energy potential. Both fractions pass through a magnetic separator to separate ferrous metals. Further, the fine fraction is sent for biological processing (percolation), and the large fraction, depending on the adopted model, is sent for burial or energy utilization as a secondary raw material directly or after additional processing. If the screening is a weakly degradable or dry organic fraction for which percolation is ineffective, it can be crushed or directly fed to further processing. This allows you to send industrial and some other waste immediately for pressing. Mechanical processing is applied to the waste mixture.

Percolation (aerobic hydrolysis) is the central process of mechanobiological waste processing and limits the overall performance of the technology. The percolator is a horizontal cylindrical continuous reactor with a hydraulically rotating central rod with scrapers located above the grate. The material is in the percolator for about two days at a temperature of 40 - 45 degrees. Air and heated water are supplied to the reactor, everything is mechanically mixed, the action of water and microorganisms contributes to the transition of organic substances into the liquid phase.

The organic-rich liquid phase leaves the percolator through the holes in the sieve. The washed solid fraction is fed through a screw feeder to a screw press for dehydration.

Water circulation. Dehydration of the solid fraction. The solid fraction leaves the percolator saturated with moisture and is dehydrated in a screw press to a solids content of 55 - 60%. The squeezed water is returned to the cycle, the solid fraction is sent for further processing.

Removal of minerals and fibers. The process water from the percolator and screw press is highly saturated with organic and suspended matter, as well as fibers. Heavy inert materials (sand, glass, stones, etc.) are removed from process water by sedimentation (precipitation).

The fibrous particles float and can be separated, however, they may contain organic solutes and therefore return to the percolation. A sieve is used to separate and return fine fibrous particles. After the separation of the fibers and suspended particles, the process water through the feeder enters the anaerobic digestion.

Anaerobic digestion. Process water is pumped to a fermenter, in which, under the influence of anaerobic methanogenic microorganisms, organic substances decompose to biogas. The resulting biogas consists mainly of methane, carbon dioxide and a small amount of hydrogen sulfide.

The fermenter is an autonomous horizontal cylindrical tank. The residence time of the process water in the reactor is sufficient for the decomposition of organic substances due to the rapid flow of the process. The process water enters the reactor through the inlets in such a way that a suspended bed is formed. Microorganisms are kept in the upper part of the reactor by means of a special layer. The intake of ferric chloride with waste causes the formation of sulfur in the sludge, which is removed from the cycle.

Solid fraction processing. The solid fraction leaving the percolator is crushed to a size of 30-50 mm and fed to composting.

The solid fraction obtained from waste screening has a high energy potential and can be used to obtain recyclable materials or sent to landfill.

Gas purification. A sophisticated flue gas cleaning system and hermetically sealed equipment contribute to minimizing emissions. Thus, pre-sorting of waste, biological processing and other processes associated with the release of foul-smelling gases are carried out under negative pressure. Percolation and purification of process water is carried out in sealed equipment. Emission of gases from treated waste is minimal due to biodegradation. Process gases from mechanical processing are supplied to aerate the compostable waste. Biofilters or regenerable thermal oxidizers are used to treat gases emitted to the atmosphere.

The main characteristics of the mechanobiological processing plant. The productivity of most plants for the mechanobiological processing of municipal solid waste is between 20,000 and 100,000 tons/year, some plants have a capacity even more than 200,000 tons/year.

The time for biological waste processing varies from 7 days to 15 weeks.

Mechanical sorting of food waste and their crushing allow:

Select valuable raw materials for recycling;

Select the organic fraction of food waste for its subsequent composting;

To improve the thermal and environmental performance of raw materials intended for combustion.

The composition of technological equipment and systems:

– combustion devices, each of which consists of a waste heat boiler and a furnace equipped with a loading device, a mechanical grate, gas burners, a slump removal system, fly ash and a slag discharge system;

Stationary pipelines;

Air supply and heating system (blower fans, steam and gas heaters);

Gas cleaning equipment system located behind the boiler;

Slag and ash removal system;

Bunkers for collection of solid residues and storage of reagents for gas cleaning and water treatment;

Power complex equipment, including two steam turbines with turbogenerators;

System of chemical water treatment, corrective water treatment and chemical control;

Automated process control system (APCS);

System for monitoring emissions of harmful substances from the chimney.

It should be noted that dioxin and furan emissions are below European standards (0.1 ng/cu.m.) due to:

Optimization of the combustion of food waste on the grate;

Increasing the height of the boiler furnace, which ensures the necessary two-second stay of flue gases at temperatures above 850 ° C;

Introducing activated carbon into the flue gases, which absorbs the re-formed dioxins.

For the neutralization and disposal of ash and slag waste, it is possible to use a technology that allows obtaining building materials in the form of granules and concrete slabs.

All plant equipment, incineration processes and ancillary systems are operated and controlled with minimal human intervention and contact with waste using process control systems.

Composting technology

It is used for the disposal of the biological fraction of waste to obtain compost used in agriculture.

The size of the planned composting facility is determined by the expected waste volumes, and seasonal fluctuations in the mass of waste throughout the year should also be taken into account (from May to October, usually 1.7 times more waste is received).

The general technological scheme of the composter complex is shown in fig. 2.

Figure 2 General technological scheme of the composter complex

Composting begins with the receipt, evaluation and weighing of the delivered material. If the waste is not compostable, it is not accepted and sent to a landfill or for further processing.

The next stage is grinding using a drum-type installation. After grinding, the incoming biowaste undergoes a three-week intensive hardening in the tunnel. A logistics tunnel is used to transport material to the tunnel storage. An alternative delivery system is the use of a wheel loader.

After filling the tunnel with material, the gate is closed and ventilation is switched on. For composting, fresh air from the workshops is supplied to the ventilation duct of the tunnel through a pipe system and a tunnel fan. The exhaust air enters the exhaust pipe and is cleaned in a cleaning device with a built-in biofilter. All process parameters are recorded and analyzed in the complex control system.

After the first week of intensive hardening in the tunnel, the material is turned over with a wheel loader.

The time spent in the intensive dampening tunnel is 3 weeks. After this period, the material is transferred to an open place. Moving the material serves to loosen and level it. In addition, when moving, you can add moisture, as a result of which its content will be controlled. This favors the aging process and allows you to optimally manage the process of degradation of biogenic components.

Upon completion of the above processes, the material is ground and sifted through a sieve. Large fractions are separated and sent as a structural material for re-composting, while small particles are the final product of composting.

Technology for processing food waste into biogas

In Western Europe, various organic wastes have recently been processed into biogas: manure and bird droppings, sewage sludge, waste from slaughterhouses, beverage and food industries. Biogas plants are built on economic plots, water treatment and food enterprises. Processed in modern biogas plants, agricultural, industrial and organic waste pollutes the soil, water and air less. They destroy dangerous bacteria and viruses, reduce odor, use local energy sources. With the tightening of environmental requirements, agricultural and industrial enterprises are required to apply anaerobic waste disposal technologies. The Law on Waste Management establishes general requirements for the prevention, accounting, collection, storage, transportation, use, disposal of waste in order to avoid negative impact waste on human health and the environment, establishes the basic principles of systems for organizing and planning waste management. Rules and councils for advanced management regulate the procedure and norms for fertilizing fields with waste from the agricultural and food industries.

Extrusion Processing Technology

The latest methods of processing biological waste that meet these requirements include extrusion technologies.

Extrusion (from the Latin extrudo - extrusion) is a process that combines thermal, hydro- and mechanochemical processing of raw materials to obtain products with a new structure and properties. Extrusion technologies allow a number of operations to be carried out quickly and continuously in one machine (extruder) almost simultaneously: mixing, compressing, heating, sterilizing, cooking and shaping the product. In a short time, processes corresponding to long-term heat treatment take place in the raw material.

In the most economically developed countries (USA, Japan, Western European countries), extrusion technologies have become priority development of the food and feed industry. Currently, various extrusion methods are used to produce confectionery products (chocolate, sweets, cookies, chewing gum), children's and diet food, pasta, components of canned vegetables and food concentrates, airy cereal sticks (corn, rice, food bran, etc.), as well as feed for poultry, animals, fish.

In the feed industry, extrusion is used to process cereals and legumes. Due to the high content of starch, the digestibility of grain and products of its processing by animals and poultry does not exceed 60%. Starch is especially poorly absorbed by young animals. Extrusion processing significantly modifies the grain. The main and most important changes occur during the "explosion" - a sharp drop in pressure and temperature when the product exits the extruder: cell walls, chemical bonds are torn, the structure changes. The high molecular weight polysaccharide starch, the main component of grain raw materials, is hydrolyzed and converted into simple monosaccharides and dextrins. The content of soluble substances increases by 5-8 times. At the same time, the nutritional value of the protein is preserved and anti-nutritional compounds, such as urease, protease inhibitors, and trypsin, are completely or significantly destroyed. As a result of rapid boiling at the exit of the extruder of the water present in the processed mass, the product becomes porous, increasing in volume. Thus, it becomes more accessible to the action of digestive juices and enzymes, its digestibility and taste qualities, that is, the nutritional value increases. The digestibility of grain feed increases up to 90 percent.

Organization of selective waste collection

The share of food and other compostable waste is 50 - 75% by weight of the "tails" formed at waste sorting complexes after manual sorting. In this regard, when collecting waste in households, it is advisable to separate them into compostable and non-compostable fractions.

Separate collection and removal of compostable and non-compostable waste will allow:

1. improve the quality of compost from food waste, use the resulting compost in green building and agriculture;

2. improve the quality of non-compostable materials by preventing their moisture;

3. facilitate the process of separating waste fractions from non-compostable materials, improve the working conditions of sorters.

The compostable part of the waste can be processed into compost at the existing MPBO plant without significant changes in technological schemes. As this plant is loaded with selectively selected organic waste, the released capacity of waste sorting complexes can be loaded with a non-compostable part of the waste from areas that previously exported mixed waste to the MPBO plant. This possibility should be taken into account when drawing up technical specifications for the design of waste sorting complexes.

In Taganrog, approximately 350-450 thousand tons per year (35-45% by weight) of compostable waste is generated. If the selective collection program is successful, the overall level of useful fractions, including compostable waste, will be up to 65-85% of the mass of waste generated (35-45% in households and 30-40% in waste sorting complexes).

Thus, 15-35% of the mass of generated food waste, or 150-350 thousand tons per year, will be taken to landfills, which in compacted form will occupy a volume of 0.125-0.39 million m3 per year, or 2.2 - 10 times lower than the current level.

Technology of microbiological bioconversion

The technology of microbiological bioconversion of waste is designed to process raw materials that are not used in traditional feed production into high-quality carbohydrate-protein feed additives and animal feed.

