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The main questions to be solved in the study of weapons
1. What type and sample (model) does this fire belong to?
firearms?
2. Is the weapon in good working order and is it suitable for shooting?
3. What is the caliber of this firearms?
4. What type and type (model) of firearms is this part (magazine, bolt, revolver drum axle, pistol grip cheek, trigger, etc.)?
5. Is the part presented for research a part of this weapon?
When resolving this issue, it is necessary to take into account the number on the part, traces of it on other parts of the weapon, and vice versa. If only a part of the detail is examined, and another part of it has been preserved in the alleged weapon, then the question is reduced to establishing the whole from the part.
6. Could a shot have been fired from this weapon without pressing trigger under certain circumstances (for example, as a result of a weapon falling on the floor)?
7. Is it possible to shoot from this weapon with cartridges determined by
divided caliber?
8. Has the bore been lubricated since the last shot, and if so, with what kind?
9. Are the markings on the defined
fixed parts of the weapon, and if so, which ones?
10. Was a shot fired from this weapon after
next cleaning?
11. What kind of gunpowder (type, brand) was the cartridge equipped with
called for the last shot from this weapon?
12. Has the last shot been fired from this shotgun?
th gun with a bullet?
This can be established, for example, in cases where bullets are fired from choke-drilled barrels. Signs can be lead strips that draw the leading edges of the bullet on the walls of the bore. They can be observed from the side of the muzzle.
13. How long has it been since the last shot?
14. Is this item a weapon?
15. What is the cause of a shotgun barrel rupture?
To do this, the expert must present the gun, samples of the cartridges used for shooting, and objects that, according to the assumption, were in the barrel before the shot.
16. Was this cover (holster) used to store the weapons submitted for research?
This issue can be resolved in some cases, when the signs of a certain weapon are sufficiently fully displayed on the internal surfaces of the case in the form of scuffs, dents, dirt, traces of metallization, oil, etc.
The main issues to be resolved in the study of fired bullets, shot, buckshot, wads
1. What type of weapon (system, sample, model) is fired from
lena bullet found at the scene?
2. Is the bullet fired from the presented weapon?
3. Were the bullets fired from the same weapon?
4. What type and sample is the cartridge, part of which is a bullet found at the scene?
5. Whether the bullet was fired from an inappropriate weapon
6. Is it possible to use the cartridge, of which the bullet submitted for examination is a part, for firing from this weapon?
7. Is a piece of metal part of a bullet, and if so, what type and pattern does it belong to?
8. Did the bullet presented in the study ricochet?
9. What are the reasons for the deformation (or rupture) of the bullet?
10. Is the bullet deformed for a certain reason (on-
example, as a result of passing through one or another obstacle)?
11. Are the bullet and case submitted for examination part of the same cartridge?
12. Which of the presented bullets was fired first?
This issue can be resolved by the features of the marks on the bullet that was fired first, as well as traces of grease around the bullet damage on the object.
13. A bullet is made in a factory or homemade way
(shot, buckshot)?
14. Is a home-made projectile (shot, buckshot) made?
with this tool?
15. Were the projectiles transferred earlier (shot, buckshot, bullets) a single mass and were they not manufactured under the same production conditions?
16. Is it the same chemical composition a home-made projectile (home-made bullet, shot, buckshot) and a piece of metal seized during a search from a suspect?
17. Are this shot (buckshot) and the presented sample homogeneous in terms of number, method of manufacture and chemical composition?
18. Did the object under study serve as a homemade test
19. What material is the wad made of?
20. Are the materials of the wad and the sample, represented by
for comparison?
21. Is the wad material part of the item?
(sheet of paper, piece of cloth)?
22. Are these wads (pads) made from the same items (the same sheet of paper, cardboard, piece of felt)?
23. Is the wad made by the presented tool (on-
example, cutting)?
24. How is the wad made (using die-cutting,
cutting, pressing cork chips, etc.)?
25. Are these wads (pads) made with the same tools?
26. Are the wads submitted for examination homogeneous (by type of material, color, size, shape, method of manufacture, etc.)?
27. Were the parts of the wad from the scene of the incident and the wads in the cartridge previously one whole?
28. What kind of gunpowder (type, brand) was the cartridge equipped with, judging by the soot and unburned powders on the damaged barrier?
29. Were raw materials of this special purpose used for the manufacture of projectiles, wads, gaskets (alloy grade, paper type, felt grade)?
The main issues to be solved in the study of sleeves
1. What type of weapon, sample (model) was fired from this
nay sleeve?
2. Is the cartridge case part of the cartridge used to fire this weapon?
3. Are the cartridge cases presented fired from one eq-
weapon specimen?
4. Are these sleeves homogeneous, and if so, for what reasons?
5. What type and sample is the cartridge, part of which is the cartridge case found at the scene?
6. Are the bullet and case shown part of the same
leg cartridge?
7. Is the cartridge case fired from an inappropriate weapon?
(larger or smaller) caliber?
8. Is this sleeve reused?
9. Whether the cartridge case was loaded with a device seized from a certain person.
10. What kind of gunpowder (type, brand) was the cartridge equipped with, of which this cartridge case is a part?
11. Approximately how much time has passed since the shot,
judging by the sleeve?
The correct solution of these issues helps to identify the shells found at the crime scene and the shells obtained by shooting from a specific weapon, which ultimately allows you to identify the desired copy.
The main issues to be resolved in the study of ammunition
1. Are these cartridges in good condition and suitable for shooting?
2. What type and sample does the one presented for use belong to?
following cartridge?
