Questions to be solved in the study. Fundamentals of Forensic Science

Technique and Internet 28.07.2019

1. Are the traces found traces of clothing?
2. What is the mechanism of interaction between an object and clothing (traces of friction, imprint, etc.)?
3. What was it like mutual arrangement person and object on which traces of his clothes are left?
4. Are traces left by patches of clothing of a particular person?
5. What marks and damage are there on the clothes?
6. What is the mechanism of damage formation on clothes?
7. What type of tool (object) caused damage?
8. Are there marks and damages on the clothes by the items presented?
3. DECISION ON THE APPOINTMENT OF A TRACELOGICAL EXAMINATION OF HACKING TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS

expertise document instrument hacking

RESOLUTION

on the appointment of trace forensic examination

(which one)

(place of compilation)

Investigator ORPTO OP-5 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the city of Ensk Art. lieutenant of justice (position of investigator (interrogating officer), class rank or rank, surname, initials)

Ivanitsky I.I.

Having considered the materials of criminal case No. 123456,

SET UP:

11/28/2016 during the daytime, an unknown criminal by breaking the front door
(the grounds for the appointment of a forensic examination are stated)

penetrated into the apartment of Mr. Vasin, located on the street. Dekabristov, 145-203 in the city of Ensk, from where he secretly stole the personal property of the victim in the amount of more than 50,000 rubles.

During the inspection of the place on the casing of the front door, two three-dimensional traces of a burglary tool were found, from which casts were made with the help of paste "K". During a search at the suspect Losev P.P. a chisel was found and seized, the dimensions of the canvas of which coincide with the dimensions of the traces seized during the inspection of the scene. In addition, during the inspection, the lock from the front door was seized. To establish the circumstances to be proved, listed in Art. 73 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, special knowledge is required.

Based on the aforesaid and guided by Article. 195 (196) and 199 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation,

RESOLVED:

1. To appoint a traceological (what kind) forensic examination, the production of which is entrusted to the ECC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the city of Ensk
(surname, name, patronymic of the expert or the name of the expert institution)
2. Put questions to the expert:
1. Are the seized traces of hacking tools suitable for identification?
2. If applicable, what is the mechanism and time of breaking?
3. Are there traces of burglary tools found during the inspection of the scene of the incident, a chisel found and seized during a search from the suspect Losev P.P. or another item(s)?
4. If the traces are left by another object (objects), then what are characteristics hacking tools that left traces, as well as height, gender, age, physical strength, professional skills, functional characteristics of the person who hacked?
5. Was the lock unlocked only with keys specially designed for this lock or also with other keys (objects)?
3. Provide the expert with the following materials: this resolution, (what kind of) chisel found during a search at Mr. Losev P.P., two casts from the traces of burglary tools found during the inspection of the scene.
4. To entrust: Head of the ECC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the city of Ensk
(to whom exactly)

explain to the expert the rights and obligations under Art. 57 Code of Criminal Procedure, and warn him of criminal liability in accordance with Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for giving a knowingly false conclusion.

Investigator (investigator) Ivanovitsky

(signature)

Rights and obligations under Art. 57 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, “____” was explained to me ___________ 20___

At the same time, I was warned about criminal liability in accordance with Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for giving a knowingly false conclusion.

Tel. , 268-87-99, 268-83-91, 268-80-85

Trace examination is carried out in order to identify various objects according to their characteristics. external structure, displayed in the traces at the scene, as well as for diagnosing various circumstances related to the investigation: the direction of movement (criminal, transport), the time of origin of the traces, the method and sequence of the criminal’s actions, etc.

Depending on the objects of study and the nature of the tasks to be solved, the following main traceological examinations are distinguished:

Footprints of shoes;

Traces of teeth;

Footprints (hoofs) of animals;

Traces of hacking tools and tools;

Traces Vehicle;

Locks and locking devices;

Locking and sealing devices (ZPU) and seals;

Whole in parts;

Traces of production mechanisms;

Knots and loops.

