List of typical questions to be asked to an expert when appointing examinations and studies for customs purposes (for priority groups of goods). Issues addressed in the study of traces of vehicles Main issues addressed in the study of weapons

• 1. Are the traces found traces of clothing?
• 2. What is the mechanism of interaction between an object and clothing (traces of friction, imprint, etc.)?
• 3. What was it like mutual arrangement person and object on which traces of his clothes are left?
• 4. Are traces left by patches of clothing of a particular person?
• 5. What marks and damage are there on the clothes?
• 6. What is the mechanism of damage formation on clothes?
• 7. What type of tool (object) caused damage?
• 8. Are there marks and damages on the clothes by the items presented?
• 3. DECISION ON THE APPOINTMENT OF A TRACELOGICAL EXAMINATION OF HACKING TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS

expertise document instrument hacking

RESOLUTION

on the appointment of trace evidence forensic examination

(which one)

(place of compilation)

Investigator ORPTO OP-5 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the city of Ensk Art. lieutenant of justice (position of investigator (interrogating officer), class rank or rank, surname, initials)

Ivanitsky I.I.

Having considered the materials of criminal case No. 123456,

SET UP:

• 11/28/2016 during the daytime, an unknown criminal by breaking the front door
• (the grounds for the appointment of a forensic examination are stated)

penetrated into the apartment of Mr. Vasin, located on the street. Dekabristov, 145-203 in the city of Ensk, from where he secretly stole the personal property of the victim in the amount of more than 50,000 rubles.

During the inspection of the place on the casing of the front door, two three-dimensional traces of a burglary tool were found, from which casts were made with the help of paste "K". During a search at the suspect Losev P.P. a chisel was found and seized, the dimensions of the canvas of which coincide with the dimensions of the traces seized during the inspection of the scene. In addition, during the inspection, the lock from the front door was seized. To establish the circumstances to be proved, listed in Art. 73 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, special knowledge is required.

Based on the aforesaid and guided by Article. 195 (196) and 199 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation,

RESOLVED:

• 1. To appoint a traceological (what kind) forensic examination, the production of which is entrusted to the ECC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the city of Ensk
• (surname, name, patronymic of the expert or the name of the expert institution)
• 2. Put questions to the expert:
• 1. Are the seized traces of hacking tools suitable for identification?
• 2. If applicable, what is the mechanism and time of breaking?
• 3. Are there traces of burglary tools found during the inspection of the scene of the incident, a chisel found and seized during a search from the suspect Losev P.P. or another item(s)?
• 4. If the traces are left by another object (objects), then what are characteristics hacking tools that left traces, as well as height, sex, age, physical strength, professional skills, functional features of the person who hacked?
• 5. Was the lock unlocked only with keys specially designed for this lock or also with other keys (objects)?
• 3. Provide the expert with the following materials: this resolution, (what kind of) chisel found during a search at Mr. Losev P.P., two casts from the traces of burglary tools found during the inspection of the scene.
• 4. To entrust: Head of the ECC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the city of Ensk
• (to whom exactly)

explain to the expert the rights and obligations under Art. 57 Code of Criminal Procedure, and warn him of criminal liability in accordance with Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for giving a knowingly false conclusion.

Investigator (investigator) Ivanovitsky

(signature)

Rights and obligations under Art. 57 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, “____” was explained to me ___________ 20___

At the same time, I was warned about criminal liability in accordance with Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for giving a knowingly false conclusion.

Due to the wide aspect of traceological tasks and the range of objects of study, the list of diagnostic and identification issues addressed by this examination includes only the main ones that are most often encountered in practice. These are primarily questions related to the study of footprints, Vehicle, production mechanisms, various tools, tools, etc.

The production of trace examinations is organized in all forensic divisions of the internal affairs bodies at the level of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Department of Internal Affairs.

Notes.

When appointing a traceological examination, the following are presented: directly the objects of study, if it is impossible to fulfill this requirement, it is possible to send qualitative models obtained from these objects;

Inspection protocols, diagrams, photographs from the scene (materials of the criminal case);

Samples for comparative research; in each specific case, they can be clarified by an expert.

Physical evidence must be well packaged and provided with appropriate accompanying inscriptions.

Questions to be solved in the study of traces of shoes, legs of a person and an animal.

1. What shoe model formed the footprint, its size?

1. How tall is the person wearing these shoes?

1. Did the shoes, stockings, etc., represent these marks?

1. Was the shoe shown worn by a specific person?

1. What are the anatomical features of a person, an animal reflected in the traces?

1. Have these animals (horseshoes) left footprints?

1. What is the type, number and features of horseshoes?

1. In what direction was the movement?

1. How many objects were involved in the movement?

1. What is the mechanism for the appearance of traces (are traces left when walking, running, etc.)?

1. Do the elements of the footprint found at the scene of the incident match the elements of the experimental footprint left by the individual?