3. Do the presented cartridges belong to the same release batch?
In some cases, this can be established by the following signs:
a) the type and sample of the bullet, cartridge case;
b) marking on the sleeve (if the lot number is indicated in the marking), etc.
4. Are the shot cartridges found at the crime scene and the cartridges found during a search in the possession of a certain person homogeneous in terms of the structure and composition of the ammunition (cartridges, wads, shot)?
5. Capsules were equipped with one or different devices
ammo provided by me?
6. Is the cartridge equipped with a primer using this
7. Was the equipment of the presented ammunition made?
passes under the same production conditions?
Inspections and expert studies of weapons, ammunition and traces of their use help to establish the circumstances that have importance for business. Their results are used to build and test versions, to search for and expose criminals.
Literature:
Akhanov V.S. Forensic examination of firearms and traces of their use. Volgograd, 1979.
Gusarov V.P. Ballistics. Forensic examination rifled hunting rifles and ammunition. Khabarovsk, 1997.
Podshibyakin A.S. Steel arms. Forensic school
nie. M., 1997.
Rusakov N.N. Forensic investigation of weapons and traces of their use: Tutorial. Omsk, 1981.
Forensic ballistics and forensic ballistics:
Textbook. / Ed. A.G. Egorova. Saratov, 1998.
Tikhonov E.N. Forensic examination of cold weapons
zhiya: Textbook. Barnaul, 1987.
Expertise(from lat. - experienced, knowledgeable) - research conducted by a person who is knowledgeable in science, technology, art or craft, attracted on behalf of stakeholders, in order to answer questions that require special knowledge.
Expertise is carried out on issues arising in legal relations between subjects of law, with the aim of resolving disputes, establishing facts of interest. The examination is carried out by a person specially involved for this purpose - an expert with special knowledge that its initiators do not possess.
An expert study is drawn up with a reasoned opinion of the expert, which describes the course of the study and provides answers to the questions posed. The conclusion obtained is evidence indicating the presence / absence of factual data of interest in resolving a particular issue or becomes the basis for a trial.
HANDMARK EXPERTISE
Questions solved by handwriting expertise:
Identification:
1. Who, Mr. A or another person, made the handwritten text of the document (name, details)?
2. Who, Mr. A or another person, made the signature in the document under study (name, details, line, column)?
3. Who, Mr. A or another person, signed on behalf of a fictitious (unidentified) person, located in the document under study (name, details, line, column)?
4. Did the texts (signatures) located in the documents submitted for research (or parts of the text, signatures in one document) be executed by one or different persons?
Diagnostic
1. Was the text written in unusual conditions (unusual posture) or in an unusual state (sickness, intoxication)?
TECHNICAL AND FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS
I. RESEARCH OF DETAILS OF DOCUMENTS
1. Study of document forms:
- Is the submitted form manufactured by an enterprise that manufactures products of this type?
- How was the document or its form made?
- Are the studied forms of documents made in one or different ways?
— Are the submitted documents made from the same printed form?
- have any changes been made to the original content of the printed text (handwritten notes, signatures) available in the document?
2. Examination of prints of seals and stamps:
- how was the printing cliché produced, the imprint of which is available in the submitted document? - Are the prints under investigation applied by one or different clichés? Are the printed prints of the cliché under investigation, samples of the prints of which are presented for comparison?
3. Study of typewritten texts:
- what is the brand and system of the typewriter on which the text of the document under study is executed?
— were the texts of the submitted documents executed on one or different typewriters?
- Is the text of the document executed on the presented typewriter?
- Is the text of the document executed on a typewriter, the text samples of which are presented for comparison?
4. Technical and forensic examination of signatures:
- in what way the signature under study was executed in the submitted document (handwritten or using any technical means)?
- whether there was a technical forgery of the signature (copying in the light, squeezing, execution using pre-training etc.)?
- Is the signature in the examined document copied from any of the signatures presented for comparison?
5. Establishing the fact of changing the original content of the document:
- has the document been subjected to any changes (cleaning, etching, shading, etc.)? If yes, what exactly?
- is any fragment of the records in the submitted document not added (finished)?
- Have any parts of the document been re-glued (photo card, stamp, etc.)?
- Have the sheets in the submitted document been replaced?
6. Establishing the content of the document:
- what is the content of the originally made (modified) entries in the submitted document?
- what is the content of the faded, pressed, flooded records?
- what is the chronological sequence of execution of intersecting details (text, print and signature) in the document under study?
- Did the fragments of documents presented earlier constitute a single whole?
What is the content of a torn or burned document?
What is the content of the text on the carbon paper?
7. Research of money tickets:
- Was the banknote submitted for research manufactured by an enterprise that produces banknotes of this state?
How is the ticket made?
- Are the presented money tickets made from the same printed form (with the printing method of applying images)?
- Have the received money tickets been made from the presented printed form?
- Are the presented money tickets made from the same original (with a non-printing method of applying images)?
- Does the image of banknotes in the files on the presented media correspond to the image on the seized banknotes?
RESEARCH OF DOCUMENT MATERIALS
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. Are the paper of the bank note (document) seized and the samples of paper seized ... homogeneous among themselves?
2. Is the paper on which the presented money tickets (documents) are made homogeneous?
3. What kind, brand and grade of paper was used for the production of the presented banknotes (documents)?
4. Are the dyes used in the images of banknotes (handwritten notes and signatures, prints of seals and stamps, printed text, etc.) homogeneous in chemical composition, with ink in the printer cartridges (ballpoint pen paste, stamp ink, printer toner) seized…?
