Permanent signs of the name of the noun. Noun

Permanent signs nouns are ... non-permanent features are ... .., non-permanent features are ...

1. 
   Inconstant - number, case
2. 
   
   3 genus;
   4 declination;
   

   
   2 case.

3. Constant signs - gender, declension, animation / inanimateness
   Inconstant - number, case
4. Permanent signs of a noun are gender, declension
5. Permanent signs:
   1 own or common noun;
   2 animate or inanimate;
   3 genus;
   4 declination;
   5 number (if the word has only one singular or plural form).

   Irregular symptoms:
   1 number (if the word changes in numbers units / mn);
   2 case.

6. Permanent morphological features:
   1 own or common noun;
   2 animate or inanimate;
   3 genus;
   4 declination;
   5 number (if the word has only one singular or plural form).

   Variable morphological features:
   1 number (if the word changes by numbers) ;
   2 case.

7. Permanent morphological features:
   1 own or common noun;
   2 animate or inanimate;
   3 genus;
   4 declination;
   5 number (if the word has only one singular or plural form).

   Variable morphological features:
   1 number (if the word changes by numbers) ;
   2 case.

8. constant signs are gender, declension, animate and inanimate! inconstant signs are number, case
9. Constant signs - gender, declension, animation / inanimateness
   Inconstant - number, case
10. own or common noun animate or inanimate declension gender case
11. Permanent morphological features:
    1 own or common noun;
    2 animate or inanimate;
    3 genus;
    4 declination;
    5 number (if the word has only one singular or plural form).

    Variable morphological features:
    1 number (if the word changes by numbers) ;
    2 case.

12. You are disqualified)
13. Permanent morphological features:
    1 own or common noun;
    2 animate or inanimate;
    3 genus;
    4 declination;
    5 number (if the word has only one singular or plural form).

    Variable morphological features:
    1 number (if the word changes by numbers) ;
    2 case.

14. Permanent morphological features:
    1 own or common noun;
    2 animate or inanimate;
    3 genus;
    4 declination;
    5 number (if the word has only one singular or plural form).

    Variable morphological features:
    1 number (if the word changes by numbers) ;
    2 case.

15. The constant features of a noun are gender, declension, and animate or inanimate.
    The inconstant signs of a noun are number and case.
16. gender number animate or inanimate. sob. or adv. declination.
17. Constant signs of them. noun - own or common noun; 2 animate or inanimate; 3rd generation; 4 declination; 5 number (if the word has only one singular or plural form).

    Irregular signs of them. noun - number (if the word changes in numbers); 2. case.

    Adjectives have post. sign - category (qualitative, relative, possessive)

    Non-post. signs - degree of comparison (if any), full or short form (only for qualitative adjectives), number, gender, case.

    Fast. signs of the verb - aspect (perfect or imperfect), conjugation, transitive or intransitive, reflexive or irrevocable

    Inconstant: mood (indicative, imperative, conditional), time (in the indicative mood in the present and future tenses), gender (in the past tense), number.

18. this is the genus

The noun is a significant, independent part of speech. Recall that it refers to an object. That is, words that answer the questions "what?" belong to this part of speech. or who?". the name of a noun is declension, number, case, gender, animation, as well as division into proper and common nouns.

Morphological features and syntactic role of nouns

Let us now consider this part of speech in more detail. Morphological features of a noun are divided into two groups: permanent (unchangeable) and non-permanent (changeable). Let us first consider them briefly, and then we will talk about the first in more detail. The constant signs of a noun are the division into proper / common nouns, inanimate / animate. They also include the type of declension and gender. Non-permanent signs of a noun are case and number.

In a sentence, this part of speech can play any. However, most often nouns act as an object or subject. As introductory words or appeals, they are not members of the sentence.

