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Finland is a state in the north of Europe, which occupies the 1st place in the list of " Top Countries world" according to Newsweek magazine.
But Finland is famous not only for high-quality products, inexpensive cottages, practically free medicine for the inhabitants of the country and completely free initial and higher education but also the attitude of the state and ordinary citizens to the environment.
A story about the Finnish experience of waste disposal or how to make the city cleaner.
In this small northern country, almost everything that can be recycled is recycled, including organic waste, which is used to make compost.
The waste collection system in Finland is very developed and includes both containers for separate collection of waste in residential yards or in private houses, as well as the so-called drop-off centers at large urban supermarkets. Various other initiatives can be found everywhere to increase the percentage of recycled waste.
1. Compost bin in city parks
2. Selective bins in shopping malls 
In the world, there are various schemes for collecting recyclables by type. In one case, all recyclable waste is collected in one container.
Here the main task is to separate recyclables from food waste, which can contaminate it and complicate further processing.
And the main sorting is carried out after the waste enters the waste sorting station.
In another case, serious pre-sorting is carried out by the residents themselves, laying out the waste in several tanks intended for different types- plastic, glass, metal, etc. There may be a different number of such tanks.
In Finland, the second option is chosen.
Tanks for separate waste collection in yards and houses are served by various private and municipal companies. There are a lot of them in every major Finnish city. Therefore, the type of individual containers may vary depending on the company transporting the waste.
These can be multi-colored plastic tanks on wheels, one large pohto container with different compartments, or buried tanks of the same color.
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I must say that scrupulous Finns sort recyclables very carefully and responsibly. In addition to the fact that order and accuracy in all spheres of life flourish in the country, thoughtful economic incentives also contribute to this.
Thus, there is a system under which people who jointly own shares of their housing (analogous to HOA) have benefits on housing fees and utilities, if they sort waste well and efficiently, and also do not produce too much of it.
In Helsinki, we talked with a Russian-speaking woman, an employee of the local water utility. She said that thanks to the responsibility of the tenants in last year they did not pay utility bills for 2 months a year. True, the picture was spoiled by a woman from Belarus, who did not want to sort the garbage and thereby let her more responsible neighbors down. Now they are re-educating her with the whole house. Here such here ecological mutual responsibility turns out.
In Finland, as in many EU countries, there is a system of deposit value of packaging. This means that when buying a product, the buyer pays not only for the product, but also for the packaging (usually these are cans and bottles from various drinks). This amount is fixed, and the buyer can get it back by returning the used container to the store.
The packaging always indicates the deposit value.
And the check also always indicates how much you can get back. Pay attention to the lines with the name Pantti. This is the amount of the deposit.
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To do this, in most stores, both large and small, there are special machines that accept cans and bottles, and then issue a check with the amount that the buyer can get back. Further, both plastic and glass bottles are sent back to the beverage industry, where they are refilled. Therefore, not only glass container can be used several times, but also plastic.
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Unlike the same vending machines (a Russian trademark for vending machines for receiving aluminum cans and PET bottles from the population) installed in Moscow, their Finnish counterparts work properly - you can load many bottles in a row into them, and then get a check, and don't wait for change after every jar and they always work.
After the container gets inside, the machine recognizes the material by the barcode and sorts the cans and bottles by type.
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Nearby is usually a container in which you can put plastic bags. And, of course, a sink. Everything is very neat.
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For stores, such machines are, in fact, a kind of loyalty program, because machines and cashing money by checks are tied to specific retail chains and allow you to attract customers. It turns out that the buyer will still return with this check to the chain of stores where he handed over the container.
Or you can not cash a check, but donate directly without leaving the machine for good deeds. Here in this store they collect donation checks to save the marine archipelago.
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In all stores, the cost of the delivered container hangs above the machines.
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Such machines are everywhere - they can be found at a gas station somewhere near Helsinki, and in a tiny grocery store in Turku. Everything here is the same as in a large supermarket - the cost of the delivered container hangs, a washbasin and a tank for plastic bags are installed. Only one machine.
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In fairness, it should be noted that if you want to cash out, you don’t have to buy something - of course, you can present the check from the machine along with your purchases to the cashier and get the appropriate discount, or you can just come to the cashier and get your money.
Here are the checks that the machine issues. There are several of them because they handed over repeatedly. And if you send several bottles and cans to the machine at one time, then you get one check. It's convenient and doesn't take a lot of paper.
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12. We approach the cashier without any purchases and ... 
…we get our money without any problems or delay.
The system of collateral value of containers allows to return to circulation a fairly large number of plastic and glass bottles, as well as aluminum cans. You can also deposit beverage containers that do not have a deposit into the vending machines (for example, purchased in a duty free shop, brought from another country, or simply not participating in the deposit value system). In this case, the machine will simply accept the packaging and send it for recycling, but you will not receive a deposit.
In a large shopping center in Helsinki, which has several grocery stores, a separate convenient room has been allocated for the drop-off center. Finnish drop-off centers are clearly visible - you won't pass by.
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Inside the premises there are vending machines for receiving containers with a deposit value, containers for cardboard, paper and plastic bags, as well as a tank for batteries.
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In Finland, in addition to automatic containers, there are so-called drop-off centers where you can hand over all other types of waste that do not have a deposit value.
There are such centers at large Finnish supermarket chains - Prisma, K-Market, S-Market and so on. The presence of such centers is not a legal obligation for supermarkets. However, the store management relies on organizing the collection of various types of waste, because it is economically justified and attracts additional customers who, along with visiting the store, can also get rid of recyclables.
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People very actively use such tanks at hypermarkets. Someone brings a little recyclables with them in a bag, and someone comes to the store for shopping and at the same time unloads several bags of containers from the trunk. At some point, near the tanks, there was even a practically traffic jam from cars, the owners of which brought recyclables.
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For Finnish top managers, it is clear that this will attract buyers who care about nature. These are things that go without saying and do not raise any questions in Finland.
In addition to the drop-off center, the hypermarket also has a small corner with boxes for collecting batteries, as well as stands with various useful environmental information. This is not just an instruction, but a whole guide to separate waste collection, which lists all the possibilities to hand over recyclables in the city. Very detailed and well described.