5. Were the submitted inkjet printers (ballpoint pens, ink pads, laser printers, etc.) used to execute money tickets (specified details in the submitted documents)?
6. Are the dyes used for the presented banknotes (handwritten notes, seals and stamps, printed texts, etc. in these documents) homogeneous in chemical composition?
7. What kind of coloring agent are the details of the received document filled with?
8. What adhesive was used to make the documents?
9. Are the adhesives used in the production of the submitted documents homogeneous in chemical composition?
10. Was this adhesive sample used to make the document under study?
EXAMINATION ON REVEALING TECHNICAL SIGNS OF COUNTERFEITING IN AUDIO-, VIDEO-, MULTIMEDIA PRODUCTS
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. In what way are the colorful images located:
— on the printed packaging of audio, video, multimedia products?
- on the surface of information carriers (CD, DVD, video, audio cassettes)?
2. Colorful images are made in one or different ways, located:
— on the printed packaging of audio, video, multimedia products and samples?
— on the surface of information carriers (CD, DVD, video, audio cassettes) and samples?
3. Are the printing packages of audio, video, multimedia products of the same name made from the same printed form?
4. Do the printed packaging of audio, video and multimedia products submitted for the study (colorful images on the surface of CDs, DVDs, video, audio cassettes submitted for the study) correspond to the samples submitted for comparison in terms of manufacturing method, design, design, etc. .?
5. Could the samples of packaging, etc., presented be used to make the corresponding printed packaging copies submitted for research?
6. Could the presented printer be used for the production of the presented printed packaging?
7. Could the presented copying equipment be used for the production of the presented printing packaging?
8. Does the audio, video, multimedia products submitted for research contain technical signs of counterfeiting?
TRASOLOGICAL EXPERTISE
EXAMINATION OF TRACES OF HANDS (BARE FEET) (DACTYLOSCOPIC EXAMINATION)
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. Are there traces of hands (bare feet) on the presented objects? If so, are they suitable for personal identification?
2. Are there traces of hands (bare feet) left by a specific person (persons)?
3. Were traces of hands (bare feet) seized during the inspection of several scenes of incidents left by the same person?
4. Do the fingerprints of the hands (bare feet) on several fingerprint cards belong to the same person?
EXAMINATION OF FOOTPRINTS
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. Are footprints seized during the inspection of the scene suitable for identification?
2. What type of shoes (purpose, type, model, size) formed the traces seized during the inspection of the scene?
3. Did the same or different shoes leave marks at the scene?
4. Were footprints found at the scene left by shoes seized from a specific person?
5. What is the mechanism for the formation of traces (are they formed when walking, running, by a person carrying a significant load, etc.)?
6. What are the anatomical features of a person displayed in the track (if any)?
STUDY OF TRAILS OF CLOTHES
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. Is the footprint taken from the scene a trace of clothing?
2. What type, piece of clothing left a mark?
3. Are traces formed by one or more types of clothing?
4. Are marks left by a particular piece of clothing?
EXAMINATION OF MASS PRODUCTS
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. Are the products or semi-finished products confiscated from a specific person made on a specific machine or using specific parts of it?
2. Are multiple items found at the scene and items recovered from a specific person made on the same device or using the same parts?
EXAMINATION OF DAMAGE ON CLOTHING
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. Are the items of clothing and/or shoes shown damaged? If yes, what is the mechanism of their formation?
2. What object could have formed the existing damage?
3. Are there any damages on clothes and shoes that are typical for education in a traffic accident? If yes, what is the mechanism of their formation?
4. Are there signs of a vehicle on the presented clothes and shoes? If so, for which vehicles (type, type) are they characteristic, and what part of the vehicle could they have been formed?
5. Are there vehicle tire marks on clothes and shoes? If so, what vehicles are they intended for installation on (type, type, brand, model, year of manufacture)?
6. Are these damages formed by a specific object (submitted for research)?
7. What was the position of the victim at the time of the initial contact with the traumatic force in the traffic accident?
Note. To resolve this issue, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive forensic and trace examination, and if there is a vehicle, a transport and trace examination.
STUDY OF IDENTIFICATION MARKINGS ON VEHICLES
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. Has the vehicle identification number been destroyed or altered (total or partial)?
2. If so, what are the original designations?
3. Are the numbers of the same name marked on different parts of the car with one or different stamps?
EXAMINATION OF KNOTS AND HINGES
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. What type are these nodes (loops)? Are they professional, and if so, for what profession are they most typical?
2. What is the nature of the termination or braiding of the ends of the investigated rope, rope or cord? Do not the features of the termination (braiding) of the ends indicate the habitual or professional skills of a particular person?
3. Do not several knots (loops) presented to the expert belong to the same type?
4. Were several knots submitted for examination tied in one way (for example, knots seized from the scene and knots made by the suspect during the investigative experiment)?
EXAMINATION OF TOOTH TRACES
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. Are there marks on the objects due to the impact of the teeth?
2. Are traces formed by the teeth of an animal or a person?
3. What are the features of the structure of the teeth of a person who left traces?
4. What teeth (molars, incisors, canines) left traces?
5. Are teeth marks left by the teeth of a particular person (animal)?
EXAMINATION OF PRINTS OF ASSEMBLY STAMPS ON JEWELERY
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. Are there imprints of hallmarks on the presented product, if so, which ones?