Questions to be solved in the study of traces of human teeth.

1. Did the teeth of a person, animal or something else leave marks on this object?

1. What are the anatomical technical features dental apparatus of a person who left traces?

1. What is the mechanism (bite, bite) of the formation of teeth marks?

1. Did this person leave teeth marks on the presented object?

Issues to be resolved in the study of traces of hacking tools, tools and mechanisms.

1. Are there traces of foreign object impact on the surface of the object?

1. From which side, in which direction was the damage (drilling, sawing, tearing, cutting, breaking, pressing) of this object (door, window, ceiling, floor, board, paper, cardboard, etc.)?

1. What is the mechanism of trace formation?

1. To what type or type does the tool (tool, mechanism) belong to which traces were left? What are the properties and characteristics of this tool (shape, dimensions, etc.)?

1. Are these traces formed by one or several tools?

1. Were marks formed on two or more objects by the same tool?

1. Were these traces formed by the tool submitted for examination?

1. Are these products made on the same machine or with the same tool?

Issues to be resolved in the study of traces of vehicles.

1. What type and model of the vehicle, what parts of it left traces?

1. Are there tracks left by one or more vehicles?

1. In which direction was the vehicle moving?

1. What is the mechanism of formation of existing traces?

1. Are there any tracks left by this vehicle?

1. Is the discovered object a part of this vehicle and did it not previously form a single whole with it?

1. What was the relative position of the vehicles (vehicle and other objects) at the time of the collision?

1. How are state registration plates made?

Issues to be resolved in the study of locks and locking devices.

1. Is the lock mechanism correct? If not, what is the cause of its failure? How does this malfunction affect the security properties of the lock?

1. Are there marks left by a foreign object on the parts of the lock mechanism? Are these marks the result of exposure to a fake key or master key?

1. Has it been unlocked and is it possible to unlock the lock with this key (master key, object)?

1. At what position of the locking mechanism (locked, unlocked) are damages formed on the lock?

1. As a result of what actions the lock was damaged? How is the lock unlocked?

1. What kind of tool (type) left traces on the lock, or was the lock broken?

1. Are several locks unlocked (broken down) by one method, by one tool?

1. Did this tool (tool, object) leave traces on the lock?

Issues to be resolved in the study of control seals and twists.

1. Was the seal opened and in what way?

1. Was the filling re-attached?

1. Is it possible to remove the wire from the body of the seal without leaving marks?

1. What is the content of digital and letter imprints on the seal?

1. Has the seal been crimped with the provided sealing vise?

1. Were the presented tools used to open the filling?

1. Has the twist been uncoiled and re-twisted?

1. Is the twist wire made with the same tool?

Issues to be resolved in establishing the whole in parts.

1. What item is this object a part of?

1. Did these objects previously form a single entity?

1. How are the parts divided?

1. Were the parts separated by a particular object?

Issues addressed in the study of clothing.

1. Are the traces found traces of clothing?

1. What is the mechanism of interaction between an object and clothing (traces of friction, imprint, etc.)?

1. What was the relative position of the person and the object on which traces of his clothes were left?

1. Are traces left by patches of clothing of a particular person?

1. What marks and damage are there on the clothes?

1. What is the mechanism of damage formation on clothes?

1. What type of damage was caused by the tool (objects)?

1. Are there any marks and damages on the clothes by the objects presented?

Questions to be solved in the study of knots and loops.

1. What are knots and loops?

1. Are they professional? If yes, what profession are they typical for?

Portrait examination.

Tasks.

Forensic portrait examination consists in the study of photographs and other objective displays appearance person in order to identify the identity of the persons depicted on them.

Expert identification based on subjective portraits, as well as skull reconstructions, is not performed, since they are based on a mental image of a person's appearance. An objective assessment of the imprinted signs of appearance in the memory of an eyewitness, as a rule, is impossible. Therefore, this type of portrait image is used only in conditions of operational identification.

Expert identification is not carried out using portrait images of a person made by an artist (painter, graphic artist, sculptor). When creating them, the artist usually does not take into account the small features of the structure of a person’s face, which are not essential for the formation of the image of the person being portrayed, but are used as individualizing ones in expert identification (for example, signs of the structure of the elements of the auricle, etc.).

Notes.

For expert identification it is necessary to send photographs (negatives) - originals. In their absence, copies of these mappings are sent. It is desirable to send images of people of approximately the same age to be compared for the study. The production time of the photographs to be compared must be known. The photographs of the compared faces must be taken in the same or close angle, in approximately the same lighting conditions.