The production of trace examinations is organized in all forensic divisions of the internal affairs bodies.

Questions to be solved in the study of footprints:

1. What kind of shoes left marks (boots, boots, sneakers, etc.)?

2. Which model of shoes left a mark; her size?

3. What is the height of the person wearing this shoe?

4. What is the mechanism of the appearance of traces (are traces left when walking, running, kicking, etc.)?

5. What are the human anatomical features reflected in the footprints?

6. Were footprints (shoes) found at several accident sites by the same person (or the same shoes)?

7. Are there any footprints left by the shoes seized from a particular person?

8. Was the shoes found at the scene worn by a specific person?

9. Did the footprints show signs of the external structure of stockings or socks seized from a particular person?

10. What are the dimensional characteristics of the shoe track elements?

11. Do the elements of the footprint found at the scene match the elements of the experimental footprint left by this person?

Questions to be solved in the study of traces of human teeth:

1. Did the teeth of a person, animal or anything else leave marks on this object?

2. What are the anatomical, technical features dental apparatus of a person who left traces?

3. What is the mechanism (bite, bite) of the formation of teeth marks?

4. Did this person leave teeth marks on the presented object?

Questions to be solved in the study of footprints (hoofs) of animals:

1. What animals left traces?

2. What are the zoological features of the animal displayed in the tracks?

3. Have any traces been left by these animals?

4. What are the type, number and features of the horseshoes, traces of which were found at the scene?

5. Are the footprints (horseshoes, hooves) left by the same or different animals?

Questions to be solved in the study of traces of hacking tools and tools:

1. Are there any traces of exposure to a foreign object on the surface of the object?

2. From which side, in which direction was damage (drilling, sawing, tearing, breaking, wringing) of this object (door, window, ceiling, floor, board, paper, cardboard, etc.)?

3. What is the mechanism of trace formation?

4. What kind or type is the tool (tool, mechanism) that left traces? What are the properties and characteristics of this tool (shape, dimensions, etc.)?

5. Are these traces formed by one or several tools?

6. Were the tracks on two or more objects formed by the same tool?

7. Were these traces formed by the tool submitted for examination?

Questions to be solved in the study of traces of vehicles:

1. What type and model of the vehicle, what parts of it left traces?

2. Are there tracks left by one or more vehicles?

3. In what direction was the vehicle moving?

4. What is the mechanism of formation of existing traces?

5. Are there any tracks left by this vehicle?

6. Is the discovered object a part of this vehicle and has it previously been a single whole with it?

7. What was the relative position of the vehicles (vehicle and other objects) at the time of the collision?

Questions to be solved in the study of locks and locking devices:

1. Is the lock mechanism working? If not, what is the cause of its failure? How does this malfunction affect the security properties of the lock?

2. Are there traces left by a foreign object on the parts of the lock mechanism? Are these marks the result of exposure to a fake key or master key?

3. Has the lock been unlocked and can it be unlocked with this key (master key, object)?

4. At what position of the locking mechanism (locked, unlocked) did damage occur on the lock?

5. As a result of what actions the lock was damaged? How is the lock unlocked?

6. What kind of tool (type) left traces on the lock or broke the lock?

7. Are several locks unlocked (hacked) in one way, with one tool?

8. Did this tool (tool, object) leave traces on the lock?

9. What is the security level of the lock mechanism?

Issues to be resolved in the study of locking and sealing devices (LPU) and seals:

1. Was the seal (ZPU) opened and in what way?

2. Was the seal (ZPU) reattached?

4. Was the seal crimped with the provided sealing vise?

5. Were the presented tools used to open the seal (ZPU) and its subsequent compression?

Issues to be resolved when establishing the whole in parts:

1. What subject is this object a part of?

2. Did these objects previously form one whole?

3. How are the parts of the subject divided?

4. Was the object divided into parts by a specific object?

Questions to be solved in the study of mass-produced products:

1. On what equipment is this product manufactured, with the use of what machines, mechanisms?

2. Were the products or semi-finished products confiscated from a specific person made on a specific machine or using specific parts of it (molds, dies, punches, dies, etc.)?

