The growth of the comfort of human existence is accompanied by problems that are caused by the introduction of new technologies into modern life. For example, the low cost of single-use plastic packaging has a high impact on human health and the environment.

Pollution of the environment with household waste affects a person through air, water, food of plant origin, grown on soil poisoned with garbage. Chemical compounds entering the soil accumulate and lead to a gradual change in its chemical and physical properties, reduce the number of living organisms, and worsen fertility. Together with pollutants, pathogenic bacteria, helminth eggs and other harmful organisms often enter the soil.

Mankind has invented compounds that do not decompose. These include various packaging materials, containers for storing liquids, rubber, lavsan, synthetic polymers, detergents, dyes. All of them emit substances harmful to the environment and people.

Currently recycling garbage is becoming a traditional phenomenon in only a few countries, but the need for its more active use is important. Waste disposal methods such as landfilling and incineration are not harmless. Garbage dumps emit methane gas, which creates a greenhouse effect that threatens our planet by trapping heat in earth's atmosphere.

Waste incineration also releases hazardous gases containing toxic heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, and lead. Entering the body, they can affect the function of hematopoiesis, cause changes in the composition of the blood, contribute to the development of carcinogenic, genetic and other distant biological effects. Increased release of methane, oxygen, carbon dioxide, can cause human suffocation.

The problems of collection, storage, removal and disposal of production and consumption waste are among priority areas activities of the Office of Rospotrebnadzor in the Republic of Mari El. Specialists regularly conduct tests of air, water and soil for the content of harmful substances, the source of which is, among other things, household waste. Thus, in 2012, exceeding the maximum allowable concentration in terms of sanitary and chemical indicators in atmospheric air and soil has not been established. Exceeding the hygienic standards for chemical indicators in the process of researching water supply systems was detected at 2 points for fluorides, at 14 points for iron content, and at 1 point for nitrates.

It is important for the residents of the Republic of Mari El not to forget about the negative impact of their improper handling of household waste. First of all, it is forbidden to contribute to the appearance of unauthorized dumps. It is important to dispose of items containing heavy metals in specialized places and in order to avoid air pollution with harmful substances, in no case should this garbage be burned. Limiting the use of disposable tableware, plastic bags and other modern conveniences that harm the environment and human health will be helpful.

Department of Education of the Administration of the Soviet District of Gomel

State educational institution

"Secondary school No. 22"

Competitive work

"Industrial and domestic waste and their impact on human health"

Executor:

Romanenko Nikolai Sergeevich

student 11 / "B" class

Romanyuk Evgenia Alexandrovna

student 11/ "B" class

Scientific adviser:

Chizhova Inna Sergeevna

biology teacher

Gomel 2009

Introduction

1. Main body

1.1 Waste classification

1.2 Waste management

Conclusion

List of sources used

Annex A

Introduction

Objective: study the different types of waste, where they are buried (authorized and unauthorized landfills), how they are recycled, and the impact of different types of waste on human health.

The main objective of the work is to collect information about the types of waste, the impact on the body, as well as unauthorized dumps in the city and beyond, which are followed by administrative penalties.

Object of study:

Subject of study

Relevance of the topic: Environmental problems Environmental pollution, waste disposal is the number one problem not only for the Ministry of Environmental Protection, but also for the state as a whole. Waste and our handling of it has led to a number of environmental problems, such as the release of greenhouse gases, heavy metals and other environmentally harmful chemicals. As long as there is life on earth, humanity produces waste. The same amount of time is the task: to solve the problem of waste more efficiently and in the most environmentally friendly way. The well-being and existence of mankind depends on the solution of this problem.

Practical value: The data obtained can be used to inform the public about the impact of waste on human health, as well as the importance of storage, recycling and obtaining secondary raw materials, in order to reduce the amount of garbage on the streets of the city. And also about the existence of unauthorized garbage collection sites and administrative responsibility for the creation of such dumps in the city and in the vicinity.

1. Main body

1.1 Waste classification

One of the main sources of pollution of urban areas are industrial, resulting from the production process, and municipal solid waste (MSW) that occurs during a person's life in a dwelling and depreciation of household items. No less important as an environmental pollutant are urban wastewater, which combines industrial, domestic and rainwater.

In large cities of Belarus, up to 104 kg is accumulated annually. and more waste per inhabitant, in general, only 3.5% of MSW is processed by industrial methods, the rest is taken to landfills and landfills.

Waste is divided into two main classes:

1. production waste

2. consumption waste

Consumer waste includes:

1. municipal solid waste (MSW)

2. worn sophisticated household appliances

3. waste from the repair of housing stock

All wastes are divided into five hazard classes according to the impact on the environment:

I hazard class ─ extremely dangerous . There is no recovery period. (arsenic, cadmium, mercury, selenium, zinc, lead, fluorine, benzopyrene ) Hazard class II ─ highly dangerous. The recovery period is at least 30 years. (boron, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, copper, antimony, chromium)

III hazard class─ moderately dangerous . The recovery period is at least 10 years. (barium, tungsten, vanadium, manganese, strontium, acetophenone)

IV hazard class─ low-risk . The self-healing period is at least 3 years.

Hazard class V- practically harmless. The impact on the environment is practically not disturbed.

Industrial waste ─ Industrial waste includes products, materials, articles and substances generated as a result of human production activities that have a negative impact on environment, the secondary use of which at this enterprise is unprofitable.

Toxic industrial waste includes physiologically active substances that are formed during the technological production cycle and have a pronounced toxic effect on warm-blooded animals, as well as on humans.

Construction waste ─ These include solid mineral waste (expanded clay, ceramics, asbestos cement, gypsum, concrete waste), wood and other materials used in construction. These wastes are equated to the 5th hazard class.

