Globalization and increasing incomes of the population have created favorable conditions for the rapid growth of the tourism sector. In the light of the new 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, great attention is being paid to the development of tourism, which contributes to the realization of all three pillars of sustainable development.

Starting from world conference on sustainable tourism in Lanzarote in 1995, the concepts of "sustainable tourism development" and " sustainable tourism» continuously appeared on the political agenda of the UN and the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), resulting in significant declarations, guidance documents and initiatives and becoming, in fact, a priority for UNWTO. At the same time, in UNWTO documents, the mentioned concepts often began to be used as synonyms.

In general, recommendations for the development of sustainable tourism and sustainable development management practices are applicable to all forms of tourism in all types of tourist destinations, including various segments of tourism, including mass tourism. The principles of sustainability relate to the environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development and a balance must be struck between these three dimensions to ensure long-term sustainability.

Thus, sustainable tourism should:

1) ensure the optimal use of natural resources, which are the main element of tourism development, supporting essential ecological processes and helping to preserve Natural resources and biodiversity;

2) respect the socio-cultural characteristics of the host communities, preserve their cultural heritage and traditional values ​​and promote intercultural understanding and tolerance;

3) Guarantee sustainable, long-term economic operations by providing and equitably distributing social and economic benefits for all participants - sustainable employment and income opportunities, social security in host communities, thereby contributing to poverty reduction.

The development of sustainable tourism requires both the informed participation of all relevant stakeholders, and strong political leadership to widen the circle of participants and reach agreement. Ensuring sustainable development

tourism is a continuous process and requires constant monitoring of its impacts in order to take preventive and/or corrective measures whenever necessary.

Sustainable tourism must also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction and ensure that they gain a meaningful experience by raising awareness of sustainability issues and promoting sustainable tourism practices.

The Twelve Goals of Sustainable Tourism (UNWTO)

UNWTO has formulated the following priority goals sustainable development of tourism.

1. Economic viability - to ensure the viability and competitiveness of tourism destinations and businesses so that they are able to continue to thrive and generate profit in the long term.

2. Local prosperity - to maximize the contribution of tourism to the prosperity of destinations, including maintaining the proportions of the tourist load on the region.

3. Quality of employment - to increase the quantity and quality of local jobs created and supported by tourism, including the level of wages, conditions of service and accessibility to all without discrimination based on gender, race, disability or other reasons.

4. Social equity - to promote the principle of sharing the economic and social benefits of tourism throughout the host community, including improved opportunities, income and services available to the poor.

5. Accessible tourism - to provide safe and comfortable tourism for all visitors regardless of gender, race, physical abilities, etc.

6. Local control - involve local communities in planning and empower them to make decisions about the management and future development of tourism in the area (after consultation with other stakeholders).

7. Community well-being - to maintain and improve the quality of life in local communities, including social structures and access to resources, amenities and life support systems, avoiding any form of social degradation or exploitation.

8. Cultural wealth - to respect and enhance the historical heritage, authentic culture, traditions and characteristics of the host communities.

9. Physical integrity - to preserve and improve both urban and natural landscapes, to prevent their visual or physical destruction.

10. Biodiversity - support conservation natural areas, habitats and wildlife and minimize damage to them.

11. Resource efficiency - to minimize the use of scarce and non-renewable resources in tourism development and tourism activities.

12. Ecological cleanliness - to minimize the production of waste and pollution of air, water and land by tourism enterprises and visitors.

These goals allow us to formulate the problem and the subject of research and development, to accept necessary measures for the sustainable development of tourism. They also help to maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction and sustainability awareness. The goals are a confirmation that the main objective of sustainable tourism is to achieve a balance between the host, the tourist and the environment. However, finding a balance to protect and conserve resources, taking into account the needs of all actors (current and future) is a complex task.

Economic importance of tourism

Unlike few other sectors, tourism has experienced continuous expansion and diversification over the past six decades, growing into one of the largest and fastest growing economic sectors in the world. Over the past seven years, the tourism sector has grown by an average of 4%. International tourist arrivals are increasing from year to year: in 2016 their increase was about 46 million, which is 4% more than in 2015. If in 2012 the number of international tourist arrivals was 1.035 billion, then in 2016 this figure reached 1.235 billion. According to UNWTO forecasts, 1.8 billion international tourist arrivals are expected by 2030. As of 2015, France (84.5 million tourists), USA (77.5 million), Spain (68.5 million), China (56.9 million) and Italy (50.7 million) are the most popular among international travelers. million). After Europe, the most visited region is the Asia-Pacific region, which received 303 million international tourists last year. By 2030, their number, according to UNWTO forecasts, will increase to 535 million.

In the period 2010–2030 arrivals to emerging destinations (+4.4% p.a. growth) are expected to double the rate of growth in the advanced economy (+2.2% p.a.). By 2030, Northeast Asia will be the most visited region in the world. In line with significant growth in arrivals, international tourism revenues have steadily increased over the past decades, making it the fourth most important export sector worldwide (after fuels, chemicals and automotive products) with a value of $1 trillion a year. Thus, tourism accounts for 30% of the world's exports of commercial services, or 7% of exports in general. Taking into account all direct, indirect and caused effects, the tourism economy represents 10% of global GDP. This contributes to the achievement of 8.7% of full employment (261 million employees). It is believed that one workplace in the core tourism sector creates approximately one and a half additional or indirect jobs in the tourism-related economy.

The growth of tourism is of great economic importance for the least developed countries. In about half of these countries, tourism accounts for more than 40% of GDP and is the most important source of foreign exchange. In addition to providing foreign exchange for destinations and job creation, the tourism sector has other positive direct and indirect impacts on world economy such as providing incentives for trade of small, medium and micro enterprises, income growth and entrepreneurship (especially in the service sector). This activity also causes the creation of new public infrastructure, preserves and finances the conservation of natural and cultural heritage. Practical flagship projects around the world demonstrate the positive change that can be achieved through sustainable tourism practices, making tourism a model sector for a green economy. The greening of the tourism sector strengthens its employment potential with increased hiring of local staff and increased opportunities in tourism focused on local culture and the natural environment.

Impact of tourism

In addition to the positive aspects of tourism growth, there are significant risks in terms of deteriorating the socio-cultural, economic and environmental assets of destinations around the world. Tourism development and tourism activities have contributed to the depletion of natural resources in several regions, resulting in water scarcity, biodiversity loss, land degradation and pollution, among other impacts. The contribution of tourism to global warming estimated at 5% of total global carbon dioxide emissions.

In addition, some host countries have suffered from culture clashes, overexploitation, crime or human rights violations associated with the tourism sector. In the economic realm, tourism may also be responsible for price increases, economic instability or dependency, and may lead to excessive leakage from host economies.

Trends and projections indicate that with the continued expansion of the sector, these possible negative effects will only increase in the coming years. Emerging destinations may also be affected by direct and indirect environmental impacts.

Business as usual (without emission reductions) by 2050 tourism growth will imply an increase in energy consumption (154%), greenhouse gas emissions (131%), water consumption (152%) and recycling solid waste(251%). Changes in tourism practices and policies can, however, reduce these negative impacts and result in benefits by stimulating change towards greater sustainability within the tourism supply chain and in other sectors. On the other hand, according to the report Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, tourism is one of the most promising growth engines for the global economy.

With the right investment, it can continue to grow steadily in the coming decades, contributing to much-needed economic growth, employment and development.

10YFP Sustainable Tourism Program

At the UN Conference on Sustainable Development "RIO+20" in June 2012, heads of state recognized that "well-planned and managed tourism activities can make a significant contribution to all three pillars of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental), closely linked to other sectors and can create decent jobs and trade opportunities.”

During this Conference, UN member countries adopted the “10 Year Framework Program for Sustainable Consumption and Production” (10 Year Framework Program - 10YFP). 10YFP is a global framework for action programs to strengthen international cooperation to accelerate change towards better sustainable consumption and production (SCP) practices in both developed and developing countries.