2. Do they correspond in form and content to the hallmarks of the Republic of Belarus and the hallmarks of the USSR?
3. Are the prints on the presented products made with the same hallmark?
4. Are the imprints of the brand on the product with the brand submitted for research?
EXAMINATION OF TRACES OF BREAKING TOOLS
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. Are the traces taken during the inspection of the scene of the incident suitable for identifying the gun that left them?
2. Were traces found at the scene left by an object (tool) seized from the suspect?
3. What is the mechanism of trace formation?
4. What object formed the traces?
5. From which side (internal or external) was the burglary made?
6. What was the position of the tool, tool relative to the trace-receiving surface?
7. What is the type (kind), design features, technical condition, completeness of the used metal-cutting apparatus?
8. What is the method (factory, handicraft) of manufacturing a metal-cutting machine?
9. What are the skills and qualifications of the cutter of the person(s) who cut?
10. Where is the starting point for cutting, and what is the direction of the cut?
EXAMINATION OF TRACES OF VEHICLES
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. Are there traces of vehicles on the presented object, if so, are they suitable for identification?
2. Are there traces left by a specific vehicle?
3. What is the type, model of the vehicle (car, tractor, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.) that left a mark (track, tire tread) at the scene?
4. What is the direction in which the vehicle was moving?
5. What is the nature of the movement of the vehicle, judging by the tracks of the tires (rolling, braking)?
6. Are the fragments seized during the inspection of the scene of the accident parts (details) of vehicles? If so, what vehicle are they for?
EXPERTISE OF ESTABLISHING THE METHOD FOR COVERING ALCOHOLIC PRODUCTS
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. How are the presented objects corked?
2. Are they sealed on the same machine?
3. Are the objects sealed on the presented equipment or the equipment on which the experimental objects were obtained?
TRANSPORT TRASOLOGY
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. What damage is there on the clothes, their nature and mechanism of formation?
2. Are there any traces of parts and parts of the vehicle on the clothes, and if so, what parts, parts left them and what kind of vehicle (car, truck)?
3. Are there traces of car wheel treads on the clothes, and if so, what tire model left them and on which vehicles are these tires installed?
4. Are the wheel treads of a particular car left marks on clothing?
5. In what position was the victim at the time of initial contact with the vehicle?
6. How was the victim in relation to vehicle?
7. Do the traces on the clothing and body (corpse) of the victim correspond in their localization and mechanism of formation?
Note. To resolve issues 5-7, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive forensic medical and trace examination.
EXAMINATION OF COINS
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. How were the coins provided for research made (casting, stamping)?
2. Are they manufactured by an enterprise that produces this type of product?
EXAMINATION OF REGISTRATION SIGNS OF VEHICLES
Expertise issue:
1. Have registration marks been made at the enterprise producing this type of product?
2. If not, how are they made?
EXAMINATION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE WHOLE BY PARTS
1. To resolve the examination of the establishment of the whole in parts, one question is usually posed: did the objects under study make up a single whole before?
2. In addition, questions can be raised:
— what object (tool, tool, mechanism, etc.) is this object a part of?
- what is the mechanism (rupture, fracture, cut, etc.) for separating a part from an object?
3. If homogeneous objects are sent for examination, then the following questions are put before the expert:
- Are the glass fragments found at the scene of an accident part of the headlight lens of a certain car?
- Is the chip found at the scene of the incident peeled off from the side of the body of a certain car?
- Are not the cut and the presented piece of leather confiscated from the accused part of one whole?
- Is the piece of tissue left at the scene of the incident part of a piece of tissue seized from the accused?
- Did the piece of newspaper seized at the scene of the incident and the piece of newspaper seized from K. previously constitute one whole?
4. When sending objects related to composite objects for examination, the following questions are asked:
- Were the trigger found at the scene of the incident and the Makarov pistol seized from the suspect previously made up one whole? Did the car door lock seized from the suspect and the door of a certain car previously constitute one whole?
5. Questions to be solved by an expert in the study of objects related to complete integers are formulated as follows:
- Were the scabbard found at the scene and the knife seized from the suspect previously made up one whole?
- Were the low shoes seized from the suspect worn with galoshes found at the scene?
EXAMINATION OF LOCKS AND SAFETY DEVICES
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. Is the lock submitted for examination in good condition, and if not, what faults does it have?
2. Is it possible to unlock the lock with selected keys or a master key?
3. Was the lock unlocked with selected keys or a master key?
4. Has the lock been hacked in the locked or unlocked position?
5. Is it possible to unlock the control lock without breaking the control paper?
EXAMINATION OF WEAPONS, AMMUNITION AND SHOT TRACKS (BALLISTIC EXAMINATION)
Issues addressed in the study of firearms:
1. Does the item submitted for examination belong to the category of firearms (pneumatic, gas, signal) weapons?
2. What type and model (model) does this firearm belong to?
3. Is the weapon in good working order and is it suitable for shooting? If not correct, what is the problem?
4. Part of the firearm of what type and sample (model) is this part, does it belong to constituent parts firearms?
5. Is the part presented for research a part of this weapon (for example, the TT pistol No. 8446)?
6. In what way (factory or home-made) was this weapon made?
7. Could this weapon be fired without pulling the trigger under certain circumstances (for example, as a result of the weapon falling to the floor)?