Modifiable and immutable features

This part of speech, as we have already mentioned, has its own morphological features - unchangeable and changeable. Permanent signs of a noun are immutable. They refer to the whole word. Changeable - only to its individual forms. For example, the noun "Natalya" is own, animated, 1 dec., f.r. It can be put in any form, but these signs will be preserved for sure. "Natalya" can be in the singular and plural (the sign of the plural of a noun is the corresponding ending), as well as in various cases. Other examples can be cited. That is, case and number are inconstant signs of nouns. They should be distinguished and not confused in the analysis. Both permanent and non-permanent are united by the fact that these are morphological features of a noun.

Proper/common nouns

This division is based on the features of the value. Proper names call a specific, separate object, common nouns - homogeneous objects, that is, any of a certain series. Compare, for example, these nouns:

- turnip, fairy tale, river, country, lake, child(common nouns);

- "Turnip", Baikal, Volga, Russia, Alexey(own).

Common nouns are varied. They are included in the following ranks by value:

Abstract (in other words, abstract): miracle, happiness, fear, joy, surprise;

Specific: fishing rod, notebook, mouse, document, computer, table;

Collective: spectator, nobility, foliage, youth;

Real: coffee, milk, oxygen, water, gold, iron.

Proper names include various names people, as well as geographical names, animal names, names of works of art, literature, etc. Examples: "Kolobok", "Teenager", Ural, Ob, Bug, Sashenka, Sasha, Alexander etc.

Inanimateness / Animation

Let's continue to consider the permanent features of the noun. This, as we have already mentioned, is inanimateness / animation. Animate nouns refer to living things, while inanimate nouns refer to non-living things.

Examples of the first: ant, dog, child, father, mother. The inanimate are laughter, delight, toy, program, lilac, war, ocean, orange.

The following are important for morphology:

In the plural, the form of animate nouns coincides with the form of the genitive. Example: I saw boys and girls I knew near the school(V.p. = R.p.). For inanimate nouns, the accusative form corresponds to the nominative form. Example: I love movies and books(V.p. = I.p.).

In the singular, for animate masculine nouns, the accusative form coincides with the genitive form. Example: There are several men in the room(V.p. = R.p.). And for inanimate masculine nouns, the accusative form corresponds to the nominative form. Example: Mom baked a cake(V.p. = I.p.).

All other words belonging to this part of speech have different forms of nominative, genitive and accusative cases. The sign of inanimateness/animation, therefore, can be determined not only by value, but also by the set of corresponding endings for given word.

medium, female, male

Nouns have gender. It is their constant morphological feature. This part of speech does not change by gender. There are three genders in Russian: neuter, feminine and masculine. They have different sets of endings. The gender of animate nouns is determined for the most part by gender, since words designate males and females. Examples: boy - girl, man - woman, husband - wife, brother - sister, father - mother etc. That is, a grammatical attribute correlates with gender.

Belonging to a certain gender in inanimate nouns is not motivated. Words like pond, lake, river, sea, ocean are representatives of different genera. This belonging cannot be determined by the meaning of these words.

Endings are a morphological indicator of one kind or another.

Common nouns

A small group of nouns is very unusual. These words are interesting in that they can denote both females and males. For example, these are daredevil, kopushka, muddler, slut, slob, bully, ignorant, ignorant, crybaby, greedy, sleepyhead, glutton, clever. In such words, the form coincides with the words denoting the feminine gender. They have the same set of endings. But syntactic compatibility is different.

For example, you can say in Russian: " He's smart!" and " She is so smart!". Thus, we learn gender from an animate person by the form of the pronoun used in the text (in our case) or the verb in the past tense, or the adjective. An example with a verb: " Sonya is awake" and " Sonya is already awake". Such nouns have a special name - they refer to nouns of the general gender.

It should be noted that they do not include words that designate professions. You may already know that many of these nouns are masculine. Examples: philologist, geologist, economist, engineer, driver, doctor. However, they can denote not only males, but also females. Examples: " My father is a doctor", "My mother is a doctor". Even if such a word refers to a female representative, past tense verbs and adjectives can be used in both genders. Examples: " Doctor came" and " The doctor has come".

How can you determine the gender of immutable words?

There are also immutable nouns. Their peculiarity is that they are borrowed. In Russian, such words have a gender. But how can it be defined? This is actually not difficult to do if you understand what the corresponding word means. Consider examples.

