national relations. What is international relations? Interethnic cooperation and conflicts

Social relations.

social structure.

This is the structure of society as a whole, a set of interconnected and interacting social groups. The main types of social groups include classes, castes, estates. These groups have a different position in society, have unequal access to such social benefits as money, power, prestige. This is what social inequality is all about. The formation of social classes in their modern sense is associated with the formation of an industrial society. The origins of class differences and inequality are in the economic sphere of society. For example, peasants, workers, employees, owners of firms and companies, farmers, entrepreneurs have different opportunities to earn income and purchase goods.

2. Social relations - these are certain stable connections between people as representatives social groups. They arise independently of the will and consciousness of people in the process of their interaction with each other in the conditions of a given society. They may take on the character of cooperation or social conflict.

social groups.

This is any set of people that has some common socially significant sign (sex, age, nationality, profession, income, education, power, etc.)

According to their size, number, the nature of the relationship between members, social groups are divided into big and small.

Social groups include:

family, school class, group of peers;

Workers, peasants, intelligentsia;

children, youth, veterans;

urban and rural residents.

4. Social status - is the position that a person occupies with the social structure of society.

Some statuses (sex, age, nationality) do not depend on the personal qualities of a person, they are given from birth - prescribed (or innate)

Others require the individual's own efforts - getting an education, mastering a profession, starting a family. This is an attainable (acquired) status.

social roles.

The social status of a person gives him certain rights, imposes duties and requires appropriate behavior. The expected behavior from a person of a given social status is called social role.

Social conflict and ways to resolve it.

A social conflict is a clash of opposing interests, views, aspirations, directions of social development. Individuals, social groups, various organizations and associations can be participants in a social conflict. All social conflicts go through three stages:

pre-conflict (contradictions accumulate)

conflict (collision of parties)

post-conflict (measures are being taken to finally eliminate contradictions)

There are the following types of behavior of participants in a social conflict: suppression of the enemy, reaching an agreement, abandoning one's demands.

The best way prevention and resolution of social conflict - a compromise (agreement through mutual concessions without prejudice to the fundamental interests of the parties).

The consequences of conflicts lead to negative and positive results.

Negative Consequences increase bitterness, lead to destruction and bloodshed, to a violation of public order.

Positive Consequences lead to the resolution of problems, increase group cohesion, lead to alliances with other groups, lead to an understanding of the interests of the group.

A family.

A family - social group based on family ties (by marriage, by blood). Family members are connected by a common life, mutual assistance, moral and legal responsibility.

The family performs a number of functions related to the needs of the individual and society:

Reproductive (biological procreation);

Educational (preparation of the younger generation for life in society);

economic and economic (housekeeping and guardianship of disabled family members);

spiritual and emotional (personal development, spiritual mutual enrichment, maintaining friendly relations);

leisure (organization of normal leisure);

sexual (satisfaction of sexual needs).

Legal basis marriage and family.

Family law.

The set of legal norms that regulate relations between people in connection with marriage, family creation, the birth and upbringing of children form one of the branches of private law. - family law.

The main source of family law is

Family code Russian Federation(IC RF).

Purpose of family law.

According to article 1 of the RF IC, the main goals family law are: strengthening the family; building family relationships on feelings mutual love and respect, mutual assistance; responsibility to the family of all its members.

four). Basic principles of legal regulation (SK):

1. Voluntary marriage.

2. Equality of rights of spouses in the family.

3. Resolution of issues by mutual agreement.

4. The priority of family education.

5. Ensuring the protection of the rights and interests of minors and disabled family members.

To conclude a marriage, the mutual consent of those entering into marriage and the achievement of marriageable age (18 years is the age of civil majority) are required.

5). Barriers to marriage:

1. Undissolved marriage.

2. Close relatives in a straight line (father, daughter, granddaughter) and between siblings.

3. Incapacity of a person recognized by the court(mental disorder or risk of transmission of a dangerous disease).

4. Between the adopter and the adopted (as long as the adoption exists)

6). Personal rights of spouses:

the right to free choice of occupation, profession,

place of stay and residence.

choice of surname;

have equal rights and responsibilities towards their children

7). The legal freedom of spouses is not unlimited. They are obliged:

build relationships in the family on the basis of mutual respect and mutual assistance;

cares about the well-being and strengthening of the family;

cares about the well-being and development of their children: educate, provide education (basic general education) to protect their rights and interests.

Marital property.