Due to the increasing economic importance of tourism to developing and developed countries, sustainable tourism (including eco-tourism) has been recognized by world leaders as a key enabler for sustainable development and has been identified by UNWTO and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) as one of the five initial programs in the 10YFP structure. As noted above, in addition to positive economic effects, tourism can also play an important role in enhancing and funding the conservation of natural and cultural heritage, as well as in promoting the socio-economic development of tourist destinations. However, despite its positive potential, the growth of the sector can often have negative impacts on the natural, socio-cultural and economic environment of destinations. The essential dependence of tourism on intact social, cultural and environment generated strong strategic interest in promoting sustainable development in a holistic way.

Over the past 20 years, there has been a significant increase in the overall interest and commitment of key player groups in sustainable tourism policies and practices. Now there is a large number of studies, methods, tools, recommendations for sustainable tourism. The main focus of the 10YFP Sustainable Tourism Program is to harness the high potential of tourism to contribute to sustainable development by accelerating the adoption of sustainable patterns of consumption and production within the sector. The main objective is to achieve change by increasing the net profit from the sector at the global, regional and national levels within 10 years and reducing social and environmental impacts.

The contribution of tourism to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals

One of the most important global events in 2015 was the adoption by the UN General Assembly of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the approval of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets for their implementation. The development of tourism is indicated in three SDGs: promoting steady, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all (SDG 8); ensuring rational patterns of consumption and production (SDG No. 12); conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development (SDG 14). However, the contribution of tourism is not limited to these three goals, as it can directly or indirectly contribute to the achievement of all other SDGs.

At the same time, it should be taken into account that the contribution of tourism to the economic development of countries, the creation of jobs and the strengthening of institutional capacity is not automatic, but depends on many factors, including:

Degrees of integration of the tourism sector into the national economy through direct and feedback links with other industries, as well as in regional and global value chains;

The extent to which tourism revenues are used to finance infrastructure development, support local businesses, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, and develop the skills and institutions needed to build a vibrant local economy;

Policies and strategies adopted by national governments and how they encourage domestic and foreign investment in tourism, transfer of technology and know-how, promote labour-intensive activities and support areas where the poor live and work;

National efforts to ensure the development of sustainable tourism.

Governments need to consider these linkages in order to maximize the potential of the tourism sector for economic growth and poverty reduction. Particular attention should be paid, in particular, to the creation of new jobs, including in rural areas and trade in services, the construction of roads, port and airport facilities.

The overview of the goals, objectives and prospects for sustainable tourism development in modern conditions, presented on the basis of UNWTO and UNCTAD materials, clearly demonstrates the importance of this priority area. The tourism sector can contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and should be effectively used to drive economic growth and reduce poverty. At the same time, it is necessary to minimize the adverse impact of tourism, including on the environment and cultural heritage.

Alexey Seselkin - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor of the Russian State Social University

Relationship between ecotourism and other types of tourism

When Hector Ceballos-Laskurein introduced the term "ecotourism" in 1983, there were (and still are) more than 30 more or less related and interrelated concepts and terms. Here are some of the most famous of them.

nature tourism (nature tourism, nature-based or nature-oriented tourism) - any type of tourism that directly depends on the use of natural resources in their relatively unchanged state, including landscapes, landforms, waters, vegetation and wildlife (Healy, 1998). Unlike ecological tourism, the concept of "nature tourism" is based only on the motivation of tourists (rest in the wild, acquaintance with it) and the nature of their activities (rafting, trekking, etc.) and does not take into account the environmental, cultural and economic impact of such travel. Therefore, the use of natural resources in this type of tourism is far from always reasonable and sustainable (suffice it to mention such types of tourism as hunting, traveling by motor boats, etc.).
Ecotourism is a more comprehensive concept, involving sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity for future generations, planning and management of tourism activities; in addition to the interests of tourists, it implies the achievement of public goals (Ziffer, 1989). An integral component of ecotourism is the interaction with the local population, the creation of more favorable economic conditions in the areas visited.
Thus, the difference between tour operators offering "traditional" nature tours and organizers of ecological tours becomes clear. The former do not commit themselves to conservation or natural area management, they simply offer clients the opportunity to visit exotic places and experience indigenous cultures "before they disappear." The second set partnerships with protected areas and local residents. They strive to ensure that their business makes a real contribution to the conservation of wildlife and the development of local settlements in the long term. They try to improve mutual understanding between tourists and locals (Wallace, 1992).
As a type of nature tourism is sometimes distinguished biotourism (wildlife tourism) and travel in the wild (wilderness travel), the purpose of which can be any objects of wildlife, from individual species to communities and biocenoses.

Nature tourism is not a concept, but specific types of tourism, the impact of which can be very different.

* Ecotourism is often associated with adventure tourism (adventure tourism). However, eco-tourism does not always involve an adventure component. On the other hand, not all adventure tours meet environmental criteria, especially in terms of sustainable use of resources. So, for example, sports and safari tours associated with the extraction of live trophies or the achievement of a sports result at any cost, for example, using cut down living trees for the construction of crossings, can be anti-environmental.

Green rural tourism , or agritourism (agrotourism), especially popular in the United States and Western Europe, is a vacation in the countryside (in villages, on farms, in comfortable peasant houses). Tourists for some time lead a rural lifestyle among nature, get acquainted with the values ​​of folk culture, applied arts, national songs and dances, local customs, take part in traditional rural work, folk holidays and festivals.
* "Green" tourism (green tourism) implies the use of environmentally friendly methods and technologies in the tourism industry. In German-speaking countries, the adjective "environmental" is used very rarely, and is practically not used in definitions of "green" tourism industries. There, the most widely used term "soft tourism" ("Sanfter Tourismus"), or "environmentally and socially responsible tourism". This term, as an alternative to industrialized mass tourism, was proposed in 1980 by R. Jungk. Typically, soft tourism is opposed to hard tourism, the main goal of which is to maximize profits, according to key principles that indicate that soft tourism prioritizes not only a successful business, but also concern for the cultural well-being of tourist regions, the sparing use and reproduction of their resources, and minimizing environmental damage. environment.

Scientific, technical and socio-economic progress has led to the accelerated development of tourism. Because of this, in places massively visited by tourists, there are serious problems in the field of ecology, culture and social development. The uncontrolled growth of tourism, driven by the desire to quickly make a profit, often leads to negative consequences - damage to the environment and local communities. This forces humanity to take care of the preservation of natural, historical and cultural values. The principles of protecting the biosphere on a global scale were enshrined in 1992 by the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, which was attended by government delegations from 179 countries of the world, numerous international and non-governmental organizations. The conference approved the program document "Agenda 21" ("Agenda 21") and adopted the Declaration on Environment and Development.

The adoption of this document was the beginning of the introduction of a radical innovation in the field of tourism - the principle of sustainable tourism development, which was proposed by the UNWTO. This radical innovation forces tourism workers and tourists to change their views on tourism, on the relationship of its participants.

In 1995, the joint efforts of the World Tourism Organization, the World Travel and Tourism Council and the Earth Council developed the document "Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry" (Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry).

This paper analyzes the strategic and economic importance of tourism, citing numerous reports of over-tourist influx, some resorts losing their former glory, destruction of local culture, traffic problems and growing resistance from the local population to the influx of tourists.

The document outlined a specific program of action for government departments, national tourism administrations (NTA), industry organizations and tourism companies for the sustainable development of tourism. The following priority areas have been identified for government departments:

• - assessment of the existing regulatory, economic and voluntary framework in terms of sustainable tourism;
• - assessment of the economic, social, cultural and environmental activities of the national organization;
• - training, education and public awareness; sustainable tourism planning;
• - promoting the exchange of information, experience and technology; ensuring the participation of all public sectors in the development of sustainable tourism;
• - development of new tourism products; cooperation for the development of sustainable tourism.

