The concept of sustainable development of the tourist area. Novikov V

The conceptual foundations of sustainable development were started by our compatriot. IN AND. Vernadsky, who considered the theory of sustainable development as a doctrine of the noosphere - "the stage of evolution of the biosphere. The Earth, on which, as a result of those victories of the collective human mind, the harmonious development of both man as an individual, and a united society, and accordingly changed by man environment"An important role in the development and implementation of the concept of sustainable development was played by the United Nations Conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992), at which the "Agenda for the 21st Century" was adopted, and the Johannesburg Summit was held in 2002 in the PA. R. Internationally ratified documents have defined sustainable development (Sustainable Development - English) as the socio-economic development of the modern generation, does not threaten the activities of their future generations.Unfortunately, the answer to the question "how can processes be made permanent and that they constantly continue?" or balanced) development. general view the process of transition to sustainable development can be seen as a movement from a certain state of instability to some ideal state, which is called "sustainable development" (Fig. 31). The impossibility of harmonizing the development of mankind and the idea of ​​what it should be is due to the fact that: 1) ideal values ​​are an abstraction that is used in all sciences as one of the methodological approaches for research, but is not observed in Everyday life, 2) does not yet have clear parameters for measuring "ideal sustainable development", therefore, the existing "gap" of instability cannot be determined or calculated, 8) the development of mankind will certainly lead to changes in technology, level, living conditions and other components of development, will change vision of sustainable development; 4) the development of mankind about the dozhuvatim impact on the natural environment, 5) many of these changes are irreversible and cannot be predicted, which also causes the emergence of a gap between real development and its desired development of the gap between the real development of that yoga bazhanim camp.

Figure 31 . Trajectory towards sustainable development

Considering the possibilities of implementing the postulates of sustainable development, they talk about the parameters for achieving sustainability, but sometimes it is easier to identify and define indicators of the "instability" of the situation1. If it is assumed that processes are considered to be non-stationary when they reduce the environmental, social and productive resources on which the processes at the chosen level directly depend, then this will be the primary unsustainability; if processes at other levels depend on them - secondary instability (Fig. 32b (Fig. 3.2).

Figure 32 . Levels of unsustainable development

The concept of "sustainable development of tourism" and its basic principles defined. World Tourism Organization in the late 1980s

In the process of considering a holistic approach to the development of tourism (from the English whole - whole), the needs of other industries should be taken into account, ensuring their interconnection and interdependence. Despite the rather long time of development of this concept, researchers have not come to a consensus on the definition of sustainable tourism. Today, the most common of them are:

1) sustainable tourism development is all forms of tourism development and management that do not contradict the natural, social, economic unity and well-being of established societies in an indefinite period (World Federation of Natural and National Parks, 1992)

2) the sustainable development of tourism is ensured within the limits of environmental sustainability, allows you to effectively restore productivity natural resources takes into account the contribution of local communities to the recreation of tourists; rebalancing the rights of the local population to the economic benefits of tourism; puts the wishes and needs of the receptive side first (Tourist Concern

3) the sustainable development of tourism allows the modern inhabitants of the planet to satisfy their own needs for recreation and recreation without the threat of loss of this opportunity by future generations (UNDP, Production and consumption branch, 1998.

According to the "Order of the Day for the 21st Century", the principles of sustainable tourism development are as follows:

1) assistance in the approval of a full and healthy lifestyle human life in harmony with nature;

2) contribution to the conservation, protection and restoration of ecosystems. Earth;

3) development and application of sustainable production and consumption patterns as a basis for travel and tourism;

4) cooperation of peoples in the field of an open economic system;

5) the abolition of protectionist tendencies in the provision of tourism services;

6) mandatory environmental protection as an integral part of the tourism development process, respect for relevant laws;

7) the participation of citizens of the country in solving problems related to the development of tourism, including those directly related to them;

8) ensuring the local nature of decision-making on the planning of tourism activities;

9) exchange of experience and introduction of effective tourism technologies;

10) taking into account the interests of the local population

On the present stage the essence of the sustainable development of tourism is considered as the most important factor in the sustainable development of society as a whole. This position is clearly stated in Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, adopted. STO in 1999. It proclaims the obligation of all participants in the tourism process to preserve the natural environment for sustainable and balanced development. An important place belongs to the role of the body of its central, regional and local authorities, which should support the most favorable for natural environment forms of tourism. In order to change the negative impact of large tourist flows, measures should be taken to evenly distribute tourists and visitors, thus reducing the effect of the seasonality factor. The planning of new tourist infrastructure facilities should be carried out taking into account the peculiarities of the area, to ensure the preservation of the habitual way of life of the population. The sustainable development of territories involved in tourism activities is ensured by creating tourism infrastructure facilities, organizing new jobs, and attracting the local population to new activities in the field of tourism services. As a result, the standard of living of the inhabitants of the peripheral regions rises. Gion, there is their fixing in the historical territory of residence. The environmental nature of tourism background lies in the obligation to preserve the biodiversity of recreational areas and centers. For this, environmental technologies, practical developments, recommendations of fundamental and applied sciences are used. Importance in the protection and restoration of recreational territories, they also have schemes for financing and lending to environmental activities within their boundaries.