The property of the spouses is divided into general (acquired during marriage) and personal (acquired before marriage, or received as a gift, by inheritance during marriage).

personal property is the private property of each and is not taken into account when dividing property between spouses.

common property recognized by law as joint property and is referred to as legal regime of their property. Each of the spouses has the right to all property to such property, enjoys equal rights. With the termination of the marriage is divided equally. Only the court can depart from the principle of equality.

By mutual agreement, the spouses can carry out transactions on the disposal of property (sell, donate). On the movable property is enough verbal consent, and on immovable property needed written agreement certified by a notary.

9). Personal rights of the child.

1. The right to a name and nationality.

2. The right to live and be brought up in a family.

3. The right to communicate with parents and other relatives.

4. To express his opinion when resolving an issue affecting his interests ( legal meaning from 10 years old)

5. The right to protection. Until the age of 14 to the guardianship and guardianship authorities, and from the age of 14 to the court.

6. Right to maintenance.

7. The right to the money he has earned. Can manage independently.

Duty of children.

Children are obliged to take care of their parents, to provide them with help and support.

Until adulthood, this obligation has moral character, and upon reaching the age of 18 acquires legal force

Ethnos.

ETHNOS - a historically established ethnic community - a tribe, a nationality, a nation.

Nation.

1. A historically established community of people, formed in the process of forming a community of their territory, economic ties, literary language, cultural characteristics and spiritual image.

2. In some combinations: country, state (community of citizens of the state). The highest form of ethnicity.

Interethnic cooperation.

International relations can be immediate (contacts of people of different nationalities in the process of work, life, education, leisure, cultural and family life) and indirect(exchange of material and cultural values, information, relations between states). In today's world, there are two interrelated trends:

· one is manifested in the economic, cultural and political rapprochement of nations, the destruction of national barriers;

· the other is in the desire of a number of peoples to gain national independence, to protect their national culture from the onslaught of mass culture.

The basis of interethnic cooperation is the principles equality, mutual assistance and respect national dignity peoples, their interests and traditions. non-compliance these principles lead to ethnic conflicts which is a difficult task to overcome. In the modern world, there are several ways to resolve it: negotiations, mutual concessions of the parties, mediation by a third party or the UN. All of them presuppose the mutual recognition of universally significant and national values, the requirements of international legal documents. These actions are guided by the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on the value of every individual.

Social politics.

Social policy is the activity of the state and political parties, associations, movements in the social sphere of public life. This activity is aimed at the implementation of social programs that support the standard of living, the material well-being of the population, and employment. aim social policy is to achieve welfare in society, harmonize public relations, political stability and civil accord.

Allocate social policy in the field of education, health care, employment and social and labor relations. There are also cultural, housing, family, pension, women's and youth social policies.

At all times, people have worked to create mechanisms for cooperation and unleashing conflicts. These methods are used in many areas of human life and society to achieve the goals of a particular person or group of people. Often, it is the joint activities of organizations, states, enterprises that bring an effective result in a particular area.

What is cooperation?

Cooperation is an activity of several parties, thanks to which all participants receive some benefit. Known today various forms economic, political, military, environmental interaction. Nowadays, issues of cooperation related to financial support, use of natural resources, military-political associations, security environment, space exploration, business development, communication networks.

About the essence of cooperation

In fact, cooperation is a process in which the interacting parties, without the use of violence, seek ways to satisfy common interests. The circumstances in which one of the parties can achieve its goals only if the other party to the agreement can achieve the same can be called mutually beneficial cooperation. In other words, the goals of the partners must be linked.

The essence of cooperation is to achieve the common goals of partners, expecting specific benefits from the implementation of agreements, mutual benefit. These three points are fundamental to any joint venture agreement.

About international cooperation

There is an inaccurate understanding of the expression " the international cooperation". Sometimes this term means the absence of conflict or getting rid of its extreme forms.

Cooperation is an indicator of the interdependence of states and organizations. The development of international relations has built political, economic, environmental, cultural and religious systems of interaction. For example, in recent times unresolved issues related to the global problems of mankind are exacerbated. In this area, it is extremely objective to expand international activities contributing to the solution of world problems.

The elements of the development of business relations include diplomatic means, coordination of efforts to ensure security, plans to resolve military conflicts.

Why international relations are intensively developing?

