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Introduction

sustainable tourism international

The concept of sustainable development is now widespread. In almost all areas, the principles of the so-called concept of sustainable development have been defined. In recent years, international tourism has begun to play a significant role in the global economy, and it has also been affected by such changes. Therefore, the problem is very relevant, but there is no unambiguous interpretation of sustainable development and its application in tourism. But there are already separate institutes studying sustainable and ecotourism. True, often their activities are limited to the publication of small articles, the implementation of small projects, and the holding of international conferences in conjunction with various organizations. In parallel, there is a process of promoting new lifestyles, ways of producing goods and services that are environmentally oriented. And this has already caused an increased demand for them, and in the economy, demand creates supply.

The purpose of this work is to describe the concept of sustainable development in international tourism, how new ideas and developments are used, from the point of view of the future of mankind. Structurally, the work presents 3 chapters. The first is devoted to the formation of the concept of sustainable development. In it, attempts were made to identify the main ideas on which I will further rely in the rest of the work when operating with the concept of sustainable development. Chapter 2 considers the main problems of the transition of tourism to the principles of sustainable development, the achievements of tourism in the field of sustainable development. It characterizes international tourism as a branch of the world economy, what aspects of the influence of the tourism industry exist and why a transition to the use of the principles of the concept of sustainable development is necessary, and how they are implemented. The third chapter talks about sustainability as a priority for the development of tourism in the 21st century. In it, I turned to the activities of international organizations that promote the development of sustainable and ecotourism, the differences between these two concepts. At the end of the work, I tried to give a forecast of the future of tourism and its development according to the principles of sustainable development.

1. Formation of the concept of sustainable development

1.1 "Limits growth" - the first report Roman club

"Sustainable development" is a term that is now used very widely, in various fields, carrying both a certain semantic load and simply paying tribute to fashion.

At the end of the 60s. The Club of Rome has set itself the goal of exploring the immediate and long-term consequences of large-scale decisions related to the development paths chosen by mankind. It was proposed to use a systematic approach to study global issues, adopting the method of mathematical computer modeling. The results of the study were published in 1972 in the first report to the Club of Rome under the title "Limits to Growth". The authors of the report, led by American scientist Denis Meadows, came to the conclusion that if the current trends in population growth, industrialization, pollution natural environment If food production and resource depletion continue, over the course of the 21st century the world will come to the limits of growth, there will be an unexpected and uncontrolled decline in population and a sharp decline in output. However, they believed that growth trends could be reversed and economic and environmental stability sustainable in the long run. And this state of global balance must be established at a level that will satisfy the basic material needs of each person and give everyone equal opportunities to realize their personal potential.

The task of the Meadows group was to find conditions under which the model represents a world system that meets the following requirements:

1. sustainability, which is not violated by a sudden, uncontrollable catastrophe;

2. the ability to meet the basic material needs of all people on Earth.

There are only two ways to correct the imbalance that has arisen - either reduce the rate of population growth and bring it into line with the low death rate, or allow the death rate to rise again. All "natural", "natural" measures to limit the population follow the second path, leading to an increase in mortality. Any society wishing to avoid such an outcome must voluntarily regulate the positive feedback loop - to reduce the rate of population growth.

After much discussion, the researchers of the Meadows group called the state in which the population and the amount of capital are maintained at a constant level, "equilibrium". Population and capital are the only quantities that must remain constant in equilibrium. Any type of human activity that does not require a large influx of non-renewable resources and does not harm the environment can continue to develop indefinitely. Many of the activities that people find most attractive and genuinely enjoyable—learning, art, music, religion, basic scientific research, sports, social activities—may well flourish.

In a society that has reached a state of equilibrium, technological progress will be both necessary and desirable. This is, of course, an overly idealized picture of global equilibrium. It may turn out that it is impossible to come to the described state; it may happen that the people of Earth will choose other social forms. Global equilibrium does not mean the end of the progressive development of mankind.

Difficulties will not disappear in a state of equilibrium, because no society can get rid of difficulties. Equilibrium will force you to give up some freedoms - from the birth of a large number of children, from the uncontrolled consumption of resources, but it will bring new freedoms - it will free humanity from environmental pollution and overpopulation, from the threat of a catastrophe of the world system.

The Meadows model made it possible not only to draw qualitative conclusions, but also to analyze the dynamics and rates of approaching the limits of growth, to identify the inertia of the system, the duration of the effects of decision-making; showed that it is urgent to take protective measures; highlighted the interconnectedness of a tangle of complex problems, which to this day are trying to solve in isolation.

The main reason for the critical attitude towards the authors of the first report to the Club of Rome was their program of action, which was called the "zero growth" concept.

By proposing a program condemning "unbridled growth", they thereby denied any growth, development and regulation of changes in the dynamics of the world economy. 1.2 The emergence of the concept of sustainable development

Following the first work of researchers led by Denis Meadows, more and more scientists of various sciences began to address the topic of global issues and the future of mankind.

In 1984, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a decision to establish an international commission on environment and development.

This commission of scientists and public figures from different countries prepared the report "Our Common Future", where for the first time the concept of sustainable socio-economic development in balance with the environment (sustainable development) was put forward. Its main essence was as follows: human society, through production, demographic processes and other forces, creates too much pressure on the ecosphere of our planet, leading to its degradation, only an immediate transition to the path of sustainable development will satisfy existing needs, while providing future generations with the same possibility.

But more significant was the holding of the UN Conference in Rio de Janeiro on Environment and Development. In terms of the number of heads of state, it was the most representative among all UN conferences. In Rio, a comprehensive program of action was adopted, the so-called "Agenda for the 21st Century", which concluded the opposite of the "limits to growth" concept: "We are able to harmonize human activity with the laws of nature and achieve shared prosperity."

Only a small group of the most developed countries were able to embark on the path of sustainable development, which developed new legal norms in relation to man and nature, introduced new "environmental" technologies, as a result, the term "golden billion" arose. So they called those who live in conditions of relative well-being, the "standard of living" was replaced by the "quality of life".

The billion that inhabits the "first world" consumes 75% of resources and throws 75% of waste into the environment. The remaining 4 billion consume and emit three times less, that is, one poor person produces an average load on Earth 10 times less than a Westerner.

Economic growth or scientific and technological progress are the culprits of the emerging global ecological disaster. Giving up civilization is like jumping out of a fast-moving train, that is, dying. The cause of the crisis is the overgrown population, which has grown so much that stabilizing it at the current level will no longer return the world to the pre-crisis stable state.