A significant role in this context is played by the formation of the ecological worldview of both the population of recreational regions and tourists. First, to realize the recreational attractiveness of the natural landscape, its ecological and aesthetic value, which can bring economic benefits, and therefore the need for protection and careful attitude to recreational resources, the understanding of the local population that the predatory use of resources will lead to the fact that their territory will remain behind outside the scope of recreational use, can be a significant incentive for the careful and rational use of resources. As for tourists, they should also understand the need to accept the rules dictated by nature, that is, to comply with resource restrictions. This means ensuring an appropriate level of awareness of the conditions of stay. Tourists are required to: agree to give up a certain amount of their comfort; preference for products produced in this region; interest in and respect for local habits, traditions and the accepted way of life; consent to use only public transport; enthusiasm for active protection environment, minimizing the negative effects of recreational activities, increasing the time spent on the responsibly chink by reducing the frequency of travel. So, for the sustainable development of tourism, all recreational resources are used and directed in such a way as to satisfy economic, social and aesthetic needs while maintaining cultural identity, ecological balance, biological diversity and life support systems of the recreation region.

Ukraine, although it has ratified international documents for questions environmental safety, but does not have significant achievements in the field practical application principles of sustainable development. In our opinion, first of all, it is necessary to apply the following measures to intensify work in this direction:

1) approval at the state level of the provisions of sustainable development, in particular for tourism;

2) cooperation and exchange of experience with the international community on the theory and practice of sustainable development, adaptation of their methods and tools for Ukraine;

3) raising the level of environmental consciousness of the population, dissemination of information about the quality of the environment and methods of its protection;

4) economic and legal support for environmental activities;

5) stimulation of environmental initiatives of the population by supporting non-governmental organizations

Scientific, technical and socio-economic progress has led to the accelerated development of tourism. Because of this, in places massively visited by tourists, there are serious problems in the field of ecology, culture and social development. The uncontrolled growth of tourism, driven by the desire to quickly make a profit, often leads to negative consequences - damage to the environment and local communities. This forces humanity to take care of the preservation of natural, historical and cultural values. The principles of protecting the biosphere on a global scale were enshrined in 1992 by the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, which was attended by government delegations from 179 countries of the world, numerous international and non-governmental organizations. The conference approved the program document "Agenda 21" ("Agenda 21") and adopted the Declaration on Environment and Development.

The adoption of this document was the beginning of the introduction of a radical innovation in the field of tourism - the principle of sustainable tourism development, which was proposed by the UNWTO. This radical innovation makes workers tourism and tourists to change their views on tourism, on the relationship of its participants.

In 1995, the joint efforts of the World Tourism Organization, the World Travel and Tourism Council and the Earth Council developed the document "Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry" (Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry).

This paper analyzes the strategic and economic importance tourism, there are numerous reports of over-tourism, some resorts losing their former glory, destruction of local culture, traffic problems and growing resistance from the local population to the influx of tourists.

The document outlined a specific program of action for government departments, national tourism administrations (NTA), industry organizations and tourism companies for the sustainable development of tourism. The following priority areas have been identified for government departments:

• - assessment of the existing regulatory, economic and voluntary framework in terms of sustainable tourism;
• - assessment of the economic, social, cultural and environmental activities of the national organization;
• - training, education and public awareness; sustainable tourism planning;
• - promoting the exchange of information, experience and technology; ensuring the participation of all public sectors in the development of sustainable tourism;
• - development of new tourism products; cooperation for the development of sustainable tourism.

The tasks of tourism companies are to develop and determine areas of activity for the development of sustainable tourism. Priority areas of activity should be the preservation and restoration of the environment: minimizing waste; involvement of staff, customers and the public in solving environmental issues. Consideration of economic, social, cultural criteria and environmental protection should be an integral part of all management decisions, including the inclusion of new elements in existing programs.

In 2004, the World Tourism Organization formulated the concept of sustainable tourism development (we quote):

"The norms and practices of managing sustainable tourism development can be applied to all types of tourism and to all types of destinations, including mass tourism and various niche tourism segments. The principles of sustainability refer to environmental protection, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development and between these three aspects an appropriate balance must be struck to ensure the long-term sustainability of tourism.Sustainable tourism must therefore:

• 1) ensure the optimal use of environmental resources, which are a key element in the development of tourism, supporting basic ecological processes and helping to preserve natural heritage and biological diversity;
• 2) respect the unique socio-cultural characteristics of the host communities, preserving their inherent created and established cultural heritage and traditional customs, and contribute to the mutual understanding of different cultures and tolerance for their perception;
• 3) to ensure the viability of long-term economic processes, taking into account their benefits to all stakeholders who disseminate them impartially, including permanent employment and opportunities for income generation and social services for host communities and a contribution to poverty reduction.