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Also in the shopping center we find the initiative of the state monopoly for the sale of alcohol - the Alko chain of stores. They set up a small container for plastic bags and films used to pack alcoholic beverages.
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Nearby there is a locker in which you can put cardboard boxes of wine.
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As in the case of bins in the residential sector, the composition of the collected waste and appearance tanks varies depending on the service company - each has its own capacity and processing capabilities. For example, such deep tanks are installed at the S-Market store.
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Near Prisma stores there are also buried tanks.
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In the three largest regions of Finland - Tampere, Turku and Helsinki - the main companies that remove waste for recycling are municipal. They ensure the removal of both tanks in the yards and tanks from drop-off centers at supermarkets. Thus, the municipality guarantees the trading network that there is a company that will take out and recycle the garbage. All that remains for stores is to organize the collection of garbage itself - tanks, a platform or a separate room, campaigning, etc., but this is already the responsibility of the retail chain.
And this is what the tanks look like at K-Market stores. In addition to traditional paper, cardboard, bottles various colors there are also containers for collecting various unnecessary things, which can then be reused - basically, they put clothes in them.
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In general, the Finns have shown well that the organization of recycling centers by retail chains is possible, and that responsible business, together with people, can contribute to solving the problem of waste at the store level.
A worthy example and a way to make cities cleaner.
Cspruce:
- to form children's ideas about the general requirements for the improvement of the city, ensuring cleanliness and order;
- to form the initial ideas of children about the need to sort household waste;
- to form a socially active position on the protection and preservation of the clean environment of the city;
- development creativity, communication skills;
- to form the basis of environmental literacy, a sense of responsibility and love for nature;
- draw the attention of students and their parents to the environmental problems of the city;
- to help the child feel like a resident of the city, involved in his fate, in the preservation and development of his culture.
Equipment: multimedia presentation; video materials; photographs of the city; cards with the image of various household items; five "containers" with inscriptions (plastic, metal, glass, food waste, paper); colour pencils; crafts.
Lesson progress
I. Organization of the class. (Slide 2)
Teacher:
I want to stand at dawn.
To meet the sun first.
Shout: "S Good morning, Sun!"
And it will smile at me.
- Good morning! - Sun and birds.
- Good morning! - you smiling faces.
- Come on, guys, give each other kind smiles.
II.Activity motivation. Presentation of the topic and objectives of the lesson.
Meeting the guest.
Brownie Kuzya:
Oh who is it? Oh what is it? Where did I go again? Nafanya!
Who will you be? Hello! And we are brownies, we bring happiness to the house.
What happens, I flew over the city, checked the order and got lost again? Nafanya! Oh, this Baba Yaga broom, I asked the city to show me, I wanted to see if it was clean, but she flew here to you. This is no accident!
Teacher:
Hello Kuzenka. It's good that you came to us. The guys and I will talk about our city. How to make it cleaner, more beautiful. Will you help us, give advice?
Brownie Kuzya:
Willingly! I’ll tell you a lot, I’ll play, I’ll teach you how to put things in order.
Teacher:
Did you like our city, Kuzya?
Brownie Kuzya:
Everything is good, but there is a lot of garbage. There is no one to remove it. And where does it come from?
Teacher:
That's what we'll talk about today.
III. Main part.
1. The word of the teacher. (Slide 3)
Our beloved city is getting more and more beautiful every day. New modern buildings appear. As if by magic they grow bright flowers on numerous flowerbeds, magnificent fountains exude coolness. As if by magic ... Of course, looking from the side, you might think so. But you and I know that this is the fruit of the labor of many, many people.
Our city is getting prettier not by magic. There are people who make all these miracles happen: fountains appear, streets are landscaped and greened, new buildings are built.
These people care about today cities, not forgetting yesterday, dreaming about tomorrow.
How to clean the city from garbage? Do not litter! After all, everyone knows the truth - not purely where they clean, but where they do not litter.
So each of us has to make a choice: to bring cleanliness, order and comfort only in our own apartment or in our own entrance, in the yard and even on the street. From this choice depends on which city we will live!
2. Where does garbage come from? (Slide 4-5)
Teacher:
It is produced by the man himself. Everything that a person first produces, later becomes garbage. There are products that we use for a long time - cars, televisions, refrigerators, bicycles, etc. And there are those that are used from one to five years. These are shoes, clothes, etc. But there is also something that is used for a week, a month, and sometimes just one day. These are light bulbs, tubes of toothpaste, etc. All these things sooner or later become waste. Once in landfills, many of the substances that make up garbage, such as polyethylene, decompose extremely slowly, and when burned, they release toxic substances into the atmosphere.
Every year, every person leaves a lot of garbage. Every day we throw away tin cans, various packaging, paper, bottles, plastic and plastic items, old household appliances and much more.
Brownie Kuzya:
How do we get rid of garbage? Where does he go then? (We throw garbage in a bin, trash can or container.) (Slide 6 - 7)
(The car picks up garbage from containers, tanks and takes it somewhere.)
3. About the dangers of garbage. (Slide 9)
Yes, every day a huge amount of garbage is generated in the city, which is taken out by special machines and sent to a landfill. A landfill is a collection of garbage. Garbage emits toxic substances, and this is dangerous for human health. Remember, there are garbage cans near your houses. If the cars take out the garbage every day, there is almost no smell, but if the garbage is not taken out quite for a long time, then it is unpleasant to pass by such tanks. Why? (Ugly heap, nasty smell.) The same smell is emitted in large dumps outside our city, poisoning the air and soil around. But in the place of landfills there could be parks, forests ...
If stored improperly, garbage begins to rot, toxic gases are released into the air we breathe. Wastewater enters the soil and then underground water, poisoned water may enter our faucet. In such garbage dumps, flies are bred, rodents that carry various diseases. .
In addition to landfills, there are incinerators. But when garbage is burned, harmful substances are formed that enter the air we breathe.
Waste processing plants are operating. Here, after special processing of materials, they receive new material, from which new useful products are already being made, thereby saving natural resources our country.
Teacher:
Let's think about how we can help the environment?
(You need to throw garbage in specially designated places. Less use of products made from harmful materials in everyday life. You can make crafts from unnecessary things ...)
Guys, what do you think, for cleanliness surrounding nature What is the best way to deal with garbage: take it to a landfill or to a factory? Why?