It is desirable that the photographs be normal in contrast, displaying all the small features of the face - wrinkles, folds, birthmarks etc., devoid of defects that make it difficult to perceive and analyze the signs of appearance. If traces of retouching are visible on the photograph (or this is known from the circumstances of production), it is advisable to obtain the negative from which this photograph was printed and send it to the expert along with the photograph.

Photos on reverse side inscribed, certified by the signature of the investigator and the seal of the institution. Photographic films, casts and other objects are packed in boxes, bundles, packages and are certified by the inscription on the package.

Questions solved by portrait examination.

1. Are the same or different faces in the photographs?

1. One or different people belong to the parts of the head, face, body depicted in the presented photographs?

1. Are the same or different faces depicted on film or video frames?

1. Are the same or different faces depicted in photographs of a living person and a corpse?

Physical and chemical examination (examination of materials, substances and products).

Tasks.

Physical and chemical examination is carried out in order to determine the chemical composition, physical parameters, morphological features of the materials, substances and products under study, to establish their commonality in terms of characteristic impurities, manufacturing, storage and use features.

Not all of the listed tasks can be solved by the methods available in the arsenal of each expert of the physicochemical laboratory of the internal affairs bodies. These possibilities are limited, firstly, by the specialization of a particular employee (does he know the methods that ensure a successful study of the object submitted for examination and allow answering questions of interest to the investigation), and secondly, they are related to the availability of the necessary equipment in the laboratory.

The production of expertise for the entire range of the objects and tasks listed below is organized at the All-Russian Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and in the basic physical and chemical laboratories of the internal affairs bodies.

A wide variety of objects of the material world can serve as material evidence - everything that is commonly called substances, materials, products. For convenience, it is necessary to classify the main objects into typical groups and already, regarding each of such groups, to fer-mulate questions that can be resolved as a result of a physicochemical study. The following groups of objects can be distinguished:

1. Shot products.

2. Glass, ceramics and products from them.

3. Narcotic drugs and strong pharmaceutical preparations.

4. Paints and coatings.

5. Metals and alloys.

6. Polymeric materials and products from them.

7. Oil products.

8. Poisons, unknown substances.

9. Specialty chemicals.

10. Textile fibers and fibers from fur and sheepskin coats.

Issues to be resolved in the study of shot products.

1. Is the damage to the object firearms?

1. What kind of projectile caused damage?

1. Which hole is the inlet and which is the outlet?

1. Has the weapon been fired since the last cleaning?

1. What is the shot distance?

1. How is the projectile made (factory, handicraft, self-made)?

1. Do the materials used in different cartridges have a single source of origin?

1. Is the object found at the scene of the incident a wad (pad); Is it not the same in elemental composition, other characteristics, manufacturing method with wads (pads) and their semi-finished products seized from the suspect?

Issues to be resolved in the study of glass, ceramics and products from them.

1. Is this object glass (ceramic)?

1. What type of glass is ceramic?

1. Do the glass fragments found at the scene and the glass fragments seized from the vehicle (the suspect's clothes, etc.) have a single source of origin?

1. Are there layers (overlays) of foreign substances on the surface of glass (ceramics, glazes)? If so, what is their nature?

Research questions narcotic substances and powerful pharmaceuticals.

1. Is the substance submitted for research a narcotic drug? If yes, what exactly?

1. Is the substance submitted for research a potent pharmaceutical drug? If yes, what exactly?

1. Is the substance submitted for examination a barbiturate? If yes, what exactly?

1. Are there traces of narcotic drugs or strong pharmaceutical preparations on the objects seized from the suspect?

1. Do drugs have a common source of origin?

1. Are the narcotic drugs (hard pharmaceuticals) seized from the suspect manufactured at a particular plant?

1. In what way (industrial or artisanal) is this drug made?

Research questions paintwork materials and coatings.

1. Is this object varnish (paint, enamel)?

1. Are there paint particles on the corpse's clothing?

1. What is the type of this paintwork and what is its intended purpose, in particular, is the particle submitted for examination an automotive paint coating?

1. What kind of paint (lacquer, enamel) was the object covered before repainting?

1. Was the paint (lacquer, enamel) seized from the suspect used to paint this or that object?
2. Do the building paint particles seized from the window opening and the paint particles found on the suspect's clothing have a single source of origin, or do they belong to a specific single object?

Questions to be solved in the study of metals and alloys.

1. What metal (alloy) is the item submitted for examination made of?

1. Are there traces of metal (alloy) on this item?

1. What is the grade of this metal (alloy)?

1. Do metal particles on a number of objects have a common generic (group) affiliation?

1. Do metal (alloy) products have a single source of origin?

1. Do metal particles belong to a particular product?

1. Is the metal (alloy) presented for research noble?

1. Did the projectiles previously form a single mass?

1. Were the materials presented used for the manufacture of the product?

1. Are there traces of foreign metal on the details of the lock mechanism, formed by a foreign object (master key, fake key)?