8. Is it possible to shoot from this weapon with cartridges of a certain caliber?
9. Have markings on certain parts of the weapon been destroyed? If yes, which ones? What are the original markings? (the issue is resolved during the trace study)
10. Has this weapon been fired since the last cleaning? (the issue is resolved with the involvement of an expert chemist)
Questions to be solved in the study of ammunition, bullets, shot, buckshot, wads and shells:
1. What sample does the cartridge belong to (or the sample of cartridges does this bullet, cartridge case) belong to and in what weapon can it be used for firing?
2. Is the cartridge submitted for research an ammunition and is it suitable for use for its intended purpose?
3. Is this cartridge or shell (bullet, shot, buckshot) made by a factory or artisanal method?
4. What is the caliber and sample of a bullet, cartridge case (or number of shot, buckshot) fired from a gun?
5. Do the cartridges to be compared (as well as their parts in the form of bullets, cartridge cases, shot, buckshot) belong to the products of one factory (year of manufacture)?
6. Did the parts of the cartridge previously form a single whole with parts of the cartridges seized from a particular person?
7. Has a cartridge (wad, gasket) been loaded using this tool?
8. Was a shot fired from a weapon that has any features (converted to a different cartridge, with a worn bore, equipped with a device for silent shooting)?
9. What kind of weapon, system, sample (model) was this bullet (sleeve) fired from?
10. Has a bullet (sleeve) been fired from this weapon?
11. Was a bullet (sleeve) fired from a weapon of an inappropriate (bigger, smaller) caliber?
12. Could the cartridge, of which the bullet submitted for examination is a part, be used to fire this weapon?
13. Is the metal fragment part of the bullet?
14. If so, what cartridge is the bullet an element of?
15. Did the bullet submitted for examination not ricochet?
16. What are the causes of deformation on the bullet and case?
17. Was there a misfire when shooting, judging by the sleeve of this cartridge?
18. Are the bullet and case submitted for examination part of the same cartridge?
19. Did the object to be examined serve as a homemade wad?
20. What is the caliber of the gun from which the wad, gasket was fired?
Questions to be solved in the study of traces of a shot:
1. Is this damage gunshot?
2. Is the damage caused by a bullet (shot, buckshot)?
3. How many shots resulted in damage to the barrier?
4. What kind of weapon and sample (model) was fired at this object?
6. From what distance was the shot fired?
7. Are there traces of a close shot on the victim's clothing?
8. What is the direction of the bullet channel in the object under study?
9. In what direction (at what angle to the affected obstacle) was the shot fired?
10. Were damages formed on these objects with one shot?
11. Where was the shot fired from?
11. What is the sequence of shots, judging by the bullet damage?
12. What caliber bullet caused this damage?
13. What is this damage - input or output?
14. What was it like mutual arrangement weapons and damaged object when fired?
EXAMINATION OF COLD WEAPONS
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. Is the knife (object, product) submitted for examination a cold weapon?
2. If so, what kind of edged weapons does it belong to?
3. How was the knife (object, product) presented for research made?
PORTRAIT IDENTIFICATION EXPERTISE
Issues to be resolved by expertise:
1. Is the image of a person in the submitted photographs (video recordings) suitable for personal identification?
2. Is the same person depicted in the submitted photographs (video recordings)?
3. Are the same or different faces depicted in photographs of a living person and a corpse?
AUTO TECHNICAL EXPERTISE
Typical issues resolved during the production of autotechnical expertise:
1. At what speed was the vehicle moving at the scene of the accident, based on the length of the braking tracks, length ...?
2. With what permissible speed, according to the conditions of visibility of the road in the direction of travel, was the driver supposed to move in the conditions of the scene?
3. If the speed of movement was exceeded, then is the speeding not in a causal relationship with the fact of an accident (collision, collision, etc.)?
4. At what distance from the place of collision (collision) was the vehicle at the time of the danger to traffic?
5. What is the stopping distance of the car in the conditions of the scene?
6. Did the driver of the car have the technical ability to prevent a collision (collision) with the car ... (on a pedestrian ...) by braking from the moment the danger to traffic arose?
7. How should the driver have acted in this situation in accordance with the requirements of the Rules of the Road?
8. Did the driver's actions comply with the requirements of the Rules of the Road?
9. Is the steering, chassis and braking system of the vehicle in good condition? If it is faulty, then what is it, when did it arise, and could the driver detect it before starting and during the movement?
10. Where is the vehicle collision site located?
11. At what angle were the longitudinal axes of the vehicles at the time of the collision?
12. How were the vehicles located relative to the boundaries of the carriageway at the time of the collision?
13. How was the vehicle located relative to the boundaries of the carriageway at the time of activation of its brake system (if there were signs of braking-skidding)?
14. Was the vehicle in motion at the time of the accident?
15. Was there any contact between the vehicles submitted for examination?
COMPUTER AND TECHNICAL EXAMINATIONS
Issues to be solved by computer-technical expertise:
1. Does the configuration of the system units submitted for examination correspond to the configuration specified in the warranty cards for them?
2. Are there files on the hard drive of the personal computer system unit submitted for examination, including deleted ones, containing information about "..." (indicate specific keywords For search)?
3. Does the hard drive of the system unit submitted for examination have information about the logins and passwords used to access the global Internet?
4. What were the last sites visited by the user of this computer? And etc.
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF MATERIALS, SUBSTANCES AND PRODUCTS
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF NARCOTIC DRUGS, PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES AND PRECURSORS
Questions to resolve the examination of the species under consideration can be formulated as follows:
1. What is the nature of the substance submitted for research and is it a narcotic drug, a psychotropic substance or a precursor?