(It is better to take out the garbage to the factory, because the air and soil are less polluted. And they can also make new material there.)
Yes, indeed, in special factories household waste recycled, new things are created from it, which people reuse, which allows us to save the natural resources of our planet.
IV. Fitness minute.
Brownie Kuzya:
Get up together, now we will “put things in order - collect garbage”!
We walk down the street where we live
We collect and put all the pieces of paper and glass -
Once in a bucket, and two in a basket,
We bow our backs together.
If we work together,
Everything around will change!
4. Waste sorting. (Slide 10)
Teacher:
About 500 BC, the first known edict was issued in Athens prohibiting the dumping of garbage on the streets, providing for the organization of landfills and ordering garbage collectors to dump waste no closer than a mile from the city.
Debris decomposition.
An Italian environmental organization estimates that it will take 1,000 years for one glass bottle thrown into the sea to decompose. Paper decomposes in just three months. A cigarette butt will float in the sea for about 5 years, a plastic bag for 10 to 20 years, and a metal can for 500 years.
Brownie Kuzya:
Guys, in many countries, residents, before throwing garbage, sort it, depending on the material from which it is made. Why do you think? (This facilitates recycling at the factory.)
Let's learn how to sort garbage according to the material from which the packaging is made. I have a magic plate. Show the guys how to sort garbage, little plate.
(Slide 11)
5. Didactic game"Separate waste properly" (Slide 12)
(The teacher uses a slide game, a lotto game.)
Teacher:
Yes, guys, do you want your city to become clean, without garbage dumps? To do this, we need to remove garbage from the city. We can take it to a landfill, but it would be better if this garbage is recycled, and for this you need to sort it and send it to a waste processing plant.
Rules of the game:
Children are given small cards with a picture various items in an equal amount for each.
On the board - cards with the image of tanks of different colors for different materials (glass, plastic, paper, food waste, metal).
Game progress:
Children are divided into three teams (three rows). The guys consider the cards they have and put them into the tank in turn, justifying their choice. The first person to lay out all the cards wins.
Game Summary:
Here are some good fellows! Today you have learned not just to sort garbage, but you have learned to protect nature and its wealth! Look how beautiful our city is when there is no garbage in it and cleanliness all around.
6. Chastushki.
Teacher:
Listen, Kuzenka, how our guys want to help the city be cleaner and more beautiful.
1. They say we are first-graders,
We can't do anything.
And we'll take out the trash
help the city.
2. Both grandma and my grandfather
They love yogurt for lunch.
And in cups for the dacha
Grow flowers to boot!
3. Of course, I am small
For heavy rakes,
But I will be happy with a whisk
Sweep at the school.
4. I came to the subbotnik
With a beautiful bow.
Sweep and clean
I will, that there are forces!
5. Remove the bow, put on a baseball cap.
Here is a beautiful broom.
Tidy up the city
You must today!
6. There are no lazy people among us!
We will help adults -
First graders wish
The city becomes beautiful!
7. Need to tidy up
Squares, streets, houses.
To make the city smile
So that joy lives in it.
8. Take care of our city,
Friendly, we ask you in chorus!
So as not to clean up
Don't throw trash!
Teacher:
And our children also made crafts with their own hands. Look how much imagination and effort the children put in.
7. The game "If I come to the city."
If I come to the city
Will I pick flowers in the flower bed? ( Not)
If I eat candy
Throw a piece of paper in the bin? (Yes)
If the jar is from water,
Will I leave it under the bench? ( Not)
If I tie a branch,
Shall I put up a peg? (Yes)
If I make a fire,
Am I not going to simmer? ( Not)
If I mess up a lot
And forget to remove? ( Not)
If I take out the trash
Bury a bank? (Yes)
I love my nature
I help her! (Yes)
I love my city, I appreciate it.
I will make it better! (Yes)
VI. Summary of the lesson.
Teacher:
Let's take care of our city, clean up the garbage, and then our Donetsk will shine with cleanliness and bloom with different colors of the rainbow. And this will be the merit of each of you.
1 student:
I know, the city will,
I know it will bloom
When we clean up in it
Waste, all rubbish!
2 student:
After all, the main thing is to get together
And we can't let down
And get together together
And clean up the yards!
3 student:
And suddenly the grass breaks through
And flowers will bloom
And the sun will smile
We all from the dark!
4 student:
And there will be no gloomy clouds,
And suddenly it gets warmer.
People will become better
Heartier, more fun!
Teacher:
Guys, what can we do to keep our city clean? Share your new knowledge that you have acquired today with your parents, neighbors, friends, comrades…
I suggest that you hang leaflets in your homes - appeals to the residents of the city and urge them to keep cleanliness.
Donetsk people! Treat your city with love. After all, this is your small homeland, this is your father's house!
Donetsk people! Be careful and cultured residents. Do not litter, do not break trees, do not tear flowers. Teach your children the culture of behavior on the street.
Donetsk people! Improve your yards and surrounding areas. Plant flowers, take care of green spaces. Paint your benches and benches in the yards with bright colors. Remember, beauty will save the world!
Donetsk people! Don't be indifferent. Do not pass by people who do not follow the rules of cultural behavior.
Let everyone contribute a grain of labor,
Desire, love, inspiration.
And the city will answer all of us then
Its wonderful mood.
Surprise from Kuzi. (Slide 13 - 14)
Brownie Kuzya:
You guys are great! I promised you a surprise. Let's take a walk around our wonderful city of Donetsk.
In Ukraine, there is practically no clear system for processing household waste. The contents of the garbage bins are taken to landfills that do not meet European standards at all.
Waste, in most cases, is immediately sent to a landfill, bypassing storage facilities, where the percentage of recovery of recyclable materials is very low: from 3 to 15% maximum.
The landfills do not have the proper equipment; the rules for warehousing and burial standards are not observed at all. Garbage accumulates and landfills grow in size.
photo ecoinfo.bas
In Europe, up to 90% of waste is recycled.
Update learned from environmentalists what to do in order to prevent a garbage catastrophe in cities.
"In order to make our cities cleaner, it is necessary to follow two simple principles: do not take too much, and hand over garbage to recycling centers," says ecologist Alexander Sokolenko.