The essence of bioconversion technology is as follows: raw materials (waste) containing complex polysaccharides - pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, etc. are exposed to complex enzyme preparations containing pectinase, hemicellulase and cellulase. Enzymes are a purified extracellular protein and are capable of deep destruction of cell walls and individual structural polysaccharides, i.e. splitting of complex polysaccharides into simple ones is carried out, followed by the construction of easily digestible feed protein on their basis.

In other words, the hard-to-digest raw material is converted into a form easily digestible by animals by splitting the indigestible protein molecule into simple amino acids.

The following wastes can be used as initial raw materials:

1. Frail and sprouted grains, seeds of wild plants, substandard grain.

2. Canning and wine industry waste and fruit waste: skins, seed nests, defective fruits, wipes and pomace, grape waste, zucchini waste, cut ends of fruits, bagasse, defective zucchini, green pea waste (tops, wings, scattering of grains, broken grains, pieces of leaves, sash), waste of cabbage, beets, carrots, potatoes.

3. Sugar industry waste: beet pulp, molasses, refined molasses, filter cake, beet cullet, beet tails.

4.Waste of the brewing and alcohol industry: barley alloy (feeling barley grains, chaff, straw, etc. impurities), polishing waste, crushed shell particles, endosperm, broken grains, malt dust, spent grains, molasses, starchy products (potatoes and various types of grain), post-alcohol stillage, mash.

5. Waste of the tea industry: tea dust, sweeps, hairs, petioles.

6. Waste of the essential oil industry: waste of herbaceous and flower raw materials.

7. Waste oil - fat industry: sunflower husks, cotton husks.

8. Wastes of the confectionery and dairy industries.

Thus, any plant material and its derivatives, as a lignocellulosic source, are available for microbiological bioconversion into carbohydrate-protein feeds and feed additives.

Along with the processing of conditioned plant and grain components, the technology allows the restoration and multiple increase in the previous feed properties of raw materials infected with pathogenic microflora, spoiled by insects or partially decomposed due to improper storage.

After the completion of the bioconversion process, the resulting final product is a feed additive - a carbohydrate-protein concentrate (UPC), which acquires feed properties 1.8-2.4 times superior to good quality feed grain, and also has a number of essential and necessary properties that are not has traditional grain raw materials.

A feature of the final product obtained by the alternative technology of microbiological bioconversion is that, in essence, the raw materials for the production of the UBC feed additive are processed in an environment similar to the microflora of the initial part of the esophagus, i.e. The first stage of digestion - "preparing food for digestion" - begins outside the esophagus. Therefore, the process of digestion of such feeds directly in the esophagus of animals, birds and fish is characterized by a high level of biological processes and feed digestibility, as well as reduced enzymatic and energy costs of the body at the entire stage of digestion.

Thus obtained feed additive - UBC, is distinguished by high nutritional value (protein 22 ... 26%), easier digestibility, biological activity, as well as enzymatic, vitamin and mineral value.

Feed additive UBK is used as the main component in the production of compound feed in a ratio of 1: 1, as an additive to coarse vegetable feed, in the production of simple feed mixtures with crushed feed grains, bran, grain waste, etc., with an input rate of up to 25 ... 65% .

The average cost of production of 1 kg. high-quality feed according to the technology under consideration does not exceed 1 ruble, and in terms of feed value they exceed the indicators of feed grain by 1.8-2.4 times.

As in traditional feeds, products obtained using the alternative technology of the Biocomplex company meet the accepted standards for nutrition and the content of the required set of vitamins and microelements, are veterinarily safe, certified and environmentally friendly.

Depending on the type of feedstock and the requirements for the finished product, the entire process of microbiological treatment can take place from one to three stages, and the duration of the full production cycle can range from 4 to 6 days. With an increase in the duration of the process, the financial costs of processing raw materials are reduced and the zootechnical indicators of the final product are increased.

The technology provides for a year-round operation of the enterprise, low qualification requirements for the majority of workers, and low energy costs.

The technology is environmentally friendly, has no wastewater and emissions.

The creation of a production complex for waste processing based on an alternative technology of microbiological bioconversion into feed can be implemented both for solving individual problems and for multifunctional purposes.

In addition, CJSC Biocomplex carries out resuscitation, modernization or re-profiling of existing and stopped production facilities for the production of animal feed and feed additives. For example, modular farm complexes can be assembled on the basis of existing production facilities, equipment of collective farm feed shops, feed mills and other food and grain processing industries, etc.

The key element of the technological chain is the bioreactor, in which the process of microbiological bioconversion of waste into feed is carried out. The reactors are universal and allow you to work with any raw material and receive various feed additives.

The technological scheme of the production complex for the microbiological processing of plant waste into feed is shown in Figure 3.

Wet (55%) mixture various waste loaded into the bioreactor. From the moment of loading the raw materials, the process of microbiological bioconversion proceeds in the bioreactor within 4-6 days (depending on the desired zootechnical parameters of the final product). The result is a wet feed additive - carbohydrate-protein concentrate (CCP). Then it is dried to a moisture content of 8-10% and crushed. After crushing, the concentrate can be used for the production of compound feed, where UBC is used as the main component (65 - 25%, depending on the recipe and intended purpose of the compound feed). Compound feed obtained by the technology of CJSC "Biocomplex" based on the feed additive UBK has completely unique quality indicators:

Rice. 3: Technological scheme of microbiological processing of plant waste into feed: 1 - reception of bulk and wet raw materials; 2 - reception of liquid raw materials; 3 – dosing bins; 4 - mixer; 5 - bio-reactor; 6 - compressor; 7 – steam generator; 8 - dryer; 9 - chopper; 10 - shipment in bags.

Compound feed has a high biological activity, and its digestion is characterized by a more compressed digestion process and a high level of biological processes. Thus, the productivity of feeding and the efficiency of growing animals, birds and fish when using feed based on UBC is 15-20% higher than when feeding similar feed prepared according to traditional technology. In addition, compound feed has a therapeutic and prophylactic and stimulating effect on the immune, hematopoietic systems and intestinal tract, and also helps to remove harmful substances from the body (heavy metal salts, radionuclides, etc.).

In contrast to the classical technology of high-temperature granulation, feed produced using the Biocomplex technology undergoes low-temperature granulation without the use of steam. This eliminates protein degradation and ensures the safety of vitamins in the feed even during long-term storage.

Compound feed is fed according to traditional zootechnical norms and rules, it is absolutely safe to use, does not cause allergic symptoms and other side effects or contraindications.

Extrusion processing of food waste into feed

Extrusion processing of food waste involves the production of biologically valuable, safe and shelf-stable food. A necessary condition for achieving this goal is the heat treatment of waste, during which disinfection and dehydration of raw materials take place. The quality of the resulting feed depends on the correctness of its implementation.

Traditionally, many hours of heat treatment at elevated pressure in batch apparatuses, in particular, in vacuum boilers (Laps waste heat boilers) dry (without contact with live steam or water) or wet, is most common. In such boilers, the raw material is slowly heated to a temperature of 11 8-1 30 ° C, at which the bulk of bacteria die, and sterilized for 30-60 minutes at a pressure of 0.3-0.4 MPa. Then the boiled mass is dried for several hours under a pressure of 0.05-0.06 MPa at 70-80 ° C. Meat and bone, meat, blood, bone, and feather meal are obtained from heat-treated waste. It should be noted that recently in the EU countries, sterilization is carried out at a temperature of 1 33 ° C and a pressure of 0.3 MPa for 20 minutes, without taking into account the time for raising and lowering the steam pressure in the boiler.

The following main disadvantages of traditional technologies can be distinguished:

The duration of the process of obtaining the finished product (up to 10-12 hours);

Many hours of heat treatment leads to the denaturation of 70-75% of the protein, as a result, the nutritional value of the product decreases (it is poorly absorbed by the bird);

High energy intensity: for the operation of installations, in addition to electricity, gas, steam and hot water are needed;

Environmental pollution with unpleasantly smelling and toxic substances (hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, mercaptans, etc.);

Formation of fat-containing wastewater, increasing the load on local treatment facilities.

The use of continuous flow lines for the disposal of biological waste reduces the time for obtaining the finished product (meat and bone meal) to 1-2 hours and slightly increases its nutritional value. Continuous production lines differ both in terms of the principle of heating raw materials and in temperature regimes. Raw materials can be heated either by direct contact with a hot liquid heat carrier - fat or steam, or using a conductive method. The temperature of its processing can be both above and below 100 C. However, these lines are also characterized by high energy consumption, environmental imperfection and additional load on local treatment facilities.

In order to obtain a high-quality feed product, which retains as much as possible biological value raw materials, it is necessary to minimize the heat treatment time. At the same time, it is desirable to use economical and environmentally friendly technologies.

In modern extruders, depending on the nature of the processed material, the temperature can reach 200 ° C, and the pressure - 4-5 MPa. At the same time, the negative effects of processing are minimized due to its short duration. The processed material is in an extruder no more than 30-90 seconds.

The development of extrusion technology has made it possible to propose new ways of recycling waste from the food industry, fur farms, pig breeding and poultry farming. The proposed technologies are based on the method of dry extrusion, in which the heating of the extruded material occurs due to friction both inside it and on the extruder barrel. The main problem is high humidity waste (up to 85%). To solve it, crushed waste of animal origin (including the case and confiscation of SES) is pre-mixed with vegetable filler. In this way, the moisture content of the mass fed to the extruder is reduced to 28-30 percent. The resulting mixture is subjected to extrusion processing, obtaining a product suitable for feeding pigs, poultry and fur-bearing animals. Grain, grain waste, bran, meal can be used as a filler. The volume of the filler is 3-5 times larger than animal waste and is determined by its moisture content.

When the mixture passes through the compression diaphragms in the extruder barrel, the temperature inside it rises above 110 C and the pressure increases - more than 40 atmospheres. The time of passage of the mixture through the extruder does not exceed 30 seconds, and in the zone of maximum temperature it is only 5-6 seconds, so the negative effects of heat treatment are minimized. However, during this time the mixture:

Sterilized and disinfected (pathogens, fungi, mold are completely destroyed);

Increases in volume (due to the rupture of the molecular chains of starch and cell walls when leaving the extruder);

Homogenized (the processes of grinding and mixing of raw materials in the extruder barrel continue, the product becomes completely homogeneous);

It stabilizes (the action of enzymes that cause rancidity of the product, such as lipase and lipoxygenase, is neutralized, anti-nutritional factors and toxins are inactivated);

Dehydrated (humidity is reduced by 50-70% of the original).

As a result, protein digestibility reaches 90 percent. Amino acids become more accessible due to the destruction of secondary bonds in protein molecules. The content of available lysine reaches 88 percent. At the same time, anti-nutritional compounds such as urease, protease inhibitors, trypsin are completely or significantly destroyed. Starch gelatinizes, which increases the degree of its digestibility.