Solid household waste ─ The bulk of solid waste consists of waste paper, glass cullet, household items that are not suitable for further use, food waste, apartment and street estimates, construction debris left over from the current repair of apartments, and broken household appliances. The qualitative composition of MSW is practically independent of geographical location cities. The norms of accumulation of solid waste in cities largely depend on the degree of well-being of the housing stock, the specificity of public facilities. Thus, among residential buildings, the largest amount of solid waste was noted in unfurnished houses with local heating on solid fuel and without sewerage, and among public facilities, trade and cultural institutions - in urban markets.

1.2 Waste management

Waste management ─ activities related to the formation, collection, transportation, storage and disposal of waste. Waste and our handling of it has led to a number of environmental problems, such as the release of greenhouse gases, heavy metals and other environmentally harmful chemicals. Hazardous waste contains toxic substances. hazardous waste- wastes that contain in their composition substances that have some dangerous property or a combination of them (toxicity, infection, explosiveness, fire hazard, high reactivity or other similar properties) and are present in such a form that these wastes alone or upon entry into contact with other substances may pose an immediate or potential hazard, causing harm to the environment, human health or property of persons, including as a result of their harmful effects on the environment, are divided into classes. They must not be handled in the same way as normal consumer waste, as this may result in serious environmental pollution or harm to people or animals. We now know more about the dangerous properties of many chemicals. More and more hazardous substances that used to end up in landfills are now being collected and handled properly, but not all of them. For example, used electrical appliances and electronics (TVs, refrigerators, etc.) continue to be landfilled even though they contain harmful substances. Old landfills contain a large amount of hazardous waste and toxic chemicals that have been deposited for years and seep into the environment.

Since toxic waste poses a significant danger to the environment, including human health, their disposal and disposal should be carried out in strict accordance with existing rules and standards. For example, MSW landfills accept toxic waste of only III and IV hazard classes, and certain groups and types of waste are accepted to landfills in limited quantities and stored under special conditions. Scroll industrial waste allowed for disposal at landfills (Table 1) MSW is regulated by regulatory documents. Such waste, for example, includes: asbestos-cement scrap, spent graphite, mold and core mixtures, slags (boiler houses, thermal power plants, iron foundries), grinding and abrasive waste, polymer, rubber, textile, electrical insulating and other materials

Table 1 - Hygienic classification of non-recyclable industrial waste

Category	Characteristics of non-recyclable industrial wastes by type of contaminants they contain	Recommended storage or disposal methods
I	Practically inert	Use for planning work or joint storage with solid waste
II	Biologically oxidizable, easily decomposing organic matter	Storage or processing together with MSW
III	Slightly toxic, slightly soluble in water, including when interacting with organic acids	Storage together with MSW
IV	Oil-like, not subject to regeneration in accordance with current guidelines	Incineration, including together with municipal solid waste
V	Toxic with low air pollution (exceeding MAC by 2-3 times)	Storage at a special industrial waste landfill
VI	toxic	Group or individual decontamination at special facilities

Disposal─the use or consumption of waste after appropriate processing (processing, neutralization, as well as all types of use, including backfilling of goaf).

Among the waste disposal methods currently the first place belongs to solid waste landfills. household waste, which take out about 90-95% of waste (burning is not higher than 10%). At the same time, there was a strong opinion: if it were, if solid waste is stored, then by doing so they are neutralized. This is far from the truth. Landfills are delayed-action mines that will operate for decades, causing enormous environmental and social damage to the natural environment and, thereby, to the population.

Waste storage─ temporary storage of waste in authorized places of their disposal in accordance with established rules and terms until they are removed for the purpose of neutralization or use.

Storage and disposal of waste at the facility is carried out taking into account hazard classes, state of aggregation, water solubility, hazard class of substances and their components. Waste disposal─ isolation of waste, excluding the possibility of their further use and direction to prevent the interaction of these wastes with the environment, in which there may be a danger of harm to human health or property of persons. When burying wastes containing poorly soluble substances of hazard class I, additional measures should be provided for waterproofing the walls and bottom of the pits to ensure a filtration coefficient of not more than 10 -6 cm / s. solid pasty waste containing soluble substances of II-III hazard classes, insoluble in water, is carried out in pits with waterproofing of the bottom and side walls. Production and consumption waste of III-IV hazard classes may be stored together with solid municipal waste in a ratio of not more than 30% by weight of MSW. Industrial waste allowed for joint storage with MSW must not be explosive, spontaneously combustible and with a humidity of not more than 85%. The facilities must be provided with centralized water supply and sewerage networks, it is allowed to use imported water for household purposes in accordance with the hygienic conclusion.

The maximum amount of waste on the territory is determined by the enterprise in agreement with the bodies and institutions of the state sanitary supervision based on the classification of waste: according to the hazard class of the waste, according to their physical and chemical properties - state of aggregation (solid, liquid), volatility, the possibility of chemical reactions.

Disposal of waste into water in swampy and flood-filled areas is not allowed.

The second direction of MSW disposal is processing into organic fertilizer (compost). Of the known processing methods (with air blowing in stacks, in mesh chambers, on louvered shelves, in vertical towers), the most effective and hygienic today is the bioprocessing method in rotating cylindrical drums (up to 4 meters in diameter and up to 30-60 meters long) . The process takes place in complete isolation from humans.

The difficulty of implementing this method lies in the need for complex sorting and preliminary processing of MSW, since there is no system for the targeted collection of sorted and uncontaminated secondary raw materials from the population, which entails the need to build an additional waste sorting plant for separating and collecting secondary raw materials: film, paper, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass.