2. If the substance submitted for research is classified as a narcotic drug, psychotropic substance or precursor, then to which group of drugs does it belong?
3. Are there traces of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or precursors on the objects submitted for examination; if so, which ones?
4. Do tobacco products submitted for examination (cigarettes, cigarettes, tobacco crumbs, etc.) contain narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances; if so, which ones?
5. Are there narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances in the remains of smoked cigarettes (cigarettes); if so, which ones?
6. Can the plant mass (plant) submitted for research be used as a raw material for the handicraft production of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances?
7. Is the plant mass submitted for research waste from home-made production of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances?
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF FOOD PRODUCTS
Questions to be solved in the study of ethyl alcohols:
1. Whether the liquid submitted for examination contains alcohol; if so, what is its strength?
2. Does the liquid submitted for examination comply with the requirements of the current regulatory and technical documentation (GOST, STB, TU, etc.)?
3. Does the liquid submitted for examination contain a denaturing additive (according to the list of STB 645); if so, which one and how much?
4. Does the liquid submitted for analysis correspond to the data indicated on the label in terms of physicochemical parameters?
5. Is the liquid presented for examination denatured ethyl alcohol or denatured alcohol-containing products?
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF PAINT AND COATING MATERIALS AND COATINGS
The following questions may be asked to resolve the examination of paints and varnishes and coatings in accordance with the tasks:
1. Are there any particles of paints and varnishes or coatings (in general or only of a certain kind) on the carrier object (subjects submitted for research)?
2. Does the substance seized belong to the category of paints and varnishes or coatings (in general or only a certain kind)?
3. Are the samples of paintwork materials or coatings submitted for examination suitable for identifying a particular item, if so, did they belong to a particular item?
4. What is the mechanism for the formation of traces of a substance paintwork material or coverings, whether specific objects were in contact interaction (questions bordering on other types of forensic examination- traceological, fibrous materials and products from them, etc.)?
5. What is the type of this paintwork and its purpose (in particular, is the particle submitted for examination a fragment of an automotive paintwork)?
6. How many times and what kind of paint was the object covered before repainting; what is its original color?
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF SPECIAL CHEMICALS
When studying special chemical substances the following questions can be asked:
1. Are there layers of special chemicals on the carrier object (washings from clothes, hands, shoes, etc.)?
2. Is the dye found on the carrier object (hair, skin, clothing of the suspect, crime weapon, other objects belonging to the suspect) homogeneous in chemical composition with the substance seized at the crime scene and presented as a sample for a comparative study?
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF METALS, ALLOYS AND PRODUCTS FROM THEM
In accordance with this, the questions proposed for resolution of this type of examination are also formed:
1. Are there metal particles (copper, lead, etc.) on the presented item?
2. Is the presented product made of gold (silver), if so, what sample?
3. What is the weight of the product shown?
4. Does the presented product have the state stamp of the Republic of Belarus or the hallmarks of the state inspections of the assay supervision of the former USSR?
5. Has the weapon been fired since the last cleaning?
CRIMINALISTIC EXAMINATION OF GLASS AND PRODUCTS FROM IT
In accordance with this, the questions proposed for the resolution of this type of examination are also formed:
1. Are there glass particles on the item shown? If so, are they suitable for comparative studies (provided reference sample(s) are provided)?
2. Do the glasses being compared have a common generic (group) affiliation?
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF FIBROUS MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS FROM THEM
Issues resolved by the expertise:
1. Are there microparticles of textile fibers on the adhesive film submitted for the study? What is their nature?
2. Are the objects presented for research (microparticles) textile fibers?
3. Are there on the carrier object (knife, ax, etc.) textile fibers? If yes, what is their nature and localization?
4. Are there fibers of a common generic (group) affiliation with fibers in the clothing of the victim or the suspect (accused) on the object-carrier (knife, ax, cuts of nails)?
5. Do the clothes of the victim have fibers of a common generic (group) affiliation with fibers in the clothes of the suspect (accused) and vice versa?
6. Whether the items of clothing of specific individuals were in contact interaction; clothes of a certain person with a murder weapon, a vehicle?
7. What is the type, group (subgroup) and purpose (in the presence of reference samples and NTD) of fabric, knitwear, carpet, artificial fur, non-woven material, twisted and wicker products?
8. Are there remains of charred textiles in the ash, if so, what is their generic (group) affiliation and purpose?
9. Did the compared objects of fibrous nature previously constitute a single whole (it is solved in a complex way using knowledge in the field of traceology)?
10. Do specific objects come from a specific (in the presence of reference samples and NTD) or one (common) source of origin?
BIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION IN THE STUDY OF HUMAN AND ANIMALS EXTRACTIONS
Issues resolved by biological expertise:
BLOOD
1. Is the seized substance blood?
2. If it is blood, does it come from a person or an animal? (If from an animal, then could it come from ...? Indicate the animal species of interest.)
3. If this is human blood, then what is its group affiliation?
4. Does the group affiliation of the blood seized from the scene match with the group affiliation of the gr...?
SPERM
1. Is there… traces of semen?
3. Does the group affiliation of sperm coincide with the group affiliation of a citizen...?
SALIVA
1. Is there… saliva?
2. If so, what is its group affiliation?
3. Does the group affiliation of saliva coincide with the group affiliation of a citizen ...?
SWEAT
1. Is there a … sweat?
2. If so, what is its group affiliation?
3. Does the group affiliation of sweat coincide with the group affiliation of a citizen ...?
The question of group affiliation is not raised if it is necessary to conduct a genotyposcopic examination in order to preserve the material (objects).