Fats are evenly distributed over the entire mass of the product, forming complex compounds with starch in a ratio of 1:10, which increases their availability. The stability of fats is enhanced as the enzymes that cause them to oxidize and rancid, such as lipase and lipoxidase, are destroyed, while lecithin and tocopherols, which are natural stabilizers, retain their full activity. The digestibility of dietary fiber increases due to chemical modification.

The rigidity of extrusion processing, which destroys pathogenic microflora, makes it possible to obtain high-quality feed, even if the filler is represented by substandard grain products. The sterility of the resulting feed is especially important when fattening young animals, since up to 90% of the livestock die due to diseases. gastrointestinal tract or infections introduced through the digestive system.

For the first time, such a technology for processing poultry and livestock waste was proposed by American specialists in 1995 (according to a figurative expression made at one of the seminars, Americans extrude everything they see).

The extrusion technology for the utilization of biological waste, developed by Wenger Manufacturing (USA), includes preliminary heat treatment of the mixture in the extruder conditioner, extrusion with steaming, and drying of the extrudate. The need for steaming and drying operations increases the cost and complicates the process, since, in addition to electricity, the use of other energy carriers (steam and gas) is required.

The technology of the company Insta Pro (USA) does not require steaming, however, the moisture content of the resulting extrudate exceeds 14-16 percent. Since the storage of the product with a moisture content of more than 14.5% is not allowed, the extrudate is also additionally dried to ensure sufficiently long shelf life. This technology was introduced in 2002 at JSC PH "Lazarevskoe" in the Tula region. Despite the existing shortcomings, it allowed the farm to dispose of waste from meat processing and mortality of the pig farm and get a cheap and sterile protein feed supplement. Feed costs have decreased, production has become waste-free.

The shortcomings of the above technologies were overcome by the team Russian specialists under the leadership of V. Plitman, who proposed a method for forced pneumatic removal of steam from the extrudate. The method makes it possible to exclude the use of special dryers and heterogeneous energy sources, to reduce the time of temperature exposure to the product. As a result, it is possible to obtain a product suitable for long-term storage (at least 6 months) even with a significant moisture content of the feedstock.

The waste extrusion processing line can be designed for almost any capacity. The complete technological process consists of:

1) grinding;

2) mixing the crushed mass in a certain proportion with vegetable filler;

3) extrusion of the mixture;

4) cooling;

5) packing.

The resulting product (protein feed additive) is characterized by:

High digestibility (about 90%);

Metabolic energy - 290-31 0 kcal per 100 g;

Bacterial purity - no more than 20 thousand units. (at a rate of 500 thousand units);

Humidity - not higher than 14%;

Long shelf life - at least 6 months.

The cost of the resulting product is determined mainly by the cost of the filler. At the same time, the energy consumption for processing 1 kg of biological waste does not exceed 80 kopecks, while for processing in waste heat boilers it is not less than 4 rubles.

The use of extrusion technologies allows:

Intensify the production process;

Reduce energy costs (except for electricity, no other energy carriers are needed to ensure the technological process: gas, steam, hot water);

Reduce labor costs;

Increase the degree of use of raw materials;

Improve the digestibility of products;

Reduce microbiological contamination of products;

Reduce environmental pollution (no emissions into the atmosphere, effluents and secondary waste).

The potential income of farms from the use of feed additives obtained from their own biological waste can be comparable with income from the sale of the main production products.

Literature

1. Decision of the City Council of Taganrog dated 28.06.2007 No. 507 "On Approval of the Rules for the Treatment of Production and Consumption Waste in the Territory of the Taganrog Municipal Formation".

2. Abramov N.F. Prospects for the selective collection of food waste in Moscow // Clean City. - 2008. - N 1.

3. Weisberg L. A. et al. New technologies for processing household and industrial waste, Secondary Resources, N 5-6, 2001.

4. Analysis of various technologies for the thermal processing of solid household waste / Eskin N.B., Tugov A.N., Khomutsky A.N. and others // Energetik. - 2004. - N 9.

5. Andreeva I.P., Kartseva E.V., Potapov I.I. Technologies for processing paper waste // Ecologist. systems and devices. - 2009. - N 7.

Dmitriev Yu. "The Book of Nature" M., 2009.

6.Babkov-Esterkin V.I. Food waste - environmental problems and directions for their solution // Intern. congr. by prob. surroundings environment and urbanization. EURO"98 "Man in the big city of the 21st century", Moscow, June 1-4, 2008.

7. Bartolomey A.A., Brandl H., Ponomarev A.B. Fundamentals of design and construction of waste storage facilities: textbook. allowance. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional – Perm: Perm. state tech. un-t, 2002.

8. Belotserkovsky G.M., Kalmykov Yu.P. Modern domestic garbage trucks. System of machines developed by AOZT "Ekomteh" // Ekol. systems and devices. - 2008. - N 4.

9. The choice of optimal technologies for processing food waste / Yakovlev V.A., Likhachev Yu.M., Gusarov V.V. and others // Integrated processing of solid household waste - the most advanced technology: Sat. tr. – SPb: SPbGTU, 2005.

10. Garin V.M., Mediocritsky E.L., Khvostikov A.G. Utilization of solid household waste in large cities // Safety of life: Occupational safety and environment. environment / Rostov n / a state. acad. s.-x. mash. - Rostov-on-Don, 2003.

11. Garin V.M., Khvostikov A.G. Trends in solving the problem of waste disposal // Life Safety. Occupational and environmental protection: interuniversity. Sat. scientific tr. Issue 3 / Rost.-on-Don state. acad. s.-x. engineering. - Rostov-on-Don, 2005.

12. Gribanova L.P., Korobeynikova V.A. Burial and disposal of waste in the Moscow region // Ekol. vestn. Russia. - 2009. - N 6.

13. Dzhangirov D.A. The concept of the program for the industrial processing of solid waste // Problems of the environment and natural resources: an overview / VINITI. - 2007. - Issue 4.

14. Unified Waste Management Policy in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. Edited by Corresponding Member. RAS S. G. Inge-Vechtomova, Yu.I. Skorika, merit. ecologist of the Russian Federation Florinskaya T. M. - St. Petersburg: Research Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 2000.

15. Kazakova M.V. "Man, nature, world" Ryazan, 2007.

16. Karabelnikov T.P. "Ecological foundations of nature management"

Waste management in Taganrog

17. Waste of the regional city. Collection and disposal. Darulis P.V. - Smolensk, 2000.

18. Environmental protection, nature management and environmental safety in St. Petersburg in 2000 / Edited by D. A. Golubev, N. D. Sorokin. - SPb., 2001.

19. Environmental protection, nature management and environmental safety in St. Petersburg in 1998 / Edited by A. S. Baev, N. D. Sorokin. - St. Petersburg, 1999.

20. Pleshakov A. A. "Green Pages" M., 1994

21. Pleshakov A.A. "Ecology" M., 2005.

22.Solid household waste (collection, transport, disposal). Directory.

23. Sister V. G., Mirny A. N., Skvortsov L. S. et al. - M., 2001.

The modern world does not stand still. Every year, production volumes increase, population growth and urban expansion continue. At the same time, the problem of waste disposal has ripened. On the ground, special landfills for waste products are present in limited quantities. At the same time, the volumes entering them exceed their capacity, so the garbage mountains increase every day. Untreated heaps of waste negatively affect the ecological state of the planet. That is why there was a need to create high-quality waste processing plants. At these facilities, it is necessary to apply only modern methods of waste processing and disposal. It is worth noting that the garbage generated by mankind belongs to various hazard groups. In order for waste recycling to be effective, for each individual type it is necessary to choose its own disposal method. But first they need to be sorted.

Waste household

This number includes the remains of products associated with the life of people. It can be plastic, paper, food and other similar waste that was thrown out of institutions and homes of the population. The rubbish that we used to get rid of is found at every step. Many garbage is assigned the fifth and fourth degree of danger.

Recycling of household waste from plastic should not be done without mechanical action, i.e. grinding. Further, they are necessarily treated with chemical solutions. Often, after such a procedure, new polymeric substances are made, which are used again to create new products. Household waste such as paper or food waste can be composted and then putrefied. Subsequently, the resulting composition is suitable for use in agricultural business.

Biological decay

Biological species in nature are humans and animals. These two groups also generate a large amount of waste. A lot of this rubbish comes from veterinary clinics, sanitation organizations, catering establishments and similar businesses. Processing of biological waste is reduced to their incineration. Substances of liquid consistency are transported on special vehicles. Incineration is also used for organic waste.

Industrial waste

This type of waste is generated as a result of the functioning of production and technological activities. This includes all construction waste. It appears in the process of installation, facing, finishing and other works. For example, this category of waste includes paint and varnish residues, heat-insulating substances, wood and other industrial “trash”. Processing of industrial waste is often incinerated. Wooden remains are suitable for obtaining a certain amount of energy.

radioactive waste

Such wastes include solutions and gases that are not suitable for use. First of all, these are biological materials and objects containing radioactive components in large quantities (above the permissible norm). The degree of danger depends on the level of radiation in such waste. Such garbage is disposed of by burial, some is simply burned. A similar method of processing applies to the next group of residues of activity.

medical waste

This list contains all substances that are produced by medical institutions. Approximately 80% of waste is ordinary household waste. He is harmless. But the remaining 20% ​​are capable of causing damage to health in one way or another. In Russia, the disposal and processing of radioactive and medical waste has many prohibitions and conventions. Also, the country carefully spelled out the necessary conditions for handling this group of garbage, methods for their burial or incineration. Special repositories for liquid and solid radioactive components were created. If it is necessary to get rid of medical waste, it is put in special bags and set on fire. But this method, unfortunately, is also unsafe, especially if the drugs belong to the first or second hazard group.

Division into classes

All waste is divided depending on its state of aggregation. So, they are solid, liquid or gaseous. In addition, all garbage is classified according to the degree of danger. There are four classes in total. Garbage belonging to the first degree of danger poses the strongest threat to the planet and living organisms, including humans. These wastes can spoil the ecological system, which will lead to a catastrophe. These include the following substances: mercury, polonium, lead salts, plutonium, etc.

The second class includes residues that can cause an ecological failure that will not be able to recover for a long period (about 30 years). These are chlorine, various phosphates, arsenic, selenium and other substances. The third hazard group includes those wastes, after the impact of which the system will be able to recover in ten years. But only if the garbage no longer affects the infected object. Among them, chromium, zinc, ethyl alcohol and so on are distinguished.

Low-hazard waste - sulfates, chlorides and simazine - is assigned the fourth class. But this does not mean that they practically do not affect humans and the ecosystem. If the source is removed, the organism or nature will be able to recover only after three years. There is fifth grade trash. This means that the waste is completely safe for the environment.