The tasks of tourism companies are to develop and determine areas of activity for the development of sustainable tourism. Priority areas of activity should be the preservation and restoration of the environment: minimizing waste; involvement of staff, customers and the public in solving environmental issues. Consideration of economic, social, cultural criteria and environmental protection should be an integral part of all management decisions, including the inclusion of new elements in existing programs.

In 2004, the World Tourism Organization formulated the concept of sustainable tourism development (we quote):

"The norms and practices of managing sustainable tourism development can be applied to all types of tourism and to all types of destinations, including mass tourism and various niche tourism segments. The principles of sustainability refer to environmental protection, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development and between these three aspects an appropriate balance must be struck to ensure the long-term sustainability of tourism.Sustainable tourism must therefore:

• 1) to ensure the optimal use of environmental resources, which constitute a key element in the development of tourism, supporting basic ecological processes and helping to preserve natural heritage and biodiversity;
• 2) respect the unique socio-cultural characteristics of the host communities, preserving their inherent created and established cultural heritage and traditional customs, and contribute to the mutual understanding of different cultures and tolerance for their perception;
• 3) to ensure the viability of long-term economic processes, taking into account their benefits to all stakeholders who disseminate them impartially, including permanent employment and opportunities for income generation and social services for host communities and a contribution to poverty reduction.

Sustainable tourism development needs the competent participation of all relevant stakeholders and equally strong political leadership in order to ensure broad participation and consensus building. Achieving sustainable tourism is a continuous process that requires constant monitoring of environmental impacts, introducing, if necessary, appropriate preventive and/or corrective measures.

Sustainable tourism must also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction by tapping into the multifaceted demands of tourists, raising their awareness of sustainable outcomes, and promoting sustainable tourism practices among them."

The main difference between the models of mass (traditional) and sustainable tourism (Table 9.1) is that part of the benefits received in the case of sustainable tourism development is directed to the restoration of the resource base and

Improving technologies for the production of services.

Table - The main differences between sustainable tourism and mass (traditional)

In 2000, well-known tour operators, together with UNEP (United Nations Environmental Protection Programme), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Commission (UNESCO) and the World Tourism Organization, created a voluntary non-profit partnership "Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development" (TOI), open for all new members. Members of this partnership define sustainability as the core of their business activities and work together to promote practices and practices that are compatible with sustainable development. They strive to prevent environmental pollution; preserve plants, animals, ecological systems, biological diversity; protect and preserve the landscape, cultural and natural heritage, respect the integrity of local cultures and avoid negative impact on social structures; collaborate with local communities and peoples; use local products and the skills of local workers. In 2002, UNWTO, together with UNCTAD, developed the Sustainable Tourism for Poverty Eradication (ST-EP) programme.

Currently, a number of international programs are being implemented to introduce sustainable tourism. One of them is the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Program, which has the status of a code and is accepted by most European countries, is being intensively developed in America, and is relevant for Russia. The purpose of this program is to take into account the specific social and natural conditions of the sea coasts in the organization of life and management of coastal zones. The European Integrated Coastal Zone Management Training Program is funded by the European Union.

The Government of the Republic of Belarus adopted a decision (No. 573 dated May 30, 2005) to create 27 tourist zones in the country, create favorable conditions for economic development and attract domestic and foreign investment in the tourism industry while preserving and rationally using the natural potential and historical - cultural heritage.

The International Socio-Ecological Union (ISEU), established in Russia in 1998 and numbering more than 10 thousand people from 17 countries, in 2005 included in its program of activities the project "Development of sustainable tourism in the countries - members of the ISEU". In July 2006, ISEC held a special session in Irkutsk dedicated to the development of sustainable tourism in Baikal.

In 2005, a "Round table on tourism, environmental education and management of specially protected natural areas" was held, dedicated to the conservation of Kamchatka's bioresources.

The Charter for the Development of Sustainable Tourism has been adopted in the Kaliningrad Region. It provides for the implementation of 15 pilot projects, including the restoration of the old postal route on the Curonian Spit, the revival of folk traditions and crafts on the Pineker estate, the organization of rural tourism development centers in the Guryevsky and Nesterovsky districts on the basis of a peasant economy, etc.

In November 2005, under the auspices of UNESCO, an international conference "Innovative Policy in the Sphere of Cultural Heritage Preservation and Development of Cultural and Educational Tourism" was held in Moscow. The participants discussed the role of the state in creating an effective system of interaction between all interested parties (state, business, society), in the preservation of world cultural heritage sites and the development of cultural and educational tourism.

Recently, the so-called non-traditional types of tourism have begun to develop - ecological, rural, extreme, adventure, socially responsible.

The philosophy of socially responsible tourism is to exchange cultural traditions, consolidate on the basis of national identity, getting acquainted with the life of local residents, their customs and customs. Here it is important that tourists behave like guests who have been kindly allowed to live in the house, and not like hosts who everyone around should serve. At the same time, locals should not treat tourists as annoying uninvited guests whose presence must be endured, they must understand that visitors contribute to the improvement of the economic and social situation in their homeland. The management scheme for socially responsible tourism is shown in fig. 9.1.

Socially responsible tourism recognizes the dominant role of local communities, their social responsibility for their own territory.

The conceptual foundations of sustainable development were founded by our compatriot V.I. Vernadsky, who considered the theory of sustainable development as a doctrine of the noosphere - "a stage in the evolution of the Earth's biosphere, at which, as a result of the victory of the collective human mind, the harmonious development of man will begin both as an individual, and a united society, and, accordingly, the environment changed by man." An important role in the development and implementation of the concept of sustainable development was played by the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992), which adopted the Agenda for the 21st Century, and the Johannesburg Summit was held in 2002 in the PAR. Documents ratified at the international level have defined sustainable development (Sustainable Development - English) as socio-ecological and economic development modern generation that does not threaten the activities of future generations. Unfortunately, the answer to the question "how can you make processes permanent and keep them going?" is not obvious and unambiguous, which is one of the main limitations of sustainable (or sustainable or balanced) development. AT general view the process of transition to sustainable development can be seen as a movement from a certain state of instability to some ideal, which is called "sustainable development" (Fig. 3.1). The impossibility of harmonizing the development of mankind and the idea of ​​what it should be is due to the fact that: 1) ideal values ​​are an abstraction that is used in all sciences as one of the methodological approaches for research, but is not observed in Everyday life; 2) does not yet have clear parameters for measuring "ideal sustainable development", therefore, the existing "gap" of instability cannot be determined or calculated; 8) the development of mankind will certainly lead to changes in technology, level, living conditions and other components of development, which will change the idea of ​​sustainable development; 4) the development of mankind will continue to influence the natural environment; 5) many of these changes are irreversible and cannot be predicted, which also predetermines the emergence of a gap between real development and its desired state.

Rice. 3.1. in

Considering the possibilities of implementing the postulates of sustainable development, they talk about the parameters for achieving sustainability, but sometimes it is easier to single out and define indicators of the “instability” of a situation1. Assuming that processes are considered fickle when they reduce the environmental, social and productive resources on which the processes at the chosen level directly depend, then this will be primary impermanence; if processes at other levels depend on them - secondary inconstancy (Fig. 3.2).

Rice. 3.2. in

The concept of "sustainable tourism development" and its basic principles were defined by the World Tourism Organization in the late 1980s.