Depending on the circumstances that the initiator needs to find out, the list of questions presented above can be expanded.
1. Questions to be solved in the study of food products:
Has lost its power;
Whether the product belongs to children's or diabetic nutrition;
Is the product a food additive?
Does the quality of the product submitted for research comply with the safety certificate;
Whether the product is a natural product or falsified and by what indicators;
2. Issues to be resolved in the study of alcoholic beverages:
3. Issues addressed in the study of tobacco and tobacco products:
Determine whether this product is tobacco waste or smoking tobacco;
Determine the mass fraction of tobacco fractions, impurities and dust;
5. Questions to be solved in the study of chemical compounds:
Has lost its power;
Does the substance contain ethyl alcohol and denaturing additives;
What is the specific radioactivity of the substance;
Is the substance corrosive, flammable, explosive;
Is the substance a narcotic drug, if so, which one;
Whether the substance is psychotropic, potent or poisonous, if so, which ones;
6. Issues to be resolved in the study of alcohol-containing liquids:
Has lost its power;
Does the liquid contain denaturing additives, if so, which ones and in what concentration;
7. Issues to be resolved in the study of paints and varnishes:
Determine the chemical composition and belonging of the goods to paints and varnishes;
Has lost its power;
What is the type and type of paintwork material submitted for research.
8. Research questions polymer materials and products from them:
9. Issues to be resolved in the study of paper and paper products:
Has lost its power;
Identify paper by physical and chemical parameters;
Determine the composition of the coating and the basis of the product;
10. Questions to be solved in the study of textile materials and textile products:
Has lost its power;
Determine breaking load and linear density chemical threads;
Identify the polymer base of chemical threads;
Determine the linear density and cross-sectional size of the monofilament;
Determine the content of textured polyester yarns and artificial complex yarns in fabrics;
11. Issues to be resolved in the study of precious metals, alloys and products from them:
Does the product contain precious metals and which ones;
Is the object under study a currency value;
What is the percentage of the precious metal, to which sample it belongs;
1) What brand of vehicle left these marks?
2) How many vehicles left tracks?
4) Do the traces belong to this vehicle (Fig. 4)?
Rice. 4. Analysis of vehicle traces
5) Do the found parts, fragments belong to this vehicle?
Questions to be solved in the study of castles:
1) Determination of the cause of the malfunction?
2) The mechanism of trace formation?
3) Has there been and is it likely that the lock has been affected by this key, master key, object?
4) In what position was the lock (locked, open) when the damage was done?
Questions to be solved in the study of seals:
1) Was the seal opened, if so, in what way was it carried out?
2) Was there a concealment of the fact of the sealing by re-attaching the seal?
3) Has the seal been crimped with the provided sealing vise?
4) Were the presented tools used to open the seal?
Questions to be solved in the study of traces of mechanisms:
1) Is the item under investigation manufactured by a specific production mechanism?
2) Do the test items belong to the same production lot?
Issues to be resolved by the examination of the establishment of the whole in parts:
1) Are the glass fragments found at the scene of the accident, parts of the glass of the headlight lens of a car (Fig. 1)?
Fig.2. Shards of glass
2) Is the wood chip found at the scene of the incident chipped off from the side of the body of a certain truck?
Question 3. Issues resolved by fingerprint examination:
1) Are there any traces on the presented object papillary patterns?
2) Are traces of papillary patterns on the object suitable for face identification?
3) Are traces of papillary patterns left on one or more persons?
4) Are traces of papillary patterns left by a specific person (Fig. 6)?
Rice. 6. Studying fingerprints
Question 4. Issues resolved by otorological examination:
1) Are there odor traces of the person being checked on the object, clothing, in the person's odor sample collected from it (Fig. 7)?
Rice. 7. Carrying out an odorological examination with a biodetector
Security questions for topic 4
1) What does Anthroposcopy study?
2) Name the ways of fixing traces.
3) List the properties of papillary patterns.
4) Define "traces" in a broad sense.
5) Name the types of traces of a crime in the narrow sense.
6) List the types of traces-display depending on the object.
7) What are the principles of the forensic doctrine of traces.
8) What are the main types of papillary patterns.
9) What are the types of footprints?
10) What are the particular signs of traces of bare feet.
11) List the common features of the sole.
12) What circumstances are established as a result of the study of the track of traces?
13) What are the rules for photographing traces at the scene?
14) Name the forms of traces of blood.
15) What is the name of the trasology section devoted to the study of traces of hacking tools, tools, production mechanisms, locks, seals?
16) Name the groups of tools according to the method of impact.
17) Name the traces left by the tools of the mechanical group.
18) By what method are traces of burglary photographed?
19) What are the tasks to be solved in the study of production products.
20) What issues are resolved by the examination when breaking the lock?
21) What types of traces are studied by transport trasology?
22) List the tasks of trace studies.
23) Define the concept of homeoscopic traces.
In the study of footprints, diagnostic and identification tasks are solved. Diagnostic tasks include: − establishing the circumstances of the crime event and the mechanism of trace formation (approximate number of participants in the event; direction, nature, pace of movement; method of entering the premises, overcoming the obstacle; time, sequence and order of formation traces, etc.); − determination of individual signs of a person (sex, approximate age, weight, gait characteristics, the presence of physical defects of the musculoskeletal system, etc.); − determination of the type, size, style of footwear, features of its plantar parts. Identification tasks: - identification of the shoes that left a mark; - solving the question of whether the footprints of the shoes seized from different places of incidents were left by the same shoes.Forensic value traces of hacking tools.