The Importance of Recycling

There are several reasons why competent recycling is necessary:

1. Getting into the environment, most substances and materials turn into pollutants (it is worth considering that our planet is already suffocating every day from the emissions of cars and factories).
2. Many of the resources from which certain materials are created are exhausted. Their stocks are too limited, so recycling is the way out.
3. In some cases, objects that have fulfilled their purpose turn out to be a source of substances. Moreover, they are cheaper than natural materials.

More about recycling

Recycling is a change in waste materials until they completely disappear or change the structure so that it is not possible to reuse them. But this word can have another meaning. For example, it is often used in a figurative sense.

Today, a large amount of waste is reused for different purposes. All garbage that is disposed of today is divided into two main groups:

1. Solid household waste (glass, paper, plastic, food waste).
2. Industrial waste (biological, medical, radioactive, construction waste, as well as waste from the transport complex).

Disposal can be carried out in one of several ways, which are also divided into groups. For example, the main methods include heat treatment, composting, which is a natural decomposition method, and waste disposal in special landfills. Some of these recycling methods allow you to get secondary raw materials.

Recycled materials

Usually, all the waste that remains after human production and activities is called "recyclable". But this view is not entirely correct. The fact is that not all waste should be recycled or sent to other needs. There is also a group of waste that is reused only as an energy source (after special treatment), therefore it is also not classified as a secondary raw material. Those substances that, after processing, give out energy, are called "secondary energy raw materials."

This group can include only those materials that, after a certain impact, can become suitable in the national economy. A good example is a canned food can. It can no longer be used to store food, but after being melted down, it is used to make a new food container or other metal objects. It becomes obvious: secondary raw materials are items that, after being used for their intended purpose, are resources that will be useful for further use. To get a new product or raw material, waste processing is necessary. Today, several methods are used for this, which are described below.

Natural processing

Back in the 20th century, in most cases, the processing of household waste was carried out by composting. Garbage, in particular organic, was dumped into specially dug pits and sprinkled with earth. Over time, the waste decomposed, rotted and was used as fertilizer in agriculture. But relatively recently, this method has been slightly modified. Scientists have developed hermetic installations for heating composted waste. Organic residues in this case begin to decompose faster, which results in the formation of methane, which is biogas. It was he who began to be used to create biofuels.

Specialized companies have appeared that build mobile stations for waste processing. They are used in small villages or on a farm. It was calculated that such large-scale stations intended for cities would be unprofitable to maintain. It takes a lot of time to get a decomposing product, and the resulting fertilizers still remain unused, and they also need to be disposed of somehow. In addition, there are other wastes that have nowhere to go, so they will accumulate. For example, it is plastic, construction residues, polyethylene and so on. And it is economically unprofitable for the authorities to create a specialized plant where the processing of municipal solid waste would be carried out.

Thermal disposal

Thermal processing refers to the burning of solid household waste. The process is used to reduce the amount of organic matter and render it harmless. Further, the resulting residues are disposed of or disposed of. After burning, the garbage is significantly reduced in volume, all bacteria are exterminated, and the resulting energy is able to generate electricity or heat water for the heating system. Such plants are usually arranged near large city dumps so that the processing of solid waste takes place on a conveyor. There are also nearby landfills intended for the disposal of processed residues.

It can be noted that waste incineration is divided into direct and pyrolysis. With the first method, only thermal energy can be obtained. At the same time, pyrolysis combustion makes it possible to produce liquid and gaseous fuels. But regardless of the method of thermal disposal, harmful substances are released into the atmosphere during combustion. It harms our ecology. Some people install filters. Their purpose is to retain solid volatile substances. But as practice shows, even they are not able to stop pollution.

If we talk about the technology for processing medical waste, several special furnaces have already been installed in Russia. They are equipped with gas cleaning devices. In addition, microwave, steam-thermal treatment and autoclaving have appeared in the country. These are all alternative methods of incinerating medical and other suitable waste. Residues containing mercury are processed by special thermochemical or hydrometallurgical methods.

Plasma Utilization

This method is currently the most modern way of disposal. Its action takes place in two stages:

1. Waste is crushed and compressed under pressure. If necessary, the garbage is dried to achieve a granular structure.
2. The resulting substances are sent to the reactor. There, the plasma flow transfers so much energy to them that they acquire a gaseous state.

To avoid ignition is obtained with the help of a special oxidizing agent. The resulting gas is similar in composition to ordinary natural gas, but it contains less energy. The finished product is sealed in containers and sent for later use. Such gas is suitable for turbines, boilers, diesel generators.

Similar processing of production waste and household waste has been used for some time in Canada and the United States. In these countries, the remains of human life are effectively disposed of, and the final product is used for good as fuel. In the West, they are already preparing to introduce this technology on an even larger scale. But since such equipment is quite expensive, it cannot be purchased by the CIS countries.

Is it possible to solve the problem of waste disposal?

Of course, for the processing of solid waste and hazardous waste to be carried out at the highest level, a lot of financial investments are required. Political circles should also be interested in this. But for now, we have to make do with obsolete equipment for recycling. According to the authorities, the existing factories cope with the problem, so there is no need to reconstruct and re-equip them. Only an ecological catastrophe can serve as an impetus for this.

Although the problem is vast, it is still possible to solve or reduce its size. The situation requires an integrated approach on the part of society and the authorities. It is good if everyone thinks about what he personally can do. The simplest thing a person can do is start sorting the garbage that he generates. After all, the one who throws away waste knows where he has plastic, paper, glass or food. If it becomes a habit to sort the remains of life, then such garbage will become easier and faster to process.

A person needs to be regularly reminded of the importance of proper waste disposal, sorting and respect for the natural resources that he owns. If the authorities do not take measures, conduct motivational campaigns, simple enthusiasm will not be enough. Therefore, the problem of waste disposal will remain in our country at a “primitive” level.

Askarova Ekaterina

Abstract with presentation

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Municipal educational institution

"Secondary school No. 6"

ABSTRACT ON TECHNOLOGY on the topic

"New household recycling technology

And production waste in the modern world»

(school scientific and practical conference"_Live the Earth")

10th grade students

Askarova Ekaterina Sergeevna

Head E.V. Shirokov

Pelagiad

2013

R E C E N Z I A

on the essay of a 10th grade student Ekaterina Askarova on the topic "New technologies for processing household and industrial waste in the modern world."
Reviewer teacher of technology Shirokova E.V.

The abstract submitted for the preparation of feedback and review corresponds to the level of educational and research work of the student in the subject area of ​​technology. The topic of the abstract is relevant and is devoted to one of the important research problems - the creation of safe waste-free technologies in the modern world.

Based on the study of a fairly large amount of research literature, the abstract summarizes the results of a study of environmental problems of human technogenic activity. The ways of solving environmental problems of environmental pollution by production waste in Russia and in the world are considered.

The undoubted advantage of the abstract is the study of promising technologies for secondary production. Since an intensive way to solve the global environmental problem is the reduction of resource-intensive production and the transition to low-waste technologies.

In general, the work complies with the requirements for the design of a student essay.

1. Introduction. Ecological problems of modern civilization ………. 3

2. Do not turn the planet into a dump……………………………………………..

3. Disposal of waste from medical institutions …………...

4. Modern technologies for the processing of municipal solid waste ...

5. Creation and development of non-waste production in Russia……………..

6. Perspective technologies of secondary plastics……………………….

7. World experience of secondary production resources……………………….

8.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...

9. References……………………………………………………………

Introduction

Ecological problems of modern civilization

Currently, human economic activity is increasingly becoming the main source of air and environmental pollution. Large quantities of gaseous, liquid and solid industrial wastes enter the natural environment. Various chemical substances, which are in the waste, getting into the soil, air or water, pass through the ecological links from one chain to another, and eventually enter the human body. It is impossible to find a place on the globe where pollutants were not present in one or another concentration. Even in the ice of Antarctica, where there are no industrial facilities, and people live only at small stations, scientists have found toxic substances of industrial origin. They are brought here by the currents of atmospheric air. Even a short-term effect of some of them on the human body can cause dizziness, cough, sore throat, nausea, and vomiting. Ingestion of toxic substances in high concentrations can lead to loss of consciousness, acute poisoning and even death. An example of such an action is smog formed in large cities or accidental releases of toxic substances into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises.

The technologies used by mankind are focused primarily on the use of non-renewable natural resources. These are oil, coal, ores, etc. At the same time, their use technologically entails disturbances in the surrounding world: soil fertility and the amount of fresh water decrease, the atmosphere is polluted.

For a year, only 5 billion tons of carbon dioxide are emitted into the atmosphere. As a result, the ozone layer becomes thinner and ozone holes appear. Ultraviolet rays rush into these holes, from which people have cancer diseases. There is less and less oxygen on earth. And the exhaust gases of the plants of the black and chemical industries, boiler houses, and transport are more and more.

Scientists have calculated that every year around the world so many harmful substances get into water bodies that they could fill 10 thousand freight trains. Even washing powder has been found in Arctic waters.

The soil is formed slowly: it takes hundreds and even thousands of years for this. But it can be destroyed very quickly. Over the past hundred years, approximately 1/4 of all fertile soils have been destroyed on Earth.

Let's not turn the planet into a dump

Today, using the established technologies, humanity has a diverse structure of all kinds of waste of domestic and industrial origin. These wastes, gradually accumulating, turned into a real disaster.The most commonUntil recently, the method of dealing with household waste in cities - taking them to landfills - does not solve the problem, but frankly, it exacerbates it. Landfills are not only an epidemiological hazard, they inevitably become a powerful source of biological pollution. The main component of biogas - methane - is recognized as one of the culprits of the greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere and other global disasters. In total, more than a hundred toxic substances enter the environment from waste. Landfills often burn, releasing toxic smoke into the atmosphere.

Huge territories have been alienated for decades as landfills for garbage, they, of course, could be used with greater benefit. And, finally, in order to equip the landfill and keep it up to modern environmental requirements, large funds are needed. The reclamation of closed (no longer active) landfills is very expensive. This is a whole range of measures, the purpose of which is to stop the harmful effects of landfills on the environment, including soil and groundwater. The reclamation of just one hectare of landfill today costs 6 million rubles. Transportation costs for transporting waste are also high, since landfills are usually located far from the city.

The amount of accumulated garbage is constantly growing. Now it is from 150 to 600 kg per year for every city dweller. Most garbage is produced in the USA (520 kg per year per inhabitant), in Norway, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands - 200-300 kg, in Moscow - 300-320 kg.

In order to natural environment paper decomposes, it takes from two to ten years, a tin can - more than 90 years, a cigarette filter - 100 years, a plastic bag - more than 200 years, plastic - 500 years, glass - more than 1000 years. Think about this before throwing an old plastic bag or bottle into the woods.