There are a number of reasons for improving the formation mutually beneficial relationship. Here is some of them:

• Uneven economic development in some countries. Each state forms its own structure of agriculture, the development of certain types of industry, infrastructure, education. If a certain state is known for producing a particular product with high quality, then this specialization will stimulate the development of foreign trade.
• Inequality in financial, raw materials and human resources. About 25 million people migrate to another country every year to find work. Some countries in Asia and Africa have huge labor resources, while in America and Europe there are not enough workers. The extraction of minerals and the availability of other types of raw materials contribute to the development of mutually beneficial ties between countries that enter into a cooperation agreement. For example, some states lend and invest in various organizations in other countries.
• Inequality in the field of scientific and technological progress. If countries exchange scientists, conduct joint research, develop new technologies and enter into contracts in this area, this will also benefit both parties.
• Specificity political relations. This factor greatly affects the volume of trade turnover. A friendly foreign policy increases foreign trade turnover, while a belligerent one contributes to breaking economic ties.

The cooperation agreement includes active actions partner states for mutual coordination in the field of economics and politics that do not harm or negative consequences one or the other party to the agreement.

conclusions

Search and development international relations contribute to the opening of access for one or another partner state to the world economy, increase the economic potential, and provide the resource needs of the nation. So, what is meant by cooperation today?

Cooperation is a complex of relations developing on the basis of mutual exchange. In the conditions of modern reality, international relations look like a process of establishing a dialogue, comparing interests, reaching consensus, mechanisms of adaptation in cases of mismatch of values ​​and in conflict situations between regions, countries and organizations.

Interethnic (interethnic) relations - relations between ethnic groups (peoples), covering all spheres of public life.

Politics

Remember:

what is an ethnic community? What is the influence of ethnic diversity on the current situation in the country and in the world? What is the essence of social conflict?

The main scientific problem is to determine, based on the ideas of humanism, the analysis of historical experience, the best ways to regulate interethnic relations. The problem is multifaceted, includes issues of history and modern everyday life, spiritual world personality, culture, education, sociology, psychology, economic, political, legal relations; therefore, scientists use the methods of a number of humanities. From the middle of the XIX century. explores the problem in depth ethnology- a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, the forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, the interaction of the individual and the social environment.

Ethnology identifies two levels of interethnic relations. One level - the interaction of peoples in different areas public life: politics, culture, production, science, art, etc. Another level is the interpersonal relations of people of different ethnicity in different forms communication - labor, family, household, educational, informal types of relationships.

Interethnic relations find their expression in human actions and largely depend on individual behavior and its motivation, which is based on personal experience, mastering cultural norms, the influence of the family, the immediate environment.

The ethnic processes of modernity are characterized by two trends: integration- cooperation, unification of different ethno-state communities, rapprochement of all aspects of the life of peoples; differentiation- the aspirations of peoples for national independence.

Interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful, or, conversely, conflict, hostile.

Spontaneous cooperation has been known to mankind for many centuries, consisting of a huge number of communities, representing in the aggregate an ethnically mixed environment, where productive cooperation often operates in the production of material goods, in Everyday life; the creation and preservation of national cultural values ​​is combined with the knowledge of other cultures.

In the XX century. there is an increase integration trends dual direction:

Economic, political integration leading to
the formation of unions of states;

Integration of national entities within the multi
national country. This may be of interest to
clans living in a single state, to promote the
strengthening this unity.

The domestic experience of interethnic cooperation is significant. In all branches of the economy and culture of the USSR, multinational collectives worked fruitfully. The cohesion of peoples was clearly manifested in battles, work, everyday life during the years of the Great Patriotic War, in the post-war revival of the country.

Cooperation in the cultural sphere ensured the eradication of illiteracy, the creation of a written language for 50 ethnic groups, the flourishing of the bright, original art of small peoples. Scientists note that in the Soviet Union in the XX century. not a single minor culture has disappeared and, in fact, the entire ethnic mosaic of a huge state has been preserved, while hundreds of minor cultures have disappeared in other regions of the world. At the same time, the mistakes and crimes of the totalitarian authorities led to grave tragedies for many people and entire nations. Centuries-old national ties were disrupted due to ill-conceived administrative-territorial division, the ecological situation in the regions inhabited by indigenous small ethnic groups worsened. The forcible resettlement of peoples, undeservedly accused of complicity with the German occupiers, inflicted great damage on the dignity of hundreds of thousands of people and had a heavy impact on their destinies. It took a long time to restore the violated rights of the peoples of our country.

In Europe, other parts of the world in the last third of the XX century. integration in the economic sphere, and then in politics, was widely developed. This is due to the process of globalization, the formation of a post-industrial, information society, as well as the need for unity in the fight against international terrorism.