1. How is the metal object made (casting, stamping, forging, cutting, welding, etc.)?

1. Is there a metal coating on the presented object? If yes, what is it chemical composition, appointment?

1. What influences was the metal product subjected to (overheating, treatment with aggressive substances, etc.)?

1. Did the object previously have any relief images (brand, number, etc.)? If yes, which ones?

1. Has the number on the item been changed?

1. Is the coin submitted for examination counterfeit? If so, what metal (alloy) is it made of?

1. If the coin is genuine, then what are the reasons for the change in its external features that cast doubt on its authenticity (etching, overheating, electrochemical dissolution, etc.)?

1. What is the chemical composition of the coating on the coin?

1. What material is the mold used to cast counterfeit coins made of?

1. Are there any traces of metallization on the presented item? If so, what is their nature, origin?

Issues to be solved in the study of polymeric materials and products from them.

1. Is this substance a polymer?

1. What type, brand is the polymer?

1. What is the special purpose of this type, type of polymer?

1. Do the material from which this polymer product is made and the material of the samples submitted for a comparative study have a common generic (group) affiliation?

1. Has the polymer product been exposed to overheating, aggressive substances, organic solvents, etc.?

1. Do samples of polymer products have a single source of origin?

1. Do they belong polymer materials or particles on the subject-carrier to a specific product?

1. Is the mark on the asphalt (victim's clothing, etc.) formed by rubber particles? If so, what type, brand of this rubber?

1. Was one, two or more adhesives used to bond the object?

1. Was this glue used when gluing the object under study?

1. Which of the seized adhesives was used to glue the object?

1. Has the photo been re-glued on the document (on the product - labels, etc.)?

Issues to be resolved in the study of petroleum products.

1. Is the substance presented a petroleum product?

1. Is a petroleum product a fuel and lubricant? If so, what is its type, type, group, brand, purpose?

1. Has the lubricant been used? If yes, what time?

1. Are there traces (stains) of oil products on the seized object? If so, what is their type, type, group, brand, purpose?

1. Is the sample provided part of the petroleum product contained in the specific container?

1. Was this combustible substance used for arson?

1. Are traces left on the carrier object by an oil product from a specific volume?

1. Does the sample of gasoline submitted for examination correspond to a specific brand according to GOST?

1. Whether AI-93 (AI-95) gasoline submitted for examination is a mixture with gasoline of other brands (low-grade). If so, what is the percentage of low-grade gasoline?

1. Does the gasoline submitted for research contain impurities of other petroleum products (kerosene, diesel fuel)?

Questions to be solved in the study of poisons, unknown substances.

1. What is the nature of the unknown substance?

1. Is the substance potent or corrosive or poisonous?

1. What substance destroyed the victim's clothes?

1. Is there arsenic (thallium, antimony) in the hair, secretions of the victim and what is its concentration?

1. Are there traces of a poison, an aggressive or potent substance on the walls of an empty bottle (other container)?

1. Do the substances submitted for research have a single source of origin?

Issues addressed in the study of special chemicals.

1. Are they homogeneous morphological features, chemical composition of the dye found on the suspect's hair, skin, clothing, crime weapon, other objects belonging to the suspect, with the substance seized at the scene and presented as a sample for a comparative study?

Questions to be solved in the study of textile fibers and fibers from fur and sheepskin coats.

1. Are the objects of study textile fibers or fibers from fur and sheepskin coats?

1. What is the mechanism for separating textile fibers?

1. What is the nature and species affiliation fibers?

1. From what type of products (textile fabrics, knitwear, fur or sheepskin coats) do the fibers come from?

1. What outward signs Can the product from which the fibers originate be characterized?

1. Do single fibers come from one product?

1. Do these fibers come from a particular product?

Soil expertise.

Tasks.

Soil science expertise is carried out in order to establish factual data indicating the presence of a person, animal or the presence of objects in a particular area. The tasks that make up the subject of the examination are to establish the presence and nature of layers on the carrier object, the mechanism and time of their formation, the belonging of soil layers on the carrier object to the soil of a particular area, the fact of contact interaction of objects under certain circumstances, the possible source of soil origin.

The production of soil science expertise is fully organized at the All-Russian Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, as well as in the forensic subdivisions of the internal affairs bodies.

Note.