In the process of considering a holistic approach to the development of tourism (from the English whole - whole), it is worth considering the needs of other industries, ensuring their interconnection and interdependence. Despite the rather long period of development of this concept, researchers have not come to a consensus on the definition of sustainable tourism. Today, the most common of them are the following:

1) sustainable tourism development is all forms of tourism development and management that do not contradict the natural, social, economic unity and well-being of formed societies in an indefinite period (World Federation of Natural and National Parks, 1992);

2) the sustainable development of tourism is ensured within the limits of environmental sustainability, makes it possible to effectively restore the productivity of natural resources; takes into account the contribution of local communities to the recreation of tourists; provides for the equality of the rights of the local population to the economic benefits from tourism; prioritizes the wishes and needs of the receptive side (Tourist Concern & Wild World Fund, 1992);

3) the sustainable development of tourism allows the modern inhabitants of the planet to satisfy their own needs for recreation and recreation without the threat of loss of this opportunity by future generations (UNDP, Production and consumption branch, 1998).

According to Agenda 21, the principles of sustainable tourism development are as follows:

1) promoting the approval of a complete and healthy life man in harmony with nature;

2) contribution to the conservation, protection and restoration of the Earth's ecosystems;

3) development and application of sustainable production and consumption patterns as a basis for travel and tourism;

4) cooperation of peoples in the field of an open economic system;

5) the abolition of protectionist tendencies in the provision of tourism services;

6) mandatory environmental protection as an integral part of the tourism development process, respect for relevant laws;

7) participation of citizens of the country in solving problems related to the development of tourism, including those that concern them directly;

8) ensuring the local nature of decision-making on the planning of tourism activities;

9) exchange of experience and introduction of the most effective tourism technologies;

10) taking into account the interests of the local population.

On the present stage the essence of the sustainable development of tourism is considered as the most important factor in the sustainable development of society as a whole. This provision is clearly stated in the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, adopted by the CTO in 1999. It proclaims the obligation of all participants in the tourism process to preserve the natural environment for the purpose of sustainable and balanced development. An important place belongs to the role of central, regional and local authorities which should support the most environmentally friendly forms of tourism. In order to change negative impact large tourist flows, measures should be taken to evenly distribute tourists and visitors, thus reducing the effect of the seasonality factor. The planning of new tourist infrastructure facilities should be carried out taking into account the characteristics of the area, to ensure the preservation of the habitual way of life of the population. The sustainable development of the territories involved in tourism activities is ensured by creating tourism infrastructure facilities, organizing new jobs, and involving the local population in group activities in the field of tourism services. As a result, the standard of living of the inhabitants of peripheral regions rises, and they are consolidated in the historical territory of residence. The environmental nature of tourism, instead, lies in the obligation to preserve the biodiversity of recreational areas and centers. For this, environmental technologies, practical developments, recommendations of fundamental and applied sciences are used. Importance in the protection and restoration of recreational territories, they also have schemes for financing and lending to environmental activities within their boundaries.

A significant role in this context is played by the formation of the ecological outlook of the population of recreational regions and tourists. First of all, to realize the recreational attractiveness of the natural landscape, its ecological and aesthetic value, which can bring economic benefits, and therefore the need to protect and respect recreational resources. Understanding by the local population that the predatory use of resources will lead to the fact that their territory will remain outside the scope of recreational use can be a significant incentive for the careful and rational use of resources. As for tourists, they should also understand the need to accept the rules dictated by nature, that is, to comply with resource restrictions. This means ensuring an appropriate level of awareness of the conditions of stay. Tourists are required to agree to give up some of their comfort; providing the benefits of products produced in the region; interest in and respect for local habits, traditions and accepted way of life; consent to use only public transport; enthusiasm for the active protection of the environment, minimizing the negative consequences of recreational activities; increasing the time spent on vacation by reducing the frequency of travel. So, according to the sustainable development of tourism, all recreational resources are used and directed in such a way as to satisfy economic, social and aesthetic needs while maintaining cultural identity, ecological balance, biological diversity and life support systems of the recreation region.

Ukraine, although it has ratified international documents on environmental safety, but does not have significant achievements in the field practical application principles of sustainable development. In our opinion, first of all, it is necessary to apply the following measures to intensify work in this direction:

1) approval at the state level of the provisions of sustainable development, including tourism;

2) cooperation and exchange of experience with the international community on the theory and practice of sustainable development, adaptation of their methods and tools for Ukraine;

3) raising the level of environmental consciousness of the population, dissemination of information about the quality of the environment and methods of its protection;

4) economic and legal support for environmental activities;

5) stimulation of environmental initiatives of the population through the support of non-governmental organizations.

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Introduction

sustainable tourism international

The concept of sustainable development is now widespread. In almost all areas, the principles of the so-called concept of sustainable development have been defined. International tourism for last years began to play a prominent role in the world economy, and he, too, was affected by such changes. Therefore, the problem is very relevant, but there is no unambiguous interpretation of sustainable development and its application in tourism. But there are already separate institutes studying sustainable and ecotourism. True, often their activities are limited to the publication of small articles, the implementation of small projects, international conferences together with various organizations. In parallel, there is a process of propaganda of new ways of life, ways of producing goods and services focused on careful attitude to the environment. And this has already caused an increased demand for them, and in the economy, demand creates supply.

The purpose of this work is to describe the concept of sustainable development in international tourism, how new ideas and developments are used, from the point of view of the future of mankind. Structurally, the work presents 3 chapters. The first is devoted to the formation of the concept of sustainable development. In it, attempts were made to identify the main ideas on which I will further rely in the rest of the work when operating with the concept of sustainable development. Chapter 2 considers the main problems of the transition of tourism to the principles of sustainable development, the achievements of tourism in the field of sustainable development. It characterizes international tourism as a branch of the world economy, what aspects of the influence of the tourism industry exist and why a transition to the use of the principles of the concept of sustainable development is necessary, and how they are implemented. The third chapter talks about sustainability as a priority for the development of tourism in the 21st century. In it, I turned to the activities of international organizations that promote the development of sustainable and ecotourism, the differences between these two concepts. At the end of the work, I tried to give a forecast of the future of tourism and its development according to the principles of sustainable development.

1. Formation of the concept of sustainable development

1.1 "Limits growth" - the first report Roman club

"Sustainable development" is a term that is now used very widely, in various fields, carrying both a certain semantic load and simply paying tribute to fashion.

At the end of the 60s. The Club of Rome has set itself the goal of exploring the immediate and long-term consequences of large-scale decisions related to the development paths chosen by mankind. It was proposed to use a systematic approach to study global issues, adopting the method of mathematical computer modeling. The results of the study were published in 1972 in the first report to the Club of Rome under the title "The Limits to Growth". The authors of the report, led by American scientist Denis Meadows, came to the conclusion that if modern tendencies population growth, industrialization, pollution natural environment If food production and resource depletion continue, over the course of the 21st century the world will come to the limits of growth, there will be an unexpected and uncontrolled decline in population and a sharp decline in output. However, they believed that growth trends could be reversed and economic and environmental stability sustainable in the long run. And this state of global balance must be established at a level that will satisfy the basic material needs of each person and give everyone equal opportunities to realize their personal potential.

The task of the Meadows group was to find conditions under which the model represents a world system that meets the following requirements:

1. sustainability, which is not violated by a sudden, uncontrollable catastrophe;

2. the ability to meet the basic material needs of all people on Earth.

There are only two ways to correct the resulting imbalance - either reduce the rate of population growth and bring it into line with the low death rate, or allow the death rate to rise again. All "natural", "natural" measures to limit the population follow the second path, leading to an increase in mortality. Any society wishing to avoid such an outcome must voluntarily regulate the positive feedback loop - to reduce the rate of population growth.

After much discussion, the researchers of the Meadows group called the state in which the population and the amount of capital are maintained at a constant level, "equilibrium". Population and capital are the only quantities that must remain constant in equilibrium. Any type of human activity that does not require a large influx of non-renewable resources and does not harm the environment can continue to develop indefinitely. Many activities that people find most attractive and genuinely enjoyable - learning, art, music, religion, basic science, sports, social activity- may well flourish.

In a society that has reached a state of equilibrium, technological progress will be both necessary and desirable. This is, of course, an overly idealized picture of global equilibrium. It may turn out that it is impossible to come to the described state; it may happen that the people of Earth will choose other social forms. Global equilibrium does not mean the end of the progressive development of mankind.