Madame - Monsieur- in words denoting an animated person, the gender corresponds to the gender.

Chimpanzee, kangaroo- words that name animals are masculine.

Sukhumi, Tbilisi- city names are masculine nouns.

Zimbabwe, Congo- the names of states are neuter.

Yangtze, Mississippi- designation of rivers - female.

Muffler, coat- inanimate objects, they are mostly neuter.

Noun declension: general characteristics

Nouns have declension. It is a special type by which words change. Nouns change by case and number. Depending on the presence of the corresponding forms in words in different cases and numbers, they belong to one of the declensions. There are three of them - the first, second and third. The overwhelming majority of nouns in Russian belong to one of them. Declination is an unchangeable, constant morphological feature.

Three declensions

The first declension includes masculine and feminine nouns with endings - I and - a in the nominative form. Examples: lecture, Anya, Anna, earth, water, grandfather, father, mother.

The second includes masculine nouns that have a zero ending in the nominative case, as well as the middle one, if the initial form ends in - e or - about. Examples: Alexey, genius, building, lake, sea, Alexander, house, brother, father.

The third declension is made up of words belonging to the feminine gender, which are in the form of I.p. Examples: night, dust, shiver.

Inflected nouns

There are also inflected nouns. These include those that have endings characteristic of different types declensions. There are very few such nouns. They are very ancient. But in today's speech, some are frequent. Examples: banner, flame, name, time, crown, udder, burden, seed, tribe, stirrup.

These are the constant features of a noun. This is a very important material that should be studied carefully. The analysis of this part of speech is one of the main topics in the Russian language. At school, the signs of a noun go through in some detail (grade 4 - the first acquaintance, graduation class - a detailed analysis in preparation for the exam). Exams require a good knowledge of this part of speech. Signs of nouns, therefore, should be firmly remembered.

Words differ from each other not only in lexical meaning. All of them are usually divided into groups - parts of speech. This gradation occurs on the basis of the grammatical meaning of words and their special features - morphological.

Morphology - section of the Russian language

A whole branch of science, called morphology, deals with parts of speech. Any word has its own characteristics: general meaning, grammatical, morphological and syntactic features. The first points to same value specific part of speech. For example, the designation of an object by nouns, its attribute by adjectives, verbs - action, and participles - a sign by action.

Syntactic signs are the role of one or another part of speech in a sentence. For example, verbs, as a rule, are predicates, less often - subjects. Nouns can be objects, circumstances, subjects, and sometimes predicates in a sentence.

What are the morphological features

The group of morphological features, permanent and non-permanent, is much more extensive. The first characterize the word as a specific part of speech. For example, a verb is always determined by conjugation, aspect, transitivity. Variable morphological features indicate that the part of speech has the ability to change. For example, a noun changes in cases and numbers - these will be its non-permanent features. But the adverb and participle are unchangeable parts of speech, respectively, they only need to indicate constant signs. The same is true for service parts of speech and interjections.

Before analyzing the morphological features of parts of speech, it is worth noting that it is necessary to distinguish between a word and its form. Words differ from each other in lexical meaning, and when they change, their forms are formed. For example, the word "plot" has the lexical meaning "fenced part of the area", and its forms will be a change in cases: plot, plot, plot, about the plot.

Noun

Indicating the constant morphological features of a noun, we talk about whether it is a common noun or proper, animate or inanimate, we also determine the type of its declension and gender.

Common nouns denote a set of any objects, without highlighting their individual features. For example, with the word "river" we denote all rivers: large and small, northern and southern, full-flowing and not very. But if we indicate a specific river, the only one of its kind, for example, the Neva, the noun will be its own.

Objects of wildlife are animate nouns, all the rest are inanimate. These are constant morphological features of the noun. Dog (who?) - animated; table (what?) - inanimate. Also, the nouns of these categories differ in the forms of accusative and genitive cases. The endings in the genitive and accusative plurals are the same for animate, for inanimate - accusative and nominative.