One example of integration is the activities of the European Union (EU), which unites (2005) 25 states with

population of 450 million people speaking 40 languages. The EU introduced a single citizenship, a single currency - the euro. Supranational authorities have been created: the European Parliament, the EU Council, the European Court. The EU Constitution has been developed. However, it can enter into force only after it is approved by all EU countries (by a decision of the parliament or by a popular referendum). Russia does not remain aloof from the integration processes of the 21st century. This manifests itself in particular:

In caring for the formation of a common economic, gum
nitarian legal space with several countries,
members of the Commonwealth created after the collapse of the USSR
Independent States;

In negotiations with the European Union on cooperation in the areas of
economy, justice, security, science, education,
culture. A large place in the documents on partnership
leno joint action to comply with the principle of non-
discrimination, including opposition to any form of
intolerance and racism, respect for human rights.

Along with the trend towards international integration, there is also a trend towards differentiation. It manifests itself in various forms. Mostly in a peaceful form, the formation of independent post-Soviet states, the division of Czechoslovakia into two states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Armed actions accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia.

I“The more enlightened the states, the more they

i share ideas with each other and the more the si- increases.

I la and the activity of the universal mind. 1

\: C. Helvetia i

Lecture:

Interethnic relations are called relations between different states, as well as between different nations one state.

Consider two trends between national relations modern world. First - integration– close mutually beneficial interethnic contacts, cooperation in politics, economy, culture. In modern global world rapidly growing productive forces are crowded within the framework of one nation or one state. There is a process of broad cooperation between countries. A striking example of the economic integration of nations and states is European Union, uniting about 30 states of Europe. An example of political integration is a number of international organizations led by the UN. And an example of cultural integration is the celebration of Christmas, Halloween, etc. The integration of states contributes to the erasure of national borders and the unity of mankind. An important principle of building interethnic relations is tolerance, mutual respect of nations.

The second trend of interethnic relations is differentiation, this is the reverse integration process, when nations strive for independence, separation and confrontation. characteristic feature differentiation is, for example, the strengthening of protectionist measures in international trade, nationalist and extremist views. The desire of nations to differentiate has led to the emergence of such socially dangerous phenomena as:

nationalism and its extreme form of chauvinism, expressed in hatred of other nations;

segregation- forced separation of one nation from another on any basis, for example, racial discrimination;

genocide – physical destruction nations - a particularly serious crime against humanity;

separatism, which consists in the desire of the nation to separate from the state and create its own independent state entity;

ethnic cleansing - the policy of forcible expulsion of persons of a different ethnic group from the territory of the country.

The third trend of interethnic relations is globalization(more).

Thus, there are two main forms of interethnic relations: peaceful cooperation (stable relations) and ethnic conflict (unstable relations). We are talking about peaceful cooperation when nations interact and benefit each other. The main forms of peaceful cooperation are ethnic mixing through interethnic marriages and ethnic absorption - natural or forced assimilation, in which one nation completely loses its language, culture and national identity. An ethnic conflict arises as a result of a clash of interests of different nations and often develops into an armed struggle.

Causes of ethnic conflicts and ways to resolve them

Causes of ethnic conflicts can be:

territorial claims;

struggle for political power or political independence;

inequality in the possession of material resources and benefits;

infringement of the rights, values, interests of the ethnic group;

ethnocentrism - the excellent views of the ethnic group towards their own culture and the rejection of another culture;

deterioration of the ecological situation on the territory of one ethnic group due to the actions of another and others.

Ethnic conflicts lead to grave consequences, people die, cultural values ​​are destroyed. The settlement of ethnic conflicts, on the one hand, depends on the activities of international organizations (primarily the UN) and commissions, which must take into account the interests of each of the conflicting parties. On the other hand, it depends on the internal attitudes of the person himself. It is very important that each person does not allow violence, adheres to humanistic views in resolving ethnic issues and maintains tolerant interethnic relations.

Maintaining stable interethnic relations is the main goal of the national policy of any state. Its main areas are:

ensuring the equality of all nations living in the state, for example, the laws of the Russian Federation guarantee the right of every citizen to determine their nationality;

creating conditions for the preservation of ethnic culture, for example, teaching the native language in schools;

organization of events that bring nations together and expand cultural ties, for example, holding international song and dance festivals;

preventive measures aimed at promoting an intolerant attitude towards nationalism and chauvinism.