3. Are multiple items found at the scene and multiple items seized from the individual manufactured on the same device or using the same parts?

Questions to be solved in the study of clothing:

1. Are the traces found traces of clothing?

2. What is the mechanism of interaction between an object and clothing (traces of friction, imprint, etc.)?

3. What was the relative position of the person and the object on which traces of his clothes were left?

4. Are traces left by patches of clothing of a particular person?

5. What marks and damage are there on the clothes?

6. What is the mechanism of damage formation on clothes?

7. What type of tool (object) caused damage?

8. Are there marks and damages on the clothes by the items presented?

Questions to be solved in the study of knots and loops:

1. What type are knots and loops?

2. Are they professional? If so, what profession are they typical for?

Requirements for materials sent for examination:

When appointing a trace examination, the following shall be submitted:

Direct objects of study; if it is impossible to fulfill this requirement, you can send models obtained from these objects (photographs, casts, fingerprint films);

Inspection protocols, diagrams, photographs of the scene of the incident (materials of the criminal case);

Samples for comparative research; in each specific case, they can be clarified by an expert.

Items (objects) must be packed, sealed and provided with appropriate accompanying inscriptions.

TRASOLOGICAL AND DACTYLOSCOPIC EXAMINATIONS

Trace examination is carried out in order to identify various objects according to the signs of their external structure, displayed in the traces at the scene, as well as to diagnose various circumstances related to the investigation:

direction of movement (offender, transport), time of origin of traces, method and sequence of the offender's actions, etc.

Depending on the objects of study and the nature of the tasks to be solved, the following main trace examinations:

handprints;

Footprints and shoes;

Traces of teeth;

Footprints (hoofs) of animals:

Traces of hacking tools and tools;

Traces of vehicles;

Locks and locking devices;

Fillings and twists;

Whole in parts;

Mass production products;

Knots and loops.

The production of trace examinations is organized in all forensic divisions of the internal affairs bodies.

^ Questions to be solved in the study of traces of hands:

1. Are there handprints on the presented items? If so, are they suitable for identification?

2. Are there handprints left by a particular person(s)?

3. Were the traces of hands seized during the examination of several scenes of incidents left by the same person?

4. What is the mechanism of trace formation?

5. Which hand and which fingers left marks?

6. What part of the palmar surface left traces?

7. What features were displayed in the traces of human hands (scars, calluses, scars, skin diseases, absence and deformity of fingers, the presence of rings, bandages, etc.)?

Questions to be solved in the study of footprints and shoes:

1. What kind of shoes left marks (boots, boots, sneakers, etc.)?

2. Which model of shoes left a mark; her size?

3. What is the height of the person wearing this shoe?

4. What is the mechanism of the appearance of traces (are traces left when walking, running, kicking, etc.)?

5. What are the human anatomical features reflected in the footprints?

6. Were footprints (shoes) found at several scenes left by the same person (or the same shoes)?

7. Are there any footprints left by the shoes seized from a particular person?

8. Are there traces of bare feet left by a specific person. whose sole prints are submitted for research?

9. Whether the shoes found at the scene were worn. specific person?

10. Did the footprints show signs of the external structure of stockings or socks seized from a particular person?

11. Do the elements of the footprint found at the scene match the elements of the experimental footprint left by this person?