Let's take an example. Genitive case: no (whom?) Cats; accusative: I see (who?) cats. Compare: I see (what?) chairs; there are (what?) chairs.

The following genders are distinguished: male, female and middle. To determine these morphological features of a noun, it is necessary to substitute the pronouns mine - mine - mine, respectively, for the word.

We present the declension of nouns in the table:

Non-permanent morphological features of a noun are its case and number. These categories form the forms of the word-noun.

Adjective

Just like a noun, the morphological features of the adjective are divided into permanent and non-permanent.

The first are its rank, degree of comparison and form, full or short.

Adjectives are divided into qualitative, relative and possessive. The first may be in the subject to some extent, they can act in full or short form, and also form degrees of comparison. For example: beautiful is an adjective of quality. Let's prove it. It is characterized by such morphological features of the adjective as the degree of comparison (more beautiful, more beautiful) and the short form (beautiful). Relative adjectives cannot have these categories (golden, hazy, shaving). Possessives denote belonging, they answer the question "whose?".

The degrees of comparison are divided into comparative and superlative. The first shows a greater or lesser degree of some quality: tea is more sweet - less sweet - sweeter. Superlatives denotes the highest or lowest degree of a feature: the shortest, funniest, smallest.

The full and short forms are inherent in quality adjectives. It should be remembered that short ones do not decline, but they can be changed by number and gender: cheerful (full form) - cheerful (m. gender, singular) - cheerful (female, singular) - cheerful (plural ).

The inconstant morphological features of the adjective are the case forms, number and gender in which it is used. The category of gender can only be determined for adjectives in the singular.

Numeral

Permanent morphological features of the word, which is a numeral, are its category and structure characteristics.

Allocate quantitative and ordinal numerals. The former require an answer to the question "how much?" (ten, fifteen, twenty-five), the second - "what is the number?" (tenth, fifteenth, twenty-fifth).

• Simple (five, second).
• Complex (thirteen, fifteenth).
• Compound (twenty-two, three hundred and forty-one).

The non-permanent signs of the name of the numeral are largely determined by its category. So, quantitative numbers are characterized by a change in cases only. Ordinal numbers are similar in grammatical parameters to adjectives, therefore they can form case forms, change in numbers and genders.

Pronoun

If we talk about a pronoun, then its morphological features largely depend on which part of speech it is close in grammatical meaning. They can gravitate toward a noun, adjective, or numeral. Let's analyze the pronouns and their morphological features in this context.

Pronouns-nouns are characterized by an invariable category of person (personal) and formative gender, number, case.

Pronouns-adjectives can also be changed by gender, number and case. The exception is the words her, him, them- they do not change in cases.

Only pronouns have a case form - numerals.

So, when determining what morphological features a pronoun has, it is first necessary to look at the category and, accordingly, indicate the rest of the characteristics.

Verb: constant signs

The constant morphological features of the verb are its form, transitivity, reflexivity and conjugation.

Verbs come in two categories, perfect and imperfect. The first involves the question "what to do?", the second - "what to do?". For example, move (what to do?) - perfect view; shift (what to do?) - imperfect view.

The category of transitivity suggests that the verb governs a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. All other verbs will be intransitive. Let's give an example: to hate (whom, what?) the enemy, lies, fog - a transitive verb. Go to the house, fly through the sky, jump over a step, get a sore throat - these verbs are intransitive, nouns with prepositions, and the form of the accusative case cannot be made.

The reflexive verb has the suffix -sya (-s): swim, swim (reflexive); bathe - irrevocable.

We present the conjugation of the verb in the table:

Verb: fickle signs

Non-permanent morphological features of the verb are its number, mood, gender, tense and person. These categories are largely defined by others. For example, verbs of the indicative mood change from time to time. Imperfective verbs are the only ones that have three forms of tense.

Russian verbs have three mood forms: indicative (I bake, I will bake, I baked), imperative (peki) and conditional (would bake).

Verbs also change by gender: he swam, she swam, it swam. This category is typical for past tense verbs.