Difficulties will not disappear in a state of equilibrium, because no society can get rid of difficulties. Balance will force you to give up some freedoms - from birth a large number children, from the uncontrolled consumption of resources, but it will bring new freedoms - it will free humanity from environmental pollution and overpopulation, from the threat of a catastrophe of the world system.

The Meadows model made it possible not only to draw qualitative conclusions, but also to analyze the dynamics and rates of approaching the limits of growth, to identify the inertia of the system, the duration of the effects of decision-making; showed that it is urgent to take protective measures; highlighted the interconnectedness of a tangle of complex problems, which to this day are trying to solve in isolation.

The main reason for the criticism of the authors of the first report to the Club of Rome was their proposed program of action, which was called the "zero growth" concept.

By proposing a program condemning "unbridled growth", they thereby denied any growth, development and regulation of changes in the dynamics of the world economy. 1.2 The emergence of the concept of sustainable development

Following the first work of researchers led by Denis Meadows, more and more scientists of various sciences began to address the topic of global issues and the future of mankind.

In 1984, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a decision to establish an international commission on environment and development.

This commission of scientists and public figures from different countries prepared the report "Our Common Future", where for the first time the concept of sustainable socio-economic development in balance with the environment (sustainable development) was put forward. Its main essence was as follows: human society, through production, demographic processes and other forces, creates too much pressure on the ecosphere of our planet, leading to its degradation, only an immediate transition to the path of sustainable development will satisfy existing needs, while providing future generations with the same possibility.

But more significant was the holding of the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro on Environment and Development. In terms of the number of heads of state, it was the most representative among all UN conferences. In Rio, a comprehensive program of action was adopted, the so-called "Agenda for the 21st Century", which concluded the opposite of the "limits to growth" concept: "We are able to reconcile human activities with the laws of nature and achieve shared prosperity."

Only a small group of the most developed countries were able to embark on the path of sustainable development, which developed new legal norms in relation to man and nature, introduced new "environmental" technologies, as a result, the term "golden billion" arose. So they called those who live in conditions of relative well-being, the "standard of living" was replaced by the "quality of life".

The billion that inhabits the "first world" consumes 75% of resources and throws 75% of waste into the environment. The remaining 4 billion consume and emit three times less, that is, one poor person produces an average load on Earth 10 times less than a Westerner.

Economic growth or scientific and technological progress are the culprits of the emerging global ecological disaster. Giving up civilization is like jumping out of a fast-moving train, that is, dying. The cause of the crisis is the overgrown population, which has grown so much that stabilizing it at the current level will no longer return the world to the pre-crisis stable state.

Therefore, a strategy for the survival of mankind has taken shape (as an integral part of the concept of sustainable development), its main elements are as follows:

1. Produce more while using less raw materials and energy per unit of output through increased production efficiency, conservation of renewable resources, technological innovation, waste disposal. (An example is Japan, which now produces 81% more products than in 1973 with the same amount of energy used)

2. Gradually reduce and then stop population growth (no more than 2.0 - 2.1 children per family)

3. In high-income strata of society, mainly in developed countries, reduce consumption. Herman Daly (USA), one of the leaders of the new direction - ecological economics - proposes to agree with the introduction of the maximum minimum and maximum income. The minimum must provide reasonable needs for food, clothing, medicine and education, and the maximum must not exceed the minimum by more than 20 times.

4. Ensure the redistribution of life's goods (including environmental services) between those who consume too little and those who receive too much. (There are 358 billionaires in the world whose combined wealth is equal to all the wealth of the poorest 2.5 billion people).

5. From the modern strategy of the economy, when achievements are assessed by indicators of quantitative growth (for example, by the value of GNP), move to a development strategy based on indicators that characterize changes in the quality of life of people.

But each of the points does not correspond to the established order of things. Significant efforts will be required to bring about such profound changes. The concept of sustainable development and the strategy based on it need practical development, primarily at the national level. The most difficult thing is to introduce the ideology and ethics of sustainable development into the minds of every citizen of the world. This is a necessary but long and difficult process.

One good example is the method for strategic planning described by John Holmberg from the Swedish University of Technology. The method was developed in collaboration with a joint program of scientists and large corporations "Natural step" (Natural step). It includes examples of companies that have used the method in their strategic planning for sustainable development. The main difference between this method and other approaches is that this method:

(1) is based on a structure of four non-overlapping sustainability principles

(2) relies on a kind of "throw back" ("look into the past from the future") (backcasting), instead of trying to predict the future based on today's trends (traditional forecast), it is supposed to get rid of beliefs about the current situation and understand what are the requirements and opportunities for sustainability will be involved in the future, and then determine what is needed for this in the present. The method consists of four main steps. First, the conditions for a future viable society are determined. The next step is that the firm's current performance and competencies are analyzed in relation to these conditions. The third stage involves highlighting future opportunities for the firm. At the final stage, flexible strategies for further development are identified, which allows linking the present situation with the desired future sustainability.

The "Natural Step" was started in Sweden in 1989, and began with the fact that scientists were trying to decide on sustainable development. This led to the formulation of four non-overlapping principles for sustainable development. The principles are used as the starting point for a system describing such development. In the course of developing these principles, scientists, businessmen of various industries came to common solutions to identify the future of sustainable development. The same principles have also been used in strategic planning in a large number of corporations in various fields of activity: for example, Interface, Electrolux or JM Construction, IKEA, Hemkop, Swedish McDonald;s, Scandic Hotels.

These 4 principles are:

1) Criteria for a future sustainable society are defined and discussed

2) current actions are considered in relation to the selected criteria and non-viable (unsustainable) are eliminated

3) the future desirable situation is considered (the main idea is to get rid of the psychological restrictions caused by the current situation)

4) Strategies are already defined, which allows linking the current situation with a future sustainable goal (at this stage, it is important that investments (or other measures) lead in the right direction, but even more important that investments form a broad and flexible enough platform for further investments in the right direction

This method is now used in more than 60 corporations in Europe and the United States. Some progress has been made in the area of ​​sustainable development.

Electrolux was one of the first to use this strategy, having invested about 100 million ang. pounds in the creation of completely new cooling and insulation systems in refrigerators and freezers, using non-frion components, that is, safe for the earth's ozone layer. But at the same time, new technologies, in addition to environmental results, also brought good profits.

Founded in Sweden over 50 years ago, IKEA is now a global home furnishing giant with annual revenues of approximately US$6 billion. IKEA has been working on this principle since 1992 and has since trained approximately 35,000 employees around the world. Now this company has more than a hundred initiatives using the structure described above. IKEA brings to the market a line of more than 10,000 products made according to these sustainable principles.

Scandic Hotels, founded in Sweden in 1963, is the largest hotel operator in the Nordic countries, with 1997 total revenues of approximately 700 million am. USD Starting training for all senior management and CEOs hotels in 1994 under the "Natural Step" program, Scandic Hotels continued to quickly train all employees of the company (4,000 people at the time).

So far, the company has taken 1,500 such measures, including laying off redundant or ill-trained employees. They are now the first chain of hotels in the world to use recyclable soap and shampoo, with hotel rooms that do the same. The changes also affected the washing and washing systems: the transition from chlorine-containing to oxygen bleaches, the commissioning of washing machines, scrubbers and dishwashers using 82% less water. Now other innovations are being developed that will allow the company not only to reduce costs, but also to continue to pursue a sustainable development policy aimed at caring for the environment (including reducing the use of resources, reducing the amount of waste).

1.2 Ways transition on the sustainable development

Now almost everyone (both large TNCs, and international organizations, entire institutions) has paid attention to the problem of sustainable development.

On a national scale, it is important not only the introduction of resource-saving technologies in production, the dissemination of ideological materials on the importance of the transition to sustainable development as a survival strategy. But the study of the entire complex system of relationships between nature and society, which belong to a new interdisciplinary direction - ecological economics (ecological economics), or rather, geo-ecological economics, can be called a sustainable economy.