First of all, it is necessary to reconsider our attitude to garbage and waste. Going to the store for shopping, you need to think several times about how to dispose of your garbage.
It is necessary to start waste sorting by reducing the amount and with a clear separation of waste at home.
Put waste paper, plastic and glass bottles in different boxes or bags.
Then, take your garbage to the points of recycling of raw materials, which are in every district of Kyiv. See the map with the addresses of garbage collection points at the end of the text.
When sorting waste, garbage accumulates much more slowly, thereby reducing the load on storage facilities.
cellophane and plastic
Disposable bags that end up in a landfill do not decompose.
Reduce Volumes synthetic garbage after itself is quite real. It is enough to stop using it, and replace disposable bags with food containers and eco-friendly shopping bags.
So far, residents of the capital are only getting used to separate containers for plastic, and they are far from being available everywhere.
Plastic bottles will take up much less space if they are rolled up before disposal.
Food waste
Food waste, in any case, must be separated from everything else: it stains, rots and spoils everything around.
They can be thrown into the general trash, if there is no "foreign" rubbish.
Residents of private homes, in this case, much easier, because they can collect food waste in a separate compost bin.
In urban areas, this is difficult, but possible. At home, you can install a vermicomposter - these are boxes in which worms process food waste dumped there. The box is quite neat: the worms do not run away anywhere, there are no smells from it, and processing is also a ready-made fertilizer.
Imagine how much smaller landfills would be if there were only food waste.
Paper and waste paper
Needless to say, reusing paper and cardboard saves the forest?
In Europe, they are gradually switching to books made from recycled paper. Such books last much longer, and the sheets in them are much denser and stronger.
There are many points and private companies that are ready to come and pick up all the waste paper from your office or home weighing 200 kilograms or more.
It is difficult to do this within the framework of one apartment, here great way connect with other residents of the house.
Metal and tin cans
Tin cans decompose up to 90 years, while a lot of harmful elements enter the soil.
In addition to the benefits for the environment, you can get modest pocket money for the delivery of garbage at collection points.
Glass
Glass is the only material that can be 100% recycled, an unlimited number of times, to produce new quality products. The collected glass waste is sorted by color and sent for recycling.
You will make the city much cleaner if you rinse the used bottle, put it in a separate container and take it to the recycling center.
What to do if there are no reception points near the house?
On weekends, near large shopping centers, hypermarkets and transport interchanges in the capital runs a mobile recycling center, where you can give your sorted garbage.
Here you can bring sorted garbage: plastic (polyethylene, polystyrene, caps, PET bottles, containers from household chemicals and cosmetics, clean blisters, any plastic food packaging except flexible packaging for sauces); TetraPak packaging; waste paper (books, magazines, newspapers, cardboard, egg packaging, etc.); metal packaging.
It is important that everything is clean before handing over. See the website for the bus route.
In Europe, you will not surprise anyone for a long time with containers for various types of garbage and high fines for non-compliance. They hold campaigns to inform the population about how to use the bins, how to properly sort garbage.
Ukraine will come to this one way or another, but without the initiative of the state and citizens, it will take much longer.
You need to understand: whatever one may say, preliminary sorting is necessary and very important. If the city does not do it, then we can do it, but when one person does it, then there is not much benefit from this.
Feel free to team up with your neighbors and educate other residents about the benefits of recycling!
V. L. Ginzburg wrote: - "We have one copy of the Universe and cannot experiment on it." There is a production in the world that does not require costs and investments, but at the same time, its products are growing by leaps and bounds. Each inhabitant of a large metropolis “produces” up to 360 kg per year. household waste. And this is only the waste of an individual consumer, not counting the waste of industrial enterprises. It should be noted here that in addition to organized places for throwing garbage (bins, trash cans, etc.), we also find unorganized ones - that is, anywhere. For example, if all the garbage thrown out during the year by all residents of Moscow
Spread in an even layer around the city, the thickness of this layer would be about 10 centimeters. Hence a simple conclusion, in order not to drown in piles of garbage and not be poisoned by decay products, one must learn how to dispose of garbage. Waste management is one of critical issues at this stage in the development of civilization. It is especially difficult to dispose of unorganized garbage. So far, the "bright minds" of mankind have come up with three fundamentally different ways of waste disposal:
1. Organization of landfills
2. Recycling waste.
3. Waste burning.
However, none of them can be considered a universal solution to this problem. Recycling of waste is the most resource-saving way, but not always cost-effective, both economically and environmentally. There are a number of problems here.
The first problem is that before the garbage can be used, it must be sorted. paper, iron, broken glass should be separate. You understand that it is almost impossible to sort the garbage already in the landfill. Therefore, it is necessary to sort the garbage at the moment when it is thrown away. Therefore, each person must have several bags for different waste, but today this is almost impossible.
The second problem is the disposal of garbage to the place of processing. It is necessary to have several factories for processing different raw materials in each small area. Today, this is also problematic.
The third problem is that garbage is a non-standard thing.
Therefore, garbage cannot be used as a raw material for the production of high-quality products. Disposing of garbage to a landfill is the cheapest, but at the same time the most short-sighted way to dispose of it.
Such problems are now facing the utilities of all cities in our country, our small town cannot be an exception.
During the work on the project, a questionnaire was compiled to study the opinion of their classmates and their parents on this topic. The survey involved 36 parents and 45 students of the 8th grade.
The questionnaire included the following questions:
1 Arrange the problems that the residents of our city face today in order of importance:
1. greening the city,
2. cleanliness of streets, yards
3. road condition,
4. improvement of adjacent territories,
5. forest pollution.
2. How can we put things in order in our city?
1. Put urns near the houses.
2. Organize a clear schedule for garbage collection.
3. Introduce penalties for people who throw garbage in the wrong places.
4. Organize subbotniks for cleaning the territories.
5. Clearly organize the work of utilities.
6. Place garbage collection tanks near the exits to the forest.
7. In places of rest, put garbage cans with the exact time of their cleaning
8. Your suggestions.
3. Who should be responsible for the cleanliness of the city?
1. Utilities
2. City government
3. Residents of the city
Respondents rated the problems in order of importance as follows:
No. Problems Parents Students
1 Road condition 16% 19%
2 Cleanliness of streets and yards 24% 29%
3 Forest pollution 32% 24%
4 Improvement of yards 16% 18%
5 Greening the city 12% 10%
This table shows that the inhabitants of our city want to live in a clean, beautiful city.