When solving the main issue of soil science expertise about the belonging of soil layers on the carrier object to a specific area of ​​the terrain, comparative soil samples weighing 50-200 g are taken from the scene of the incident and at least 3-4 control soil samples from areas adjacent to the scene of the incident. Control samples can be taken at a distance of 25-200 m from the scene on the cardinal points - east, west, south, north. The selection of soil objects is carried out only from that depth on the soil surface (usually 0.5-3 cm), which is typical for traces left at the scene. Soil samples should be placed in paper bags. It is not recommended to store soil in glass jars, plastic bags, as well as withdrawal on adhesive tape.

Questions.

1. Are there soil layers on the carrier object (clothes, shoes, objects, etc.)?

1. What is the localization of soil layers on the carrier object?

1. What is the mechanism for the formation of soil layers on the carrier object?

1. What is the origin of soil?

1. Do the soil layers on the carrier object have a common generic (group) affiliation with the soil taken from the scene?

1. Do the soil layers on the carrier object belong to a specific place (a specific area of ​​the terrain is indicated)?

1. Do the soil layers on the carrier object (the clothes of the victim, etc.) and the soils taken from different parts this car, one source of origin?

1. What is the age of formation of soil layers on the carrier object (the issue is resolved in rare cases)?

Mineralogical (gemological) expertise.

Tasks.

Gemological examination is carried out in order to establish the nature precious stones and categories of quality, the presence of traces of precious stones on carrier objects, the presence of traces of metallization and other signs on precious stones, the establishment of the source of origin and the value of stones.

The objects of expertise are natural faceted and uncut gems, semiprecious stones, their synthetic analogues and imitations, ornamental stones, rocks, as well as products made from them.

Note.

The following questions may also be asked for the expert's permission.

Was stone processing carried out in artisanal or factory conditions?

What deposit do the raw stones submitted for research come from?

What is the degree of skill of the person who processed these stones?

However, the solution of these issues requires the involvement of specialists from relevant research institutes, mineralogical museums and points for the repair and manufacture of jewelry.

Packing of each object is carried out separately and must exclude the possibility of damage to precious stones and their contact with metals.

Questions.

1. What is the name of the stones submitted for research?

1. Are the stones presented for examination natural, synthetic or imitations?

1. Are the stones submitted for examination precious, semi-precious or ornamental?

1. What is the cost of the stones submitted for research?

1. Are there any traces of plating or other traces on the surface of the stones, indicating their previous presence in jewelry?

1. Are there any traces of jewelry stones on the carrier objects (tools, objects, etc.)?

1. Could the parts of the piece of jewelry have previously formed a single whole - individual beads seized from the suspect, and a bead found at the scene?

1. Do the stones submitted for examination have a common source of origin?

Botanical expertise.

Tasks.

Botanical examination is carried out in order to establish the nature of plant objects, their generic (group) affiliation, the source of origin of plant particles.

The objects of botanical examination are plants and their parts (roots, rhizomes, seeds, fruits, etc.), wood, bark, shavings, sawdust, parts of wooden objects, hay and straw, tobacco and tobacco products, other objects. plant origin.

Notes.

Plant objects are placed in paper bags, except when. This is a possible contact between the vegetation seized from the carrier object and from the scene.

Questions.

1. Are there plant particles on the carrier objects? What is the nature of the objects submitted for research?

1. Do plant particles removed from the carrier object and plant particles (or whole plants) removed from the scene have a common generic (group) affiliation?

1. Are the plant particles removed from the carrier object part of a specific plant, product or mixture of plant origin?

Biological expertise.

Tasks.

The tasks of forensic biological examination are the production of diagnostic and identification studies of tissues and secretions of humans and animals.

The main objectives of this examination are:

In the study of human tissues and secretions - determining the nature of the object, the mechanism of its formation, establishing belonging to a person, their group and gender specificity, as well as the possibility of origin from a particular person;

When studying objects of animal origin (for example, hair, blood, etc.) - determining their species specificity, that is, assigning them to one or another taxonomic group of mammals, the mechanism of formation, and in some cases - origin from a particular individual.

Biological studies of blood, hair, secretions and tissue fragments of humans and animals can be performed in the biological laboratories of the following forensic departments of the internal affairs bodies.

Note.

When researching:

An object with traces similar to blood, and blood samples (in dried or liquid form without a preservative in an amount of at least 5 ml) of the victims and other persons involved in the case, are submitted for examination for blood,

Discharge presents objects with traces similar to discharge, and samples of blood and saliva (in liquid or dried form);

Sweat traces must provide blood samples of persons passing on the case;

Hair for examination are sent to the objects of study, hair samples from five sections of the head (frontal, right and left temporal, parietal, occipital), at least 20 hairs from each section, and blood samples (in liquid or dried form) of the victim and persons passing through case;

Fragments of bones and tissues are objects subject to examination, and a blood sample of the victim in liquid or dried form;

Animal hair sent hair seized as material evidence, and hair samples of the coat or animal skin taken from 10 parts of the body (back, sacrum, belly, front and hind limbs, upper and lower neck, head), at least 20 hairs from each area.