To assess the true state of the economies of countries and the transition to a sustainable one, which can be based, for example, on the analysis of the following indicators:

FUD \u003d (GNP - AMK) + (RPB - APB - MPU - PNU)

where FUD is the actual sustainable income, GNP is the gross national product, AMK is the depreciation of material and financial capital, RBP is the growth of the national natural wealth, APB - depreciation of national natural wealth, LPA - cost of measures to prevent damage to natural resources, PNU - losses from unprevented damage to natural resources.

At the same time, the first two terms on the right side of the equation reflect the traditional assessment of the state of the economy, and the next four terms reflect the environmental part of this assessment.

In the United States, a group of private researchers has developed an index that reflects changes in the well-being of this country (Genuine Progress Indicator - True Progress Index, or GPI-IIP). It takes into account more than twenty economic, social and environmental indicators. The IIP is based on GNP data, expressed in monetary terms and therefore allows comparison of IIP and GNP. At the same time, the IIP introduces amendments to some indicators taken into account in the GNP. The IIP, for example, takes into account the uneven distribution of income in such a way that it decreases if the poor part of the population receives a smaller than average share of the national income. The IIP adds certain factors to GNP, such as the cost of domestic or voluntary work, or subtracts from GNP such indicators as losses to society due to increased crime or environmental pollution. IIP takes into account the deterioration of natural resources. In particular, the increase in oil production is taken into account as a negative indicator, in contrast to GNP. The deterioration of the ecosphere (climate change, ozone depletion, or increased radioactive contamination) also leads to a decrease in IIP.

For the period 1950-1995. The US per capita GNP increased steadily and more than doubled, while the per capita IIP increased during the 1960s and 1970s, but then fell by 45% between 1970 and 1995. In this case, the rate of fall of the IIP increases.

According to the authors of the study, the decline in the US True Progress Index (TPR) over the past 25 years suggests that economic growth, as if reflected in GNP, actually demonstrates: a) correcting the mistakes and social problems of the previous period, b) borrowing resources from the future, c) strengthening the monetarization of the economy without its actual progress.

Similar calculations for Russia (or the USSR) were not carried out, but there is no doubt that the actual growth of the country's total national wealth stopped long ago and became negative due to the unrestrained export of oil, gas, timber, non-ferrous metals, etc. And the deterioration of the natural environment in the places of extraction and transportation of these resources. In addition, the country's natural capital, as well as total capital, was declining due to deteriorating water and air quality, declining natural soil fertility, reducing the ability of ecosystems to absorb pollution, and other factors.

More detailed, quantitative assessments of changes in national wealth, including at least both traditional economic and environmental indicators, are needed as indices of the state of the country and its evolution.

Strictly speaking, this should take into account components expressed both in monetary terms and in material terms (for example, in terms of resource reserves), as well as take into account environmental non-calculable factors, such as the beauty of the landscape or the degree of untouched nature. This approach is called Natural Resource Accounting. None of the countries has yet introduced a "green accounting" that fully integrates economic and environmental indicators, but studies at the state level in a number of countries show that a "green" environmental and economic index would be more correct and useful than the currently adopted system assessment of the economic state of states, based on GNP. The adoption of appropriate new criteria is an important stage in the transition to sustainable development.

What is needed is a correct set of criteria reflecting the true situation in all areas.

The economic damage from environmental pollution increases as the load on it increases. At the same time, the first portions of pollution are absorbed by the environment, and damage to nature, although it exists, is usually not taken into account in economic indicators. Each subsequent portion of pollution usually brings a disproportionate amount of damage, so that the dependence of environmental damage on pollution is non-linear. The damage can be prevented by investing in technological measures that reduce pollution emissions.

The path to sustainable development is more difficult not for a single country, TNCs, but for most of the world community (and in the future for the whole world). In this regard, the importance of understanding the complexity of the issue by all states increases. International activities to achieve sustainable development go in many directions, but the main ones can be called:

- change and liberalization of international trade (easing conditions for developing countries)

- demographic problems as the main link on the way to solving the difficulties of the current situation

- ensuring a deeper penetration of environmental technologies into all spheres of human activity

- special attention to the development of science as a source of the most advanced ideas, emphasizes the special role in the creation of world databases

2.Problems of transition of tourism to the principles of sustainable development

2.1 General characteristic tourism how industries world farms

Over the past ten years, the tourism industry has matured and been recognized as the world's largest service industry. This became possible as a result of a wider opening of borders between states, the appearance of additional funds for the population, and the development of transport infrastructure. All this made it possible to make travel a mass phenomenon, to change the attitude towards tourist trips themselves, which turned from an element of luxury into a factor of everyday life, and then countries realized the economic benefits of developing this industry. Transportation, accommodation, food, entertainment center, the structures of public and individual security, previously perceived as independent types of services, have now become integral elements of a single tourism complex.

This complex industry, which is a catalyst for economic development, can ensure a high quality of life for people on the basis of environmentally sound nature management. And now we can already talk about the need for a transition to sustainable development of tourism with appropriate changes in all components of the tourism industry. As a separate industry, tourism is subject to processes characteristic of the entire world economy: deepening specialization, increasing concentration processes, and the transition to new technologies. Rationally using historical and cultural monuments in combination with natural resources, international tourism contributes to an increase in the level of employment of the population, stimulates the growth in the production of many goods and services.

World trade is expanding every year, the number of goods and services is growing every year, and certain changes in the structure of exports and imports can be considered as trends towards the transition to the path of sustainable development. One of the most important places in the structure of world exports is occupied by tourism, and the entry into the first place in 1998 only emphasizes its economic significance.

Now hardly anyone would dispute the fact that travel and tourism already play a very significant role in the economic component of sustainability, and this role can only increase in the future. At the same time, there is a growing understanding that the impact of travel demand goes far beyond the usual travel agencies and directly affects areas such as aircraft manufacturing and the food industry, on the one hand, and the creation of a retail system to serve tourists, on the other.

Despite the fact that international tourism every year involves more and more territories in its sphere, even the most remote corners of the globe, there is a strong disproportion in the regional distribution of the main indicators. It is also important to note the fact that intraregional tourism prevails over intercontinental tourism. Europe concentrates more than half of the tourists and revenues (with about 80% of all tourists living within this region).

But only a few countries dominate the tourism market. Constantly improving the range of services and introducing new technologies, they were the first to talk about the need for sustainable tourism. Now the first "five" in terms of arrivals (France, Spain, USA, Italy, China) account for 35.6%, and the total receipts from tourism in the USA, Spain, France, Italy, Great Britain account for 41.4% of the world.

Indicative are changes in tourist trips by purpose and method of arrival (mode of transport). The purposes of tourism are usually divided into three groups:

1) rest, recreation, entertainment

2) business (business)

3) visiting friends, health, religion, culture and others.

Recently, there has been an increase in the share of the last two groups, especially the third (where the importance of educational and ecotourism is growing).

If we try to make a brief overview of the development of tourism as a branch of the world economy over the past 10 years, then the main conclusions will be as follows:

- rapid growth in tourist arrivals (even faster population growth)

- continuous increase in tourism receipts

- the growing importance of the global tourism industry in trade (especially in trade in services)

- an increase in the positive balance of trade and tourism due to the growth of tourism revenues

- decrease in the share of Europe and America in the main tourism indicators

- further development of tourism infrastructure and creation of new jobs (including the construction of new and expansion of old hotels)

But such a description of the tourism industry is incomplete, or rather one-sided. Impressive quantitative indicators of tourism create a kind of "illusion of well-being". But if you make a qualitative analysis, then other characteristics of this industry are revealed.