Unfortunately, due to the low ecological culture of the population, paints, batteries, fluorescent lamps and much more, which can lead to oversaturation of the compost with heavy metals and harmful components.

In this regard, the paper proposes a method for non-waste disposal of solid waste. The essence of the proposed solution is to carry out a number of technological stages of organic waste processing, depending on the state of aggregation. Solid organic waste mixed with calcium oxide is converted into calcium carbide. Liquid and gaseous wastes are converted into synthetic petroleum products by passing them through calcium carbide under supercritical conditions for acetylene T>=500°C and P>=0.2 MPa and subsequent condensation and separation of the resulting products. The use of the proposed method of waste processing allows not only to dispose of household waste, but also to obtain valuable hydrocarbons of the oil series, as a result of which the costs of waste processing will be significantly reduced and, ultimately, will lead to energy savings.

Tree branches, leaves and wood are used to produce wood chips - additional energy that is used to heat the waste processing plant itself. This method of obtaining energy is environmentally friendly and safe.

1.3 Impact of waste on the environment and human health

The severity of the impact of waste treatment and disposal on the environment depends on the amount of waste generated, its composition, the amount of illegally dumped waste, the amount of waste placed in landfills, and the standards at waste treatment plants. The future impact of the waste management process will depend on how these factors change. Final waste treatment, today, means either landfilling or incineration, and these two types of final treatment have different, but in both cases negative, environmental impacts.

Waste disposal in landfills leads to the release of methane, one of the greenhouse gases and hazardous chemicals that have a harmful effect on the environment.

Waste incineration leads to the release of gases from the chimneys of plants that burn them. These gases contain hazardous chemicals such as cadmium, mercury and lead. The toxicity of heavy metals during their isolated action on a warm-blooded organism has been sufficiently studied. It is known that when they enter the body, they can affect the function of hematopoiesis, cause changes in the morphological composition of peripheral blood, block sulfhydryl groups, and pose a danger, contributing to the development of carcinogenic, genetic and other long-term biological effects. In addition, the natural environment is affected by the release of biogas - methane, oxygen, carbon dioxide, the content of which can be tens of percent. These values ​​exceed sanitary standards and can cause suffocation of a person. Biochemical decomposition and chemical oxidation of the landfill material may be accompanied by the formation of heat emission centers with an increase in temperatures up to 75°C, i.e. spontaneous combustion of the waste is possible. The rotting of MSW material is accompanied by the spread of odor over a distance of more than 1 km.

Harmful effects on humans─ the impact of environmental factors that pose a threat to human life and health, or a threat to human life or health of future generations.

2. Materials and research methods

The objects of study are: household and industrial waste.

Subject of study: authorized and unauthorized garbage collection site.

The research program includes the solution of the following problem:

collection of information about the types of waste, the impact on the body and the environment.

Collection of information on methods of disposal and recycling of waste

Finding unauthorized garbage collection sites in the city and beyond.

In the course of the work carried out, unauthorized dumps were discovered and examined in the villages of Teleshi in the Gomel region, in the villages of Uza and in the city of Gomel on Voiskovaya Street, where the wasteland is temporarily located. An excursion was made to the waste processing plant - ESBMZ household secondary resources.

During the experimental work, the following technique was used - photography.

3. Results of the study and their discussion

In the process of the work carried out, it was found that the main methods of dealing with garbage in the city are its collection and disposal at landfills, temporary storage on the territory of enterprises, as well as the disposal and processing of garbage in order to obtain secondary raw materials.

We have two landfills in the city:

Polygon PNPO, located in the village of Borba, Vetka district.

The PBO polygon, located along the Rechitskoye Highway, 5th kilometer.

The PBO landfill is a landfill for household waste. According to the plant, this landfill was organized a long time ago and during its existence it has almost exhausted all resources. And also for last years the distance between the city and the landfill has decreased due to the expansion and development of the city. Now the state is faced with the task of finding a new place to create a PBO test site. Also at this landfill there is a threat of a large accumulation of gas due to the constant decay and "souring" of waste. Based on this, a project is being developed to collect and use this gas to generate additional energy. This would not be a bad solution in the fight against environmental problems, but the project is expensive and has little practical application so far. The territories where landfills and landfills are located cannot be used for other purposes for a long time, as they become polluted for a long time. So, metal can lie in the ground for about 100 years, and, for example, glass for several hundred years. Newsprint can last up to 10 years in a landfill.

In addition to disposal at landfills, garbage enters the ESBMZ plant, located on the street. Bypass 11, where it is processed into secondary raw materials. According to the plant, 30% of recyclable materials are obtained from 100% of the amount of garbage.

The main task of the plant is sanitary cleaning of the city.

The plant is mainly operated by hand. Recyclables are put on sale, but the income from the sale does not cover the costs of processing. The 2nd line of the plant is being designed - automatic, for obtaining better and more expensive recyclable materials (combustion closet - plastics processing). The main way to obtain recyclables at ESBMZ is sorting, pressing, and then selling. Wood is processed into wood chips, which are used as fuel and put on sale, fabrics, paper, plastics and glass are pressed and processed, what cannot be recycled is taken to landfills.

About 100 thousand types of chemicals are produced annually in the world, and a thousand new ones are added to this list every year. Chemicals are ubiquitous throughout the world and can be found in food, cosmetics, and children's toys.

When we buy, for example, soap, face cream, medicines or tights, we can be sure that they contain chemicals in their composition. They are added to a wide variety of products to add a pleasant smell or kill bacteria, change color or clean surfaces.