Sustainable tourism development needs the competent participation of all relevant stakeholders and equally strong political leadership in order to ensure broad participation and consensus building. Achieving sustainable tourism is a continuous process that requires constant monitoring of environmental impacts, introducing, if necessary, appropriate preventive and/or corrective measures.

Sustainable tourism must also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction by tapping into the multifaceted demands of tourists, raising their awareness of sustainable outcomes, and promoting sustainable tourism practices among them."

The main difference between the models of mass (traditional) and sustainable tourism (Table 9.1) is that part of the benefits received in the case of sustainable tourism development is directed to the restoration of the resource base and

Improving technologies for the production of services.

Table - The main differences between sustainable tourism and mass (traditional)

In 2000, well-known tour operators, together with UNEP (United Nations Environmental Protection Programme), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Commission (UNESCO) and the World Tourism Organization, created a voluntary non-profit partnership "Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development" (TOI), open for all new members. Members of this partnership define sustainability as the core of their business activities and work together to promote practices and practices that are compatible with sustainable development. They strive to prevent environmental pollution; preserve plants, animals, ecological systems, biodiversity; protect and preserve the landscape, cultural and natural heritage, respect the integrity of local cultures and avoid negative impact on social structures; collaborate with local communities and peoples; use local products and the skills of local workers. In 2002, UNWTO, together with UNCTAD, developed the Sustainable Tourism for Poverty Eradication (ST-EP) programme.

There are currently a number of international programs on the introduction of sustainable tourism. One of them is the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Program, which has the status of a code and is accepted by most European countries, is being intensively developed in America, and is relevant for Russia. The purpose of this program is to take into account the specific social and natural conditions of the sea coasts in the organization of life and management of coastal zones. The European Integrated Coastal Zone Management Training Program is funded by the European Union.

The Government of the Republic of Belarus adopted a decision (No. 573 dated May 30, 2005) to create 27 tourist zones in the country, creating favorable conditions for economic development and attracting domestic and foreign investments in the tourism industry while maintaining and rationally using the natural potential and historical cultural heritage.

The International Socio-Ecological Union (ISEU), established in Russia in 1998 and numbering more than 10 thousand people from 17 countries, in 2005 included in its program of activities the project "Development of sustainable tourism in the countries - members of the ISEU". In July 2006, ISEC held a special session in Irkutsk dedicated to the development of sustainable tourism in Baikal.

In 2005, a round table was held on tourism, environmental education and management of specially protected natural areas", dedicated to the conservation of bioresources of Kamchatka.

The Charter for the Development of Sustainable Tourism has been adopted in the Kaliningrad Region. It provides for the implementation of 15 pilot projects, including the restoration of the old postal route on curonian spit, the revival of folk traditions and crafts at the Pineker estate, the organization of centers for the development of rural tourism in the Guryevsky and Nesterovsky districts on the basis of a peasant economy, etc.

In November 2005 in Moscow, under the auspices of UNESCO, international Conference"Innovative policy in the sphere of preservation of cultural heritage and development of cultural and educational tourism". The participants discussed the role of the state in creating an effective system of interaction between all interested parties (state, business, society), in the preservation of world cultural heritage sites and the development of cultural and educational tourism.

AT recent times began to develop the so-called non-traditional types of tourism - ecological, rural, extreme, adventure, socially responsible.

The philosophy of socially responsible tourism is to exchange cultural traditions, consolidate on the basis of national identity, getting acquainted with the life of local residents, their customs and customs. Here it is important that tourists behave like guests who have been kindly allowed to live in the house, and not like hosts who everyone around should serve. In the same time local residents tourists should not be treated as intrusive uninvited guests whose presence must be endured, they must understand that visitors contribute to the improvement of the economic and social situation in their homeland. The management scheme for socially responsible tourism is shown in fig. 9.1.

Socially responsible tourism recognizes the dominant role of local communities, their social responsibility for their own territory.

9.5. Principles of sustainable tourism development

Scientific, technical and socio-economic progress has led to the accelerated development of tourism. Because of this, in places that are massively visited by tourists, there are serious problems in the field of ecology, culture and social development. The uncontrolled growth of tourism, driven by the desire to quickly make a profit, often leads to negative consequences - damage to the environment and local communities. This forces humanity to take care of the preservation of natural, historical and cultural values. The principles of protecting the biosphere on a global scale were enshrined in 1992 by the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, which was attended by government delegations from 179 countries of the world, numerous international and non-governmental organizations. The conference approved the program document "Agenda 21" ("Agenda 21") and adopted the Declaration on Environment and Development.

The adoption of this document was the beginning of the introduction of a radical innovation in the field of tourism - the principle of sustainable tourism development, which was proposed by the UNWTO. This radical innovation forces tourism workers and tourists to change their views on tourism, on the relationship of its participants.

In 1995, the joint efforts of the World Tourism Organization, the World Travel and Tourism Council and the Earth Council developed the document "Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry" (Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry).

This paper analyzes the strategic and economic importance of tourism, citing numerous reports of over-tourist influx, some resorts losing their former glory, destruction of local culture, traffic problems and growing resistance from the local population to the influx of tourists.