First of all, tourism is different from other industries, it is a very complex sector. There is a huge variety of travel programs available, from a few days in an ordinary vacation spot for the average citizen to a luxurious holiday for the wealthy, from simple excursions for the low-budget traveler to a trip on a chartered yacht with a crew for the upper segments of the market.

It is characteristic that the profit from tourism is by no means always received by those who bear the costs. The largest corporations invest in the construction of new facilities in developing countries, using cheap labor, they get big profits, and the level of well-being of the local population hardly increases. Tourists often disrupt people's lives and social patterns, and local governments are forced to spend more on the construction and maintenance of facilities such as water treatment plants and roads to serve large numbers of guests.

It is not surprising that with such indicators, the impact of tourism on the environment, which was previously underestimated, is now becoming the object of increasing scrutiny. The potential vectors of such an impact are very numerous and varied, but primarily they relate to the consumption of natural resources, environmental pollution and land development. It should be noted that the maintenance of tourist infrastructure usually requires more resources than conventional territories, it also generates a large amount of waste.

Tourism, as the largest industry, is in complex interaction with the environment. No sector of the world economy depends to such an extent on the purity of water, beaches, air, and in general on the ideal state of nature, as the recreation industry.

Thus, tourism can develop only with the rational use of natural resources. Environmental protection and nature conservation are natural allies of the tourism industry. Both leading environmentalists and leaders of the tourism business agree with this. They believe that tourism will use its growing potential to protect nature and the environment at a global level. Today, the task of further development of tourism is formed as a minimization of its negative impact on Wednesday around.

And the positive role of tourism in this area is very clear. For example, whalers can organize sea excursions for tourists and show them whales in close proximity; their earnings at the same time will be much higher than if they were engaged in fishing for these animals.

2.2 Influence tourism on the natural and cultural Wednesday

Tourism, despite its closeness to nature and the demands on the quality of the environment, is an industry that widely uses a fairly large number of different types of resources. Therefore, rapid development, characterized by high-profile figures, must also include indicators of an increase in the consumption of resources and waste. In addition, an important issue is the expansion of territories used for the creation of tourism infrastructure. It is one thing when unsuitable lands are involved, old industrial and agriculturally depleted lands are reclaimed, and it is quite another when forests are cut down for the construction of hotels, ski lifts, new roads, meadows and arable lands are allocated, the coastline is changed.

The following types of negative impact of tourism can be distinguished:

- pollution by sewage, garbage

- noise pollution and air transport emissions

- erosion of the shore (beach) due to the removal of dunes and the leveling of coastal surfaces

- excessive use of natural areas (forests, mountain slopes, lakes)

- destruction of natural areas to accommodate tourism facilities

- violation of natural connections in the chain: air, water, earth's surface and living organisms

- influence on the culture of local residents

- loss of historical and architectural heritage

- one-time increase in population density in recreation areas

- aggravation of socio-economic tension

- distribution of the use of labor of minors

The negative impact of tourism today is experienced by many developing countries, and especially those that do not have sufficient technical and financial possibilities to replenish the resources used up by tourists and to dispose of the household waste produced by them. It is no secret that such waste in terms of its volume often far exceeds that generated during the daily activities of the entire population of the country that is the object of tourism. For example, in Nepal, where hiking is a popular activity, it is estimated that each tourist burns about 6 kg of wood per day, despite the fact that there is a severe shortage of fuel in the country. In the Egyptian capital, Cairo, one large hotel consumes as much electricity in a year as 3,600 households owned by middle-income Egyptians. In the Caribbean, tourist demand for seafood is so high that it has become a major factor in increasing pressure on lobster and edible shellfish populations. The pursuit of "natural" building materials also often puts a natural resource on the brink of extinction.

Many beautiful corners of the planet, not excluding protected areas, have already suffered significantly as a result of the influx of tourists - lovers of nature, which is fraught with detrimental consequences for the biodiversity of these places.

Tourism, as noted above, also leads to environmental pollution: the discharge of untreated effluents into rivers and seas, transport emissions containing carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides, and the production of garbage and other solid waste (for example, cruising ships with tourists in one the Caribbean alone produces more than 70 thousand tons of waste annually). The construction of facilities and the development of tourist infrastructures also have a detrimental effect on the natural environment. For example, three-quarters of the sand dunes on the Mediterranean coast between Spain and Sicily have effectively ceased to exist, mainly as a result of being converted into tourist facilities.

Whether tourists will be satisfied with the time spent at the resort will depend to a decisive extent on how the conditions of rest and the level of service will meet expectations. Since the pristine natural environment is a necessary condition for a pleasant pastime, its preservation becomes an important economic factor for the tourism industry, for those who determine the policy in this area, specialists and management of the tourism companies themselves.

Restrictions and legal acts must be adopted to prevent and minimize the damage that tourism causes to biological diversity.

The tourism industry is one of the few sectors where developing countries can offer a quality product to the world market. These countries receive income from tourism, and the overwhelming majority of tourists themselves come there from highly developed and economically and industrially leading states. This obvious fact shows that countries less burdened industrial production and preserving their natural environment, benefit indirectly from the economic production of industrialized nations that have achieved a leading position at the expense of their ecology.

Tourism must be developed in a way that benefits indigenous people, strengthens the local economy, and educates and attracts local labor. Rationally use available resources and building materials, local agricultural products, and take into account the characteristics of the territory.

The stakeholders of the desired direction of tourism development should be the government, both at the local and national and international levels. It is the state that is able to act as a regulatory force, through laws and taxes to allow, prohibit, determine the conditions for development. Considering all the problems arising from the development of the tourism industry that tourists, local residents, and regional authorities have to face, it should be noted that there is a need for a comprehensive solution difficult situations, this implies a transition to sustainable development. Using the principles of the concept of sustainable development, tourism can not only overcome difficulties, but also act as a locomotive that will lead other industries on the path of sustainable development. But this transition is also not so simple.

But the obvious impact of an industry that transports, houses, feeds and entertains millions of people every day (and increasingly in unique yet highly vulnerable ecosystems), builds, transforms landscapes, and directly affects indigenous peoples should not be glossed over. and local communities.

Of course, these problems cannot be ignored. Much can be done through intelligent planning and design, optimal planning and the management of opportunities - this is where the ideas of sustainable development can come in handy. In order to follow the basic principles of the concept of sustainable development, one should assess the nature and intensity of the impact, conduct environmental audits, take into account the potential burden on the environment, optimize resource consumption, and invest in new technologies. All factors, interests and obligations of stakeholders - governmental, industrial and public circles - should be taken into account, and the latter, of course, include both the tourists themselves and the local population.

2.3 Implementation principles sustainable development in tourism

The projected pace of development of the tourism sector and the growing importance of this sector for many developing countries, including small island developing States, as an economic sector that employs a large part of the population and makes a major contribution to economic development at the local, national, subregional and regional levels, require giving special attention the relationship between environmental protection and tourism development. In this regard, special consideration should be given to the efforts that developing countries are making for development, along with traditional tourism, cultural tourism and ecotourism, and the assistance that the international community, including international financial institutions, is providing in this regard.

Like other economic sectors, tourism consumes resources, creates waste, generating environmental, cultural and social costs and benefits. In order to ensure sustainable patterns of consumption and production within the tourism sector, it is necessary to strengthen national capacity for policy development in areas such as planning in-kind, impact assessment and implementation of economic and regulatory measures in the areas of information exchange, education and marketing. Of particular concern is the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of vulnerable ecosystems such as coral reefs, mountains, coastal regions and wetlands. The sustainable development of tourism can ultimately lead to the sustainable development of the entire territory, while carrying out the protection of nature, the protection of culture, social and economic development.

Policy development and implementation should be carried out in collaboration with all stakeholders, especially the private sector, local and indigenous communities, an action-oriented international program of work on sustainable tourism should be developed and prepared in collaboration with the World Tourism Organization, the United Nations, UNEP.