Table 2 - Content of various chemicals in waste

Waste types	Types of chemicals
PLASTIC	Organochlorine compounds, organic solvents in PVC containers
PESTICIDES	organochlorine compounds, organophosphorus compounds
MEDICINES	organic solvents and sediments, traces of heavy metals
PAINTS	heavy metals, dyes, solvents, organic precipitates
RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES	heavy metals
ENGINE OIL, PETROL	oils, phenols and other organic compounds, heavy metals, ammonia, acid salts, caustic soda
METALS	heavy metals, dyes, salts of abrasive coatings, oils, phenols
LEATHER	heavy metals
TEXTILE	dyes containing heavy metals, organochlorine compounds

Human exposure to chemicals can occur in a variety of ways: by inhalation, by skin contact, and by ingestion (with food). Once ingested, the chemicals are distributed to different parts of the body, where they are metabolized, which can be accompanied by the transformation of these substances into both less toxic and more toxic than the parent compound.

Children are exposed to harmful chemicals under certain circumstances:

eat contaminated food;

drink contaminated water and drinks;

play in polluted areas;

have access to harmful chemicals that are stored inappropriately;

help adults with agricultural work.

Table 3 - Pollution of the environment and possible violations of human health

Major pollutants	Possible human health disorders
Heavy metals, lead, cadmium, zinc.	Disorder of hemoglobin biosynthesis, changes in the body's defense mechanisms. Functional and organic disorders of cardio-vascular system. Intoxication of the central nervous system. Mental disorders. Functional disorders of the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract. Accumulation of lead in the body (in bones, blood, urine), lagging behind the physical development of children, up to death.
Vapors of metallic mercury, its inorganic and organic compounds. Mercury	Accumulation of mercury in the body (in the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen, pancreas, muscle tissue, blood, milk, cerebrospinal fluid, hair). Neuropsychiatric disorders, increased overall morbidity. In children - hypertension, increased tooth decay. Irreversible damage to the central nervous system and brain.
Oils, phenols	Increase in general morbidity, respiratory diseases
Hydrocarbons, including benzapyrene	Irritation of the respiratory tract, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness. Decreased immunological activity of the body.

As can be seen from the table, heavy metals are of particular danger, causing damage to almost all organ systems, especially the nervous system and respiratory organs. No less dangerous are sewage and fecal effluents from cities. A particular danger in this case is associated with the possibility of epidemics of infectious diseases.

In our country, 104 kg is thrown out per year. waste per person. This figure could decrease if a person did not help to pollute our city. Every year there is an increase in unauthorized dumps in the city and in the vicinity.

We have found such landfills in the villages of Teleshi in the Gomel region, in the villages of Uza and in the city of Gomel on Voiskovaya Street, where the wasteland is temporarily located. A person throwing garbage in the wrong place does not think about the consequences of their actions. But this garbage contains the entire bouquet of those substances that are toxic to humans.

In the world and in our city, there is a fight against unauthorized waste disposal. Table 4 presents the main penalties for such activities.

Table 4.- Administrative offenses against environmental safety, environment.

Article title	Administrative responsibility.
15.21. Violation of the procedure for the use of the forest fund.	Imposition of a fine in the amount of five to thirty basic units, on individual entrepreneur- from 10 to 100 base units.
15.30. Pollution of forests and other trees and shrubs	Pollution with household waste - a fine of up to 20 base units
15.48. Air pollution
15.51. Water pollution	Fine from 4 to 20 base units.
15.58. Lighting fires in prohibited places	It entails a warning or a fine of up to 20 basic units.
15.63. Violation of the legislation of the Republic of Belarus on waste	Fine from 20 to 50 base units.
15.2 Violation of environmental safety requirements	Fine from 10 to 40 base units.
15.4 Violation of safety rules when handling genetically engineered organisms, environmentally hazardous substances and waste 1. violation of the rules for storage, use, transportation, burial or other handling of radioactive, bacteriological, chemical substances or production and consumption waste
15.5 Violation of the order of disposal of radioactive waste, products, materials and other items	It entails the imposition of a fine from 10 to 50 basic units.

Authorized persons can draw up protocols and impose a fine on the violator of the ecological safety of the environment. If we treat nature carefully, it will delight our eyes with beautiful landscapes for a long time, a person has the right to control his actions, because this will increase his life expectancy.

Conclusion

As a result of the work carried out, the following conclusions were drawn:

in a big city there is a problem of environmental pollution with household and industrial waste. The main measure to combat this problem is: the receipt of waste at the ESBMZ plant, where it is processed in order to obtain recyclable materials.

Non-recycled waste goes to landfills, where it is buried and disposed of. Two polygons have been created in Gomel: PBO and PNPO.

Storing garbage in landfills does not solve the problem of environmental pollution with waste; garbage at landfills and city streets affects health, because various toxic substances enter the human body, which cause damage to almost all organ systems, especially the nervous system and respiratory organs. No less dangerous are sewage and fecal effluents from cities. A particular danger in this case is associated with the possibility of epidemics of infectious diseases.

The amount of garbage is increasing every year, now this figure is 104 kg per person or more.

Every year there is an increase in unauthorized dumps in the city and in the vicinity.

The main measures to combat unauthorized waste disposal is the imposition of a fine, on average in the amount of 10 to 50 basic units, depending on the amount of damage. The fine imposed on an individual and legal entity is 10 times higher than this figure.

I would like to advise people to treat the environment more carefully, not to throw garbage anywhere. The common man always has the opportunity to help nature. For example, the collection and delivery of waste paper and scrap metal, which can reduce the storage of household waste on city streets.