Questions to be solved in the study of traces of human teeth:

1. Did the teeth of a person, animal or anything else leave marks on this object?

2. What are the anatomical, technical features of the dental apparatus of a person who left traces?

3. What is the mechanism (bite, bite) of the formation of teeth marks?

4. Did this person leave teeth marks on the presented object?

Questions to be solved in the study of footprints (hoofs) of animals:

1. What animals left traces?

2. What are the zoological features of the animal displayed in the tracks?

3. Have any traces been left by these animals?

4. What are the type, number and features of the horseshoes, traces of which were found at the scene?

5. Are footprints (horseshoes, hooves) left by the same or different animals?

Questions to be solved in the study of traces of hacking tools and tools:

1. Are there any traces of exposure to a foreign object on the surface of the object?

2. From which side, in which direction was the damage (drilling, sawing, tearing, breaking, wringing) of this object (door, window, ceiling, floor, board, paper, cardboard, etc.) made?

3. What is the mechanism of trace formation?

4. What kind or type is the tool (tool, mechanism) that left traces? What are the properties and characteristics of this tool (shape, dimensions, etc.)?

5. Are these traces formed by one or several tools?

6. Were the tracks on two or more objects formed by the same tool?

7. Were these traces formed by the tool submitted for examination?

Questions to be solved in the study of traces of vehicles:

1. What type and model of the vehicle, what parts of it left traces?

2. Are there tracks left by one or more vehicles?

3. In what direction was the vehicle moving?

4. What is the mechanism of formation of existing traces?

5. Are there any tracks left by this vehicle?

6. Is the discovered object a part of this vehicle and did it not previously form a single whole with it?

7. What was the relative position of the vehicles (vehicle and other objects) at the time of the collision?

^ Questions to be solved in the study of locks and locking devices:

1. Is the lock mechanism working? If not, what is the cause of its failure? How does this malfunction affect the security properties of the lock?

2. Are there traces left by a foreign object on the parts of the lock mechanism? Are these marks the result of exposure to a fake key or master key?

3. Has the lock been unlocked and can it be unlocked with this key (master key, object)?

4. At what position of the locking mechanism (locked, unlocked) did damage occur on the lock?

5. As a result of what actions the lock was damaged? How is the lock unlocked?

6. What kind of tool (type) left traces on the lock or broke the lock?

7. Are several locks unlocked (hacked) in one way, with one tool?

8. Did this tool (tool, object) leave traces on the lock?

Questions to be solved in the study of control seals and twists:

1. Was the seal opened and in what way?

2. Was the seal re-attached?

3. Is it possible to remove the wire from the body of the seal without leaving marks?

4. What is the content of digital and alphabetic imprints on the seal?

5. Has the seal been crimped with the provided sealing vise?

6. Were the presented tools used to open the seal?

7. Has the twist been uncoiled and re-twisted?

8. Is the furling wire made with the same tool?

Issues to be resolved when establishing the whole in parts:

1. What subject is this object a part of?

2. Did these objects previously form one whole?

3. How are the parts of the subject divided?

4. Was the object divided into parts by a specific object?

Questions to be solved in the study of mass-produced products:

1. On what equipment is this product manufactured, with the use of what machines, mechanisms?

2. Were the products or semi-finished products confiscated from a specific person made on a specific machine or using specific parts of it (molds, dies, punches, dies, etc.)?

3. Are multiple items found at the scene and multiple items seized from the individual manufactured on the same device or using the same parts?

Questions to be solved in the study of clothing:

1. Are the traces found traces of clothing?

2. What is the mechanism of interaction between an object and clothing (traces of friction, imprint, etc.)?

3. What was the relative position of the person and the object on which traces of his clothes were left?

4. Are traces left by patches of clothing of a particular person?

5. What marks and damage are there on the clothes?

6. What is the mechanism of damage formation on clothes?

7. What type of tool (object) caused damage?

8. Are there marks and damages on the clothes by the items presented?

Questions to be solved in the study of knots and loops:

1. What type are knots and loops?

2. Are they professional? If yes, what profession are they typical for?

Let us list the main issues to be solved in the study of weapons.

1. What type and model (model) does this firearm belong to?

2. Is the weapon in good working order and is it suitable for shooting?

3. What is the caliber of this firearm?

4. What type and type (model) of firearms is this part (magazine, bolt, revolver drum axis, pistol grip cheek, trigger, etc.)?