As part of modern household and industrial waste a lot of extremely slowly decomposing plastics (polymeric materials). With new polymeric materials, the situation is better - they contain light-sensitive molecular groups that are easily absorbed by microorganisms. The rate of decomposition of such polymeric waste

increases many times over, there is no need to burn them in high-temperature furnaces.

The United States remains one of the most "littered" countries in the world; up to 160 million garbage is generated there annually. A column of ten-ton trucks loaded with this garbage would stretch from the Earth to the Moon, and the 18 billion disposable diapers that Americans throw away every year can be stretched from the Earth to the Moon 7 times.

The porous styroform used to make disposable cups is environmentally hazardous. If you arrange the glasses used in a year in a row, they will encircle the Earth at the equator 463 times. This plastic does not decompose in nature, and during its production from expensive oil, chlorocarbons are released into the atmosphere, which destroy the ozone layer.

In the US, only 20% of the garbage is recycled, the rest is concentrated in landfills. Up to 1/3 of this waste is containers. Americans spend 75% of their glass, 50% paper, 40% aluminum, 40% plastic, 8% steel on packaging. Every hour Americans use 2.5 million plastic bottles. The governments of developed countries are beginning to pay more and more attention to environmental issues and encourage the creation of appropriate technologies. Systems for cleaning territories from garbage and technologies for its incineration are being developed. However, there are plenty of reasons to believe that waste incineration technologies are a dead end. Already at present, the cost of burning 1 kg of garbage is 65 cents. If you do not switch to other waste disposal technologies, the costs will increase. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that such new technologies are needed that, over time, could provide, on the one hand, the consumer needs of the population, and, on the other hand, the preservation of the environment.

Disposal of waste from medical institutions

Unfortunately, in our country, 90% of waste is buried (deposited) at landfills, although this is associated with transportation costs and the alienation of large territories. In addition, polygons are often not

meet elementary sanitary and hygienic requirements and are secondary sources of environmental pollution. But

while most waste can still be disposed of relatively safely by depositing, some types, such as medical

waste must be recycled. They differ significantly from other wastes and require special attention. They contain a danger to humans, primarily due to the constant presence in them

composition of pathogens of various infectious diseases, toxic, and often radioactive substances.

By 2005, according to generalized data, about 1.8 billion tons of them had already accumulated in the world, which is approximately 300 kg per inhabitant of the planet.

Injection needles and syringes are of particular concern because improper handling after use can lead to reuse. According to WHO, in 2000 only as a result of the reuse of syringes were infected:

• 21 million people - hepatitis B virus(HBV) (32% of all new infections);
• two million people with hepatitis C virus(HCV) (40% of all new infections); and
• at least 260,000 people have HIV (5% of all new infections).

Modern technologies for the processing of municipal solid waste

The most promising way to solve the problem of urban landfills is waste recycling. The following main directions in processing have been developed: organic matter is used to produce fertilizers, textile and paper waste is used to produce new paper, and scrap metal is sent for remelting. The main problem in recycling is waste sorting and development of technological processes for recycling.

The proposed modern technologies allow us to simultaneously solve the problem of waste disposal and create local energy sources. Thus, the garbage will return to us not in the form of sprawling landfills and polluted water, but in the form of electricity through wires, heat in radiators or vegetables and fruits grown in greenhouses.

Pre sorting.This technological process provides for the separation of municipal solid waste into fractions at waste processing plants manually or using automated conveyors. This includes the process of reducing the size of waste components by shredding and sifting them, as well as the extraction of more or less large metal objects, such as cans. Their selection as the most valuable secondary raw material precedes the further disposal of MSW (for example, incineration).

Sanitary earth filling.Such a technological approach to the disposal of municipal solid waste is associated with the production of biogas and its subsequent use as a fuel. For this purpose, household waste is covered by a certain technology with a layer of soil 0.6 m thick in

compacted form. Biogas landfills are equipped with ventilation pipes, blowers and tanks for biogas collection.

high temperature pyrolysis.This method of disposal of solid waste, in essence, is nothing more than gasification of garbage. The technological scheme of this method involves the production of secondary synthesis gas from the biological component (biomass) in order to use it to produce steam, hot water, and electricity. An integral part of the process of high-temperature pyrolysis are solid products in the form of slag, i.e., non-pyrolyzable residues.

Burning. This is a widespread method for the destruction of municipal solid waste, which has been widely used since the end of the 19th century. The complexity of direct disposal of MSW is due, on the one hand, to their exceptional multicomponent nature, on the other hand, to increased sanitary requirements for the process of their processing. In this regard, incineration is still the most common method of primary treatment of household waste. Incineration of household waste, in addition to reducing the volume and weight, allows you to get additional energy resources that can be used for district heating and electricity generation.

Processing of combustible waste.The proposed gasification technology makes it possible to process combustible waste in a closed reactor to produce combustible gas. The following types of waste can be recycled:

• combustible fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) isolated during sorting;
• solid industrial waste - non-toxic solid waste produced by industrial, commercial and other centers, for example: plastic, cardboard, paper, etc.;
• solid combustible products of automotive processing: most automotive plastics, rubber, foam, fabric, wood, etc.;
• wastewater after drying (the most efficient wastewater treatment is achieved using biothermal technology);
• dry biomass such as wood waste, sawdust, bark, etc.

The gasification process is a modular technology. A valuable product of processing is combustible gas produced in volumes from 85 to 100 m 3 per minute. The gas can be used to produce heat/electricity for related industries or for sale.

Processing of rotting waste.The organic fraction of MSW obtained as a result of sorting, as well as waste from farms and sewage treatment plants, can be anaerobically processed to produce methane and compost suitable for agricultural and horticultural work.

Organic processing takes place in reactors, where methane-producing bacteria convert organic matter into biogas and humus.

Recycling of used tires.Tires are processed using low-temperature pyrolysis technology to produce electricity, a sorbent for water treatment, or high-quality carbon black suitable for the production of tires.

Dismantling lines for old cars.For the recycling of old cars, the technology of industrial dismantling is used, which allows the reuse of individual parts. The economic efficiency of the enterprise is ensured by the sale of automotive parts and sorted materials. For efficient operation of the plant, depending on transport tariffs, 25,000 skeletons of old cars should be available within a radius of 25-30 km from the plant. In general, the plant requires a site of at least 20,000 m 2 . The supply of the industrial dismantling line includes training of operating personnel at the customer's site and in Western Europe, training in enterprise management and training in organizing the collection of old vehicles and selling spare parts and materials.

Disposal of medical waste.The proposed medical waste treatment technology sterilizes such types of medical waste as needles, lancets, medical containers, metal probes, glass, biological cultures, physiological substances, medicines, syringes, filters, vials, diapers, catheters, laboratory waste, etc. Medical waste treatment technology grinds and sterilizes waste so that it turns into a dry, homogeneous, odorless dust (granules with a diameter of 1-2 mm). This residue is a completely inert product, does not contain microorganisms and does not have bactericidal properties. The rest can be disposed of as normal municipal waste or used in landscaping.

The proposed modern technologies allow us to simultaneously solve the problem of waste disposal and create local energy sources. Thus, garbage will return to us not in the form of sprawling landfills and polluted water, but in the form of electricity through wires, heat in radiators, or vegetables and fruits grown in greenhouses.

Creation and development of non-waste production

What are the ways to solve the global environmental problem of environmental pollution with industrial waste?The creation of even the most advanced treatment facilities cannot solve the problem of environmental protection.An intensive way to solve the global environmental problem is the reduction of resource-intensive production and the transition to low-waste technologies.

Waste-free production is such a production in which all the raw materials are eventually converted into a particular product and which, at the same time, is simultaneously optimized in terms of technological,

economic and socio-ecological criteria. The fundamental novelty of this approach to the further development of industrial production is due to the impossibility of effectively solving the problems of environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources only by improving the methods of neutralization, recycling, processing or disposal of waste. The concept of non-waste production provides for the need to include the sphere of consumption in the cycle of using raw materials. In other words, products after physical or obsolescence must be returned to the sphere of production. Thus, non-waste production is a practically closed system, organized by analogy with natural ecological systems, the functioning of which is based on the biogeochemical cycle of matter.

Waste-free production involves the cooperation of industries with a large amount of waste (the production of phosphate fertilizers, thermal power plants, metallurgical, mining and processing industries) with the production - consumer of these wastes, for example, building materials enterprises. In this case, the waste fully meets the definition of D. I. Mendeleev, who called them "neglected products of chemical transformations, which eventually become the starting point of a new production."

Secondary production resources in Russia

Waste generation in the Russian economy is 3.4 billion tons per year, including 2.6 billion tons / year - industrial waste, 700 million tons / year - liquid waste from poultry and livestock, 35-40 million tons / year - solid waste, 30 million tons / year - sediments from treatment facilities. The average level of their use is about 26%, including industrial waste is recycled by 35%, MSW - by 3-4%, the rest of the waste is practically not recycled.

The low level of waste utilization (with the exception of their individual types - scrap of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as fairly high-quality types of waste paper, textile and polymer waste in terms of raw materials) is mainly due not to the lack of technology, but to the fact that the processing of most of the waste into as secondary raw materials is characterized by low profitability or is generally unprofitable.

According to the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, 2.4 thousand hazardous waste disposal sites have been taken into account. The conditions for the disposal of such waste in many cases do not meet the environmental requirements in force in Russia and the standards accepted in the world. As a result, the impact of waste accumulation and disposal sites on the environment often exceeds the establishedMPC . There are many examples when such an excess is tens and hundreds of times.

Many different types of waste can be recycled. For each type of raw material there is a corresponding processing technology. Various types of waste are used to separate waste into different materials.separation , for example, to extract metal - magnetic.

Most metals are expediently recycled. Unnecessary or damaged items, the so-called scrap metal, are handed over to recycling centers for subsequent remelting. The processing of non-ferrous metals (copper, aluminium, tin), common technical alloys (win) and some ferrous metals (cast iron) are especially advantageous. a significant amount of waste generation in Russia;

Paper recycling is possible: old papers are soaked, cleaned and shredded to obtain fibers -cellulose . Further, the process is identical to the process of making paper from timber.

To date, the government is considering proposals for the creation of the Russian system of secondary resources.

"Vtoravtoresursy" - ensuring the collection and acceptance of decommissioned vehicles, their disaggregation, primary processing and marketing of the resulting secondary raw materials, as well as the collection and primary processing of waste resulting from the operation of vehicles - tires, batteries and battery electrolytes, oily filters , plastic parts;

"Vtortekhresursy" - providing collection and reception of obsolete complex household appliances and radio-electronic equipment (computer equipment, copiers, faxes, TVs, washing machines

etc.), their degassing, primary processing and marketing of the resulting secondary raw materials;

"Vtorresursy" - providing the procurement of waste paper, packaging waste from laminated paper, polymer film and other polymer waste, PET bottles, textile waste, cullet and other types of traditional secondary raw materials.