The person of the verb indicates by whom the action is performed: by the speaker (I remove), the interlocutor (you remove) or the subject / person of the conversation (she removes).

As with a pronoun, you first need to look at the category and, accordingly, indicate the rest of the characteristics.

Participle

Permanent morphological features of the participle are aspect, transitivity, recurrence, pledge and time.

Just like verbs, participles are perfect and imperfective: working (what to do? work) - imperfective; built (what to do? build) - a perfect look.

If the participle is formed from a transitive or reflexive verb, the same signs will remain with him. For example, the participle "locking" (locking) is formed from the transitive verb "lock" - it also has this category. From the reflexive verb "to lock" the participle "locking" is formed, respectively, also reflexive.

Participles can be real (the sign is made by the object itself: the thinker is the one who thinks) and passive (the object experiences the action of the sign: a written book is a book that is written by someone).

Two forms of tense can be distinguished from participles: present (playing) and past (playing).

Non-permanent morphological features of the participle are similar to the adjective: gender, number, case, form (short or full).

gerund

The participle is an invariable part of speech, therefore, it has exclusively constant features:

• View. Perfect (doing what? - reading) and imperfect (doing what? - reading).
• Transitivity. Transmitted from the verb: having decided (to decide is a transitive verb); going (to go is an intransitive verb).
• Recurrence. Distributed - reflexive participle; distributing - irrevocable.

Adverb

Just like a gerund, an adverb does not form a form. Thus, only constant morphological features are indicated in it: a rank by meaning and if the adverb is qualitative, i.e. formed from the name of an adjective, indicate the degree of comparison.

For example, the adverb "fun" is formed from the adjective cheerful, so the formation of degrees of comparison is possible: fun (positive); more fun (comparative); the most fun of all (excellent).

Noun Parsing Plan

You can download separately the memo "Plan of morphological analysis of nouns" in our VK group in the album "Russian language in tables and diagrams": https://vk.com/izdat_licey

Noun parsing patterns

On the mail train from St. Petersburg to Moscow, a young lieutenant Klimov rode in the smoking section(Chekhov).

(AT) train

1. in what?
2. N. f. - train.
   A) Permanent signs: common noun, inanimate, masculine, 2nd declension.
   

(walking) (of) Petersburg

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question Of what?
2. N. f. - Petersburg.
   A) Permanent signs: proper, inanimate, masculine, 2nd declension, does not change in numbers - it has only the singular form.
   B) Non-permanent signs: used in the form of the genitive case.
3. In the sentence, it plays the role of an adverb of place.

(walking) (in) Moscow

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question into what?
2. N. f. - Moscow.
   A) Permanent signs: proper, inanimate, feminine, 1st declension, does not change in numbers - it has only the singular form.
   B) Non-permanent signs: used in the form of the accusative case.
3. In the sentence, it plays the role of an adverb of place.

(driving) to department

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question in what?
2. N. f. - department.
   A) Permanent signs: common noun, inanimate, neuter gender, noun in -i: 2nd declension, but in the prepositional case the ending is -i, as in nouns of the 3rd declension.
   B) Non-permanent features: used in the singular, prepositional case.
3. In the sentence, it plays the role of an adverb of place.

(in department) (for) smokers

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question for whom?
2. N. f. - smoking.
   A) Permanent signs: common noun, animated, given noun - substantiated participle, therefore it changes by gender ( smoking, smoking) and is declined as a full participle.
   B) Non-permanent signs: used in the form of the plural, genitive; there is no gender, as in full participles in the plural.
3. In the proposal, it plays the role of an inconsistent definition.

(driving) lieutenant

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question who?
2. N. f. - lieutenant.
   A) Permanent signs: common noun, animate, masculine, 2nd declension.
   
3. In the proposal, it acts as an application.

(driving) Klimov

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question who?
2. N. f. - Klimov.
   A) Permanent signs: proper, animate, masculine, 2nd declension.
   B) Non-permanent signs: used in the singular, nominative case.
3. It plays the role of the subject in the sentence.