The following responses were received to the second question of the questionnaire:
No. Parents Students
1 24 67 % 22 49 %
2 27 75 % 25 56 %
3 18 50 % 20 44 %
4 24 67 % 22 49 %
5 25 69% 23 50 %
6 18 50 % 24 53 %
7 22 61 % 23 53 %
Respondents to the second question could choose more than one answer. The table shows the number of answers. From the responses, it is clear that residents offer effective measures to maintain cleanliness in the city. Thus, among the proposals, the proposal to create "green patrols" and to install machines for separate waste collection can be considered the most important.
For the third question, the following answers were received
No. Parents Students
1 28 78% 32 71 %
2 26 72% 30 67 %
3 27 75% 33 73 %
From the above table it is clear that only the joint work of all: utilities, city authorities and city residents can make our city clean.
To find out how public utilities take care of cleanliness in our city, the following materials were worked out:
Sanitary rules SP 2. 1. 7. 1038 - 01 "Hygienic requirements for the arrangement and maintenance of landfills for municipal solid waste"
Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPin 2. 1. 7. 1322-03
“Hygienic requirements for the placement and disposal of industrial waste and June 5, 2003.
"On production and consumption waste"
The project for the construction of a landfill for municipal solid waste in the city of Yugorsk.
Report “Problems of Waste Disposal”. The activities of Yugorskenergogaz LLC are regulated by these documents. They give clear recommendations on waste collection, on the installation of places for waste disposal.
Contracts with organizations of the city for the collection and removal of garbage.
These documents are developed in accordance with the current Federal Law "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population" sanitary and epidemiological rules. These sanitary and epidemiological rules establish hygienic requirements for placement, device, technology, regime. They are intended for legal entities and individuals.
Limited Liability Company "Yugorskengogaz" carries out activities to supply the city with heat, water, sewerage, wastewater treatment, collection and disposal of garbage.
Yugorskenergogaz LLC manages almost the entire housing stock of the city of Yugorsk, the number of people served is 30 thousand people. As a result of the activities of enterprises, 66 types of various wastes from 1 to 5 hazard classes are generated. The most hazardous wastes are mercury lamps, batteries, used oils. Waste of this type is stored in specially designated areas at sites, and then delivered to specialized organizations.
One of the areas of activity of the enterprise is the collection and disposal of waste in the city from the population of its own housing stock and third-party organizations, carried out in accordance with San Pin 42-128-4690-88 "Sanitary rules for the maintenance of populated areas".
The collection of waste from the population is carried out mostly by garbage trucks with their subsequent removal to the municipal solid waste landfill. The transport workshop has 20 machines designed for this work. Every day, three times a day: in the morning, at lunchtime and in the evening, cars collect garbage in the residential sector.
The housing stock is handled by caretaker technicians and house managers who control the work of janitors in cleaning the territories.
Almost all organizations of the city enter into agreements with Yugorskenergogaz LLC for waste disposal and removal, in total more than 180 points from small retail outlets to large-scale industries. Contracts of two types: self-pickup and export by transport of Yugorskenergogaz LLC.
Every morning the janitors go out to clean their yards. At 10 o'clock in the morning the city looks clean and cozy. In the summer, all adjacent territories were cleaned, watering of the roadway was carried out. It takes 2-4 hours and the city is difficult to recognize. Various packages appear near the houses, which caring residents take out into the street, packs of dogs tear these packages apart and garbage can be seen everywhere. Therefore, despite the work of the janitors, the city does not look clean during the day.
solid household waste and some industrial waste up to hazard class 4 is taken to a landfill. The existing city landfill belongs to the Municipality "City of Yugorsk", the Company has a contract for the maintenance of the solid waste landfill. The landfill is a site of 13.5 hectares, located 7 km from the city on the lands of the Northern Forestry. Of the 13.5 hectares, 5 hectares are occupied by the mine strip, the upland ditch, and outbuildings. 7.5 hectares are divided into 3 maps, of which 2 are still in operation. According to the project, the maps are reclaimed after filling and the operation of the next one begins. At the entrance to the landfill, a checkpoint has been installed, developed and approved by the Central State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service “Regulations for the operation of the landfill”, according to which only vehicles of organizations that have concluded agreements are allowed to enter the landfill. The attendants must inspect the contents of the machines and prevent unauthorized waste from being dumped.
Control is entrusted to the technician of the site for sanitary services of the city, according to the order. The waste is leveled by a bulldozer and sprinkled with layers of sand.
Currently, the city administration, together with the Capital Construction Department, is working on the construction of a solid waste landfill.
Additionally, it is planned to introduce several more facilities at the site of the landfill, in particular, a biothermal pit for the disposal of biologically hazardous waste and washing containers.
Having studied the available documents, observing the work of public services, we can conclude that it is necessary to change the work of maintaining cleanliness in our city and around it. Pretty scary to go into the woods around green zone, every 5-6 meters in the forest you come across piles of garbage. This is not only household waste, but also construction waste. Why go to a landfill, ask for permission, when you can dump all the garbage right in the forest. You can drive through the streets in the city center, but the streets that are not in the city center are generally removed from time to time. It is generally impossible to breathe in Finnish, especially on hot days. The spit does not work properly there, many cars dump waste right in the forest, because of this, you can only walk down the street in a gas mask. Garbage is also removed from time to time.
6. LANDSCAPE AS A HEALTH FACTOR
A person always strives to the forest, to the mountains, to the seashore, river or lake. There are many places near our city where you can spend time, relax with your family, go on an excursion to the forest with your class, go hiking. Many people like to relax on the banks of the river Ess. The nature on the coast is amazing. Especially like the river late autumn, when the foliage is already beginning to fall, nature is preparing for hibernation, but there is no snow yet. At this time, many people like to wander along the river, but do not rush, move a few meters away from the bridge and that's it, your mood is spoiled, there is no point in going further, there are heaps of garbage around. How to clean the banks of our rivers, our forests?