In addition, industrial relations must be established or partnerships with the Rtutservice systems (fluorescent lamps and other mercury-containing wastes), Vtornefteprodukt, Vtorchermet and Vtortsvetmet systems already operating in the secondary raw materials market.

The implementation of the proposal to create a Russian system of secondary resources will fundamentally change the organizational, legal and economic conditions for the procurement and processing of secondary raw materials in Russia. The level of use of the main types of secondary raw materials will increase 5 years after the commissioning of the system by at least 30%, for a number of positions by 1.5-2 times, the loss of natural raw materials contained in waste will decrease. The level of environmental pollution with waste will significantly decrease.

New jobs will be created, which will have a positive impact on the socio-economic indicators of most regions of Russia.

One of the conditions for Russia's accession to the WTO will be fulfilled (in terms of ratification of EU Directive No. 62 of 1994 "On packaging and packaging waste").

Promising technologies for recycled plastics

The main mechanical method of recycling PET waste is shredding, which is subjected to substandard tape, molding waste, partially drawn or undrawn fibers. Such processing makes it possible to obtain powdered materials and chips for subsequent injection molding. It is characteristic that during grinding the physicochemical properties of the polymer practically do not change.

The proposed technologies make it possible to process only uncontaminated technological waste, leaving food packaging unaffected, as a rule, heavily contaminated with protein and mineral impurities, the removal of which is associated with significant capital investments.

costs, which is not always economically feasible for processing on a medium and small scale.

Technology of casting products from mixtures of secondary polymers.Shredded polymeric wastes are mixed to homogenize the composition of the mixture. At the mixing stage, the necessary ones are added (light and heat stabilizers, dyes, etc.). The prepared mixture is fed into the extruder. The technology is based on filling a special injection mold due to the pressure created by the extruder. Today, such equipment is used to manufacture decorative fencing elements (bollards, decorative fencing details, etc.), which are beginning to be used in the city improvement program. For example, columns made of polymer waste molded “for iron casting” are much cheaper than cast iron ones. The range of products can be very diverse.

Pressing technology.This technology involves a polymer melt, its dosing into a mold mounted on a vertical hydraulic press, pressing the product and cooling it in the mold.. The advantage of this technology is the use of relatively inexpensive equipment and molds. However, this technology makes higher demands on the initial secondary raw materials, namely, on itssorting. Using this technology, flooring slabs and transport pallets are made from recycled materials.

Nonwoven materials.Western experts estimate that 60 to 70% of recycled PET is used to produce fibers and nonwovens. In Russia today, no more than 15% of the collected recycled PET is processed into products, the bulk of which is sold in the form of “flexes” outside the country, mostly to China. The low level of processing is associated with the high cost of imported equipment for the production of fibers and nonwovens.
Today, equipment is being produced for the manufacture of non-woven bulk materials from thermoplastic fiber-forming polymers (including recycled PET) using the technology of aerodynamic melt spraying. The air flow forms a fiber from the melt and sprays it onto a rotating collector-collector, on which the fibers are thermally bonded, and a non-woven bulk material is formed.

Materials obtained by this technology can be used for the manufacture of sorbents for petroleum products, various filters for liquids, gases and aerosols, as well as insulation for clothes, fillers for furniture and soft toys.
Thus, all of the above indicates that today

There are and are already used in the production of domestic technologies and equipment that make it possible to produce highly profitable products from polymer waste.

World experience of secondary production resources

In economically developed countries, less and less household waste is taken to landfills and more and more is processed industrially. The most effective of them is thermal. It makes it possible to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills by almost 10 times, and the unburned residue no longer contains organic substances that cause decay, spontaneous combustion and the danger of epidemics.

Against the backdrop of a decline in the last 10 years of the role of the state in the management of waste processing in Russia, in the developed countries of the world, on the contrary, the degree of state influence in this area has increased. In order to reduce the cost of products using waste, tax incentives have been introduced. To attract investment in the creation of waste processing facilities, a system of soft loans has been created, including partially reimbursable and non-reimbursable loans in case of unsuccessful decisions. In order to stimulate demand for waste-based products, a number of countries impose restrictions on the consumption of waste-free products and increase the use of the system of city and municipal orders for waste-based products.

There is a company in Europe that recycles processors and extracts gold from them. This is done something like this: processors are removed from computers and other equipment and immersed in a chemical solution (in which nitrogen is present), resulting in a precipitate that is subsequently melted down and becomes gold bars.

Scientists from the Netherlands presented the latest developments in the field of waste processing - an improved technology that, without pre-sorting, within one system, separates and purifies all the waste that enters it, to the original raw materials. The system completely recycles all types of waste (medical, household, technical) in a closed cycle, without residue. Raw materials are completely cleaned of impurities (harmful substances, dyes, etc.), packed and can be reused. At the same time, the system is environmentally neutral.

In Germany, a TUV plant was built and tested, which has been successfully operating on this technology for 10 years in a test mode. At the moment

The Dutch government is considering building a similar plant in their country.

Accumulators and batteries.To date, all types of batteries produced in Europe can be recycled, whether they are rechargeable or not. For recycling, it does not matter if the battery is charged, partially discharged or fully discharged. After the batteries are collected, they are sorted and then, depending on what type they are, the batteries are sent to the appropriate recycling plant. For example, alkaline batteries are recycled in the UK, while nickel-cadmium batteries are recycled in France. About 40 companies are involved in battery recycling in Europe.

Textiles and footwear.In many European countries, in addition to containers for collecting metal, plastic, paper and glass, containers for collecting used clothes, shoes and rags appeared at the garbage collection sites of sleeping areas.All rags go to the sorting center. This is where clothing that may still be usable is selected, which subsequently goes to charitable associations for the poor, churches and the red cross. Unsuitable clothes are carefully selected: all metal and plastic parts (buttons, snakes, buttons, etc.) are separated, then they are divided by type of fabric (cotton, linen, polyester, etc.). For example, denim goes to paper mills, where the fabric is shredded and soaked, after which the production process is identical to pulp. The method of making paper from cloth has remained unchanged for many centuries and was brought to Europe by Marco Polo when he first visited China. The result is two types of paper: 1. "Artistic" for watercolor or engraving with its own texture, strength and durability. 2. Paper for the production of banknotes.

Shoes undergo a similar sorting process: the sole is separated from the upper, the components are sorted by material type, and then sent to rubber, plastics, etc. discount, leaving your worn-out sneakers.

Conclusion

The true prospect of overcoming the ecological crisis is in changing the production activity of a person, his way of life, his consciousness. Scientific and technological progress creates not only overloads for nature; in the most advanced technologies, it provides a means to prevent negative impacts, creates opportunities for environmentally friendly production. There was not only an urgent need, but also the opportunity to change the essence of technological civilization, to give it an environmental character. One of the directions of such development is the creation of safe industries. Using the achievements of science, technological progress can be organized in such a way that production waste does not pollute the environment, but re-enters the production cycle as a secondary raw material. Nature itself provides an example: the carbon dioxide emitted by animals is absorbed by plants, which release the oxygen necessary for the respiration of animals. If we take into account that modern industry converts 98% of the feedstock into waste, then the need for the task of creating waste-free production becomes clear.

Some alternative (in relation to thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants) energy sources are also environmentally friendly. It is necessary to quickly find ways of practical use of the energy of the sun, wind, tides, geothermal sources.

The ecological situation makes it necessary to assess the consequences of any activity related to interference with the natural environment.

Even F. Joliot-Curie warned: “We must not allow people to direct those forces of nature that they have managed to discover and conquer to their own destruction.”

Time does not wait. Our task is to stimulate by all available methods any initiative and entrepreneurship aimed at the creation and implementation of the latest technologies that contribute to the solution of any environmental problems. Contribute to the creation of a large number of control bodies, consisting of highly qualified specialists, on the basis of clearly developed legislation in accordance with international agreements on environmental issues. To constantly convey information to all states and peoples on ecology through radio, television and the press, thereby raising the ecological consciousness of people and contributing to their spiritual and moral revival in accordance with the requirements of the era.

Mankind has come to understand that the further development of technological progress is impossible without assessing the impact of new technologies on the ecological situation. The new connections created by man must be closed in order to ensure the invariability of those basic parameters of the planet Earth that affect its ecological stability.

In conclusion, I would like to recall the saying of Saint-Simon: "Happy will be the era in which ambition begins to see greatness and glory only in the acquisition of new knowledge and leaves the impure sources with which it tried to quench its thirst." These were the sources of disasters and vanity, quenching the thirst of only the ignorant, the heroes of the conquerors and the destroyers of the human race.

Bibliography:

1. Gorshkov S.P. Exodynamic processes of developed territories. – M.: Nedra, 1999.

2. Grigoriev A.A. Cities and the environment. Space research. – Thought, 2002.

3. Nikitin D.P., Novikov Yu.V. Environment and man. – 2007.

4. Odum Yu. Fundamentals of ecology. – World, 2004.

5. Radzevich N.N., Pashkang K.V. Protection and transformation of nature. – Enlightenment, 2005.

6. Samsonov A. L. Journal "Ecology and Life" - G. D. Syunkova, 2000.

7. Mirkin B. M, Naumova L. G. Ecology of Russia, 2006.

Disposal and recycling of household waste is an urgent problem of the modern world. There are more and more landfills on earth, extensive littering threatens an ecological catastrophe. The solution to the problem is the processing of solid waste at specialized waste processing plants. Following the conditions of objective reality, humanity needs to improve the methods of waste disposal in order to achieve the most efficient processing of solid waste at minimal cost.

3 Reasons Why Good Solid Waste Recycling Is Necessary

Waste can be divided into the following kinds:

• Household waste. This group includes human waste. The garbage that is thrown out of residential buildings and office buildings. Plastic products, food leftovers, paper, glass and other items. Many wastes are assigned to IV and V hazard classes.

The issue of plastic waste should be resolved as follows: the garbage is subject to mechanical grinding, followed by chemical treatment with solutions, as a result of such manipulations, a mass is formed from which polymer products can be made again. Paper and food leftovers can turn into compost, rot and benefit the agricultural sector of the economy.