Traces of hacking tools should be carefully studied already at the scene, which allows obtaining valuable investigative and evidentiary information. They make it possible to establish from which side the burglary was carried out, to identify signs that characterize the personality of the offender, etc.
In particular, the location of glass fragments (there will always be more of them on the side opposite to the applied force) indicates the side from which it was knocked out. To determine the side, they study the edges of the fragments, notches on their edges, cracks and recreate the whole (glass in the frame) in parts. From impact and pressure, radial and concentric* cracks form on the glass, which converge towards the side where compression has taken place and diverge at the point of tension. Radial cracks on the side opposite to the action of the force reach the surface of the glass, and on the other hand they break off in its thickness.
Following the traces of drilling and sawing you can determine from which side the burglary was made. When drilling, there are more chips on the side from which they started drilling. Chips of wood at the beginning of drilling, as a rule, are directed clockwise, and at the end - against. When sawing, the chips are larger on the opposite side and the burrs are larger in size.
According to the general picture of hacking, method or type of hacking tool used you can get an idea of the professional skills of the criminal (for example, the qualifications of a welder who opened a safe using electric welding). The study of hacking tools left at the scene (structure, method of manufacture, inscriptions) allows us to judge their owner.
The physical strength of the criminal is evidenced by the degree of strength of the barrier and the method of breaking it and the tool used for this purpose. The magnitude (size) of the breach speaks of the complexion of the offender.
Thus, the purpose of traceological examinations and studies of these objects is to solve the following diagnostic tasks:
Establishment in the wake of the hacking mechanism and individual circumstances of the event (hacking mechanism, from which side the barrier was destroyed, in which direction the tool acted, the time of the hacking, whether the offender is familiar with the situation, location and nature or device of the barrier, locking device, the possibility of staging a burglary or penetration, accidental destruction, number of hackers);
Identification by traces of some signs of the person who committed the burglary (height, gender, age, physical strength, professional skills, functional features).
Identification tasks include:
establishing the traces of the group affiliation of tools and tools;
identification by traces of tools and tools that left them;
setting tools and tools by their parts.
When appointing a trace examination, the expert is sent: objects with traces, casts from traces, inspection protocols with photo tables. In some cases (breaks in the walls, traces of guns on massive safe doors), it is possible to conduct an expert study directly at the scene.
When appointed identification expertise on the tracks of hacking tools and tools, in cases of identifying suspected persons and seizing a possible trace-forming object from them, photographs, casts, trace prints and the tool or tool itself being checked are presented to the expert. At the same time, the investigator finds out how often and for what work the tool was used, whether it was sharpened or other changes were made in the period from the moment of the incident to its withdrawal and inclusion in the materials of the criminal case.
To establish the facts of the use of the same hacking tool in the commission of one or more crimes, forensic subdivisions of the internal affairs bodies create reference footprint collections(objects with traces) or copies of traces of hacking tools seized from the scene, as well as reference collections and file cabinets of tools and other common items used as hacking tools.
36. Common Questions, solved in the study of locks.
1. Is the lock mechanism working? If not, what is the reason for its malfunction? How does this malfunction affect the security properties of the lock
2. Are there traces left by a foreign object on the parts of the lock mechanism, are they suitable for establishing group affiliation and identifying the tool that left them
3. Are these marks the result of exposure to a fake key or master key?
4. Whether the lock was unlocked and whether it is possible to unlock the lock with this key with a master key, an object
5. At what position of the locking mechanism, locked, unlocked, damage is formed on the lock
6. As a result of what actions the lock was damaged
7. How the lock is unlocked
8. What type of tool left marks on the lock or the lock was broken
9. Whether several locks were unlocked by one method, by one tool
10. Isn't this tool a tool, an object that left traces on the lock?
Issues to be resolved in the study of seals.
1. Was the seal opened and in what way
2. Was the seal re-attached
3. Is it possible to remove the wire from the body of the seal without leaving traces
5. Was the seal crimped with the provided sealing vise
6. Has the seal been re-crimped?
7. Were the presented tools used to open the seal
8. Has the twist been untwisted and re-twisted?
9. Is the furling wire made with the same tool?
Means and methods for fixing and removing traces of hacking tools.
The rules for fixing and seizing traces of this category are general, and consist in detailed description, photographing, or sketching traces and removing them.
When describing traces of burglary in the inspection report, you must specify:
1) the type of barrier on which the trace was formed (wall, floor, window, door);
2) barrier material (wood, brick);
3) type of trace (volumetric, surface, static, dynamic, trace-print, slip trace, cutting trace);
4) location of the track (distance from the center of the track to permanent landmarks);
5) the shape of the trace (square, round, rectangular, oval, trapezoidal, oblong, irregular);
6) track dimensions (length, width, maximum depth);
7) characteristics trace (in the form of a bulge, recess, their shape, size, location);
8) the presence of particles of foreign substances in the trace (paint, rust, dust).
After describing and photographing the traces according to the rules of large-scale photography, they are seized. Best with the item they are on, or part of that item. If the object or its part cannot be removed, the surface trace should be removed using a special film or photographic paper, and the volumetric trace should be removed using plasticine or K-18 paste.