Problems solved by biological expertise in the study of human tissues and secretions.

Blood.

1. Are there traces of blood on the presented items?

1. Does this blood belong to a human or an animal?

1. If the blood belongs to a person, then what is the group of this blood (according to the ABO system and other isoserological, polymorphic protein and enzyme systems)?

1. What is the mechanism for the formation of traces of blood?

1. What is the gender of the blood?

1. Did this blood come from a specific person?

(saliva, semen, sweat, urine, etc.)

1. Are there traces of saliva, semen, or urine on the objects submitted for examination?

1. What is the group affiliation of objects (saliva, sperm, etc.)?

1. Does saliva belong to a man or a woman?

1. Did the discharge come from a specific person?

hand marks and lip marks

1. What is the group affiliation of these traces (according to the ABO system)?

1. Were they left by a specific person (by group affiliation)?

1. Who left traces of lips, a man or a woman?

Tel. , 268-87-99, 268-83-91, 268-80-85

Trace examination is carried out in order to identify various objects according to their characteristics. external structure, displayed in the traces at the scene, as well as for diagnosing various circumstances related to the investigation: the direction of movement (criminal, transport), the time of origin of the traces, the method and sequence of the criminal’s actions, etc.

Depending on the objects of study and the nature of the tasks to be solved, the following main traceological examinations are distinguished:

Footprints of shoes;

Traces of teeth;

Footprints (hoofs) of animals;

Traces of hacking tools and tools;

Traces of vehicles;

Locks and locking devices;

Locking and sealing devices (ZPU) and seals;

Whole in parts;

Traces of production mechanisms;

Knots and loops.

The production of trace examinations is organized in all forensic divisions of the internal affairs bodies.

Questions to be solved in the study of footprints:

1. What kind of shoes left marks (boots, boots, sneakers, etc.)?

2. Which model of shoes left a mark; her size?

3. What is the height of the person wearing this shoe?

4. What is the mechanism of the appearance of traces (are traces left when walking, running, kicking, etc.)?

5. What are the human anatomical features reflected in the footprints?

6. Were the footprints (shoes) found at several accident sites by the same person (or the same shoes)?

7. Are there any footprints left by the shoes seized from a particular person?

8. Was the shoes found at the scene worn by a specific person?

9. Did the footprints show signs of the external structure of stockings or socks seized from a particular person?

10. What are the dimensional characteristics of the shoe track elements?

11. Do the elements of the footprint found at the scene match the elements of the experimental footprint left by this person?

Questions to be solved in the study of traces of human teeth:

1. Did the teeth of a person, animal or anything else leave marks on this object?

2. What are the anatomical, technical features of the dental apparatus of a person who left traces?

3. What is the mechanism (bite, bite) of the formation of teeth marks?

4. Did this person leave teeth marks on the presented object?

Questions to be solved in the study of footprints (hoofs) of animals:

1. What animals left traces?

2. What are the zoological features of the animal displayed in the tracks?

3. Have any traces been left by these animals?

4. What are the type, number and features of the horseshoes, traces of which were found at the scene?

5. Are the footprints (horseshoes, hooves) left by the same or different animals?

Questions to be solved in the study of traces of hacking tools and tools:

1. Are there any traces of exposure to a foreign object on the surface of the object?

2. From which side, in which direction was damage (drilling, sawing, tearing, breaking, wringing) of this object (door, window, ceiling, floor, board, paper, cardboard, etc.)?

3. What is the mechanism of trace formation?

4. What kind or type is the tool (tool, mechanism) that left traces? What are the properties and characteristics of this tool (shape, dimensions, etc.)?

5. Are these traces formed by one or several tools?

6. Were the tracks on two or more objects formed by the same tool?

7. Were these traces formed by the tool submitted for examination?

Questions to be solved in the study of traces of vehicles:

1. What type and model of the vehicle, what parts of it left traces?

2. Are there tracks left by one or more vehicles?

3. In what direction was the vehicle moving?

4. What is the mechanism of formation of existing traces?

5. Are there any tracks left by this vehicle?

6. Is the discovered object a part of this vehicle and has it previously been a single whole with it?

7. What was the relative position of the vehicles (vehicle and other objects) at the time of the collision?

Questions to be solved in the study of locks and locking devices:

1. Is the lock mechanism working? If not, what is the cause of its failure? How does this malfunction affect the security properties of the lock?

2. Are there traces left by a foreign object on the parts of the lock mechanism? Are these marks the result of exposure to a fake key or master key?