The document outlined a specific program of action for government departments, national tourism administrations (NTA), industry organizations and tourism companies for the sustainable development of tourism. The following priority areas have been identified for government departments:

Assessment of the existing regulatory, economic and voluntary framework in terms of sustainable tourism;
- assessment of the economic, social, cultural and environmental activities of the national organization;
- training, education and public awareness; sustainable tourism planning;
- promoting the exchange of information, experience and technology; ensuring the participation of all public sectors in the development of sustainable tourism;
- development of new tourism products; cooperation for the development of sustainable tourism.

The tasks of tourism companies are to develop and determine areas of activity for the development of sustainable tourism. Priority areas of activity should be the preservation and restoration of the environment: minimizing waste; involvement of staff, customers and the public in solving environmental issues. Consideration of economic, social, cultural criteria and environmental protection should be an integral part of all management decisions, including the inclusion of new elements in existing programs.

In 2004, the World Tourism Organization formulated the concept of sustainable tourism development (we quote):

"The norms and practices of managing sustainable tourism development can be applied to all types of tourism and to all types of destinations, including mass tourism and various niche tourism segments. The principles of sustainability refer to environmental protection, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development and between these three aspects an appropriate balance must be struck to ensure the long-term sustainability of tourism.Sustainable tourism must therefore:

1) ensure the optimal use of environmental resources, which are a key element in the development of tourism, supporting basic ecological processes and helping to preserve natural heritage and biological diversity;
2) respect the unique socio-cultural characteristics of the host communities, preserving their inherent created and established cultural heritage and traditional customs, and contribute to the mutual understanding of different cultures and tolerance for their perception;
3) to ensure the viability of long-term economic processes, taking into account their benefits to all stakeholders who disseminate them impartially, including permanent employment and opportunities for income generation and social services for host communities and a contribution to poverty reduction.

Sustainable tourism development needs the competent participation of all relevant stakeholders and equally strong political leadership in order to ensure broad participation and consensus building. Achieving sustainable tourism is a continuous process that requires constant monitoring of environmental impacts, introducing, if necessary, appropriate preventive and/or corrective measures.

Sustainable tourism must also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction by tapping into the multifaceted demands of tourists, raising their awareness of sustainable outcomes, and promoting sustainable tourism practices among them."

The main difference between the models of mass (traditional) and sustainable tourism (Table 9.1) is that part of the benefits received in the case of sustainable development of tourism is directed to the restoration of the resource base and the improvement of technologies for the production of services.

Table 9.1.

The main differences between sustainable tourism and mass (traditional) tourism

In 2000, well-known tour operators, together with UNEP (United Nations Environmental Protection Programme), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Commission (UNESCO) and the World Tourism Organization, created a voluntary non-profit partnership "Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development" (TOI), open for all new members. Members of this partnership define sustainability as the core of their business activities and work together to promote practices and practices that are compatible with sustainable development. They strive to prevent environmental pollution; preserve plants, animals, ecological systems, biological diversity; protect and preserve the landscape, cultural and natural heritage, respect the integrity of local cultures and avoid negative impact on social structures; collaborate with local communities and peoples; use local products and the skills of local workers. In 2002, UNWTO, together with UNCTAD, developed the Sustainable Tourism for Poverty Eradication (ST-EP) programme.

Currently, a number of international programs are being implemented to introduce sustainable tourism. One of them is the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Program, which has the status of a code and is accepted by most European countries, is being intensively developed in America, and is relevant for Russia. The purpose of this program is to take into account the specific social and natural conditions of the sea coasts in the organization of life and management of coastal zones. The European Integrated Coastal Zone Management Training Program is funded by the European Union.

The Government of the Republic of Belarus adopted a decision (No. 573 dated May 30, 2005) to create 27 tourist zones in the country, create favorable conditions for economic development and attract domestic and foreign investment in the tourism industry while preserving and rationally using the natural potential and historical - cultural heritage.

The International Socio-Ecological Union (ISEU), established in Russia in 1998 and numbering more than 10 thousand people from 17 countries, in 2005 included in its program of activities the project "Development of sustainable tourism in the countries - members of the ISEU". In July 2006, ISEC held a special session in Irkutsk dedicated to the development of sustainable tourism in Baikal.

In 2005, a "Round table on tourism, environmental education and management of specially protected natural areas" was held, dedicated to the conservation of bioresources.

The Charter for the Development of Sustainable Tourism has been adopted in the Kaliningrad Region. It provides for the implementation of 15 pilot projects, including the restoration of the old postal route on the Curonian Spit, the revival of folk traditions and crafts on the Pineker estate, the organization of rural tourism development centers in the Guryevsky and Nesterovsky districts on the basis of a peasant economy, etc.

In November 2005, under the auspices of UNESCO, an international conference "Innovative Policy in the Sphere of Cultural Heritage Preservation and Development of Cultural and Educational Tourism" was held in Moscow. The participants discussed the role of the state in creating an effective system of interaction between all interested parties (state, business, society), in the preservation of world cultural heritage sites and the development of cultural and educational tourism.