By all measures, tourism causes much less damage to the environment than other sectors of the economy. However, its sustainable development for the benefit of the natural and cultural environment remains a priority for industry leaders.

Initial efforts to implement sustainable development should minimize the negative environmental impacts of tourism. This task is of particular relevance in light of the rapid development of the industry, which is expected in the coming years, and the increase in its burden on the environment, if appropriate measures are not taken. After all, in the end, the industry will be able to develop only with the sustainable use of natural resources. Therefore, in the future, transport and hotel services, catering, waste disposal and other types of guest services must be organized with much more cost-effectiveness and environmental soundness than in the past.

Today, staying in a hotel is not at all what it used to be. You will be provided with clean towels daily only if you specifically request it. Hot water is likely to be heated by solar energy, while dirty drains from bathtubs, showers and washing machines are likely to be treated and recycled back into the water supply. A plastic card - the key to the electronic lock of your room - completely de-energizes the room when you leave, so that an electrical appliance that is not accidentally turned off does not waste energy. And all this is done for the sake of conserving the resources of the environment.

Currently, the hotel business is greening, largely due to organizations such as International Association Hotels and Restaurants (IAOR), the International Hotel Environmental Quality Initiative, UNEP's Division of Industry and Environment, the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), and a number of leading hotels.

The hospitality industry faces big challenges. Hotel directors, in particular, need to be more aware of how hotels should be located on the ground, what layout should be in order to fit into the landscape as much as possible. One must be able to assess the impact of hotel facilities on the environment and conduct inspections of such impact. In ongoing activities, it is necessary to constantly take into account environmental factors, improve environmental monitoring methods and actively disseminate information about environmental and resource-saving activities among hotel guests and other interested parties.

The travel and tourism industry creates jobs much more easily and faster than any other sector of the economy, which is extremely important for industrialized countries with high unemployment rates. Rural "tourism is able to breathe new life into many regions of the world where, for one reason or another, agriculture is becoming obsolete. Ecotourism opens up opportunities that did not exist before before small villages in Central America, India and Africa, and the so-called cultural tourism, which aims to get acquainted with household and socio-cultural characteristics of the peoples of the world, contributes to the maintenance of local crafts and handicrafts where there has not yet been a reliable basis for industrial development.

Individual companies can exemplify self-regulation by voluntarily implementing pollution abatement activities, developing and complying with production standards, and through educational activities.

The role of the state is also important, since only it is able to develop the much-needed strategic framework for planning the tourism industry. Only the state can ensure the identification of valuable and especially vulnerabilities habitats, carry out basic research and monitoring, and assess overall infrastructure needs and their impacts. And only it is able to establish emission limits, as well as requirements for the placement and design of tourist facilities. To the extent possible, it is necessary to assess the impact on the environment, study the potential intensity of the use of certain areas and establish their capacity in terms of receiving and accommodating tourists, without allowing excessive pressure on natural ecosystems.

3. Sustainability as a priority for the development of tourism in the 21st century.

3.1 Ratio ecological and sustainable tourism

2002 has been declared by international organizations as the year of ecotourism. This is a reflection of the changes taking place in the world right now. The increased demand for services related to the cleanliness of the environment stimulated the development of various areas, in tourism this is reflected in the formation of ecotourism directions.

Now it is one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the tourism industry. Its annual growth is estimated at 10-20 to 30% (for adventure tourism, in which it passes according to WTO statistics per year, and its share in international tourism revenue reaches 10-15%. But it is difficult to say exactly what ecotourism is. Many sources give a definition given by the Ecotourism Society (USA): "Ecotourism is travel to places with relatively untouched nature with the aim, without violating the integrity of ecosystems, to get an idea of ​​the natural and cultural and ethnographic features of a given territory, which creates such economic conditions when nature protection becomes beneficial to the local population.

Ecotourism differs from traditional tourism in the following ways:

- the predominance of natural objects of tourism

- sustainable nature management

- less resource and energy consumption

- direct participation in the socio-economic development of territories

- ecological education of tourists.

The geography of ecological tourism is also specific. If the main international flows of traditional tourists are directed from developed countries to developed ones, and France, the USA, Spain, Italy are in the lead among the host countries, then ecotourists are sent mainly from developed developing countries. The latter are located mainly in the tropics, the nature of which is exotic and attractive for the inhabitants of temperate latitudes. Kenya, Tanzania, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Nepal, the countries of the Caribbean region and Oceania, as well as the developed countries of the tropics: Australia, New Zealand and South Africa are leading here. In the countries of Western Europe and North America with a capacious ecotourism market, domestic ecotourism is developed. Tourists actively visit natural areas and the countryside.

An important issue is the distinction between the two currently common terms about tourism: sustainable and ecological. There is no unambiguous understanding. But a different point of view prevails now. Ecological tourism is understood as a form (type) of tourism with certain properties (which are given above), there are certain requirements, first of all, the uniqueness of a natural or natural-cultural phenomenon, and strict rules for respecting the environment are observed. Sustainable tourism is not a kind, it is a direction of development based on the principles of the concept of sustainable development. Tourism that satisfies all existing needs, but at the same time develops in such a way as to provide the same opportunities for future generations. It also includes resource conservation, both a careful attitude to biodiversity and the preservation of the entire environment, and takes into account all cultural and social relations.

Therefore, any ecotourism can be called an example of sustainable tourism, sustainable tourism can be of any other type, not necessarily ecological.

The main driving force behind the rapid development of ecotourism is the rapidly growing demand for recreation in nature, which is determined by the increasing inconsistency of the living environment of modern man with his physiological and psychological needs. Satisfying this demand and, consequently, the success of ecotourism development, like no other industry, depends on the quality of the environment, since it is its pristine nature that is valued by tourists. That's why environmental factor naturally becomes an economic category: maintaining the quality and pristine environment (a sign of sustainability) is economically beneficial, unlike, for example, beach tourism, which does not require wildlife, but rather artificial beaches or even pools. This benefit manifests itself over relatively short periods of time, while in other industries the negative economic effect from environmental degradation most often occurs not so soon, usually after the expiration of the payback period of projects.

Thus, ecological tourism is nature-oriented sustainable tourism. Both of its characteristics are determined by objective reasons: natural orientation - by the characteristics of tourist demand, and sustainability - by the economic benefit of maintaining the quality of the environment.

The development of ecological tourism leads to the rationalization of land use. Many territories in the case of their tourist use give much more income than when they are used for agriculture and industry. This is especially true in tropical regions with marginal agriculture on marginal soils.

A study in Kenya showed that with the transition from pastoralism to conservation for tourism, the value of some land increased from $0.8 to $40. for 1 ha. In many areas, ecotourism can be a significant help for a balanced development of the economy, as is the case in some agricultural areas of developed countries.

One of the most important problems of sustainable development is the use of biological resources. In the vast majority of cases, ecotourism, unlike other types of use, does not lead to their physical destruction. It often proves to be an alternative to logging and large-scale hunting.

The use of some animals as objects of ecotourism is also much more effective than their utilitarian use. According to calculations, one lion in the Amboseli National Park (Kenya) brings 27,000 am. dollars of tourist income per year, and a herd of elephants - 610,000 am. dollars. This is not only much higher than the cost of skins and tusks, but also economically justifies the cost of protecting and restoring the populations of these animals.

Thus, ecotourism is closely related to the protection of rare and endangered species, since many of them are exotic and become objects of ecotourism. This applies not only to animals and plants, but also to ecosystems and natural complexes in general. On the other hand, with inadequate planning of tourist loads, the growing popularity of "souvenirs from the wild" can replenish the causes of the extinction of certain species and the violation of natural complexes. Rare species and ecosystems of territories can be considered as a vital resource for local communities, therefore their protection is connected with the protection of culture.

Ecotourism makes a certain contribution to nature protection through the support of specially protected natural areas (SPNA), which play an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of the planet. Many protected areas, especially national parks (NPs), are created to develop tourism.

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