Therefore, a strategy for the survival of mankind has taken shape (as an integral part of the concept of sustainable development), its main elements are as follows:

1. Produce more while using less raw materials and energy per unit of output through increased production efficiency, conservation of renewable resources, technological innovation, waste disposal. (An example is Japan, which now produces 81% more products than in 1973 with the same amount of energy used)

2. Gradually reduce and then stop population growth (no more than 2.0 - 2.1 children per family)

3. In high-income strata of society, mainly in developed countries, reduce consumption. Herman Daly (USA), one of the leaders of the new direction - ecological economics - proposes to agree with the introduction of the maximum minimum and maximum income. The minimum must provide reasonable needs for food, clothing, medicine and education, and the maximum must not exceed the minimum by more than 20 times.

4. Ensure the redistribution of life's goods (including environmental services) between those who consume too little and those who receive too much. (There are 358 billionaires in the world whose combined wealth is equal to all the wealth of the poorest 2.5 billion people).

5. From the modern strategy of the economy, when achievements are evaluated by indicators of quantitative growth (for example, by the value of GNP), move to a development strategy based on indicators that characterize changes in the quality of life of people.

But each of the points does not correspond to the established order of things. Significant efforts will be required to bring about such profound changes. The concept of sustainable development and the strategy based on it need practical development, primarily at the national level. The most difficult thing is to introduce the ideology and ethics of sustainable development into the minds of every citizen of the world. This is a necessary but long and difficult process.

One good example is the method for strategic planning described by John Holmberg from the Swedish University of Technology. The method was developed in collaboration with a joint program of scientists and large corporations "Natural step" (Natural step). It includes examples of companies that have used the method in their strategic planning for sustainable development. The main difference between this method and other approaches is that this method:

(1) is based on a structure of four non-overlapping sustainability principles

(2) relies on a kind of "throw back" ("look into the past from the future") (backcasting), instead of trying to predict the future based on today's trends (traditional forecast), it is supposed to get rid of beliefs about the current situation and understand what are the requirements and opportunities for sustainability will be involved in the future, and then determine what is needed for this in the present. The method consists of four main steps. First, the conditions for a future viable society are determined. The next step is that the firm's current performance and competencies are analyzed in relation to these conditions. The third stage involves highlighting future opportunities for the firm. At the final stage, flexible strategies for further development are identified, which allows linking the present situation with the desired future sustainability.

The "Natural Step" was started in Sweden in 1989, and began with the fact that scientists were trying to decide on sustainable development. This led to the formulation of four non-overlapping principles for sustainable development. The principles are used as the starting point for a system describing such development. In the course of developing these principles, scientists, businessmen of various industries came to common solutions to identify the future of sustainable development. The same principles have also been used in strategic planning in a large number of corporations in various fields of activity: for example, Interface, Electrolux or JM Construction, IKEA, Hemkop, Swedish McDonald;s, Scandic Hotels.

These 4 principles are:

1) Criteria for a future sustainable society are defined and discussed

2) current actions are considered in relation to the selected criteria and non-viable (unsustainable) are eliminated

3) the future desirable situation is considered (the main idea is to get rid of the psychological restrictions caused by the current situation)

4) Strategies are already defined, which allows linking the current situation with a future sustainable goal (at this stage, it is important that investments (or other measures) lead in the right direction, but even more important that investments form a broad and flexible enough platform for further investments in the right direction

This method is now used in more than 60 corporations in Europe and the United States. Some progress has been made in the area of ​​sustainable development.

Electrolux was one of the first to use this strategy, having invested about 100 million ang. pounds in the creation of completely new cooling and insulation systems in refrigerators and freezers, using non-frion components, that is, safe for the earth's ozone layer. But at the same time, new technologies, in addition to environmental results, also brought good profits.

Founded in Sweden over 50 years ago, IKEA is now a global home furnishing giant with annual revenues of approximately US$6 billion. IKEA has been working on this principle since 1992 and has since trained approximately 35,000 employees around the world. This company now has over a hundred initiatives using the structure described above. IKEA brings to the market a line of more than 10,000 products made according to these sustainable principles.

Scandic Hotels, founded in Sweden in 1963, is the largest hotel operator in the Nordic countries, with 1997 total revenues of approximately 700 million am. USD Starting training of all senior management and general managers of hotels in 1994 under the "Natural Step" program, Scandic Hotels continued to rapidly train all employees of the company (4,000 people at the time).

To date, the company has taken 1,500 such measures, including cutting redundant or ill-trained employees. They are now the first chain of hotels in the world to use recyclable soap and shampoo, with hotel rooms that do the same. The changes also affected the washing and washing systems: the transition from chlorine-containing to oxygen bleaches, the introduction of washing machines, scrubbing machines and dishwashers using 82% less water. Now other innovations are being developed that will allow the company not only to reduce costs, but also to continue to pursue a sustainable development policy aimed at respecting the environment (including reducing the use of resources, reducing the amount of waste).

1.2 Ways transition on the sustainable development

Now almost everyone (both large TNCs, and international organizations, entire institutions) has paid attention to the problem of sustainable development.

On a national scale, it is important not only the introduction of resource-saving technologies in production, the dissemination of ideological materials on the importance of the transition to sustainable development as a survival strategy. But the study of the entire complex system of relationships between nature and society, which relate to a new interdisciplinary direction - ecological economics (ecological economics), or rather, geo-ecological economics, can be called a sustainable economy.

To assess the true state of the economies of countries and the transition to a sustainable one, which can be based, for example, on the analysis of the following indicators:

FUD \u003d (GNP - AMK) + (RPB - APB - MPU - PNU)

where FUD is the actual sustainable income, GNP is the gross national product, AMC is the depreciation of material and financial capital, BPP is the growth of national natural wealth, APB is the depreciation of national natural wealth, MPA is the cost of measures to prevent damage to natural resources, PNU is losses from unprevented damage to natural resources.

At the same time, the first two terms on the right side of the equation reflect the traditional assessment of the state of the economy, and the next four terms reflect the environmental part of this assessment.

In the United States, a group of private researchers has developed an index that reflects changes in the well-being of this country (Genuine Progress Indicator - True Progress Index, or GPI-IIP). It takes into account more than twenty economic, social and environmental indicators. The IIP is based on GNP data, expressed in monetary terms and therefore allows comparison of IIP and GNP. At the same time, the IIP introduces amendments to some indicators taken into account in the GNP. The IIP, for example, takes into account the uneven distribution of income in such a way that it decreases if the poor part of the population receives a smaller than average share of the national income. The IIP adds certain factors to GNP, such as the cost of domestic or voluntary work, or subtracts from GNP such indicators as losses to society due to increased crime or environmental pollution. IIP takes into account deterioration natural resources. In particular, the increase in oil production is taken into account as a negative indicator, in contrast to GNP. The deterioration of the ecosphere (climate change, ozone depletion, or increased radioactive contamination) also leads to a decrease in IIP.