5. Is the part presented for research a part of this weapon?

When resolving this issue, it is necessary to take into account the number on the part, traces of it on other parts of the weapon, and vice versa. If only a part of the detail is being examined, and another part of it has been preserved in the alleged weapon, then the question is reduced to establishing the whole in part.

6. Could a shot have been fired from this weapon without pressing trigger under certain circumstances (for example, as a result of a weapon being dropped on the floor)?

7. Is it possible to shoot from this weapon with cartridges of a certain caliber?

8. Has the bore been lubricated since the last shot, and if so, with what kind?

9. Are markings on certain parts of the weapon destroyed, and if so, which ones?

10. Has this weapon been fired since the last cleaning?

11. What kind of gunpowder (type, brand) was the cartridge used for the last shot from this weapon equipped with?

12. Was the last shot fired from this shotgun by a bullet?

This can be established, for example, in cases of bullets fired from choke barrels. Signs can be lead strips that draw the leading edges of the bullet on the walls of the bore. They can be observed from the side of the muzzle.

13. How long has it been since the last shot?

14. Is this item a weapon?

15. What is the cause of a shotgun barrel rupture?

To do this, the expert needs to present a gun, samples of the cartridges used for shooting, and objects that, according to the assumption, were in the barrel before the shot.

16. Was this case (holster) used to store the weapons submitted for research?

This issue can be resolved in some cases, when the signs of a certain weapon are sufficiently fully displayed on the internal surfaces of the case in the form of scuffs, dents, dirt, traces of metallization, oil, etc.

The main issues to be resolved in the study of fired bullets, shot, buckshot, wads

1. What type of weapon (system, model, model) was used to fire the bullet found at the scene?

2. Is the bullet fired from the presented weapon?

3. Were the bullets fired from the same weapon?

4. What type and sample is the cartridge, part of which is a bullet found at the scene?

5. Is the bullet fired from a weapon of the wrong (larger or smaller) caliber?

6. Is it possible to use the cartridge, of which the bullet submitted for examination is a part, for firing from this weapon?

7. Is a piece of metal part of a bullet, and if so, what type and pattern does it belong to?

8. Did the bullet submitted for examination not ricochet?

9. What are the reasons for the deformation (or rupture) of the bullet?

10. Is the bullet deformed for some reason (for example, as a result of passing through this or that obstacle)?

11. Are the bullet and case submitted for examination part of the same cartridge?

12. Which of the presented bullets was fired first?

This issue can be resolved by the features of the marks on the bullet that was fired first, as well as traces of grease around the bullet damage on the object.

13. Is the bullet (shot, buckshot) made by the factory or home-made?

14. Is a home-made projectile (shot, buckshot) made using this tool?

15. Were the previously transferred projectiles (shot, buckshot, bullets) a single mass and were they not manufactured under the same production conditions?

16. Is the chemical composition of a home-made projectile submitted for examination (home-made bullet, shot, buckshot) and a piece of metal seized from a suspect during a search?

17. Are they homogeneous in number, method of manufacture and chemical composition the given fraction (buckshot) and the presented sample?

18. Did the object under study serve as a homemade wad?

19. What material is the wad made of?

20. Are the materials of the wad and the sample submitted for comparison not homogeneous?

21. Is the material of the wad a part of this object (sheet of paper, piece of cloth)?

22. Are these wads (pads) made from the same items (the same sheet of paper, cardboard, piece of felt)?

23. Is the wad made by the presented tool (for example, punching)?

24. How is the wad made (by cutting, cutting, pressing cork chips, etc.)?

25. Are these wads (pads) made with the same tools?

26. Are the wads submitted for examination homogeneous (by type of material, color, size, shape, manufacturing method, etc.)?

27. Were the parts of the wad from the scene of the incident and the wads in the cartridge previously one whole?

28. What kind of gunpowder (type, brand) was the cartridge equipped with, judging by the soot and unburned powders on the damaged barrier?