1. SP 2.1.7 1038-01 "Hygienic requirements for the arrangement and maintenance of landfills for municipal solid waste".

2. SP 3183-84 "Procedure for the accumulation, transportation, neutralization and disposal of toxic industrial waste".

3. Butyagin V.A. Planning and improvement of cities. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1989.

4. Handbook edited by A.N. Mirny. Sanitary cleaning and cleaning of populated areas - M .: Stroyizdat, 1985.

5. Kolbovsky E.Yu. Ecology for the curious, or what you don't learn in class. - Yaroslavl: "Academy of Development", "Academy K", 1998.

6. Nebel B. Science about the environment: How the world is arranged: In 2 volumes - M .: Mir, 1993.

Annex A

PBO polygon

Plant ESBMZ

Unauthorized dumps

Municipal budgetary educational institution

Chernivtsi secondary school

Regional tour of the All-Russian action

"Chronicle of good deeds for the conservation of nature"

Nomination "Ecological well-being of the place of residence"

household waste,

its impact on the environment

Supervisor

, teacher of biology and ecology

Chernovka

2010

1 .INTRODUCTION………………..………………………………………………… 3 -4

1.1. The purpose and relevance of the research work ……………………… 5

1.2.Tasks ……………………………………………………………………..5

2. MAIN PART……………………………………………………...6

2.1. Hypothesis………………………………………………………………………7

2.2. Method of work…………………………………………………………….7

2.3. Danger of household waste………………………………………………..7-8

2.4. Danger of landfills for the environment and public health……..8

2.5. Ingredients of natural dumps…………………………………………….9

2. The main stages of the project implementation……………………………..10-11

12

3.OUR OFFERS……………………………………………………13

4. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………..13

5.APPENDICES……………………………………………………………….14-19

6. USED LITERATURE………………………………………….20

What is happening in the world

But we all just live

We just eat, we just drink

Just throwing trash

Garbage mountain, only we

We do not notice him

We eat again, we drink again

In general, we just live

1. INTRODUCTION

Human life is inextricably linked with nature. Different peoples, depending on their social and cultural-historical conditions of existence, the attitude to nature had its own expression, reflecting the mores, customs and traditions. different eras and formations.

Household waste is one of the types of human waste. It is formed in residential buildings, educational institutions, children's institutions, hospitals, hotels, office buildings, etc. For one human life it accumulates a lot.

Every home produces a huge amount of unnecessary materials and products. Traditionally, all this is thrown away. The problem of garbage has been eternal.

The world is changing, but not enough to save a person from having to take out the trash. This garbage is getting bigger and bigger.

2.10. conclusions

It is estimated that 1 ton of burning garbage produces 30 kg of carbon monoxide. Thus, when burning 8 kg, which we burned every day in 2007, 2.4 kg is formed. carbon monoxide is about 0.05g per liter of air. Now this number has decreased by 10 times. Such at first glance, harmless garbage, like paper mixed with various plastic products, becomes extremely dangerous when it is burned. But this way of getting rid of garbage in our school is still accepted as the only possible one. On the one hand, paper is a clean ecological product consisting of carbon and hydrogen. Therefore, when it is burned, carbon dioxide and water are formed. But we must not forget that these substances are formed at a very high temperature and a sufficient amount of oxygen.

v to bring to the attention of the public information on the possibilities of using and methods of re-involvement in the circulation of hazardous waste, indicating the addresses of collection points;

v to invite the population to bring to the attention of the district administration and the department of ecology information on the volumes of formation of spontaneous dumps, their locations through the hotline;

v create a special environmental commission that will control the removal of waste to designated areas and the destruction of spontaneous dumps;

v find funds and remove spontaneous dumps, install a sufficient number of garbage containers;

v organize collection points for certain types of household waste in the village of Chernovka;

v offer the public various types of containers for storing various types of waste;

v introduce and increase fines for dumping household waste in the wrong places and rewards for vigilance;

A survey of the population from nearby houses showed a lack of elementary ideas about the ecological situation in the village, the danger of a landfill, revealed a complete misunderstanding of the problem and the absence of any desire to solve it. It is not enough to destroy this landfill, it is necessary to solve the problem at the root, raising the ecological culture of the population, holding outreach activities and electing people to the local council - patriots of the village, able and willing to fight for its cleanliness and improvement not only on the central streets, but also on the outskirts.

Bibliography.

1., "Ecological workshop of a schoolchild"

Samara: Fedorov Corporation, Publishing House " Educational literature" 2005 year.

2., "Workshop on the course of the BASICS OF ECOLOGY"

3. Biology at school No. 5 1998.

4. The second life of things. eva, Enlightenment, Moscow, 1993.

"Solid industrial and household waste, their properties and processing",

Moscow, Ecology of cities, 1999.

6. Zhilin problems of waste disposal //

Supervisor

, teacher of biology and ecology

Chernovka

transcript

1 VIII district competition in school local history “Ryazan land. Story. Monuments. People". Section "Ecology". Research work: "Household waste and its impact on human health." The work was done by a student of class 10 "B" of the MOU "NSOSH 3": Sednev Alexander Alexandrovich, Novomichurinsk, 16d, apartment 15 Supervisor Korneeva G.P. biology teacher, MOU "NSOSH 3", Novomichurinsk, Smiryagin ave., 13, apt. 25 t Novomichurinsk

2 Contents. 1. Introduction p. Goals and objectives of the study... p.5 3. Materials and research methods... p. .I... page Results of laboratory studies... page Conclusion.. page Literature used. Appendix 2 page