For the period 1950-1995. US per capita GNP increased steadily and more than doubled, while per capita IIP increased during the 1960s and 1970s, but then declined by 45% between 1970 and 1995. In this case, the rate of fall of the IIP increases.

According to the authors of the study, the decline in the US True Progress Index (TPR) over the past 25 years suggests that economic growth, as if reflected in GNP, actually demonstrates: a) correcting the mistakes and social problems of the previous period, b) borrowing resources from the future, c) strengthening the monetarization of the economy without its actual progress.

Similar calculations for Russia (or the USSR) were not carried out, but there is no doubt that the actual growth of the country's total national wealth stopped long ago and became negative due to the unrestrained export of oil, gas, timber, non-ferrous metals, etc. And the deterioration of the natural environment in the places of extraction and transportation of these resources. In addition, the country's natural capital, as well as total capital, was declining due to deteriorating water and air quality, declining natural soil fertility, reducing the ability of ecosystems to absorb pollution, and other factors.

More detailed, quantitative assessments of changes in national wealth, including at least both traditional economic and environmental indicators, are needed as indices of the state of the country and its evolution.

In this case, strictly speaking, components expressed both in monetary terms and in material terms (for example, in the values ​​​​of resource reserves) should be taken into account, as well as environmental non-calculable factors, such as the beauty of the landscape or the degree of untouched nature. This approach is called Natural Resource Accounting. None of the countries has yet introduced a "green accounting" that fully integrates economic and environmental indicators, but studies at the state level in a number of countries show that a "green" environmental and economic index would be more correct and useful than the system currently adopted. assessment of the economic state of states, based on GNP. The adoption of appropriate new criteria is an important stage in the transition to sustainable development.

What is needed is a correct set of criteria reflecting the true situation in all areas.

The economic damage from environmental pollution increases as the load on it increases. At the same time, the first portions of pollution are absorbed by the environment, and damage to nature, although it exists, is usually not taken into account in economic indicators. Each subsequent portion of pollution usually brings a disproportionate amount of damage, so that the dependence of environmental damage on pollution is non-linear. The damage can be prevented by investing in technological measures that reduce pollution emissions.

The path to sustainable development is more difficult not for a single country, TNCs, but for most of the world community (and in the future for the whole world). In this regard, the importance of understanding the complexity of the issue by all states increases. International activities to achieve sustainable development go in many directions, but the main ones can be called:

- change and liberalization of international trade (easing conditions for developing countries)

- demographic problems as the main link on the way to solving the difficulties of the current situation

- ensuring a deeper penetration of environmental technologies into all spheres of human activity

- special attention to the development of science as a source of the most advanced ideas, emphasizes the special role in the creation of world databases

2.Problems of transition of tourism to the principles of sustainable development

2.1 General characteristic tourism how industries world farms

Over the past ten years, the tourism industry has matured and been recognized as the world's largest service industry. This became possible as a result of a wider opening of borders between states, the appearance of additional funds for the population, and the development of transport infrastructure. All this made it possible to make travel a mass phenomenon, to change the attitude towards tourist trips themselves, which turned from an element of luxury into a factor of everyday life, and then countries realized the economic benefits of developing this industry. Transportation, accommodation, meals, entertainment complex, public and individual security structures, previously perceived as independent types of services, have now become integral elements of a single tourism complex.

This complex industry, which is a catalyst for economic development, can ensure a high quality of life for people on the basis of environmentally sound nature management. And now we can already talk about the need for a transition to sustainable development of tourism with corresponding changes in all components of the tourism industry. As a separate industry, tourism is subject to processes characteristic of the entire world economy: deepening specialization, increasing concentration processes, and the transition to new technologies. Rationally using historical and cultural monuments in combination with natural resources, international tourism contributes to an increase in the level of employment of the population, stimulates the growth in the production of many goods and services.

World trade is expanding every year, the number of goods and services is growing every year, and certain changes in the structure of exports and imports can be considered as trends towards the transition to the path of sustainable development. One of the most important places in the structure of world exports is occupied by tourism, and the entry into the first place in 1998 only emphasizes its economic significance.

Now hardly anyone would dispute the fact that travel and tourism already play a very significant role in the economic component of sustainability, and this role can only increase in the future. At the same time, there is a growing understanding that the impact of travel demand goes far beyond the usual travel agencies and directly affects areas such as aircraft manufacturing and the food industry, on the one hand, and the creation of a retail system to serve tourists, on the other.

Despite the fact that international tourism every year involves more and more territories in its sphere, even the most remote corners of the globe, there is a strong disproportion in the regional distribution of the main indicators. It is also important to note the fact that intraregional tourism prevails over intercontinental tourism. Europe concentrates more than half of the tourists and revenues (with about 80% of all tourists living within this region).

But only a few countries dominate the tourism market. Constantly improving the range of services and introducing new technologies, they were the first to talk about the need for sustainable tourism. Now the first "five" in terms of arrivals (France, Spain, USA, Italy, China) account for 35.6%, and the total receipts from tourism in the USA, Spain, France, Italy, Great Britain account for 41.4% of the world.

Indicative are changes in tourist trips by purpose and method of arrival (mode of transport). The purposes of tourism are usually divided into three groups:

1) rest, recreation, entertainment

2) business (business)

3) visiting friends, health, religion, culture and others.

Recently, there has been an increase in the share of the last two groups, especially the third (where the importance of educational and ecotourism is growing).

If we try to make a brief overview of the development of tourism as a branch of the world economy over the past 10 years, then the main conclusions will be as follows:

- rapid growth in tourist arrivals (even faster population growth)

- continuous increase in tourism receipts

- the growing importance of the global tourism industry in trade (especially in trade in services)

- an increase in the positive balance of trade and tourism due to the growth of tourism revenues

- decrease in the share of Europe and America in the main tourism indicators

- further development of tourism infrastructure and creation of new jobs (including the construction of new and expansion of old hotels)

But such a description of the tourism industry is incomplete, or rather one-sided. Impressive quantitative indicators of tourism create a kind of "illusion of well-being". But if you make a qualitative analysis, then other characteristics of this industry are revealed.

First of all, tourism is different from other industries, it is a very complex sector. There is a huge variety of travel programs available, from a few days in an ordinary holiday destination for the average citizen to a luxurious holiday for the wealthy, from simple excursions for the low-budget traveler to a trip on a chartered yacht with a crew for the upper segments of the market.

It is characteristic that the profit from tourism is by no means always received by those who bear the costs. The largest corporations invest in the construction of new facilities in developing countries, using cheap labor, they get big profits, and the level of well-being of the local population hardly increases. Tourists often disrupt people's lives and social patterns, and local governments are forced to spend more on building and maintaining facilities such as water treatment plants and roads to serve large numbers of guests.