29. Were raw materials of this special purpose used for the manufacture of projectiles, wads, gaskets (alloy grade, type of paper, grade of felt)?

The main issues to be solved in the study of sleeves

1. What type of weapon, sample (model) was this cartridge case fired from?

2. Is the cartridge case part of the cartridge used to fire this weapon?

3. Were the cartridge cases shown fired from the same weapon?

4. Are these shells homogeneous, and if so, on what grounds?

5. What type and sample is the cartridge, part of which is the cartridge case found at the scene?

6. Are the bullet and case shown part of the same cartridge?

7. Was the cartridge case fired from a weapon of the wrong (larger or smaller) caliber?

8. Is this sleeve reused?

9. Whether the cartridge case was loaded with a device seized from a certain person.

10. What kind of gunpowder (type, brand) was the cartridge equipped with, of which this cartridge case is a part?

11. Approximately how much time has passed since the shot, judging by the sleeve?

The correct solution of these issues helps to identify the shells found at the crime scene and the shells obtained by shooting from a particular weapon, which ultimately allows you to identify the desired copy.

The main questions to be solved in the study of ammunition

1. Are these cartridges in good condition and suitable for shooting?

2. What type and sample does the cartridge submitted for examination belong to?

3. Do the presented cartridges belong to the same release batch?

In some cases, this can be established by the following signs:

a) the type and sample of the bullet, cartridge case;

b) marking on the sleeve (if the lot number is indicated in the marking), etc.

4. Are the shot cartridges found at the scene of the incident and the cartridges found during a search of a certain person homogeneous in terms of the device and composition of the ammunition (cartridges, wads, shot)?

5. Were the presented cartridges equipped with primers with one or different devices?

6. Is the cartridge loaded with a primer using this device?

7. Was the loading of the presented ammunition manufactured under the same production conditions?

Inspections and expert studies of weapons, ammunition and traces of their use help to establish the circumstances that have importance for business. Their results are used to build and test versions, to search for and expose criminals.

Topic 4. The concept and classification of firearms of limited destruction

Firearms of limited destruction - short-barreled weapons and barrelless weapons designed to mechanically defeat a living target at a distance with traumatic cartridge equipment that receives directed movement due to the energy of a powder or other charge, and is not intended to cause death to a person.

The main difference between a combat pistol and a short-barreled weapon that fires traumatic bullets is that the bullet combat pistol is capable of killing or injuring a person at a distance of several hundred meters, and above this range inflicting a non-lethal defeat, and a rubber bullet is capable of killing or inflicting a penetrating wound at a distance of 2-3 meters, and above this distance - inflicting a traumatic effect, which reduces to zero in the next 10 -15 meters.

Since the distance of fire contact is a dynamic value, which is very difficult to control, the effectiveness of the use of traumatic weapons is difficult to predict.

Action military weapons is based on the fact that a certain amount of bullet energy necessary to disable the enemy (about 8 kgm or 78 J) is obviously exceeded - up to the amount that will ensure the defeat, taking into account the expected range and other conditions (including target security, etc.) .P.). Therefore, the muzzle energy of bullets of combat pistols and revolvers (more precisely, ammunition for them) is in the range of 300 - 500 J, with a practical firing range of 25 - 50 meters.
When designing non-lethal ammunition, they seem to move in the "reverse" direction: the specific energy of the bullet, the excess of which leads to a penetrating wound, is reduced to possibly guarantee the non-lethality of the ammunition. This is done in combination with the use of special materials for the manufacture of bullets (elastic rubber, plastic, etc.), which additionally contribute to reducing the penetrating ability of the bullet. A light projectile is characterized by a rapid loss of speed, and the energy of the projectile changes in proportion to the square of the speed (i.e. if the flight speed is halved, the energy of the bullet will decrease by a factor of four, etc.).
On average, according to the standards adopted in forensic ballistics, the specific kinetic energy, at which a deep penetrating wound of a person is possible, for a spherical projectile is about 0.5 J per square millimeter of its cross-sectional area (for pointed projectiles it can be less). It is this factor that explains the permission for free circulation pneumatic weapon 4.5 mm caliber with a muzzle energy not exceeding 7.5 J. Magnum-class pneumatics are prohibited for free sale.