Recently, the so-called non-traditional types of tourism have begun to develop - ecological, rural, extreme, adventure, socially responsible.

The philosophy of socially responsible tourism is to exchange cultural traditions, consolidate on the basis of national identity, getting acquainted with the life of local residents, their customs and customs. Here it is important that tourists behave like guests who have been kindly allowed to live in the house, and not like hosts who everyone around should serve. At the same time, local residents should not treat tourists as annoying intruders whose presence must be endured, they should understand that visitors contribute to the improvement of the economic and social situation in their homeland. The management scheme for socially responsible tourism is shown in fig. 9.1.

Rice. 9.1. Management scheme for socially responsible tourism

Socially responsible tourism recognizes the dominant role of local communities, their social responsibility for their own territory.

The section outlines the basic concepts and concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development, provides a definition, principles, organizational and regulatory legal basis sustainable development of tourism, the concepts and content of "quality" and "safety" in the field of tourism are considered as necessary conditions for its sustainable development, an assessment of tourism development trends in the world and Russia is given, and modern technologies and indicators for ensuring sustainable development are analyzed. Social tourism is considered as an essential factor in the improvement of the population of Russia, an economic mechanism for the sustainable development of tourist destinations in accordance with the principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism and the criteria for sustainable development of tourist destinations.

The concept of sustainable development. The concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development

In the second half of the 20th century, the environmental crisis that was becoming a reality caused the growing concern of all mankind and international organizations with environmental problems and the recognition of the need for fundamental changes in the world community. Views on the development of civilization were radically revised. The development paradigm changed from the indisputability of the idea of ​​conquering nature, the infinity of natural resources and the possibility of quantitative growth, to the realization of the existence of growth limits, the irreplaceability of many lost natural benefits and the need to develop programs for the transition to the sustainable development of human civilization.

In 1968, an Italian entrepreneur and public figure Aurelio Peccei founded a non-governmental international organization called the Club of Rome, bringing together scientists, political and business representatives from different countries peace. The direction of the club's activity was an attempt to answer questions about whether humanity could achieve a mature society that would wisely manage and reasonably dispose of its earthly environment, whether this new society could create a truly global, stable civilization.

At the end of the 60s of the XX century, the Club of Rome set a goal to investigate the immediate and long-term consequences of large-scale decisions related to the development paths chosen by mankind. The publications and reports of scientists to the "Club of Rome" were stunning - they showed for the first time that humanity has reached the limits beyond which disaster awaits it if it continues the existing trends in the development of scientific and technological progress.

In 1972, the first World Conference on the Environment was held in Stockholm, where the special organization United Nations for the Environment (UNEP).

In 1983, the United Nations (UN) created the World Commission on Environment and Development. In 1987, this commission publishes the report "Our Common Future", where the term "sustainable development" was first used.

In philosophical terms, iodine "sustainable development" meant such a development of mankind that would satisfy the needs current generation people and at the same time would not jeopardize the ability of future human generations to meet their needs.

In a short time, this concept has become the most commonly used in the context of discussions of the future of civilization. There are a great many interpretations of the definition of sustainable development. Traditionally, following the Brundtland Commission, it is defined as development in which the vital needs of present generations are met without depriving future generations of such an opportunity.

In 1992, the UN Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro. The result of the conference in Rio were 5 documents.

• 1. Declaration on the environment and development, defining the rights and obligations of countries in ensuring the development and well-being of people.
• 2. Agenda for the 21st century - a program for the transition to sustainable development from a social, economic and environmental point of view.
• 3. Statement of principles concerning the management, protection and sustainable use all types of forests that play an invaluable role in maintaining the ecological balance of the planet.
• 4. Convention on Biodiversity.
• 5. Framework Convention on Climate Change, the implementation of which requires the restructuring of socio-economic relations and technologies.

As a result of the actions taken, the theoretical basis for the transition of society to the path of sustainable development was created for the first time.

The basis of the concept of sustainable development is the need to harmonize the functioning of the supersystem nature-society. This implies a change in the course of processes and properties of the components of the socio-economic subsystem in such a way that they do not disrupt the functioning of the natural subsystem and do not lead to irreversible changes in its components. Preserving the structure of the natural subsystem is important from the point of view of maintaining the comfort of the human environment and the possibility of satisfying vital material and spiritual needs. Here the interests of not only the survival and development of civilization coincide with the interests of environmental protection. The steps taken in this direction should meet the interests of the development of both subsystems. Since the leading condition for the transition to sustainable development is the adjustment of the social order, research and consideration of social processes in the context of environmental problems are of particular importance.

The Declaration adopted at the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro repeatedly emphasizes that the center of sustainable development is a person, and its main task is to improve the quality of life, which includes increasing prosperity, cultural development and ensuring a high quality of the environment. A figurative definition of sustainable development is quite common as development carried out at the expense of available capital, and not at the expense of spending the capital itself. This provision applies more often to natural capital, which includes various natural resources and conditions, as well as the ability to renew them and preserve the quality of the environment, which is lost with a change in the natural subsystem. In addition to natural, the so-called artificial or produced capital - finance, fixed assets, consumer goods, etc. In the traditional economy, this type of capital is taken into account almost exclusively as a measure of the development of society (GDP). Human capital includes the level of education, health, nutrition; social- organizational social structures, cultural accumulations, etc. Sustainable development implies a stable amount of capital of all kinds per capita. Besides, great importance has the problem of the interchangeability of capital and their quantitative assessment. These areas have not yet been sufficiently explored.