In nature, a person feels a surge of strength, vivacity. No wonder they say that it is best to relax in the bosom of nature. Sanatoriums, rest houses are built in the most beautiful places. And this is no coincidence. It turns out that the natural landscape can have different effects on the psycho-emotional state of a person. Contemplation of the beauties of nature stimulates vitality and soothes nervous system. Forests have a strong healing effect.
The craving for natural landscapes is especially great among the inhabitants of the city. Even in the Middle Ages, it was noticed that the life expectancy of city dwellers is lower than that of rural dwellers.
Lack of greenery, narrow streets, small yards, garbage dumps have created unfavorable conditions for human life. With development industrial production in the city and its environs there was a huge amount of waste polluting environment.
A variety of factors associated with the growth of cities, in one way or another, affect the formation of a person, his health. This is forcing scientists to study the impact of the environment on urban residents more seriously. It turns out that the conditions in which a person lives, what the height of the ceilings in his apartment, what kind of yard he has, how a person gets to work, what streets he walks on, what he sees around him depends on the mood of a person, his ability to work, activity - all of his life.
In large cities, the shortcomings of life are especially pronounced - housing and transport problems, an increase in the level of morbidity. To a certain extent, this is due to the simultaneous impact on the body of several harmful factors, each of which together leads to serious troubles for people. It is well known that a person suffers most from the consequences of air pollution, infections.
Polluted air in the city, poisoning the blood with carbon monoxide, causes the same harm to a non-smoker as a smoker smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. A serious negative factor in modern cities is the so-called noise pollution.
Given the ability of green spaces to favorably influence the state of the environment, they must be as close as possible to the place of life, work, study and recreation of people.
Green spaces are an integral part of a set of measures to protect and transform the environment. They not only create favorable microclimatic and sanitary and hygienic conditions, but also increase the artistic expressiveness of architectural ensembles.
An example of such an ensemble is the central square in our city, as well as a small park that has been preserved opposite the lyceum school.
A special place around industrial enterprises and highways should be occupied by protective green areas in which it is recommended to plant trees and shrubs that are resistant to pollution.
In the placement of green spaces, it is necessary to observe the principle of uniformity and continuity to ensure the supply of fresh countryside air to all residential areas of the city. Critical Components city greening systems are planted in residential areas, on the sites of children's institutions, schools, sports complexes. Our city is getting prettier day by day. It is very good that not a single house is rented without a landscaping complex. Shrubs are planted on the territory of the courtyard of an apartment building, lawns are sown, playgrounds are being built. The roads that are under reconstruction today also look quite attractive. The roadsides are dressed in special tiles and green lawns have appeared everywhere. All this makes the city more beautiful and comfortable. Every summer, municipal services plant thousands of flowers and shrubs in the city. Today it is already difficult to remember those years when people suffocated in the summer from the sand that was everywhere.
The urban landscape should not be a monotonous stone desert. In the architecture of the city, one should strive for a harmonious combination of social and biological aspects.
The modern city should be considered as an ecosystem in which the most favorable conditions for human life are created. Consequently, these are not only comfortable dwellings, transport, a diverse service sector, but also cleanliness. It is a habitat favorable for life; fresh air and green urban landscape.
It is no coincidence that ecologists believe that in a modern city a person should not be divorced from nature, but, as it were, dissolved in it. Therefore, the total area of green spaces in cities should occupy more than half of its territory.
3. CONCLUSION
How to make our city clean, how to clean up the forests around the city?
Having studied the materials, the work of public utilities, we can conclude that no matter how public utilities work, they will not be able to restore order in the city alone. In any case, the cleanliness of the city depends on us.
This question was asked to classmates and parents.
What was suggested:
In the city and in the suburbs, colorful posters should be hung that will urge people not to litter.
Near bus stops public transport urns must be placed.
Litter bins should be placed near every house, near schools, kindergartens, shops. It would be nice if the urns were multi-colored, on the one hand they will decorate our city, and on the other hand there will be less garbage.
You can install garbage cans and paint them in certain colors, gradually people will get used to sorting garbage at home. First you need to get people interested. But how to do it? You can put special machines. For each jar, they will issue a small fee. Many children will be happy to bring garbage to these bins, then most likely they will not leave garbage in bags anywhere, even on school grounds.
It is necessary to stimulate the work of adolescents who are engaged in cleaning up the city.
It is high time for schools and other organizations to return to subbotniks, when all together people go out to clean up their territories.
In addition to all this, penalties are also needed, if you see that a person is littering, for the first time it is enough to make a remark, and the next time you need to impose a fine for this.
The City Duma of schoolchildren can be proposed to create a “green patrol” on the basis of each school, it can be called an environmental patrol.
Members of this patrol will walk the streets and see that people do not litter.
The local newspaper can cover the work of such patrols, attract people through various competitions to make our city cleaner and more beautiful.
In the city, at the landfill, you can build a small processing plant, then the garbage will not only cause a lot of trouble, but will also bring benefits.
You can propose the following work plan for utilities and residents of the city:
For utilities:
1. In each entrance, colorfully decorate a corner with information about the operation of garbage collection vehicles.
2. Clearly determine the schedule for the operation of these machines, the schedule should be convenient for residents of the city.
3. Near large houses, in the park, near shops, put colorful bins
4. But at garbage collection sites to put tanks of different colors to collect different types of waste, you can come up with machines that will give out small money for the delivered waste.
5. Develop and specify the work of the new landfill.
6. Near the city, near the nearest forests, put up colorful posters that will urge not to litter our forests.
7. Provide for garbage cans near recreation areas, which should be cleaned as they are filled.
8. Introduce bonuses for employees of OOO Yugorskenergogaz for a job well done.
9. In local newspapers, talk about people who help make our city clean and beautiful.
For residents of the city:
1. Twice a year to hold subbotniks to clean the city from garbage.
2. Create "green patrols" in each school. Cover the work of such patrols in the local press. Establish competition among school patrols.
3. Stimulate the work of teenagers involved in cleaning the streets and nearby forests.
For City Authorities:
1. Find cash for the construction of a small waste processing plant.
2. Develop a system of penalties that can be applied to people who deliberately pollute the city and nearby forests.
Despite the uncontrolled cutting of green spaces in the city of Zheleznodorozhny, there are still wonderful corners of nature where you can take a walk, relax and enjoy communication with nature and its inhabitants. And, unfortunately, not all citizens consider it their duty to protect such green oases, and often leave piles of inorganic garbage behind. And while someone is barbarously littering the environment, the followers of the environmental movement “Garbage. More.No” in our city they just come and clean.