In our work, we will study only civilian samples of traumatic weapons, since law enforcement and security structures use traumatic cartridges for firearms (for example, for the KS-23 carbine).

Today, domestic and foreign industry offers the consumer not very many samples of such weapons, about 15 items. The power of these samples is significantly limited by the excessive, from the point of view of common sense, concern of the state for the health of the offender, often to the detriment of the health of the defender. As we have already noted, the minimum energy of a shot, which is guaranteed to disable a person, is 300-500 Joules. The initial speed of the traumatic projectile for the most powerful cartridge for the Osa complex is 121 m / s, the kinetic energy of the traumatic projectile is 87.8 J. The rest of the products are even weaker. The Law on Weapons establishes the following restrictions: limited civilian firearms with a muzzle energy over 91 J and service firearms with a muzzle energy over 150 J are prohibited;

Traumatic weapons can be divided into two large subgroups:

1) barrelless self-defense weapons ("Wasp", "Guardian");

2) gas weapons with the ability to fire cartridges with rubber bullets (“makarych”, “naganych”, “leader”, etc., etc.).

As already noted, one of the types of "non-lethal weapons" is a barrelless self-defense weapon. It was conceived as a tool devoid of disadvantages. gas weapons and at the same time surpassing it in efficiency, that is, a non-lethal alternative to short-barreled firearms.

A barrelless weapon is called a barrelless weapon because it does not have a barrel and is intended for shooting at short distances, considered self-defense distances. Self-defense weapons do not require a special range, so the opportunities provided by a barrelless weapon in terms of the aiming range of a shot are quite enough for the defender. In fact, the barrel in a barrelless weapon is the cartridge itself.

Barrelless traumatic weapon, like conventional firearms, is designed to mechanically hit a target at a distance with a projectile that receives directional movement due to the energy of a powder charge. But the main difference between barrelless traumatic and combat (as well as service) firearms lies in the fact that a barrelless weapon of self-defense should not cause injuries to living organisms that are not compatible with life (i.e., do not inflict penetrating wounds, but only cause a bruising effect).

We must immediately make a reservation that the use of even a barrelless weapon can be fatal, but nevertheless, for this class of weapon, this probability is minimized. Traumatic cartridges are equipped with bullets made of a fairly soft material (rubber, plastic), so these bullets do not have a high penetrating effect. The caliber of the weapon is such that a bullet hitting even parts of the body that are absolutely not vital for the body should temporarily disable the attacker. When hit, the bullet causes a sufficiently powerful shock sensation, which, in theory, should not allow the attacker to continue aggressive actions. In reality, everything is not so simple with a barrelless weapon and it cannot be called the optimal self-defense weapon. Currently, tubeless weapons on the Russian market are represented by a number of domestic models: PB-4 "Osa" and MP-461 "Guardian" (in fact, there are more than two actual models, because "Osa" is produced in several modifications, in including laser pointer). The barrelless pistol PB-4 "Osa" appeared on the Russian market in 2000, and over the few years that have passed since its appearance, this weapon has become quite popular among Russian citizens. A fairly rich experience has been accumulated in the use of "Wasp", and on this moment You can objectively judge all the pros and cons of this weapon. The complex was developed at the beginning of 1997 under the leadership of Candidate of Technical Sciences G.A. Bideev at the Research Institute of Applied Chemistry (Sergiev Posad, Moscow Region), where it has been mass-produced since 1999. Gunless four-shot "Wasp" caliber 18x45T. Left model PB-4M, right - PB4-1.