It is not surprising that with such indicators, the impact of tourism on the environment, which was previously underestimated, is now becoming an object of increasing scrutiny. The potential vectors of such an impact are very numerous and varied, but primarily they relate to the consumption of natural resources, environmental pollution and land development. It should be noted that the maintenance of tourist infrastructure usually requires more resources than conventional territories, it also generates a large amount of waste.

Tourism, as the largest industry, is in complex interaction with the environment. No sector of the world economy depends to such an extent on the purity of water, beaches, air, and in general on the ideal state of nature, as the leisure industry.

Thus, tourism can develop only with the rational use of natural resources. Environmental protection and nature conservation are natural allies of the tourism industry. Both leading environmentalists and leaders of the tourism business agree with this. They believe that tourism will use its growing potential to protect nature and the environment at a global level. Today, the task of further development of tourism is formed as a minimization of its negative impact on the environment around.

And the positive role of tourism in this area is very clear. For example, whalers can organize sea excursions for tourists and show them whales in close proximity; their earnings at the same time will be much higher than if they were engaged in fishing for these animals.

2.2 Influence tourism on the natural and cultural Wednesday

Tourism, despite its closeness to nature and the demands on the quality of the environment, is an industry that widely uses a fairly large number of different types of resources. Therefore, rapid development, characterized by loud figures, must also include indicators of an increase in the consumption of resources and waste. In addition, an important issue is the expansion of territories used for the creation of tourism infrastructure. It is one thing when unsuitable lands are involved, old industrial and agriculturally depleted lands are reclaimed, and quite another when forests are cut down for the construction of hotels, ski lifts, new roads, meadows and arable lands are allocated, the coastline is changed.

The following types of negative impact of tourism can be distinguished:

- pollution by sewage, garbage

- noise pollution and air transport emissions

- erosion of the shore (beach) due to the removal of dunes and the leveling of coastal surfaces

- excessive use of natural areas (forests, mountain slopes, lakes)

- destruction of natural areas to accommodate tourism facilities

- violation of natural connections in the chain: air, water, earth's surface and living organisms

- influence on the culture of local residents

- loss of historical and architectural heritage

- one-time increase in population density in recreation areas

- aggravation of socio-economic tension

- distribution of the use of labor of minors

The negative impact of tourism today is experienced by many developing countries, and especially those that do not have sufficient technical and financial capabilities to replenish the resources spent by tourists and dispose of household waste produced by them. It is no secret that such waste in terms of its volume often far exceeds that generated during the daily activities of the entire population of the country that is the object of tourism. For example, in Nepal, where such a type of outdoor activity as hiking, each tourist is estimated to burn about 6 kg of wood daily, despite the fact that there is an acute shortage of fuel in the country. In the Egyptian capital, Cairo, one large hotel consumes as much electricity in a year as 3,600 households owned by middle-income Egyptians. In the Caribbean, tourist demand for seafood is so high that it has been a major factor in increasing pressure on lobster and edible shellfish populations. The pursuit of "natural" building materials also often puts a natural resource on the brink of extinction.

Many beautiful corners of the planet, not excluding protected areas, have already suffered significantly as a result of the influx of tourists - lovers of nature, which is fraught with detrimental consequences for the biodiversity of these places.

Tourism, as noted above, also leads to environmental pollution: the discharge of untreated effluents into rivers and seas, transport emissions containing carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides, and the production of garbage and other solid waste (for example, cruising ships with tourists in one the Caribbean alone produces more than 70 thousand tons of waste annually). The construction of facilities and the development of tourist infrastructures also have a detrimental effect on the natural environment. For example, three-quarters of the sand dunes on the Mediterranean coast between Spain and Sicily have effectively ceased to exist, mainly as a result of being converted into tourist facilities.

Whether tourists will be satisfied with the time spent at the resort will depend to a decisive extent on how the conditions of rest and the level of service will meet expectations. Since the pristine natural environment is a necessary condition for a pleasant pastime, its preservation becomes an important economic factor for the tourism industry, for those who determine the policy in this area, specialists and management of the tourism companies themselves.

Restrictions and legal acts must be adopted to prevent and minimize the damage that tourism causes to biological diversity.

The tourism industry is one of the few sectors where developing countries can offer a quality product to the world market. These countries receive income from tourism, and the overwhelming majority of tourists themselves come there from highly developed and economically and industrially leading states. This obvious fact shows that countries that are less burdened by industrial production and have preserved their natural environment benefit indirectly from the economic production of industrialized countries that have achieved a leading position at the expense of their ecology.

Tourism must be developed in a way that benefits indigenous people, strengthens the local economy, and educates and attracts local labor. Rationally use available resources and building materials, local agricultural products, and take into account the characteristics of the territory.

The stakeholders of the desired direction of tourism development should be the government, both at the local and national and international levels. It is the state that is able to act as a regulatory force, through laws and taxes to allow, prohibit, determine the conditions for development. Considering all the problems arising from the development of the tourism industry that tourists, local residents, and regional authorities have to face, it should be noted that there is a need for a comprehensive solution difficult situations, this implies a transition to sustainable development. Using the principles of the concept of sustainable development, tourism can not only overcome difficulties, but also act as a locomotive that will lead other industries on the path of sustainable development. But this transition is also not so simple.

But the obvious impact of an industry that transports, houses, feeds and entertains millions of people every day (and increasingly in unique yet highly vulnerable ecosystems), builds, transforms landscapes, and directly affects indigenous peoples should not be glossed over. and local communities.

Of course, these problems cannot be ignored. Much can be done through intelligent planning and design, optimal planning and the management of opportunities - this is where the ideas of sustainable development can come in handy. In order to follow the basic principles of the concept of sustainable development, one should assess the nature and intensity of the impact, conduct environmental audits, take into account the potential burden on the environment, optimize resource consumption, and invest in new technologies. All factors, interests and obligations of stakeholders - governmental, industrial and public circles - should be taken into account, and the latter, of course, include both the tourists themselves and the local population.

2.3 Implementation principles sustainable development in tourism

The projected pace of development of the tourism sector and the growing importance of this sector for many developing countries, including small island developing States, as an economic sector that employs a large part of the population and makes a major contribution to economic development at the local, national, subregional and regional levels, require focusing on the relationship between conservation and tourism development. In this regard, special consideration should be given to the efforts that developing countries are making for development, along with traditional tourism, cultural tourism and ecotourism, and the assistance that the international community, including international financial institutions, is providing in this regard.

Like other economic sectors, tourism consumes resources, creates waste, generating environmental, cultural and social costs and benefits. In order to ensure sustainable patterns of consumption and production within the tourism sector, it is necessary to strengthen national capacity for policy development in areas such as planning in-kind, impact assessment and implementation of economic and regulatory measures in the areas of information exchange, education and marketing. Of particular concern is the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of vulnerable ecosystems such as coral reefs, mountains, coastal regions and wetlands. The sustainable development of tourism can ultimately lead to the sustainable development of the entire territory, while carrying out the protection of nature, the protection of culture, social and economic development.