3 Introduction. The main problem is the problem of the impact of household waste on human health. We cannot close our eyes to the fact that huge mountains of stale garbage are not just a scar on the face of our native city, but also very real threat health and even life of its inhabitants. Unauthorized dumps of various wastes are a direct environmental hazard, the epicenter of contamination of air, soil, and, as a result, groundwater, through which infection and toxic substances can spread from the center of infection to significant states. The problems of garbage collection and disposal should not be reduced to a simple removal of waste outside the city limits, followed by uncontrolled dumping into one huge landfill. Proper organization of sorting of industrial, construction or household waste and its subsequent processing is perhaps even more complex and time-consuming process than the removal of waste from residential areas. Where does garbage come from? It is produced by the man himself. There are durable foods. And there are those that are used for a week, a month, and sometimes just one day. These are light bulbs, tubes of toothpaste, etc. All these things sooner or later become waste. For example, batteries, plastics, car batteries. Once in the natural environment, they begin to release toxic substances that enter rivers and groundwater. Once in landfills, many of the chemical compounds that make up garbage, such as polyethylene, decompose extremely slowly, and when burned, dioxins, toxic substances, are released into the atmosphere. It is known that the comfort of human life depends on the degree of cleanliness, grooming and landscaping of settlements and suburban areas. Pollution of the environment with household waste is rampant, every year the question becomes more acute: “What to do? So how can we cut down on this insane amount of garbage being thrown out? What are the most efficient and environmentally friendly ways to dispose of waste? Is it possible to approach the solution of this issue from the standpoint of the position "Waste - a second life." 3

4 For example, plastic bottles and other packaging containers do not decompose like ordinary garbage, which causes irreparable damage to the environment. Plastic containers can be buried, but this leads to an increase in the area of ​​landfills. In addition, it can be burned, but this way of disposal is environmentally unsafe, since a lot of harmful substances enter the atmosphere. These and other questions led us to find out how all types of household waste affect human health? What are the ways to solve this problem? four

5 Goals and objectives of the study. Analyze the impact of MSW on human health. Assess the ecological culture of the population. Determine the degree of contamination of the study area Conduct a sociological survey of residents of the city of Novomichurinsk Draw conclusions about the work done Materials and methods of research The objects of study are: household and industrial waste of the city of Novomichurinsk. Subject of study: authorized and unauthorized garbage collection sites. The research program includes the solution of the following tasks: 1. Collection of information about the types of waste, the impact on the body and the environment. 2. Studying methods of waste disposal and processing 3. Finding unauthorized garbage collection sites in the city 4. Analysis of soil samples from landfill sites 5

6 The impact of MSW on human health The severity of the impact of waste treatment and disposal on the environment depends on the amount of waste produced, its composition, the amount of illegally buried waste, the amount of waste placed in a landfill. Final waste treatment, today, means either landfilling or incineration, and these two types of final treatment have different, but in both cases negative, environmental impacts. Waste disposal in landfills leads to the release of methane, one of the greenhouse gases and hazardous chemicals that have a harmful effect on the environment. Waste incineration leads to the release of gases from the chimneys of plants that burn them. These gases contain hazardous chemicals such as cadmium, mercury and lead. The toxicity of heavy metals during their isolated action on a warm-blooded organism has been sufficiently studied. It is known that when they enter the body, they can affect the function of hematopoiesis, cause changes in the morphological composition of peripheral blood, block sulfhydryl groups, and pose a danger, contributing to the development of carcinogenic, genetic and other long-term biological effects. In addition, the natural environment is affected by the release of biogas - methane, oxygen, carbon dioxide, the content of which can be tens of percent. Biochemical decomposition and chemical oxidation of the landfill material may be accompanied by the formation of heat emission centers with an increase in temperatures up to 75 C, i.e. spontaneous combustion of the waste is possible. The rotting of MSW material is accompanied by the spread of odor over a distance of more than 1 km. Harmful impact on humans The impact of environmental factors that pose a threat to human life and health, or a threat to human life or health of future generations. 6

7 Waste classification. Studying the waste, we classified them into certain groups: special waste, household waste and waste from industrial enterprises. Household waste: paper, books, notebooks, magazines; glass jars and bottles; canned metal cans; vegetable peelings, eggshells (organic residues); plastic packaging; cardboard bags and boxes; plastic bags and packages; worn out textiles (socks, tights not subject to darning, etc.) wood products; metal, iron, rubber things (for example, old toys). Special waste: batteries; residues of paints, varnishes, adhesives; cosmetic residues (eyeshadow, nail polish, nail polish remover); unused or expired medicines; residues of household chemicals (cleaning products, deodorants, stain removers, aerosols, furniture care products, etc.); mercury thermometers; autocosmetics. Waste from industrial enterprises: radioactive waste; mercury and its compounds chemical industry wastes; arsenic and its compounds contained in the waste of metallurgical industries and thermal power plants; lead compounds. 7

8 We found out that waste contains various chemical compounds: Types of waste PLASTIC PESTICIDES PESTICIDES MEDICINES PAINTS BATTERIES ENGINE OIL, GASOLINE METALS LEATHER TEXTILE Types of chemicals Organochlorine compounds, organic solvents in PVC containers organic solvents and residues, traces of heavy metals heavy metals, dyes, solvents, organic residues heavy metals oils, phenols and other organic compounds, heavy metals, ammonia, acid salts, caustic soda heavy metals, dyes, abrasive coating salts, oils, heavy phenols metals dyes containing heavy metals, organochlorine compounds 8