Summing up the results of the decade of the Conference in Rio de Janeiro, in Johannesburg, from August 26 to September 4, 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable Development was held. The main outcome of the Summit was the adoption of two documents. "Political Declaration" and "Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development". These documents do not carry such a fundamental load as the "Agenda for the 21st Century" adopted in Rio, but are the basis for the implementation of the principles proclaimed in it. The Johannesburg Summit reaffirmed that sustainable development remains at the center of the international agenda and gave new impetus to global action to fight poverty and protect the environment. As a result of the Summit, the understanding of sustainable development was expanded and strengthened, especially the importance of the relationship between poverty, the environment and the use of natural resources.

In 2012, an international conference was held under the auspices of the UN "RIO+20". At the beginning of the 21st century, humanity found itself at a historical break - in a period of change in world civilizations. The 200-year-old industrial civilization is going through a decline phase, which was marked by a cluster of global crises - energy-ecological and food, demographic and migration, technological and economic, geopolitical and socio-cultural. The 1992, 2000 and 2002 summits adopted a sustainable development strategy. But it is becoming more and more obvious that in 20 years, especially at the beginning of the 21st century, world development became more unstable, chaotic, turbulent, bringing suffering to hundreds of millions of families. A significant part of the younger generation found itself without a future. These dangerous trends were called upon to assess and develop a strategy to overcome them by world leaders at the Rio + 20 Conference. Despite a lot of work on the preparation and holding of the Conference on Sustainable Development "RIO + 20", these hopes did not come true. The expansive RIO+20 outcome document (283 points) lacks evidence-based long-term strategy and basic innovations to meet the challenges of the 21st century.

Since the Rio-92 Conference and the Johannesburg Summit in Russia, there has been a sharp increase in scientific research and publications on the issues of sustainable development, which to a large extent go back to the ideas of V. I. Vernadsky's noospheric development.

The first state document on sustainable development adopted in Russia was the Decree of the President issued in 1994 “On the State Strategy Russian Federation on environmental protection and sustainable development”. Then, on April 1, 1996, it was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 440 "The concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development." The concept was developed in pursuance of policy documents adopted at the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992).

The concept included the following sections.

• 1. Sustainable development is an objective requirement of the time.
• 2. Russia on the threshold of the XXI century.
• 3. Tasks, directions and conditions for the transition to sustainable development.
• 4. Regional aspect of sustainable development.
• 5. Decision-making criteria and indicators of sustainable development.
• 6. Russia and the transition to sustainable development of the world community.
• 7. Stages of Russia's transition to sustainable development.

In accordance with the Decree of the President, the Government was instructed to take into account the provisions of the Concept when developing forecasts and programs for socio-economic development, preparing regulatory legal acts, and making decisions.

The ideas of sustainable development meet the objective requirements of the time and can decisively influence the future of Russia, play an important role in determining government priorities, strategies for socio-economic development and prospects for further reforming the country. New strategy The development of civilization has already determined the position of the world community - to unite efforts in the name of the survival of mankind, the continuous development and conservation of the biosphere. Russia, which signed the documents of the UN Conference, assumed serious obligations to implement the program of worldwide cooperation adopted by consensus.

In the transition to sustainable development, Russia has a number of features (first of all, we mean a high intellectual potential and the presence of little affected economic activity territories, which make up more than 60% of the entire territory of the country), thanks to which it can play the role of a leader in the transition to a new civilizational model of development. At present, it is important to get out of the systemic crisis, to find a relatively stable and safe state, from which one can start the transition to the trajectory of sustainable development in the least painful way.

The specifics of Russia's transition to sustainable development, in addition to what was said above about the need for its noospheric orientation, is due to the fact that this transition coincides in historical time scales with the transition to market relations and democracy. It is important that further reforms and government decisions be guided by the country's sustainable development strategy. The future of our country is connected with the formation of a post-industrial society - the main path along which all mankind, including Russia, goes. In essence, this means that our country must reorient its development strategy in accordance with the needs of post-industrial modernization, which implies:

• ? changing the structure of the economy, reorienting the economy to modern science-intensive industries, as well as to areas of production related to meeting the needs of people;
• ? the creation of a market, that is, a competitive, antimonopoly economic mechanism that would encourage the enterprise to introduce novelties of scientific and technical thought into production, to make a profit by reducing costs, and not by monopolistic price gouging or inflation;
• ? formation of a personal and social model of resource-saving consumption that contributes to the development modern man;
• ? the turn of the whole society and public policy in the direction of culture, the development of education, the retraining of people in new professions, the creation in society of such an atmosphere in which most people would have their own need to learn, mastering new specialties;
• ? the development of personal and collective initiative, the formation of a new type of worker capable of self-organization and self-discipline, a change in the type of thinking among the most active people who can become subjects of post-industrial modernization, which requires the development of democracy, including economic.