Interethnic cooperation and conflicts
Goals:
repeat and summarize the studied material; develop the ability to search and
systematization of information on the topic; be able to compare, analyze, draw conclusions,
solve cognitive and problem tasks;
be able to explain the studied provisions on self-selected concrete
examples; Ability to build relationships and work collaboratively
groups;
promote a sense of tolerance,
nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism.
manifestation aversion
Equipment: textbooks, dictionary
During the classes:
1. Organizational part of the lesson
2. Introduction to the topic
Epigraph of the lesson: “When the power of the state and the nation is declared greater
value than a person, then in principle the war has already been declared, everything for it is already
prepared spiritually and materially, and it can arise at any moment” (N.A.
Berdyaev)
B. What
C.
states can lead to conflicts, both within the state and between them).
the meaning of Berdyaev's statement? (Wrong, erroneous policy
Today at the lesson we concrete examples let's try to sort out the problems
interethnic relations, find out the reasons ethnic conflicts and their ways
settlement.
Q. Why is it important for us to study this topic? (3000 nations make up
modern humanity, they live in about 200 states, therefore,
there are many multinational states, including our country, in
which is home to more than 100 ethnic groups, 30 nations. What is the relationship between
nations determine both the development of the country and the situation in the world).
Q. What is interethnic relations? (relations between ethnic groups, covering all
spheres of public life)
C. Name 2 levels of relationships and reveal their essence. (1 level interaction
peoples in various spheres of public life: politics, culture, production, science,
art; Level 2 interpersonal relations of people of different nationalities in
different forms of communication - in labor, family, educational, informal
types of relationships)
Q. What trends in the development of interethnic relations do you know? (integration and
differentiation)

Conclusion: interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful,
or, conversely, conflict, hostility.
3. Repetition and generalization of the studied material
The theme of our lesson is "Interethnic cooperation and conflicts." We will be with you
work in groups. Each group gets a task. After independent work With
textbook, additional materials, groups present completed tasks.
Task 1: make up a cluster "Trends in the development of interethnic relations"
Conclusion: interethnic relations find their expression in human actions,
which can either unite peoples or lead to conflicts.
Q. How do you understand the essence of the term "cooperation"?
Q. How does it manifest itself?
Q. What integration trends emerged during the 20th century?
Q. Is the creation and activity of the EU a positive or a negative phenomenon?
Q. How does Russia's participation in the integration process manifest itself? How do you feel about
creation of the CIS?
Interethnic cooperation implies not only integration, but also
differentiation, which takes not only peaceful forms, but is also expressed in the form
conflicts.
Group 2 drawing up a "Fishbone" scheme on the topic "Interethnic conflicts"
B. Than social conflict different from interethnic?
B. What are the main causes of interethnic conflicts.
Q. How do you feel about the problem of separatism?
Q. What is xenophobia?
Conclusion: Ignoring problems in national relations can lead to serious
consequences.
The question arises: is it possible to exclude the emergence of conflicts with ethnic
component?
3 group drawing up a table
Problem Solving Sheet
1.What is the main problem in the prevention of interethnic conflicts?
2. What are the ways to resolve ethnic conflicts?
3. Which of the chosen paths is the best? Why?

Conclusion: It is impossible to single out any one way of resolving conflicts in
national soil. All of them are interconnected. The main thing is that when solving national
problems, a humanistic approach was used:
recognition and respect for the diversity of cultures, rejection of violence between peoples;
development and continued functioning of democracy, ensuring the realization of rights and
individual freedoms, ethnic communities;
the state's focus on the formation of an interethnic culture among citizens
communication.
B. Can you imagine modern world without interethnic conflicts?
Q. Imagine that you are in government and are in charge of national relations.
What priority steps would you suggest taking?
In dealing with other peoples, each person should follow the following
settings:
nature has created people different, but equal in dignity and rights;
there are no nations good and bad, there are bad or good people, or rather bad or good
deeds;
national origin is neither an advantage nor a disadvantage, it is simply
game of chance, fate.
4. Physical education minute
5. Checking the learned material.
It is carried out on the basis of solutions to tasks of parts B6, C5 and C8.
B. Define the concept of "interethnic relations" and make two
sentences containing information about interethnic relations.
C. Make a complex plan on the topic "Nations and interethnic relations"
C. Insert the words suggested in the list in place of the gaps.
The emergence of such a social community as _________ (A) is associated with the development
capitalist relations. Modern scientists believe that the key feature
this community is the community of spiritual culture, an important element of which
is the national _______(B). The main direction in the development of international
relationships are _______(B) and differentiation. Interethnic cooperation
can be carried out in various areas: economic, political, ______ (G),
spiritual.
The reasons for interethnic ________ (D) may be: household
prejudices, territorial disputes, ________(E) on racial and religious grounds.
One of the principles of regulation of interethnic conflicts is respect
cultural ________ (F) and interests of all national groups, condemnation of violence in
solving national problems.
1.integration 6.humanization