9 These chemical compounds have a very strong impact on human health Main pollutants Heavy metals, lead, cadmium, zinc. Fumes of metallic mercury, its inorganic and organic compounds. Mercury Oils, phenols Hydrocarbons, including benzapyrene Possible human health disorders Disorder of hemoglobin biosynthesis, changes in the body's defense mechanisms. Functional and organic disorders of the cardiovascular system. Intoxication of the central nervous system. Mental disorders. Functional disorders of the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract. Accumulation of lead in the body (in bones, blood, urine), lagging behind the physical development of children, up to death. Accumulation of mercury in the body (in the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen, pancreas, muscle tissue, blood, milk, cerebrospinal fluid, hair). Neuropsychiatric disorders, increased overall morbidity. In children - hypertension, increased tooth decay. Irreversible damage to the central nervous system and brain. Increase in general morbidity, respiratory diseases Irritation of the respiratory tract, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness. Decreased immunological activity of the body. 9

10 Ways to dispose of garbage. Scientists believe that there is no one effective way to deal with garbage, and cannot be in principle. Many believe that the most effective method of dealing with garbage is incineration. But garbage should never be burned. In the fire and smoke of such bonfires, chemicals are formed, many of which are extremely dangerous to humans. With smoke, these substances are easily transported over long distances. Through windows and even air conditioners, toxic substances enter our house, settle on food, clothes and skin. Finally, they enter our body through the lungs. The toxic ash left after the burning of garbage is carried by the wind and washed into the groundwater. Burning trash is not allowed. By doing so, we endanger our lives and the lives of others and harm the environment. This ban must be absolute! Here are some figures: when burning 1 ton of solid waste, 320 kg of slag, 30 kg of fly ash, 6 thousand m3 of flue gases containing oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, hydrogen fluoride are formed. We can wait for a long time when a sufficient number of waste processing enterprises will be built in our country, which will process waste in the most efficient and effective way. in a safe way. The huge amount of garbage generated as a result of human activity has led to the emergence of an industry dedicated to its processing. arose scientific direction garbology, which means "garbage collection" in translation. Garbologists around the world are looking for different ways out of the garbage impasse. What to do? Is there any hope for victory in the "fight" with garbage? The collection of secondary raw materials has already been established in the world. Most developed countries use separate containers for different types garbage: food waste, glass, paper, hazardous substances, etc. This saves a lot of money in their processing. Food waste, for example, are processed much easier, with less energy and money, while non-food ones require deeper processing. Besides, certain types garbage (paper, glass, metal) can not be destroyed, but recycled into useful things. Garbage can and should be given a “second life”. In our country, such work has been carried out since 2005. However, attempts to accustom the population to such collection of waste have not yet given any particular result. ten

11 Survey of the population and conversation with Shumilova E.I. In order to assess the ecological culture of the population of our city, we interviewed one hundred residents of Novomichurinsk. We asked them the following questions: Do you know about the harmful effects of MSW (in particular packaging material) on health and the environment? Do you always throw garbage in specially designated places on the street? If not, why not? (no litter bins, the janitors will clean up after me) Do you think that every trash thrown and accumulated around us is part of an environmental problem? (see the results of the survey in Appendix 1.2) Having studied public opinion residents of the city of Novomichurinsk, and after analyzing it, we found the following: most (mostly young) people are not aware of the harmful effects of garbage on their health. Illegal landfills know from three to five. Little is known about the existence of legal dumps, since there is only one. However, there are those (mostly elderly people) who have a sharply negative attitude towards landfills. They believe that waste has a strong effect on the health of residents. In a way to deal with landfills, they propose the introduction of fines in particular large size. In addition, we have repeatedly heard from them dissatisfied statements that stray dogs take away garbage from unauthorized dumps almost throughout the city. Studying opinions local residents, we have identified some places of illegal dumps: garage cooperatives, banks of rivers and lakes (Appendix 3, 4). During a conversation with the head of the urban settlement, Shumilova Elena Ivanovna (see Appendix 5), we found out that the municipal waste dump is owned by OGK-2. It is located outside the city of Novomichurinsk at a distance of 5 km. Garbage is brought to it from all over the city, and the removal takes place twice a day according to the schedule from houses where there are paved areas specifically for this purpose. Garbage removal from yards is carried out by 5 cars and from private 11

12 organizations with 4 tractors. Garbage at MSW is compacted, but is not taken out anywhere else. Individuals who repeatedly violate laws on waste disposal are subject to a fine of 2,000 to 5,000 rubles, and with legal entities from 5000 and more. Despite the fact that there is more and more garbage in MSW, in Ryazan region So far, there is not a single waste processing plant, and its construction is not planned in the near future. 12

13 Results of laboratory researches. Based on the presence of garbage in landfills, we assumed that the soil may contain products of chemical decomposition of garbage. We decided to check for the presence of iron, lead, mercury, chromium and copper ions in the soil of unauthorized dumps. To do this, we took soil from a landfill in the garage cooperative "Zarya" - 1 and "Motor" -2 and along the banks of the Galinka-3 river. Determination of iron ions (II and III) in the soil. Add 3 ml of extract to two test tubes. Pour a few drops of a solution of red blood salt K3 (Fe (CN)) 6 into the first test tube, and a few drops of a 10% solution of potassium thiocyanate KSCN into the other. The blue color in the first test tube and red in the second one indicates the presence of iron (II) and iron (III) compounds in the soil. Determination of lead ions. Place a few drops of the test solution on a sheet of filter paper and add one drop of freshly prepared 0.21% sodium rhodisonate solution. In the presence of lead ions, a blue spot or ring is formed. Determination of mercury ions. Place 4-5 drops of aqueous soil extract into a test tube and carefully lower the stick moistened with a solution of potassium iodide. A bright red ring of mercury iodide forms around the stick, which quickly disappears. Determination of copper ions. Place 3-5 mg of water soil extract into a porcelain cup. Carefully evaporate to dryness and apply a drop of concentrated ammonia solution to the peripheral part of the stain. The appearance of an intense blue or violet color indicates the presence of copper ions. Determination of chromium ions. Place 3-5 mg of aqueous soil extract into a porcelain cup, carefully evaporate to dryness and apply a drop of diphenylcarbazide solution. 13