• biological waste. This type of waste is produced by biological species (humans and animals). A large number of such materials are produced by veterinary clinics, hospitals, sanitary and hygienic organizations, catering enterprises and other similar institutions. Biological waste is destroyed by incineration. All materials of organic origin can be disposed of in this way.
• Industrial waste. Such wastes are the result of manufacturing processes. Construction, operation of industrial equipment, installation and finishing works - all this leaves behind a huge amount of wood, paints and varnishes, heat-insulating materials, some of which can also be burned. For example, wood releases energy during combustion, which can also be used for social purposes.
• radioactive waste. It is not uncommon for biomaterials and other wastes to contain radioactive substances that pose a hazard. This group also includes gases and solutions - that is, those wastes that cannot be used in the future. Some of this garbage can be destroyed by burning, but the rest can only be buried.
• Medical waste. This is the garbage of medical institutions, 80% of which is non-hazardous household waste, and the remaining 20% ​​poses a risk to the human body. Like the processing of radioactive waste, the destruction of this type of waste has many restrictions and prohibitions in Russian legislation. The methods of its burning and burial are described in detail. For medical waste, as well as for radioactive waste, special burial grounds are created. Some destroy medical waste like this: they put it in bags and burn it. But many drugs belong to hazard classes I and II, so this disposal method is clearly not for them.

All wastes are classified according to the degree of their danger to the environment. There are four hazard classes in total. The first class is garbage, which poses the most serious threat to the planet and all organisms living on it. If you do not process first class MSW in the manner prescribed by law, the damage to the ecological system may be irreparable. Waste of the first hazard class: mercury, lead salts, plutonium, polonium, etc.

Waste of the second hazard class can also greatly harm the environment. The consequences of such damage will continue to impact for a long time. The planet will recover within 30 years of being polluted by such waste. These include arsenic, selenium, chlorine, phosphates, etc.

After waste of the third class of danger, the ecosystem is able to recover in a decade. Of course, recovery is possible only after the processing of MSW, otherwise the waste will not stop harming the environment. The third class includes zinc, ethyl alcohol, chromium, etc.

The fourth hazard class is low-hazard waste (simazine, sulfates, chlorides). After they are removed from the infected object, the ecosystem needs to recover for three years.

But waste of the fifth class is completely safe.

Consider, why is it necessary correct processing of solid waste:

1. Waste pollutes the environment, which is already oversaturated with emissions from factories and vehicle emissions.
2. Resources that are extracted from nature or created industrially are seriously limited, so it is advisable to recycle and reuse them.
3. It turns out to be cheaper to use recycled raw materials, so the processing of MSW is economically beneficial.

The most common methods of processing MSW

Method 1Waste disposal.

Landfills are created specifically in order to carry out the processing of solid waste on their territory. The flow of garbage enters these areas (up to 95%), and then the organic part decomposes spontaneously. In the area of ​​the landfill, special conditions are formed for an intensive biochemical process of dissociation. The resulting anaerobic environment promotes recycling enhanced by methanogenic microorganisms that form biogas (otherwise called "landfill gas"). What is the disadvantage of such polygons? Landfill gas toxins enter the atmospheric air and spread in the direction of the wind over long distances. And if they are mixed with industrial emissions, then the environment is even more dangerous.

Given the accumulation of microorganisms that enhance the flow of chemical reactions, local fires can occur due to excessive overheating. At the same time, polyaromatic hydrocarbons are released into the environment, causing oncological diseases. Such emissions are thousands of times higher than the permissible concentrations of such substances in the air. Aqueous solutions formed in the air fall out in the form of precipitation, during the evaporation of which, as in the combustion of polymeric substances, dioxins are released. So through precipitation harmful chemical elements get into ground and surface waters.

Since it is impossible to arrange such landfills within the city, plots outside large settlements are allocated for them. If we calculate the cost of allocating territories, their arrangement in accordance with all the rules, transportation costs for transporting garbage to such a landfill for processing solid waste, we get a rather impressive figure. Add to this the air pollution associated with the release of combustion products of motor fuel, the deterioration of suburban roads. The picture is not rosy.

Due to the fact that the qualified arrangement of landfills for the processing of solid waste is associated with high costs, some people prefer to organize unauthorized dumps. In such places of unauthorized storage, there is no sealing, liquid waste directly enters the environment without passing through the neutralization stage, creating a high danger to the population. And these dumps only multiply and grow.

Thus, it is very dangerous to store unrecycled waste at landfills, and therefore this method of disposal should be prohibited at the legislative level. And there are many reasons for this:

• lack of bacteriological and epidemiological safety;
• the rapid spread of substances hazardous to the human body over large areas (penetration into air, water, soil);
• release of dioxins during fire;
• the high cost of land and landfill facilities, as well as the need for subsequent reclamation of the site;
• contradiction to the Fundamentals of State Policy in the Field of Environmental Development Russian Federation for the period up to 2030”.

Method 2Garbage composting.

This method of processing MSW is based on the fact that some of the garbage can be disposed of independently - through biodegradation. So, organic waste is able to be composted. Nowadays, there are special technologies for composting food waste and unseparated garbage.

Mass composting is not widespread in our country, but is used by that part of the population that has private houses or summer cottages. However, in general, it is possible to organize the process of garbage composting centrally, by allocating special sites for this. The resulting compost can later be successfully used in the agricultural industry.

Method 3Thermal processing of waste (MSW).

Organics can also be easily destroyed thermally. Thermal processing of MSW is a consistent procedure for the effect of heat on waste in order to reduce their mass and volume, as well as neutralization. Such processing of MSW can be accompanied by the production of inert materials and energy carriers.

Advantages of thermal processing:

• Effectiveness in terms of neutralization (destroys pathogenic microflora).
• Significantly reduces the volume of garbage (up to ten times).
• Use of the energy potential of waste of organic origin.

The most common method of thermal processing of MSW is incineration. This simple method has many advantages:

• It has been tested many times.
• Combustion equipment is available and commercially available, has a long service life.
• Automated process, does not require the involvement of labor resources.

If earlier garbage was simply burned, then modern technologies make it possible to use this process more efficiently, simultaneously extracting the fuel fraction from it. As a result of such techniques, the incineration procedure turns not only into the elimination of garbage, but also into the production of additional energy - electrical or thermal. The most promising at the moment is the plasma combustion technology, which provides a higher combustion temperature. As a result, useful energy is released, and the result is a completely harmless vitrified product.

Method 4Plasma recycling of waste (MSW).

Processing of MSW by the plasma method is a process of turning garbage into gas. This gas is subsequently used to generate steam and electricity. Non-pyrolyzable residues solid waste are one of the elements of plasma processing.

The advantage of high-temperature pyrolysis is that this process destroys a wide variety of wastes without any preliminary preparation, without harming the environment. From an economic point of view, this is a very profitable technology, since no additional costs are required for drying, sorting and other procedures for preparing waste for disposal.

The output is slag, which does not harm the environment and can even be reused.

What equipment is used for the processing of solid waste

The industrial world does not stand still, more and more equipment and waste disposal plants are becoming. The most common types of equipment for such enterprises include:

1. Presses.

Without pressing waste, it is impossible to imagine any plant for the disposal and processing of solid waste. After pressing, the waste is more convenient to store and transport. The presses can have different dimensions: from the most gigantic to relatively small ones that can fit in the territory of an ordinary store. In Russia, two types of presses are used:

• Packing presses.
• Briquetting presses.

According to the method of loading the press are:

• Vertical (front loading).
• Horizontal (capable of compressing debris more tightly).

While vertical presses are compact enough, horizontal presses are usually installed only in large factories, since they are difficult to fit in a normal room.

According to the purpose of the press, there are universal (for all types of waste) and specialized (for only one type).

2. Compactors.

Compactors are considered very close to presses. From the name it is clear that they also make the garbage more compressed. Basically, this type of equipment compacts PET bottles, polyethylene films, aluminum cans, as well as paper and cardboard. For shopping malls, this type of equipment is indispensable, because there is always a need to compress a large amount of garbage.

Waste transportation companies unanimously claim that transportation and storage costs are significantly reduced by compacting waste with compactors. At the same time, it does not matter at all whether this compactor is mobile or stationary.

Fixed and mobile equipment have their pros and cons. If mobile compactors are monoblocks, then stationary compactors contain a press and a replaceable container, which allows you to load much more waste than in a single monoblock. The continuous cycle of work also significantly distinguishes the stationary compactor from other waste equipment. Just have time to change containers.

But the mobile compactor can be used in different places, while it does not need to be mounted and dismantled again every time. This is a hermetically sealed design, which allows it to work even with wet waste.

3. Shredders.

Shredders have a completely different type of work than presses and compactors. They help in the disposal of garbage by crushing it or crushing it. That is why Russian-speaking users call shredders crushers. Not a single solid waste processing plant can do without them. Shredders are designed for grinding:

• glass;
• tree;
• plastics;
• paper;
• rubber;
• metal;
• organic and mixed waste;
• dangerous substances.

Some shredders only handle one type of waste, such as glass. But there are many models that are designed to grind a wide variety of garbage.

4. Containers.

We deal with this type of equipment every day. These are our usual waste containers, which we regularly use. The material from which the containers are made is usually plastic, although sometimes metal is also found. Containers can be used for separate storage of garbage or for mixed waste. Not so long ago, containers were stationary, now more and more often we see containers on wheels. From containers equipped with wheels, it is more convenient to transfer garbage to garbage trucks.

5. Sorting lines.

It is much easier and more efficient to process MSW in sorted form. As we have already said, different types of waste have their own disposal methods, and therefore it is so important to first separate one type of waste from others. To this end, waste sorting lines are now mandatory installed at waste processing plants. Sorting lines are designed to separate municipal solid waste into fractions for the purpose of their subsequent pressing, compaction and transformation into secondary raw materials, which can then be sold. Sorting lines have become an integral part of the waste recycling process.

How a solid waste processing plant is completed

A set of equipment for any plant is selected taking into account its specialization. There are enterprises of a wide profile that carry out the processing of various types of solid waste. But small plants usually deal only with a specific type of waste. It can be construction waste, tires and other rubber products, household waste, and so on.

It is safest to invest in functional and powerful equipment that can serve a large area, working without interruptions and breakdowns.

An example of such a complex is the waste incineration mini-plant MPZ-5000 (manufactured by Sifania (Russia)). It is designed to process a huge amount of municipal solid waste, for example, it will perfectly cope with five thousand tons of garbage per year. A mini-factory implies a set of equipment for burning garbage. The example we are considering is suitable for serving a small area with a population of about 25 thousand people. The set of equipment includes not only a waste incinerator, but also units for:

• waste sorting;
• shredding plastic bottles;
• waste paper seals;
• pyrolization of non-decomposable materials.

The cost of the equipment is quite high. Its simplest standard equipment will cost the company ten million rubles.

But this example is suitable for a small scale organization. For larger production, you can purchase a sorting station capable of passing through itself up to ten tons per hour. The productivity of such equipment is much higher than that of a mini-factory. This station is capable of separating 16 types of MSW from a mixed stream. Station maintenance requires at least 40 people. A good option for such equipment is the JSSORT complex. It has impressive dimensions. To install the entire station, you will need an area 40 meters wide and 80 meters long. Such equipment is capable of serving about 15 garbage trucks in one eight-hour working day.