Policy development and implementation should be carried out in collaboration with all stakeholders, especially the private sector, local and indigenous communities, an action-oriented international program of work on sustainable tourism should be developed and prepared in collaboration with the World Tourism Organization, the United Nations, UNEP.

By all measures, tourism causes much less damage to the environment than other sectors of the economy. However, its sustainable development for the benefit of the natural and cultural environment remains a priority for industry leaders.

Initial efforts to implement sustainable development should minimize the negative environmental impacts of tourism. This task is of particular relevance in light of the rapid development of the industry, which is expected in the coming years, and the increase in its burden on the environment, if appropriate measures are not taken. After all, in the end, the industry will be able to develop only with the sustainable use of natural resources. Therefore, in the future, transport and hotel services, catering, waste disposal and other types of guest services must be organized with much more cost-effectiveness and environmental soundness than in the past.

Today, staying in a hotel is not at all what it used to be. You will be provided with clean towels daily only if you specifically request it. Hot water is likely to be heated by solar energy, while dirty drains from bathtubs, showers and washing machines are likely to be treated and recycled back into the water supply. A plastic card - the key to the electronic lock of your room - completely de-energizes the room when you leave, so that an electrical appliance that is not accidentally turned off does not waste energy. And all this is done for the sake of conserving the resources of the environment.

Currently, the hotel business is greening, largely due to organizations such as International association Hotels and Restaurants (IAOR), the International Hotel Environmental Quality Initiative, UNEP Division of Industry and Environment, the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), and a number of leading hotels.

The hospitality industry faces big challenges. Hotel directors, in particular, need to be more aware of how hotels should be located on the ground, what layout should be in order to fit into the landscape as much as possible. One must be able to assess the impact of hotel facilities on the environment and conduct inspections of such impact. In ongoing activities, it is necessary to constantly take into account environmental factors, improve environmental monitoring methods and actively disseminate information about environmental and resource-saving activities among hotel guests and other interested parties.

The travel and tourism industry creates jobs much more easily and faster than any other sector of the economy, which is extremely important for industrialized countries with high unemployment rates. Rural "tourism is able to breathe new life to many regions of the world where, for one reason or another, agriculture is becoming obsolete. Ecotourism opens up opportunities that did not exist before for small villages in Central America, India and Africa, and the so-called cultural tourism, which aims to get acquainted with the everyday and socio-cultural characteristics of the peoples of the world, helps to maintain local crafts and handicrafts where there has not yet been a reliable base for industrial development.

Individual companies can exemplify the application of self-regulation by voluntarily implementing pollution abatement measures, developing and complying with production standards, and through educational activities.

The role of the state is also important, since only it is able to develop the much-needed strategic framework for planning the tourism industry. Only the state can ensure the identification of valuable and especially vulnerabilities habitats, carry out basic research and monitoring, and assess overall infrastructure needs and their impacts. And only it is able to establish emission limits, as well as requirements for the placement and design of tourist facilities. To the extent possible, it is necessary to assess the impact on the environment, study the potential intensity of the use of certain areas and establish their capacity in terms of receiving and accommodating tourists, without allowing excessive pressure on natural ecosystems.

3. Sustainability as a priority for the development of tourism in the 21st century.

3.1 Ratio ecological and sustainable tourism

2002 has been declared by international organizations as the year of ecotourism. This is a reflection of the changes taking place in the world right now. The increased demand for services related to the cleanliness of the environment stimulated the development of various areas, in tourism this is reflected in the formation of ecotourism directions.

Now it is one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the tourism industry. Its annual growth is estimated at 10-20 to 30% (for adventure tourism, in which it passes according to WTO statistics per year, and its share in international tourism revenue reaches 10-15%. But it is difficult to say exactly what ecotourism is. Many sources give a definition given by the Ecotourism Society (USA): "Ecotourism is travel to places with relatively untouched nature with the aim, without violating the integrity of ecosystems, to get an idea of ​​the natural and cultural-ethnographic features of a given territory, which creates such economic conditions, when nature conservation becomes beneficial to the local population.

Ecotourism differs from traditional tourism in the following ways:

- the predominance of natural objects of tourism

- sustainable nature management

- less resource and energy consumption

- direct participation in the socio-economic development of territories

- ecological education of tourists.

The geography of ecological tourism is also specific. If the main international flows of traditional tourists are directed from developed countries to developed ones, and France, the USA, Spain, Italy are in the lead among the host countries, then ecotourists are sent mainly from developed developing countries. The latter are found mainly in the tropics, whose nature is exotic and attractive to the inhabitants of temperate latitudes. Kenya, Tanzania, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Nepal, the countries of the Caribbean region and Oceania, as well as the developed countries of the tropics: Australia, New Zealand and South Africa are leading here. Domestic ecotourism is developed in the countries of Western Europe and North America with a capacious ecotourism market. Tourists actively visit natural areas and the countryside.

An important issue is the distinction between the two now common terms about tourism: sustainable and ecological. There is no unambiguous understanding. But a different point of view prevails now. Ecological tourism is understood as a form (type) of tourism with certain properties (which are given above), there are certain requirements, first of all, the uniqueness of a natural or natural-cultural phenomenon, and strict rules for respecting the environment are observed. Sustainable tourism is not a kind, it is a direction of development based on the principles of the concept of sustainable development. Tourism that satisfies all existing needs, but at the same time develops in such a way as to provide the same opportunities for future generations. It also includes resource conservation, both a careful attitude to biodiversity and the preservation of the entire environment, and takes into account all cultural and social relations.

Therefore, any ecotourism can be called an example of sustainable tourism, sustainable tourism can be of any other type, not necessarily ecological.

The main driving force behind the rapid development of ecotourism is the rapidly growing demand for recreation in nature, which is determined by the increasing inconsistency of the environment of modern man with his physiological and psychological needs. Satisfying this demand and, consequently, the success of ecotourism development, like no other industry, depends on the quality of the environment, since it is its pristine nature that is valued by tourists. Therefore, the environmental factor naturally becomes an economic category: maintaining the quality and pristine environment (a sign of sustainability) is economically beneficial, unlike, for example, beach tourism, which does not require wildlife, but rather artificial beaches or even pools. This benefit manifests itself over relatively short periods of time, while in other industries the negative economic effect from environmental degradation most often does not occur so soon, usually after the expiration of the payback period of projects.

Thus, ecological tourism is nature-oriented sustainable tourism. Both of its characteristics are determined by objective reasons: natural orientation - by the characteristics of tourist demand, and sustainability - by the economic benefit of maintaining the quality of the environment.