3. Has the lock been unlocked and can it be unlocked with this key (master key, object)?

4. At what position of the locking mechanism (locked, unlocked) did damage occur on the lock?

5. As a result of what actions was the lock damaged? How is the lock unlocked?

6. What kind of tool (type) left traces on the lock or broke the lock?

7. Are several locks unlocked (hacked) in one way, with one tool?

8. Did this tool (tool, object) leave traces on the lock?

9. What is the security level of the lock mechanism?

Issues to be resolved in the study of locking and sealing devices (LPU) and seals:

1. Was the seal (ZPU) opened and in what way?

2. Was the seal (ZPU) reattached?

4. Was the seal crimped with the provided sealing vise?

5. Were the presented tools used to open the seal (ZPU) and its subsequent compression?

Issues to be resolved when establishing the whole in parts:

1. What subject is this object a part of?

2. Did these objects previously form one whole?

3. How are the parts of the subject divided?

4. Was the object divided into parts by a specific object?

Questions to be solved in the study of mass-produced products:

1. On what equipment is this product manufactured, with the use of what machines, mechanisms?

2. Were the products or semi-finished products confiscated from a specific person made on a specific machine or using specific parts of it (molds, dies, punches, dies, etc.)?

3. Are multiple items found at the scene and multiple items seized from the individual manufactured on the same device or using the same parts?

Questions to be solved in the study of clothing:

1. Are the traces found traces of clothing?

2. What is the mechanism of interaction between an object and clothing (traces of friction, imprint, etc.)?

3. What was the relative position of the person and the object on which traces of his clothes were left?

4. Are traces left by patches of clothing of a particular person?

5. What marks and damage are there on the clothes?

6. What is the mechanism of damage formation on clothes?

7. What type of tool (object) caused damage?

8. Are there marks and damages on the clothes by the items presented?

Questions to be solved in the study of knots and loops:

1. What type are knots and loops?

2. Are they professional? If so, what profession are they typical for?

Requirements for materials sent for examination:

When appointing a trace examination, the following shall be submitted:

Direct objects of study; if it is impossible to fulfill this requirement, you can send models obtained from these objects (photographs, casts, fingerprint films);

Inspection protocols, diagrams, photographs of the scene of the incident (materials of the criminal case);

Samples for comparative research; in each specific case, they can be clarified by an expert.

Items (objects) must be packed, sealed and provided with appropriate accompanying inscriptions.

The main questions to be solved in the study of weapons

1. What type and sample (model) does this fire belong to?

firearms?

2. Is the weapon in good working order and is it suitable for shooting?

3. What is the caliber of this firearms?

4. What type and type (model) of firearms is this part (magazine, bolt, revolver drum axle, pistol grip cheek, trigger, etc.)?

5. Is the part presented for research a part of this weapon?

When resolving this issue, it is necessary to take into account the number on the part, traces of it on other parts of the weapon, and vice versa. If only a part of the detail is examined, and another part of it has been preserved in the alleged weapon, then the question is reduced to establishing the whole from the part.

6. Could a shot have been fired from this weapon without pressing trigger under certain circumstances (for example, as a result of a weapon falling on the floor)?

7. Is it possible to shoot from this weapon with cartridges determined by

divided caliber?

8. Has the bore been lubricated since the last shot, and if so, with what kind?

9. Are the markings on the defined

fixed parts of the weapon, and if so, which ones?

10. Was a shot fired from this weapon after

next cleaning?

11. What kind of gunpowder (type, brand) was the cartridge equipped with

called for the last shot from this weapon?

12. Has the last shot been fired from this shotgun?

th gun with a bullet?

This can be established, for example, in cases where bullets are fired from choke-drilled barrels. Signs can be lead strips that draw the leading edges of the bullet on the walls of the bore. They can be observed from the side of the muzzle.

13. How long has it been since the last shot?

14. Is this item a weapon?

15. What is the cause of a shotgun barrel rupture?

To do this, the expert must present the gun, samples of the cartridges used for shooting, and objects that, according to the assumption, were in the barrel before the shot.

16. Was this cover (holster) used to store the weapons submitted for research?

This issue can be resolved in some cases, when the signs of a certain weapon are sufficiently fully displayed on the internal surfaces of the case in the form of scuffs, dents, dirt, traces of metallization, oil, etc.

The main issues to be resolved in the study of fired bullets, shot, buckshot, wads

1. What type of weapon (system, sample, model) is fired from

lena bullet found at the scene?

2. Is the bullet fired from the presented weapon?

3. Were the bullets fired from the same weapon?

4. What type and sample is the cartridge, part of which is a bullet found at the scene?

5. Whether the bullet was fired from an inappropriate weapon

6. Is it possible to use the cartridge, of which the bullet submitted for examination is a part, for firing from this weapon?