They do not organize rallies, they do not shame anyone and do not call for responsibility. They simply do their good deed in the hope of awakening the civil initiative and consciousness of those who also walk this earth and breathe this air. In our city, the organizer of such an initiative group is Elena Pavlovna Borodina, a teacher of gymnasium No. 11, who, together with her students, went out for the first time to clean her native city two years ago to show by personal example that each person can make a small contribution to one big case for environmental protection.
Elena Pavlovna agreed to meet with me on Saturday evening, after school and the Olympics, which took place that day in the city.
- Elena Pavlovna, how and when did the idea to join the movement “Garbage.More.No” arise?
We've been doing this for a long time. It all started with my work at the Ecological summer camp for schoolchildren. Then the guys from the camp and I were already cleaning up garbage where city services do not do it. But all this was under the auspices of the administration, we were told exactly where we should clean, the guys were paid a little money for this. Now all the guys from the Ecocamp are active citizens, we have created our own website. The case continues. And then I found out about the initiative of the Petersburgers and I liked this idea so much, their philosophy completely coincides with my views. And in 2010, my students and I went to the next cleaning as part of All-Russian action already under the motto of this movement.
You are not only the coordinator of the "Garbage. More. No" movement in our city, but also the author of a number of other projects. Can you tell me more about this?
- I am the author and head of a resource center called "From Design to Design Culture". Research work and I can do few projects only in computer science. Children are interested in different things, different subjects, so I need colleagues, associates. I created a program for several years, approved it, received the appropriate certificate. People from all over the city came, We gather every month, study, and then hold educational network project. All this is remote, local, children participate in various events, and then we hold a final conference. It has already become a tradition, and the conference has become ecological. because environmental problems, this is what can unite us, regardless of the interests and hobbies of everyone. Moreover, when I only suggest such projects to teachers, they all object that they are not ecologists. And when they start doing it, consciousness changes. People open their eyes to everything. It turns out that ecology, as a science that concerns everyone, also unites us in this project. Now the conference has become regional. The experience is gradually spreading. By doing this for my children, it turns out that I am doing this for the city. Not every city in the Moscow region can boast of its environmental conference. This year it will be the sixth. I must say, the department of ecology of the city administration has been with us since the first conference, they are really interested.
Conferences are held under the motto: “Save the planet? It is so simple! Even a child." These are not only research and projects, but "practical steps to take care of the planet at home." As part of the conference, we hold many actions, one of them is called "Ecological Footprint". And the guys in their projects conduct experiments, for example, for a week they try to reduce their ecological footprint in their family - turn off the light when it is not needed, do not pour water in vain. And parents are happy to connect, they begin to think differently. That is, education plays an important role in education. ecological culture. And if we instill this in our children now, they will then teach their children to live more environmentally.
- You are participating in the Green Schools of Russia program. What practical environmental actions can you talk about?
We've been doing this for a long time. Now they just started doing it under the slogan of green schools. This is an educational project 
where there are a lot of events, everything is systematized. And we can carry out our actions within the framework of this project, that is, the state structures will once again provide us with some kind of assistance, since we are within the framework of the All-Russian educational program we act. Every year we hold our own ecological networking project called "Start with yourself", in which various creative groups who conduct their own research on environmental issues, experiments, involve parents in this matter. And the consciousness of people is changing, we need to talk about it to people so that each person knows how to reduce their ecological footprint. Someone after our conferences stopped using plastic bags, then they will tell someone else, then another. As part of the Green School, there was an Eco-Bag campaign, which was attended by children from a correctional school who sewed wonderful bags and arranged an exhibition-auction. We make feeders, ecological crafts, posters, drawings, though in a different aspect, not a special action, and then we arrange an exhibition at our conference. Posters made elementary school, turned out so wonderful that the department of ecology offered to hang them around the city as a public service announcement. That is, our business develops into something more socially significant.
The city administration took an active part in the "Clean Up" action, which took place in October. What was the participation?
Usually I do not contact anyone, I do everything myself. When this action was taking place, I decided to turn to the mayor so that the children from the orphanage could be helped to organize everything beautifully. So much unnecessary work appeared at once. Everything was planned for me, we come, meet with the children, instruct, clean up, then drink tea and go to master classes. I asked the administration only to organize a tea party. We prepared a variety of master classes: in a living corner, a master class on feeders and a quiz, shooting a cartoon on environmental theme using a camera and paper figurines, making crafts from waste "Trash Fantasy", and other activities. As a result, the administration demanded that I prepare the official solemn part. But what is the action, isn't it? Urgently, during the evening I had to write the script of the solemn part, so that government officials could speak to the children with official speeches. Of course, there was television, which was late for the start, I had to wait about an hour and not start without them. But the volunteers came to the action from Moscow, from other cities, and the children sat and waited. These are the moments that make you sad. Therefore, the philosophy of "Garbage. More. No, I really like it. There are no leaders, no one sets any plans, no need to report to anyone. You have the opportunity, you come and help. Only then is the job done. That's why the department of ecology cannot help us in many issues? Because they do not have this assistance in the budget. Although we cooperate very well with the department of ecology. There are wonderful specialists there, they understand why we are doing this, what difficulties we have. They know that we now have an environmental conference. This year they budgeted money for environmental campaigns.
- Do they provide any practical assistance? For example, cars to allocate for garbage collection?
The environmental department has no cars. There are cars in the beautification department. But in order to single out a car, you need to write a service 
note. More often the human factor works, that is, friends of friends of my friends help.
When we planted a linden alley, we had to run around the authorities. Here the department of ecology helped us a lot. The fact is that there used to be old ownerless garages in this place. The headmaster of the gymnasium, my parents, and I went and asked to be demolished. Children climb on them, it's dangerous. We were refused. As a result, we brought the mayor of the city there. Eventually. thanks to the assistance of the deputies, it was decided that the garages would be demolished, but due to the fact that there are a huge number of communications, nothing can be built there, neither a playground nor a sports one. And then we decided that it was possible to plant trees there so that there would be an alley in this wasteland. On World Tree Planting Day, which takes place twice a year on September 21 and May 21, when at exactly 12 o'clock caring people come out and plant trees. It turns out, as it were, a chain in the direction of the sun.