Such a set of equipment will cost three times more than a mini-factory. Its cost is about 30 million rubles. This includes the cost of building a suitable space for the station.

A very profitable option for making money on waste disposal is a rubber products processing plant ( car tires) into fine crumbs. After the operation of specialized equipment, only rubber powder remains, crushed into granules, which is perfectly suitable for recycling.

It is in demand in the production of:

• asphalt;
• road speed limiters;
• materials for soundproofing;
• mastic with anti-corrosion properties and other products of the construction industry.

A set of equipment for rubber processing is capable of processing up to three tons of waste per hour. An imported mini-factory of this type costs about 25 million rubles.

It should be noted that all processing enterprises have approximately the same set of constituent parts. The differences are mainly in the degree of their power and the level of process automation. The MSW processing plant includes the following equipment:

• receiving conveyor;
• inclined belt conveyor;
• sorting line;
• press machine for packing;
• pyrolysis plant;
• shredder for plastic;
• glass container.

Sometimes this set is complemented by a receiving shop with magnetic equipment for separating scrap metal.

Consider the scheme of operation of a mini-plant for the processing of solid waste:

• first of all, the waste stream goes through a magnetic receiver to sort the metal;
• the vertical conveyor transports raw materials to the sorting line;
• sorting complexes can be automated and separate waste using optical devices or semi-automated and use manual labor;
• all waste paper is sorted and sent to packaging;
• plastic products enter the grinding device;
• glass waste is sent to a collection container;
• all other waste goes to the receiving hopper, from where it subsequently enters the press for compaction. The further fate of such garbage is burial.

If recyclables are packaged, they can be sold or recycled, depending on which direction is provided by the plant itself. For example, one of the divisions of the enterprise may be a workshop for the production of toilet paper.

The main problems of MSW processing

Problem 1.Lack of funds.

Currently, waste is removed mainly at the expense of the population. But the tariffs for the neutralization of household waste established by regulatory enactments are prohibitively low. So much so that they are not able to compensate even for the transportation of garbage, not to mention its processing and disposal.

Of course, the funds collected from the population are not enough, so the rest of the resources are allocated by the state. But for unknown reasons, the housing and communal services never have the opportunity to develop and modernize the waste disposal system. We still do not have separate collection, as is customary throughout Europe. Yes, and at the material level there is no incentive to sort. If you throw out all the garbage in one container or separate the waste by type, you still pay the same tariff for the processing of solid waste.

Problem 2Secondary importance.

MSW recycling is currently carried out by organizations whose main activity is the provision of various utilities.

Only if specialized enterprises take over the collection and processing of waste, they will be able to carry out planning for more efficient waste collection, improve the equipment used, optimize income and costs for the processing of solid waste.

Problem 3.The absence of responsible persons.

All activities related to the disposal of household waste are dispersed among various departments. A single structure of hierarchy and responsibility in this matter has not been built. In European countries, things are different. There, the issue of household waste management is controlled by the Environmental Protection Agency. In our country, there is a similar authority - the Ministry of Natural Resources, however, the issue of MSW processing has not been transferred to the jurisdiction of this body.

As a result, the existing ministries and departments deal with this area to varying degrees, but shift responsibility to each other, and the process of issuing draft laws in this area is delayed due to the lengthy approval procedure.

Problem 4.Concentration in the hands of state bodies.

Government agencies zealously hold on to the recycling of solid waste, although, as we have seen, they do not have enough funds, desire and understanding to organize the process at the proper level. European states show the effectiveness of involving private companies in this issue. In Europe, organizations have long collaborated with municipalities on waste collection and disposal. Perhaps, sometime in the future, our authorities will reach a similar level of cooperation, but for now, landfills are accumulating and continue to poison the environment.

Foreign experience shows that private companies are very enthusiastic about solving this problem, as it is directly related to commercial gain. So, they are looking for the most efficient and cost-effective ways to process MSW. By building large factories and attracting foreign investment, commercial organizations work with great returns, and the result of their activities is evident.

Problem 5.No community outreach.

The fact that the population practically does not understand the benefits of separate waste collection is a sad flaw in the domestic management of this issue. After all, if citizens are informed about the problems of MSW processing, they may increase their awareness and desire to correct the situation, including on their own. After all, this planet is our home, where we live and plan to inhabit it for a long time to come.

Problem 6.Lack of fixtures.

The abundance of open access data allows many conscious citizens, despite the lack of centralized information, to come to an understanding of the problem of waste disposal. But even if people have a desire to throw garbage into separate containers, they are not given such an opportunity. The only equipment for collecting waste is an ordinary garbage chute. There is only one way out of the situation: weld all existing garbage chutes and establish a waste sorting system.

It is more expedient to design new houses without garbage chutes, since in general this will not only provide the possibility of separate waste collection, but also increase cleanliness in the entrances.

Problem 7.Recycling has not been arranged.

In Russia, there are organizations that are engaged in the processing of solid waste. There are not as many of them as we would like, but even these units often experience problems with the disposal of secondary raw materials. And this is sad, because in fact, the use of scrap allows you to get significant economic benefits.

To motivate the use of recyclable materials in production is again a state task. Moreover, we are talking not only about establishing obligations for enterprises, but also about developing a system of incentives, benefits, incentives that could encourage business representatives to establish markets for the sale of waste and its use.

Thus, in the implementation of public procurement in European countries, benefits are often provided for organizations that manufacture products from recycled materials.

Problem 8.Lack of planning.

In order to prevent the recycling of MSW and the use of recyclable materials from becoming local and episodic phenomena, it is necessary to draw up detailed plans aimed at achieving the desired results. Thus, this plan for the use of waste should cover a long period during which the necessary measures are provided, as well as the timing of their implementation, sources of funding, goals and persons responsible for the implementation of such actions.

All of the above problems actually arise due to the same factor: the task of competent processing of solid waste is not among the priorities at the state level. In addition, we still have not come to realize the most rational use of available resources. Therefore, environmental protection issues have not yet been resolved, and an effective waste disposal system has not been built.

What are the prospects for the processing of solid waste in Russia

The idea has not yet been developed in Russia rational use waste. Recently, this area has received a little more attention. But only the smallest. A number of waste processing enterprises have been created in our country, but their functioning has not yet been put on a grand scale. The process is not adjusted, there is no competent interaction of such organizations with the state. In general, while such companies operate mainly in the central regions of the country - Moscow, St. Petersburg. But ideally, such activities should be carried out everywhere.

The fact is that in large cities there are much more earning opportunities for waste processing enterprises. The waste disposal business is very profitable where there is an abundance of it, and there are sorely lacking areas for storage and slow destruction of waste. Not so on the periphery. Most often, garbage is taken out to lands that are located on the outskirts of cities and towns. This method harms the environment and is also economically unprofitable. While the processing of ordinary household waste is a profitable business, and at this time in the domestic economy, this niche is free.

It should be noted that until the municipalities begin to perceive this problem as an urgent one, it is unlikely that anything will change dramatically. Foreign experience shows that a significant part of waste disposal issues can be solved by a simple action - the installation of containers for separate waste collection. This step will greatly simplify the processing of MSW.

The criticism of this assumption is the judgment about the inertia and laziness of Russians who do not want to sort their waste at home. But public opinion polls do not support this idea. For example, half of Moscow residents are already ready for separate waste collection. And this is without any propaganda and work with the population on the part of those in power. It is easy to guess that, subject to the actions of the state in this direction, a quick and effective transition to modern technologies for waste processing and the use of secondary raw materials is possible in our country.

Expert opinion

Solving the problems of MSW processing with the help of integrated management

L.Ya. Shubov,

Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor, member of the community of Russian experts on environmental management

HE. Borisova,

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of RSUTS

I.G. Doronkin,

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of RSUTS

MSW recycling management consists of the following elements:

• garbage collection;
• export;
• processing (preliminary preparation);
• actual processing;
• disposal;
• burial.

All these components are connected into a single system and are interconnected.

To ensure the solution of the tasks of MSW processing, it is necessary to be guided by modern requirements for resource conservation and environmental management:

• recycling of waste as sources of raw materials and energy;
• reducing the cost of cleaning settlements;
• transition from the method of MSW disposal to industrial utilization;
• ensuring environmental safety.

Changes are not so easy to achieve, because they are associated not only with the establishment of an effective system of garbage collection and processing, but also with the improvement of the sanitary and hygienic state of the city, and this is already a matter of reforming the housing and communal services. At the moment, there are a number of tasks, among which the creation of a service market and the development of competition in the field of solid waste processing are not the last. Implementing all these innovations is not easy.

At the moment, there is a serious shortage of specialists in the processing of solid waste. Universities annually issue diplomas to broad-profile environmentalists who do not yet own the technologies for the efficient processing of technogenic raw materials, it is difficult for them to find a solution to the problem with solid waste overnight.

Some foreign organizations are rushing to the Russian market, offering a way out of the difficult situation with solid waste with the help of advanced technologies. But often it is only about burning garbage. A well-thought-out waste disposal system still does not arise. At best, industrial facilities appear chaotically, dealing with only one technology in the complex of measures necessary for the systematic destruction of waste. This is the road to nowhere.

It is impossible to solve the problem of MSW recycling by building waste incineration plants. While one is being built, the other is completing its life cycle. Therefore, unsystematic construction has already proved its inefficiency. In this direction, one cannot rely on one single method of processing - incineration.

Practice shows that such a policy does not lead to a solution to the problem, but only contributes to increased environmental pollution.

It is necessary to take an example from the European states. Here is what they have achieved so far in terms of MSW management:

• Developed a recycling industry based on separate waste collection with the selection of usable elements.
• We organized and continue to develop a system of specialized sorting facilities, enterprises for thermal and biothermal waste processing.
• Developed a recycling system.

Burning all garbage is simply unacceptable. On the thermal processing there is that waste fraction that has already been freed from both hazardous and resource-valuable components. Such production can be called environmentally friendly.

In our country, all MSW processing points are built haphazardly, out of touch with each other. The entire waste stream is sent there without prior sorting. Such actions create the threat of an emergency situation.

If the issue of solid waste is resolved, then the problem of environmental security of the country as a whole will be partially resolved.

There is an urgent need to build a system for processing solid waste for the Moscow region and the cities of the resort area. Until public policy in this matter will not be normalized, crime and corruption will continue to flourish. That is why the development of a science-based strategy for the processing of MSW is task No. 1.

The strategy for optimizing the integrated management of solid waste is needed, first of all, to create an advanced efficient waste management system and the use of secondary raw materials. The task of such a program is to develop ways to introduce waste into industrial processing, plan a sequence of actions to massively reduce the flow of garbage that is currently being disposed of, reduce environmental risks and waste disposal costs. The strategy should look like a single document with understandable and clear terminology, containing a real model for optimizing the use of waste.