The development of ecological tourism leads to the rationalization of land use. Many territories in the case of their tourist use give much more income than when they are used for agriculture and industry. This is especially true for tropical regions with marginal agriculture on marginal soils.

A study in Kenya showed that with the transition from pastoralism to conservation for tourism, the value of some land increased from $0.8 to $40. for 1 ha. In many areas, ecotourism can be a significant help for a balanced development of the economy, as is the case in some agricultural areas of developed countries.

One of the most important problems of sustainable development is the use of biological resources. In the vast majority of cases, ecotourism, unlike other types of use, does not lead to their physical destruction. It often proves to be an alternative to logging and large-scale hunting.

The use of some animals as objects of ecotourism is also much more effective than their utilitarian use. According to calculations, one lion in the Amboseli National Park (Kenya) brings 27,000 am. dollars of tourist income per year, and a herd of elephants - 610,000 am. dollars. This is not only much higher than the cost of skins and tusks, but also economically justifies the cost of protecting and restoring the populations of these animals.

Thus, ecotourism is closely related to the protection of rare and endangered species, since many of them are exotic and become objects of ecotourism. This applies not only to animals and plants, but also to ecosystems and natural complexes in general. On the other hand, with inadequate planning of tourist loads, the growing popularity of "souvenirs from the wild" can replenish the causes of the extinction of individual species and the violation of natural complexes. Rare species and ecosystems of territories can be considered as a vital resource for local communities, therefore their protection is connected with the protection of culture.

Ecotourism makes a certain contribution to nature protection through the support of specially protected natural areas (SPNA), which play an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of the planet. Many protected areas, especially national parks (NPs), are created to develop tourism.

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Sustainable tourism is tourism that meets the needs of today's tourists and local communities while preserving and enhancing opportunities for the future.

Sustainable tourism implies the possibility of creating long-term conditions for the development of both tourism itself and the conservation of natural resources, social and cultural values ​​of society. At the same time, its goal is to achieve a higher standard of living for the population through economic growth and the preservation of environmental benefits, natural capital for future generations. This approach fits into the global tourism trends that determine the formation of a new tourist brand, when the high preservation of natural and cultural complexes is an indispensable condition for sustainable development.

Sustainable tourism is the youngest concept of environmentally friendly tourism. It is inherently a private application of the concept of sustainable development, which implies the integration of social, economic and environmental aspects in decision-making and practical activities. Developed in 1987, the concept of sustainable development became the central idea of ​​the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) and was recognized as an effective development model by the vast majority of countries whose representatives signed a number of international documents directly related to practical implementation of the concept of sustainable development.

The need for sustainable development of tourism is becoming more and more noticeable every year, as the negative aspects of the influence of the tourism sector are becoming more and more obvious, and the positive effects are not as significant as they used to be. The development of tourism around the world has a significant impact on the state of the natural environment. From the visual impact of hotel architecture and resort complexes to noise and air pollution from increased traffic, pollution of water sources and loss of natural habitats.

Currently and for the foreseeable future, a new sustainable thinking is being formed in society, which has already led to the emergence of new motivations in tourism, driven by the need to acquire such a tourism experience that would be environmentally and socially responsible. Only in this case, tourism establishments have a chance for long-term success. Thus, the transformation of thinking in society determines the evolutionary development of tourism, which is reflected in the formation of not only nature-oriented types of tourism, but also contributed to the emergence of a new direction in tourism that ensures sustainability in this sector of the economy.

The authoritative actor in the field of sustainable tourism is the WTO. She formulated the principles of sustainable tourism already in 1988. According to the WTO, sustainable tourism is “a direction in the development of tourism that allows you to meet the needs of tourists now, taking into account the interests of the host region and allowing you to save this opportunity in the future. This provides for the management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs are met while maintaining cultural and ecological integrity, without harming biological diversity and life support systems.

The principles of sustainability in tourism boil down to environmental, cultural, economic and community sustainability. In practice, this means that all tourism companies must implement the proposed activities in order to achieve long-term sustainable development.