14 The pink color that appears indicates the presence of chromium ions in the soil. Thus, I found out that in all three soil samples there are iron (II and III) ions, in samples 1 and 3 traces of lead. Ions of copper, mercury and chromium were not detected (see Appendix 6.7). During the chemical analysis, it can be concluded that iron could have entered the soil as a result of rusting of iron scrap. With water, iron is washed into water bodies and enters the groundwater. According to the latest scientists, an excess of iron can provoke liver and lung cancer. Rheumatoid arthritis also often occurs on the background of excess iron. Inorganic lead compounds (pb 2 +) disrupt metabolism, causing mental retardation and brain diseases in children. Lead can replace calcium in the bones, becoming a constant source of poisoning. Organic lead compounds are even more toxic. Lead has an irreversible effect on the nervous and reproductive systems, causing anemia. fourteen

15 Conclusion. The obtained results of chemical analysis confirm the opinion of the villagers that the decomposition products of household waste are present and affect human health. The problems of garbage collection and disposal should not be reduced to simple waste disposal with subsequent uncontrolled dumping into one huge landfill. Proper organization of sorting of industrial, construction or household waste and its subsequent processing is perhaps even more complex and time-consuming process than the removal of waste from residential areas. After all, in the place where the landfills are located, forests could grow or berries will appear. It is known that the comfort of human life depends on the degree of cleanliness, grooming and landscaping of settlements and suburban areas. The growing population of cities and towns, a change in the structure of consumption leads to an increase in the amount of household waste, and the solution of the problem of waste disposal becomes more complicated. Pollution of the environment with household waste is rampant, every year the question becomes more acute: “What to do? So how can we cut down on this insane amount of garbage being thrown out?” In our city, in spring and autumn, subbotniks “Make your city cleaner” are held. School students and residents of the city always take part in this action. In the last two years, residents of the city of Novomichurinsk have stopped burning fallen leaves. This has a good effect on the purity of the air in the city. Having studied and analyzed this problem, the high school students of our school are talking about the impact of household waste on human health. And we hope that in the future there will be fewer unauthorized dumps. To do this, I would like to ask the city administration: to tighten the system of punishment of irresponsible citizens for dumping garbage in unauthorized places; to find funds and remove spontaneous dumps; to organize collection points for certain types of household waste: batteries, plastic bottles and used lamps. The main guarantee of the cleanliness of the city is the realization by each resident that it is necessary to start solving this problem with oneself, not to remain indifferent to all its problems, including the problem of the ecological state. The slogan should be the words: Purely not where they clean, but where they do not litter. fifteen

16 Literature used: 1. Garbage is a physical and chemical problem. "Science and Life" 7, 1978; 2. V. Ulyanov, On the existing methods of disposal of solid household waste // Ecological Bulletin "Clean Land", Vladimir, Spec. issue, 1, 1997, with Bespamyatnov, G.P. Maximum allowable concentrations of chemicals in the environment. Handbook.- L .: "Chemistry", S.V. Alekseev, S.V. Workshop on ecology Moscow. 1996 5. Nebel B. Science about the environment: How the world works: In 2 volumes - M .: Mir,

17 Appendix 1 of the material. 96% answered negatively and only 4% are aware of the impact of packaging 100% 80% 60% 40% no yes 20% 0% 96% 4% 85% throws garbage on the ground, and 15% brings it to the bins. 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 85% 15%

18 Annex 2 59% believe that there are people who will clean up for this, for which they are paid, 41% - there are not enough trash cans. 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% I will be taken away no waste bins 10% 0% 59% 41% 77% do not even think about this problem, 23% sometimes think, but believe that they are unable to do anything . 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 77% 23% no sometimes 18

19 19 Appendix 3

20 20 Appendix 4

21 21 Appendix 5

22 22 Appendix 6

23 Annex 7 Object of study Fe 2+ Fe 3+ Pb 2+ Hg 2+ Cu 2+ Cr 2+ Sample _ Sample Sample _ 23

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Contents WHAT'S WRONG WITH PLASTIC?.................. 6 YOUR PLASTIC........................ 14 A HOUSE WITHOUT PLASTIC..................... 35 ON THE RUNNING..................... ........ 61 SPECIAL CASES .......................

In the process of human life, garbage of various origins appears, which is transported to specially organized landfills located in a certain area near it there are no residential buildings and commercial organizations. On them grief of garbage poisoning the environment is formed.

In the future, the landfill is burned, buried or disposed of in another way. It is considered the most the best option disposal of garbage. However, the elimination of waste in this way has a negative impact on the environment. Since it must be separated by origin in order to properly dispose of it.

Some people throw garbage in the wrong places, littering the streets of the city. Since waste negatively affects the environment and, accordingly, human health, such behavior leads to negative consequences.

Some waste releases gas when decomposed, destroying the environment, and if we consider the issue of unauthorized dumps, which cause enormous damage to the environment. This problem is partially solvable, people should take waste to specially designated places, this will help preserve the living environment. Also, in addition to gas, some wastes emit chemicals that, when buried in a landfill, can enter groundwater and also cause significant harm. Also, due to temperature changes, the greenhouse effect occurs, which forms harmful and dangerous gases that destroy the atmosphere. As a result of these processes, anomalies occur in weather conditions.

Already on the basis of these data, it can be concluded that landfills, including unauthorized ones, are a great danger and cause irreparable harm to the environment. In order to cope fully with this threat, it is necessary to organize non-waste production, i.e. safe recycling.