Exercise for the topic “3.2.3. Morphological analysis of nouns "

• 3.2.1. The concept of a noun. Morphological features of nouns. Noun ranks
• 3.2.3. Morphological analysis nouns

§one. general characteristics noun

The noun is an independent significant part of speech.

1. grammatical meaning- "subject".
Nouns are words that answer the questions:
Who? , What?

2. Morphological features:

• constants - common noun / proper, animate / inanimate, gender, type of declension;
• changeable - number, case.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence any, especially often: subject and object.

The kids love the holidays.

As an appeal and introductory words, the noun is not a member of the sentence:

- Sergey!- my mother calls me from the yard.

(Sergey- address)

Unfortunately, it's time to go do your homework.

(Unfortunately- introductory word)

§2. Morphological features of nouns

Nouns have a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are non-permanent (or changeable). Unchangeable signs refer to the whole word as a whole, and changeable to the forms of the word. So noun Natalia- animated, own, female, 1 cl. In whatever form it may be, these signs will be preserved. Noun Natalia may be in the form of and many others. numbers, in different cases. Number and case are inconstant signs of nouns. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to such non-permanent or variable morphological characters. It is necessary to learn to distinguish which signs are permanent and which are non-permanent.

§3. Common nouns - proper nouns

This is the division of nouns according to the features of the meaning. Common nouns denote homogeneous objects, i.e. any object from their series, and proper nouns call a separate specific object.
Compare nouns:

• child, country, river, lake, fairy tale, turnip - common nouns
• Alexey, Russia, Volga, Baikal, "Repka" - own

Common nouns are varied. Their ranks by value:

• specific: table, computer, document, mouse, notebook, fishing rod
• abstract (abstract): surprise, joy, fear, happiness, miracle
• real: iron, gold, water, oxygen, milk, coffee
• collective: youth, foliage, nobility, spectator

Proper nouns include names of people, nicknames of animals, geographical names, names of works of literature and art, etc.: Alexander, Sasha, Sashenka, Zhuchka, Ob, Ural, "Teenager", "Gingerbread Man" etc.

§four. Animation - inanimateness

Animate nouns call "living" objects, and inanimate - not "living".

• Animated: mother, father, child, dog, ant, Kolobok (hero of a fairy tale, acting as a living person)
• Inanimate: orange, ocean, war, lilac, program, toy, delight, laughter

For morphology, it is important that

• in plural in animate nouns
  Near the school, I saw familiar girls and boys (vin. pad. = born. pad.), and in inanimate nouns wine form. pad. matches the shape. pad.: I love books and films (vin. pad. = im. pad.)
• in the singular for animate masculine nouns wine form. pad. matches the form. fall:
  The fox saw Kolobok (vin. fall. = genus. fall.), and for inanimate nouns of masculine gender wine form. pad. matches the shape. pad.: I baked a gingerbread man (wine. pad. = im. pad.)

The rest of the nouns have the form im., vin. and genus. cases are different.

Means, sign of inanimateness can be determined not only based on the meaning, but also on the set of word endings.

§5. Genus

gender of nouns is a permanent morphological feature. Nouns do not change by gender.

There are three genders in Russian: male, female and average. The sets of endings for nouns of different genders differ.
In animate nouns, the reference to the masculine or feminine gender is motivated by gender, since the words denote male or female persons: father - mother, brother - sister, husband - wife, man - woman, boy - girl etc. The grammatical sign of gender correlates with gender.
For inanimate nouns, the belonging of the word to one of the three genders is not motivated. The words ocean, sea, river, lake, pond- different gender, and the gender is not determined by the meaning of the words.

The morphological indicator of the genus is the endings.
If the ending word has:

a, u or a, oh, e in the singular and s, ov, am, s or ow, ah, ah in plural , then it is a masculine noun

a, s, e, y, oh, e in the singular and s, am or s, ami, ah in the plural, it is a feminine noun

oh, a, u, oh, om, e in the singular and ah, ah, ah, ah, ah in the plural, it is a neuter noun.

Do all nouns belong to one of the three genders?