This is a rather unusual weapon in its design, designed to fire cartridges, the powder charge in which ignites under the action of an electric discharge. This electrical discharge is produced by pressing the trigger with a piezoelectric generator, which is an integral part of the design of the weapon itself.

The chamber block holds four 18x45 mm cartridges. Several types of cartridges are produced for the PB-4 "Osa": traumatic action with rubber bullets equipped with weighting steel cores; signal light cartridges; also sometimes you can find on sale and cartridges of light and sound action. muzzle energy traumatic cartridge is currently 65 J and 87 J (at first they produced significantly more powerful cartridges with an energy of 120 J, but then the production of these cartridges was stopped due to their rather high efficiency). The weapon is intended for self-defense at distances up to 10 meters, however, the real distances to be guided by are up to 5 meters: the already low initial energy of the bullet drops significantly with almost every meter of flight, and at a distance of 10 meters it decreases somewhere more than 1.5 times compared with the initial value; and it’s quite difficult to simply hit a person with a bullet from a barrelless weapon at such a distance.

The weapon is compact (its dimensions are 105x39x115 mm) and very light (only 320g.). Despite the small mass, the recoil when firing from this weapon is practically not felt. It should be noted that the main structural material from which the PB-4 is made is the AK-8M aluminum alloy, which, although considered one of the strongest aluminum-based alloys, still cannot provide the weapon with high strength. Therefore, "Wasp" is quite sensitive to mechanical damage, and its life resource is small and is limited to about five hundred shots.

You can buy a barrelless weapon in a gun store with an open license for the purchase of self-defense weapons. It is believed that a direct hit by the Wasp's rubber bullet in the attacker's torso should cause a tangible pain shock that prevents further illegal actions. But in reality, things are not so simple. There are quite a few cases of successful self-defense using a barrelless weapon, when a single well-aimed bullet fired at an attacker was enough to completely knock him out. But at the same time, many owners remained dissatisfied with the stopping effect of the Wasp, when even a few bullets that hit the attacker could not ensure his incapacitation. It must also be remembered that the effectiveness of traumatic cartridges is significantly reduced in winter, when people wear tight clothes. But although the ideology of tubeless weapons does not imply inflicting wounds on the attackers that are incompatible with life by nature, a shot in the head from such a weapon often ends fatal. In order to increase the stopping effect for rubber bullet cartridges, too large caliber(18x45), which makes it impossible to create a pistol according to the classical scheme for such cartridges. "Strazhnik" is a barrelless self-defense weapon produced by Izhevsk mechanical plant. It appeared on the Russian market in 2002. The weapon is similar in principle to the PB-4 Osa and is designed to use the same cartridges. However, unlike the Wasp, the electric discharge that ignites the gunpowder in the Guardian's cartridge is generated not by the built-in piezo generator, but by a battery (type CR2032). "Guardian" - a two-shot weapon; cartridges are placed in a quick-release plastic cassette. Frame MP-461 is made of high-strength polymer material. For obvious reasons, the "Guardian" is even lighter than the "Wasp": its mass without cartridges does not exceed 200 g; its overall dimensions are 115x30x120 mm. Despite the fact that the main components of the MP-461 are made of plastic, the weapon is quite reliable and durable. Since the cartridges used for shooting from the "Guard" are the same as for shooting from the "Wasp", then ballistic performance and the stopping action of these two models of muzzleless weapons is the same.

Figure 49 Gunless weapon "Guardian"

Under the traumatic cartridge of caliber 380ME GUM, the barrelless revolver "Viking" manufactured by OAO VPMZ "Molot" and the barrelless revolver MMRT "Shershen" manufactured by OAO "Kirov Plant Mayak" are produced and sold in the Russian Federation. Although starting speed flight of a traumatic projectile in these samples is higher than in the Osa and Strazhnik complexes - 230 and 255 m / s, the kinetic energy of the projectile is lower - 18.5 and 22.8 J. Accordingly, the traumatic effect of the projectile is lower, only about 0.30 J/mm.

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