1. Sustainable tourism. The main directions of transition to sustainable tourism2. Characteristics of event tourism in the world. Geography of the largest carnivals and festivalsList of references 1.Sustainable tourism. Main directions of transition to sustainable tourism Sustainable tourism is tourism that meets the needs of modern tourists and the local population and at the same time preserves and increases opportunities for the future. Sustainable tourism implies the possibility of creating long-term conditions for the development of both tourism itself and the preservation of natural resources, social and cultural values ​​of society. At the same time, its goal is to achieve a higher standard of living for the population through economic growth and the preservation of environmental benefits, natural capital for future generations. This approach fits into the global tourism trends that determine the formation of a new tourist brand, when the high preservation of natural and cultural complexes is an indispensable condition for sustainable development. Sustainable tourism is the youngest concept of environmentally safe tourism. It is inherently a private application of the concept of sustainable development, which implies the integration of social, economic and environmental aspects in decision-making and practical activities. Developed in 1987, the concept of sustainable development became the central idea of ​​the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) and was recognized as an effective development model by the vast majority of countries whose representatives signed a number of international documents directly related to practical implementation of the concept of sustainable development. The need for sustainable development of tourism is becoming more and more noticeable every year, as the negative aspects of the influence of the tourism sector are becoming more and more obvious, and the positive effects are not as significant as they were before. The development of tourism around the world has a significant impact on the state of the natural environment. From the visual impact of the architecture of hotels and resorts to noise and air pollution from increased traffic, pollution of water sources and loss of natural habitats. Now and for the foreseeable future, a new mindset with a focus on sustainable development is being formed in society, which has already led to the emergence new motivations in tourism, due to the need to acquire such a tourism experience that would be environmentally and socially responsible. Only in this case, tourism establishments have a chance for long-term success. Thus, the transformation of thinking in society determines the evolutionary development of tourism, which is reflected in the formation of not only nature-oriented types of tourism, but also contributed to the emergence of a new direction in tourism that ensures sustainability in this sector of the economy. The authoritative actor in the field of sustainable tourism is the WTO. She formulated the principles of sustainable tourism already in 1988. According to the WTO, sustainable tourism is “a direction in the development of tourism that allows you to meet the needs of tourists now, taking into account the interests of the host region and allowing you to save this opportunity in the future. This provides for the management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs are met while maintaining cultural and ecological integrity, without harming biological diversity and life support systems. The principles of sustainability in tourism come down to environmental, cultural, economic sustainability, and sustainability for local communities. In practice, this means that all tourism companies must implement the proposed activities in order to achieve long-term sustainable development.2. Characteristics of event tourism in the world. Geography of the largest carnivals and festivalsEvery day in different parts of the world there is a huge variety of interesting and exciting events that we can witness and participate in. If we want to see the carnival in Rio or Venice with our own eyes, parade through New York on Halloween, taste Irish green beer on St. Patrick's Day, meet a Buddhist New Year in Thailand or celebrate the queen's birthday in Amsterdam - please! All this is quite affordable and is called "event tourism". This is a wonderful invention for people who are mobile, enthusiastic, easy-going and at the same time suffering from an eternal lack of time. You can just fly to, say, Iceland for a couple of days, look at the northern lights, or watch the migration of whales in South Africa, and the impressions will last for a long time. Until the next interesting event. Event tourism is a fairly young type of tourism. Event tourism is an extremely interesting activity, and has been developing quite rapidly in recent years. The main difference between event tourism is that the purpose of the trip is timed to some kind of event - an event. Many tourists who are fond of event tourism are guided in their travels by local holidays, fairs and festivals. Visits to football matches and celebrity concerts have recently become a particularly popular direction of event tourism. Event tourism is mostly an individual form of recreation, which is filled with a constant holiday atmosphere. People going on such a trip will undoubtedly experience many bright unforgettable moments that they will remember for a lifetime. All event tourism can be divided into several categories, which are selected according to the scale of the event. On this basis, national and international events are distinguished. Also in event tourism, there are several areas that are divided depending on the topics: national festivals , film and theater festivals, theatrical shows, fashion shows, gastronomic festivals, music festivals, etc. Today, event tourism is developing dynamically in Russia. Forbes magazine published a list of the largest parties and festivals in the world for 2008. Among them are the Brazilian Carnival, Mardi Gras Carnival, Oktoberfest and Love Parade. Any festival or carnival from the Forbes list can be of interest to both all lovers of entertainment and avid tourists. Carnival in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Held in February and is one of the most popular in the world. Brazil, carnival and dancing - for many, this means fun and a bright holiday. The Rio Carnival attracts about 700 thousand tourists every year. Mardi Gras, New Orleans (USA) Mardi Gras is held from February 2 to 5. This is one of the largest festivals with the participation of jazz bands and large-scale carnivals and balls. Oktoberfest, Munich (Germany) Date - from September 20 to October 5. This is a real feast for lovers of beer, Bavarian sausages, grilled meats, carousels and German culture. Every year, tourists from many countries of the world come to Munich to Oktoberfest. New Year's Eve in Las Vegas (USA) is celebrated on the night of December 31 to January 1. On this night, a record price for a bottle of champagne was set: in Las Vegas, the cost reaches $1,000 per bottle. Held from 6 to 14 July in Pamplona (Spain). A real event for lovers of extreme sports and bullfighting. The Burning Man Festival, Black Rock, Nevada (USA) is celebrated annually from August 25 to September 1. The tradition of the Burning Man fire festival began in 1985, when actors and spectators of a street show from San Francisco burned a wooden figure about 2.5 meters high on the beach. Since that time, the height of the wooden giant has increased, the show has become more and more enchanting, acquiring new pranks and objects for burning, scenarios and traditions. Bastille Day, Paris (France) Traditionally celebrated on July 14th. Dedicated to the Great French Revolution, namely the day of the capture of the Bastille fortress, which took place in 1789. It is one of the favorite holidays in France. Love Parade, Dortmund (Germany) In 2007, the Love Parade was held in the city of Essen. The festival annually gathers millions of fans of national dances and dance music from all over the world. Bremen Carnival (January, annually) Most people can't even imagine what a carnival in Bremen could be like. Northern Germany is not known for its emotionality and short temper, but the carnival proves that the city knows how to have fun. Various parades, concerts and much more are organized during the carnival. Berlin International Film Festival (February, annually) The Berlin International Film Festival is the largest event in Germany and one of the most important in Europe. The Berlin International Film Festival traces its history from 1951 to the present moment is one of the world's central film festivals, along with Cannes and Venice. The Berlin festival has always been distinguished by good taste and sophistication. Initially, "elite" films, the so-called "non-grossing films", but highly artistic and highly spiritual were selected for the competition. List of literature used 1. Buylenko V.F. Tourism. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, Neoglory, 2008.2. Geography of tourism: Tutorial. - M.: KnoRus, 2009.3. Gulyaev V.G., Selivanov I.A. Tourism. Economics, management, sustainable development. - M.: Soviet sport, 2008.4. Carnivals. Holidays. - M.: World of Encyclopedias, 2005.5. Kachmarek J., Stasiak A., Vlodarczyk B. Tourist product. - M.: Unity-Dana, 2008.6. Konstantinova N. Carnival Country. - M.: Nauka, 2009.7. Lukyanova N.S. Geography of tourism. Tourist regions of the world and Russia. - M.: KnoRus, 2009.

Character traits tourism of the 21st century - sustainable and innovative development.

Source: Collection of scientific articles of the Moscow Academy of Tourism and Hotel and Restaurant Business under the Government of Moscow., 2006

Description: The article identifies the main trends in the development of the tourism industry in recent years, which indicate that the further development of tourism will be carried out through the widespread introduction of innovations.

By the end of the 20th century, tourism took a leading place in international foreign economic relations, began to have a serious impact on the development of the economies of individual countries and the world economy as a whole, and its influence on the formation of gross domestic product increased. Therefore, tourism was called the "phenomenon of the twentieth century."

Despite the obstacles that arise (natural disasters, man-made disasters, terrorist attacks, etc.), tourism continues to develop actively at the present time. The forms and methods of organizing travel are changing, new types of tourism are emerging, conditions for the sustainable development of tourism are being developed and created. Tourists, in connection with the expansion of opportunities for obtaining information, are increasingly beginning to intervene in the process of preparing a trip.

The trends that have been developing in the tourism industry in recent years indicate that the further development of tourism will be carried out through the widespread introduction of innovations. Further technological progress, the emergence and implementation of basic innovations (nanotechnologies, biotechnologies, etc.), and the widespread use of knowledge will have a significant impact.

This will be facilitated by the struggle for the sustainable development of world civilization, including tourism.

Sustainable tourism development

Sustainable development of tourism is the ability of tourism to maintain its quantitative and qualitative indicators for a long period of time, that is, to meet the expectations of residents and tourists, both in a short and long period, without damaging the environment of the territory that is interested in this phenomenon.

The document adopted by the General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization (1985) - “Tourism Charter and the Tourist Code” - put forward the position that “the local population, having the right to free access to tourism resources, should ensure, by their attitude and behavior, respect for the surrounding natural and cultural environment. It has the right to expect tourists to understand and respect their customs, religions and other aspects of their culture, which are part of the heritage of mankind.”

Tourists, realizing that they are guests of the host country, should show the greatest respect for the natural and cultural heritage of the place of stay and refrain from comparing the economic, social and cultural differences existing between them and the local population. Such behavior of tourists can be facilitated by preliminary (before the start of the trip) information: a) about the customs of the local population, its traditional and religious activities, local prohibitions and shrines; b) about artistic, archaeological and cultural values, about fauna, flora and other natural resources of the visited territory, which must be protected and preserved.