No. There is a small group of amazing nouns. They are interesting in that they can refer to both males and females. These are the words: smart girl, glutton, sleepyhead, greedy, crybaby, ignorant, ignorant, wicked, bully, slob, wicked, muddler, slobber, daredevil etc. The form of such words coincides with the form of feminine words: they have the same set of endings. But the syntactic compatibility is different.
In Russian you can say:
She is so smart! AND: He is so smart! The meaning of the gender of an animate person can be found out by the form of a pronoun (as in our example) or an adjective, or a verb in the past tense: Sonya woke up. AND: Sonya woke up. Such nouns are called common nouns.

Common nouns do not include words that name professions. You may already know that many of these are masculine nouns: doctor, driver, engineer, economist, geologist, philologist etc. But they can designate both male and female persons. My mother is a good doctor. My father is a good doctor. Even if the word names a female person, then adjectives and verbs in the past tense can be used in both masculine and feminine: The doctor came. AND: The doctor came.

How to determine the gender of immutable words?

There are invariable nouns in the language. All of them are borrowed from other languages. In Russian, they have a gender. How to determine the genus? It's easy if you understand what the word means. Let's look at examples:

Monsieur - madam- in words denoting an animated person, gender matches gender.

Kangaroo, chimpanzee- words for animals male.

Tbilisi, Sukhumi- words - city names - male.

Congo, Zimbabwe- words - names of states - neuter.

Mississippi, Yangtze- words - names of rivers - female.

Coat, muffler- words denoting inanimate objects are more often neuter.

Are there any exceptions? There is. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to unchangeable words and remember how they are used. The gender is expressed not by the ending (there are no endings for indeclinable words), but by the form of other words that are connected with the unchangeable noun in meaning and grammatically. These can be adjectives, pronouns or verbs in the past tense. For example:

Mississippi wide and full.

Short adjectives in the form of f.r. indicate that the word Mississippi zh.r.

§6. declination

declination is a type of word change. Nouns change in number and case. Number and case are variable morphological features. Depending on what forms the word has in different numbers and cases, in the totality of all possible forms, nouns belong to one of the declensions.

Nouns have three declensions: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The vast majority of Russian nouns are nouns of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declension. The type of declension is a constant, unchanging morphological feature of nouns.

The 1st declension includes feminine and masculine words with endings a, I in its original form.
Examples: mom, dad, grandfather, water, earth, Anna, Anya, lecture - ending [a].

The 2nd declension includes masculine words with zero ending and neuter gender with endings about, e in its original form.
Examples: father, brother, house, Alexander, sea, lake, building - ending [e] , genius, Alexey.

The 3rd declension includes null-ending feminine words in its original form.
Examples: mother, mouse, night, news, rye, lies.

initial form- this is the form of the word in which it is usually fixed in dictionaries. For nouns, it is the nominative singular form.

Pay attention to the words traditionally called nouns on ia, ie, uy : lecture, building, genius.

What is the correct ending for these words?

Do you remember that the letters I and e, which are written at the end of such feminine and neuter nouns after vowels, and the letter and - vowel represent two sounds? Lecture- [i'a], building- [i’e], and the sound [i’] is the last consonant of the base. So, in words like lecture ending [a], in words like building- [e], and in words like genius- null ending.

So the feminine nouns are: lecture, station, demonstration belong to the 1st declension, and masculine: genius and middle: building- to the 2nd.

Another group of words requires commentary. These are the so-called neuter nouns me , the words path and child. These are inflected nouns.

Inflected nouns- these are words that have endings characteristic of forms of different declensions.
There are few such words. All of them are very ancient. Some of them are common in today's speech.

List of nouns on me: stirrup, tribe, seed, burden, udder, crown, time, name, flame, banner.

For their spelling, see All spelling. Spelling of nouns

§7. Number

Number- this is a morphological feature that is changeable for some nouns and unchanged, constant for others.
The vast majority of Russian nouns change in number. For example: home - at home, girl - girls, elephant - elephants, night - nights. Nouns that change in number have both singular and plural forms and endings corresponding to these forms. For a number of nouns, the singular and plural forms differ not only in endings, but also in the stem. For example: man - people, child - children, kitten - kittens.