7. Is a piece of metal part of a bullet, and if so, what type and pattern does it belong to?

8. Did the bullet presented in the study ricochet?

9. What are the reasons for the deformation (or rupture) of the bullet?

10. Is the bullet deformed for a certain reason (on-

example, as a result of passing through one or another obstacle)?

11. Are the bullet and case submitted for examination part of the same cartridge?

12. Which of the presented bullets was fired first?

This issue can be resolved by the features of the marks on the bullet that was fired first, as well as traces of grease around the bullet damage on the object.

13. A bullet is made in a factory or homemade way

(shot, buckshot)?

14. Is a home-made projectile (shot, buckshot) made?

with this tool?

15. Were the projectiles transferred earlier (shot, buckshot, bullets) a single mass and were they not manufactured under the same production conditions?

16. Is the chemical composition of a home-made projectile submitted for examination (home-made bullet, shot, buckshot) and a piece of metal seized from a suspect during a search?

17. Are this shot (buckshot) and the presented sample homogeneous in terms of number, method of manufacture and chemical composition?

18. Did the object under study serve as a homemade test

19. What material is the wad made of?

20. Are the materials of the wad and the sample, represented by

for comparison?

21. Is the wad material part of the item?

(sheet of paper, piece of cloth)?

22. Are these wads (pads) made from the same items (the same sheet of paper, cardboard, piece of felt)?

23. Is the wad made by the presented tool (on-

example, cutting)?

24. How is the wad made (using die-cutting,

cutting, pressing cork chips, etc.)?

25. Are these wads (pads) made with the same tools?

26. Are the wads submitted for examination homogeneous (by type of material, color, size, shape, method of manufacture, etc.)?

27. Were the parts of the wad from the scene of the incident and the wads in the cartridge previously one whole?

28. What kind of gunpowder (type, brand) was the cartridge equipped with, judging by the soot and unburned powders on the damaged barrier?

29. Were raw materials of this special purpose used for the manufacture of projectiles, wads, gaskets (alloy grade, paper type, felt grade)?

The main issues to be solved in the study of sleeves

1. What type of weapon, sample (model) was fired from this

nay sleeve?

2. Is the cartridge case part of the cartridge used to fire this weapon?

3. Are the cartridge cases presented fired from one eq-

weapon specimen?

4. Are these sleeves homogeneous, and if so, for what reasons?

5. What type and sample is the cartridge, part of which is the cartridge case found at the scene?

6. Are the bullet and case shown part of the same

leg cartridge?

7. Is the cartridge case fired from an inappropriate weapon?

(larger or smaller) caliber?

8. Is this sleeve reused?

9. Whether the cartridge case was loaded with a device seized from a certain person.

10. What kind of gunpowder (type, brand) was the cartridge equipped with, of which this cartridge case is a part?

11. Approximately how much time has passed since the shot,

judging by the sleeve?

The correct solution of these issues helps to identify the shells found at the crime scene and the shells obtained by shooting from a specific weapon, which ultimately allows you to identify the desired copy.

The main issues to be resolved in the study of ammunition

1. Are these cartridges in good condition and suitable for shooting?

2. What type and sample does the one presented for use belong to?

following cartridge?

3. Do the presented cartridges belong to the same release batch?

In some cases, this can be established by the following signs:

a) the type and sample of the bullet, cartridge case;

b) marking on the sleeve (if the lot number is indicated in the marking), etc.

4. Are the shot cartridges found at the crime scene and the cartridges found during a search in the possession of a certain person homogeneous in terms of the structure and composition of the ammunition (cartridges, wads, shot)?

5. Capsules were equipped with one or different devices

ammo provided by me?

6. Is the cartridge equipped with a primer using this

7. Was the equipment of the presented ammunition made?

passes under the same production conditions?

Inspections and expert studies of weapons, ammunition and traces of their use help to establish the circumstances that have importance for business. Their results are used to build and test versions, to search for and expose criminals.

Literature:

Akhanov V.S. Forensic examination of firearms and traces of their use. Volgograd, 1979.

Gusarov V.P. Ballistics. Forensic examination of rifled hunting rifles and ammunition. Khabarovsk, 1997.

Podshibyakin A.S. Steel arms. Forensic school

nie. M., 1997.

Rusakov N.N. Forensic investigation of weapons and traces of their use: Tutorial. Omsk, 1981.

Forensic ballistics and forensic ballistics:

Textbook. / Ed. A.G. Egorova. Saratov, 1998.

Tikhonov E.N. Forensic examination of cold weapons

zhiya: Textbook. Barnaul, 1987.