Russia has good starting conditions for advancement in the post-industrial direction. 58% of the world's coal reserves, 58% of oil reserves, 41% - iron ore, 25% forest, etc. Over the past 100 years, the country has reached high degree development of the industrial method of production. And now, after leaving the country about 200 thousand scientists, Russia has 12% world scientists, of which a third are under the age of 40.

The universal guidelines for sustainable development are the same, but every nation, every country goes its own way towards them, more and more subordinating their lives to the agreed norms and forms of world cohabitation of people. Such is Russia's path to its noospheric future, such is its path to a post-industrial society.

• Yakovets Yu. Prospects for the development of modern civilization (to the results of the conference "Rio + 20") electronic scientific publication "sustainable innovative development: design and management" www.rypravlenie.ru vol. 8 no. 3 (16), 2012, p. 2.

Among modern theories tourism development, a special place is occupied by the concept of sustainable tourism development. The need for the transition of the tourism sector to the principles of sustainable development in the current conditions of globalization and informatization of society is obvious. Practice shows that the uncontrolled growth of tourism, pursuing the goal of quick profit, often has negative consequences, because it damages the environment, the local community and destroys the very foundation on which the functioning and successful development of tourism is based.
Debate around the world about the concept of sustainable tourism development has become a phenomenon of the 90s. last century. However, undoubtedly, the concept of sustainable tourism development originates from the concept of sustainable development in general. The concept of sustainable development is multifaceted, multifaceted and ambiguous. Thus, sustainable development takes into account more long-term perspectives than people usually take into account when making decisions and implies the need for management and planning.
While the term "sustainability" itself has only come into use unambiguously within the last 20 or 30 years, the ideas behind it are among the earliest examples of urban planning. Some of the earliest attempts to achieve sustainable development were cities and towns built and run by the Romans during the time of the Roman Empire. Also, many traditional agricultural systems were based on the principles of sustainability. Farming was carried out in such a way as to preserve rather than squander the fertility of the land in order to continue to grow food on it in the future.
However, over time, technological inventions, population growth, social and economic changes led to increased production and urbanization. This, in turn, influenced the desire to maximize production for short period time. This way of development inevitably led to many problems.
Industrialization has transformed the economy and society as well as the environment. There was an understanding that if this process is not controlled, then the environment can be destroyed. However, until the turn of the 60-70s. The 20th century was dominated by ideas about the unlimitedness of resources or a sufficiently large potential of the resources used, the inexhaustibility and freeness of many benefits provided by the environment. The priority was the maximum possible quantitative economic growth, which, even from a purely mathematical point of view, must stop sooner or later, and with the most adverse consequences.
And only in the 70s. of the twentieth century, when environmental problems sharply worsened all over the world, before economics the task arose of comprehending the current trends in ecological and economic development and developing fundamentally new concepts of development.
Since the beginning of the 1970s. the situation has changed dramatically: the aggravation of the resource and raw materials global problem, deterioration environmental situation and the demographic "explosion" in developing countries contributed to the fact that previous ideas about the possibility of practically unlimited economic growth were refuted by the famous American scientists Dennis and Donella Meadows in the 1972 study "The Limits to Growth". They showed, based on computer simulations, how economic growth could affect the future of mankind if the level of pollution and resource use remained the same.
If current trends of population growth, industrialization, pollution, food production, and resource depletion continue, the world may come to the limits of growth over the next century. As a result, a sharp deterioration of the human environment may occur, incompatible with its further existence.
However, growth trends can be reversed and long-term sustainable economic and environmental stability can be achieved. The state of global equilibrium can be set at a level that allows you to meet the basic material needs of each person and gives each person equal opportunities to realize their personal potential.
The document that first spoke about the concept of sustainable development is the World Environment Strategy, published in 1980 by the World Conservation Union. The World Conservation Union has proposed the following formulation of sustainable development: “Sustainable development is a process in which development occurs without damaging or depleting resources, which makes development possible. This is usually achieved either by managing resources so that they can be renewed at the same rate as they are used, or by switching from slow-renewable to fast-renewable resources. With this approach, resources can be used both by the future and
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real generations."
Then in 1984 General Assembly The United Nations (UN) decided to establish international commission on environment and development, which was supposed to prepare a corresponding report for the UN. In 1987, the World Commission on Environmental Protection and Development under the leadership of the Norwegian doctor G.Kh. Bruntland published the report Our Common Future. It reported that the poorest 20% of the world's population own less than 2% of the output of the global economy, while the richest 20% account for 75% of output. 26% of the world's population living in developed countries consume 80 to 86% of irreplaceable resources and 34 to 53% of food. It spoke about the strategy of sustainable development as a salvation for humanity.
The Commission defined sustainable development as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations". The main essence of the concept was as follows: human society, through production, demographic processes and other forces, creates too much pressure on the ecosphere of our planet, leading to its degradation, only an immediate transition to the path of sustainable development will satisfy existing needs, while providing future generations with the same possibility.