A smaller part of Russian nouns does not change in numbers, but has the form of only one number: either singular or plural.

Singular nouns:

• collective: nobility, children
• real: gold, milk, curdled milk
• abstract (or abstract): greed, anger, kindness
• some of their own, namely: geographical names: Russia, Suzdal, Petersburg

Plural nouns:

• collective: shoots
• real: cream, cabbage soup
• abstract (or abstract): chores, elections, twilight
• some own, namely geographical names: Carpathians, Himalayas
• some specific (objective), watches, sledges, as well as a group of nouns denoting objects that consist of two parts: skis, skates, glasses, gates

Remember:

Most things denoted by nouns that have only the form of a singular or plural person cannot be counted.
For such nouns, the number is an invariable morphological feature.

§eight. case

case- this is a non-permanent, changeable morphological feature of nouns. There are six cases in Russian:

1. Nominative
2. Genitive
3. Dative
4. Accusative
5. Instrumental
6. Prepositional

You need to firmly know the case questions, with the help of which it is determined in which case the noun is. Since, as you know, nouns are animate and inanimate, there are two questions for each case:

• I.p. - who what?
• R.p. - who?, what?
• D.p. - to whom; to what?
• V.p. - who?, what?
• etc. - who?, what?
• P.p. - (About who about what?

You see that for animate nouns the questions of win.p. and genus. etc., and for the inanimate - to them. p. and wine. P.
In order not to be mistaken and correctly determine the case, always use both questions.

For example: I see an old park, a shady alley and a girl and a young man walking along it.
I see (who?, what?) a park(vin. p.), alley(vin. p.), girl(vin. p.), human(vin. p.).

Do all nouns change by case?

No, not all. Nouns that are called invariable do not change.

Cockatoo (1) sits in a cage in a store. I approach the cockatoo (2) . This is a big beautiful parrot. I look at the cockatoo (3) with interest and think: - What do I know about the cockatoo (4)? I don't have a cockatoo (5) . With cockatoo (6) interesting.

Word cockatoo met in this context 6 times:

• (1) who?, what? - cockatoo- I.p.
• (2) I approach (to) whom ?, what? - (k) cockatoo- D.p.
• (3) look (at) whom?, what? - (to) cockatoo- V.p.
• (4) know (about) whom?, what? -( o) cockatoo- P.p.
• (5) no one?, what? - cockatoo- R.p.
• (6) wondering (with) whom?, what? - (with cockatoo)- etc.

In different cases, the form of immutable nouns is the same. But the case is easily determined. Case questions, as well as other members of the sentence, help with this. If such a noun has a definition expressed by an adjective, pronoun, numeral or participle, i.e. word that changes in cases, then it will be in the form of the same case as the invariable noun itself.

Example: How much can you talk about this cockatoo?- (about) who?. how? - P.p.

§9. The syntactic role of nouns in a sentence

The mother is sitting by the window. She leafs through a magazine, looks at photographs of people and nature. My mother is a geography teacher. "Mom," I call her.

Mother - subject

Near the window - circumstance

Magazine- addition

Photo- addition

Of people- definition

nature- definition

Mother- subject

Teacher- predicate

Geography- definition

Mother- appeals, as well as introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions, particles are not members of the sentence.

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. What nouns denote individual specific objects, and not groups of homogeneous objects?

   • proper names
   • Common nouns

2. Which group of nouns has the most variety of meanings?

   • proper names
   • Common nouns

3. Is animateness-inanimateness expressed grammatically: by a set of endings?

4. How can you find out the gender of a noun?

   • By value
   • By compatibility with other words (adjectives, pronouns, past tense verbs) and by endings

5. What are the names of nouns that have endings characteristic of different declensions?

   • Indeclinable
   • Differing

6. What is the sign of the number of nouns good, evil, envy?

   • Permanent (immutable)
   • non-permanent (changing)