It turned out that not everything was so simple, from the administration they pointed out that a heating main runs through the wasteland, the communications of the water utility, it is impossible to dig. It is very easy to cut down a tree in the city. How many new buildings stand on the site of chic gardens.
We asked the department of ecology to give permission to plant a linden alley in this wasteland. And they helped us. They found a sponsor who bought 30 ten-year-old limes. But after the garages, there was no land there, everything was mixed with concrete, rubble. The children were chiseling the ground with crowbars to dig holes for planting. And we did not choose the place where to dig. The department of ecology, the department of architecture, representatives of the heating network, the water utility followed us and indicated where we could plant, where we couldn’t. They dug it out with such difficulty, and in the morning another representative came and said to bury it. I hardly defended child labor, we still planted trees. Moreover, when I called the department of ecology, I said that trees would not grow on these stones, they achieved in incredible ways that they brought us two cars of black soil to pour into these pits. So for this they had problems, it turned out that it was impossible to do this. Every initiative must be accounted for, that is, officials cannot do this, but for me, a free man, in principle, everything is possible. Because this is my choice, I want to make our city better. Moreover, this is a wonderful pedagogical approach, when children work together, communicate.
- So, the department of ecology helps as much as possible?
Wonderful people work there, and they try to help, do everything that depends on them. Unfortunately, little depends on them. Neither they nor we have the resources. Here we want to do this and that, but we have few opportunities for this. Therefore, it is necessary to prescribe in the budget, it is necessary to plan in advance. But I'm not an official. It happens that I find an action a few days before it starts, I take and organize the children, show them that the whole world is involved in this. Now, when it has become a good tradition, we are already preparing in advance, and this pleasant chores in fact.
- What are the most pressing problems to be solved?
Taking garbage to the landfill is an incredible problem. True, we have a different policy, like the Divide and Hello organization. All 
the idea that we are promoting is so interconnected here, there is no more garbage, it is rather zero waste, all garbage is recycled. If you look in your wastebasket, you will see the most packages there. Not much organic waste. And the street is also lying around, mostly plastic, bottles, bags, paper. All this can be sent for recycling. And if it is sorted immediately, then 70% of the garbage can be taken out for recycling.
The garbage that we collect, we always collect separately. If you look at the cleaning reports at Biserovo, out of 600 bags, 400 will be recycled and 200 will go to landfill. Separate garbage was taken away by the sphere of ecology, because there was an agreement with them. But we could not take out 200 bags for a long time. We call the administration, to whom the lake belongs, they tell us that we have run out of charity coupons. It is very difficult to agree on the removal of garbage. We now have some Management Company, which is responsible for Pestovsky Park. They put a garbage container at the exit of the park, they hung signs, and they helped us a lot this year with garbage collection and tools. I used to take pitchforks and shovels at school. We have 20 shovels left from the "Let's do it together" campaign. This is a party action United Russia”, a pilot campaign in the Moscow region, where they selected 11 districts. I also asked to add our city to the list, because anyway we participate in this, without any slogans, why not include us too.
- How did you manage to solve the problem of removing 200 bags from the lake?
Let it be our little secret. (smiling)
- So, taking out the garbage is an order of magnitude more difficult than organizing its cleaning?
- Do you tell people how to sort garbage? After all, no one does this at home?
They don’t, because the housing office will collect everything in one container anyway. Therefore, people have no motivation. Of course, there are exceptions. There is a wonderful guy in Balashikha, Sergei Skorobogatov. He managed to organize separate waste collection in his house, installed containers. Takes the collected waste for recycling. Remarkably, the neighbors supported him.
And of course, we conduct briefings before cleaning. There are information posters.
- A lot of interesting people come to the action?
When we were cleaning Biserovo, guys from the CSKA diving club "Diving" came to us. There was an idea to clear the bottom of the lake. As a result, we managed to pull out only one snag, since there is a lot of silt at the bottom. But it was still great and fun. The guys even composed a ditty: “How they collected garbage on the lake in Kupavna, opaque water ... They lost Lasta!”
There are also very active people. Interesting people always come to actions, uninteresting people don't come at all, they stay somewhere to drink beer, take care only of themselves. On Biserovo, we were immediately joined by some locals, they say that they have been cleaning alone for 20 years, they were glad that we appeared. These are Honored Artists of Russia, violinists in the Spivakov Ensemble. Since then we have been attending concerts with them.
A lot has already been done in two years, there are well-established schemes. What do you remember the most? Maybe there are some funny cases?
Always, something interesting happens. The most valuable thing is communication after cleaning, these are the most unforgettable moments. Perhaps, it can also be noted that weddings always fall into our promotions. This has also become a good tradition. And they always collect their garbage, do not leave.
- What do you think, have people started to litter less in parks, on the lake now? Or someone else's work is not a pity to anyone? 
Of course, less. Throwing a piece of paper, where there is already one, is always easier than on a clean territory. Although it all depends on consciousness. You know what makes me happy recent times. There are more and more young people who do not want to be just consumers, the level of culture is increasing every year. And most importantly, it is without any external pressure, this is an internal need of people.
- What projects would you like to implement in the near future? Is there anything planned for the winter?
In winter, my children and I explore, create and learn. In winter, master classes and trainings, meetings with friends are held. For example, in January, they are waiting for us at the Resource Saving Center on the Bottle.
- What would you like to change in our city?
I want people in the city not just to live alone in the city, so that a community of citizens will be created, in European countries this is called the “local community”, for those for whom this city is not just a place where they come from work to spend the night ... So that people themselves create for themselves a place where it would be pleasant and comfortable to live for themselves and their descendants. So that every time, leaving the city, I would like to come back here and sigh: “Finally, I am at Home ...”
After meeting such wonderful people, you involuntarily think about your contribution to saving nature. And a non-rhetorical question arises: what can I do today? At least the smallest contribution to this huge necessary cause.
In early autumn, my son and I collected acorns in the private sector in Olgino and planted them. Now these are already such young oak trees, delighting us with their leaves on the windowsill.
In the spring, we will definitely plant them in the yard and hope very much that they will grow into large mighty trees.
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