In 1992, at the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro, the heads of 179 states approved an action plan for sustainable development, called Agenda 21. It was adopted in connection with the rapidly deteriorating environmental situation and the forecast of a possible global catastrophe in the 21st century, which could lead to the death of all life on the planet. Mankind is faced with a growing contradiction between the growing needs of people and the inability of the biosphere to provide them. As a result, the need for a fundamental change in the nature of economic growth was recognized and the concept of sustainable development was proclaimed, which all states of the world should follow.
Sustainable development should be based on such economic mechanisms that, on the one hand, lead to efficient use natural resources and the preservation of the environment, and on the other hand, to meet the needs of people and improve the quality of life not only for those living today, but also for future generations.
The final documents of the conference determined the main provisions of the current economic, resource, socio-demographic and environmental situation and formulated the main provisions for the transition of the world economy to a sustainable development strategy.
Tourism was not included in Agenda 21 as a separate topic, but its impact on the preservation of the environment, cultural and natural heritage and to unite the efforts of various organizations for sustainable development, was the reason for the development and adoption in 1995 by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) and the Earth Council of a document called "Agenda 21 for the tourism industry and travel."
This document analyzes the strategic and economic importance of tourism, stating that there is ample evidence of excessive tourist influx, resorts losing their former glory, the destruction of local culture, transport problems and the growing resistance of the local population to the development of tourism. The tourism and travel industry has the potential to significantly improve the environmental and socio-economic situation in all centers and countries in which this industry operates, using a culture of sustainable tourism development for this. It is to replace the culture of intensive consumption with a culture of intelligent growth; balance the economic and environmental factors of development; find common interests of tourists and the local population; distribute the benefits received among all members of society, and primarily among the poorest categories of the population.
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The document outlines a specific program of action for state bodies responsible for the development of tourism and tourism companies to create conditions for the sustainable development of tourism. The important role of cooperation between authorities, sectors of the economy and tourism organizations is emphasized.
Leading international organizations such as UNWTO, World Travel and Tourism Council, International Federation tour operators, European Commission and others are actively working to stimulate the sustainable development of tourism around the world.
UNWTO prepares recommendations and teaching materials on sustainable development and tourism management; disseminates successful experience collected from around the world, providing governments and private business necessary tools and advisory support for the sustainable development of tourism. In order to get acquainted with successful examples of tourism development and management, UNWTO published 3 collections of the most successful good examples, each containing about fifty case studies in more than thirty countries around the world.
In 2004, UNWTO formulated the concept of sustainable tourism development, according to which sustainable tourism development requires the competent participation of all relevant stakeholders, and equally strong political leadership, in order to ensure broad participation and consensus building. In addition, it is noted that the achievement of sustainable tourism is a continuous process that requires constant monitoring of environmental impacts, introducing, if necessary,
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appropriate preventive and corrective measures.
The Agenda defines sustainable tourism development as follows: “Sustainable tourism development meets the current needs of tourists and host regions while safeguarding and enhancing opportunities for the future. All resources must be managed in such a way as to satisfy economic, social and aesthetic needs while preserving cultural integrity, important ecological processes, biodiversity and life support systems. Sustainable tourism products are products that exist in harmony with the local environment, society, culture in such a way that it benefits and does not harm the tourism industry.
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development".
Sustainable tourism development is a long-term tourism development that achieves a balance in the implementation of economic, environmental, social and cultural development goals, takes into account the interests of all stakeholders (tourists, host and destination destinations, the local population), basis of rational use of tourism resources and comprehensive partnership.
Sustainable tourism is a type of tourism that ensures the rational use of environmental resources, supports the socio-cultural characteristics of the host communities, ensures the efficiency and viability of long-term economic processes, and part of the funds received from tourism development is directed to the restoration of tourist resources and the improvement of technologies production of tourism services.
At the same time, there are many other terms that are closely related to sustainable tourism, but they are not. All these concepts are based on careful attitude to nature, preservation of cultural objects, social responsibility and economic prosperity of the territory (Fig. 5.1).
In general, it is necessary to strive to make any type of tourism more sustainable. The norms and practices of tourism sustainable development management can be applied to all types of tourism. Now, by its very nature, most types of tourism do not meet the criteria for sustainable development; it is necessary to try to make them such, to switch to new principles of tourism development.
The popularity of most tourist centers is often based on the cleanliness of the environment and the originality of the local culture. Therefore, only by observing the basic principles of sustainable development, tourist centers can count on success in the development of tourism. These principles include the following.
¦¦¦ Environmental sustainability ensures that development is compatible with the maintenance of basic ecological processes, biological diversity and biological resources.
¦¦¦ Social and cultural sustainability ensures that development is compatible with the preservation of cultural values ​​and traditions, as well as local identity.
¦¦¦ Economic sustainability ensures the economic efficiency of development and a situation in which the chosen method of resource management makes it possible for future generations to use them.