In April 1989, the Inter-Parliamentary Conference on Tourism adopted the Hague Declaration. The declaration emphasizes that “in view of the deep relationship that exists between tourism and the environment, one should: promote integrated tourism development planning based on the concept of “sustainable development”, which was approved by the UN General Assembly; stimulate the development of alternative forms of tourism that promote closer contact and understanding between tourists and host populations, preserve cultural identity and offer diverse and original tourism products and facilities, and ensure the necessary cooperation of the public and private sectors in achieving these goals, both at the national, as well as internationally."

In 1992, at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, the concept of sustainable development received further confirmation. Delegations from 182 countries of the world adopted the program document "Agenda for the 21st century" ("Agenda 21"). Tourism as a separate topic was not included in this document, however, its impact on the preservation of the environment, cultural and natural heritage and on the integration of the efforts of various organizations for sustainable development, was the reason for the development and adoption in 1995 by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) and the Earth Council (Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry).

This paper defines sustainable tourism development as follows: “Sustainable tourism development meets the current needs of tourists and host regions while safeguarding and enhancing opportunities for the future. All resources must be managed in such a way as to meet economic, social and aesthetic needs while preserving cultural integrity, important ecological processes, biodiversity and life support systems. Sustainable tourism products are products that exist in harmony with the local environment, society, culture in such a way that it benefits and does not harm tourism development. Consequently, those types of tourism activities that have the highest total positive effect in terms of ecology, economy and social development are the most sustainable.

Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry states that there is ample evidence of excessive tourist influx, resorts losing their former glory, destruction of local culture, transport problems and growing local resistance to tourism development. The tourism and travel industry has the potential to significantly improve the environmental and socio-economic situation in all the centers and countries in which the industry operates through a culture of sustainable tourism development. It is to replace the culture of intensive consumption with a culture of intelligent growth; balance economic and environmental factors development; find common interests of tourists and the local population; distribute the benefits received among all members of society, and primarily among the poorest categories of the population.

The document outlines a specific program of action for state bodies responsible for the state of tourism and tourism companies to create conditions for the sustainable development of tourism. The important role of cooperation between authorities, economic sectors and tourism organizations is emphasized, and the enormous benefits of shifting the focus from “eco-tourism” to “sustainable tourism” are demonstrated. Sustainability in tourism implies a positive overall balance of the environmental, socio-cultural, and economic impacts of tourism, as well as the positive impact of visitors on each other.

"Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry" recommends nine priority areas for the authorities government controlled:
assessment of the existing regulatory, economic and voluntary framework in terms of sustainable tourism development;
assessment of the economic, social, cultural and environmental activities of the organization;
training, education and public awareness;
tourism sustainable development planning;
promoting the exchange of information, skills and technologies related to the sustainable development of tourism between developed and developing countries;
ensure the participation of all public sectors;
development of new tourism products based on the principle of sustainability;
assessment of progress towards sustainable tourism development;
cooperation for sustainable development.

The tasks of tourism companies are: the development of systems and procedures for introducing ideas of sustainability into management and determining areas of activity for the implementation of the principles of sustainable tourism development. Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry emphasizes that consideration of economic, social, cultural criteria and environmental protection should be an integral part of all management decisions and should be given priority over the inclusion of new elements in existing programs. All company activities from marketing to sales should be influenced by programs to protect, preserve and restore the environment.

In recent years, there has been a gradual, but increasingly large-scale transition to the use by tourist companies and enterprises, especially accommodation facilities, of special methods that ensure the rational use of environmental resources. Voluntary certification systems, environmental labels, awards for environmental performance, codes of conduct are increasingly being used and are becoming more popular.

In 2000, well-known tour operators, with the participation of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Commission (UNESCO) and the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), created a voluntary non-profit partnership "Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development". Among the participants of this partnership are such well-known companies as TUI Group (Germany), Hotelplan (Switzerland), First Choice (Great Britain), ACCOR (France) and others. This organization is open to all interested participants in the tourism sector, regardless of their size and geographical location.

The members of this initiative define sustainability as the foundation of their business activities and working together to promote practices and practices that are compatible with sustainable development. They committed themselves to striving, both within each organization and in business relationships with partners, to apply the best practices regarding the responsible use of natural resources. To do this, companies will reduce and minimize waste, prevent environmental pollution; protect and conserve plants, animals, landscape, protected areas and ecological systems, biological diversity, cultural and natural heritage, respect the integrity of local cultures and avoid negative impact on social structures; collaborate with local communities and peoples; to use local products and skill of workers.

The World Tourism Organization is actively involved in the implementation of the provisions for the sustainable development of tourism, which are set out in Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industries. The "Silk Road" campaign is being actively carried out, in which many interested countries participate, in August 2002, at the World Summit on Sustainable Tourism in Johannesburg, the UNWTO and UNCTAD joint program - "Sustainable Tourism - Eliminating Poverty" was approved — ST-EP). The program pursues two goals: the sustainable development of tourism and the eradication of poverty in order to increase their potential dependency and strengthen the role of the least developed and developing countries in sustainable development.

For the sustainable development of tourism, it is necessary that all actors involved in this process, and at all levels, responsibly and with mutual respect fulfill their role - only such tourism can be sustainable. Hence the emergence of a new type of tourism - socially responsible tourism. Its philosophy is to exchange cultural traditions so that the peoples of the world are consolidated on the basis of national identity, in order to acquaint tourists with the life of local residents, their customs and customs.

The main problem in organizing such trips is that it is necessary to teach tourists to behave like guests who have been kindly allowed to live in the house, and not masters who everyone around should serve. On the other hand, local residents should stop treating tourists as annoying intruders and understand that visitors contribute to the improvement of the economic and social situation in their homeland.

An example of the development of responsible tourism is the activity of a non-profit organization - the Italian Association for Responsible Tourism (AITR), organized in May 1998. Currently, members of the association are more than 60 organizations representing various areas of the tourism business.

According to the latest edition of the charter, approved in October 2005, this association is a second-level association, i.e. only organizations can be members of it. The association involves societies that carry out activities aimed at disseminating the principles set out in the documents on the sustainable development of tourism based on the criteria of justice, respect for human rights, concern for the economic and social sustainability of the environment, transparency in financial transactions, institutional and operational structures.

The charter of the association determines that responsible tourism is carried out on the basis of social and economic justice and in full respect for the environment and cultures. Responsible tourism recognizes the dominant role of local communities that host tourists, their right to be participants in the development of sustainable tourism and bear social responsibility for their own territory.

Responsible tourism activities contribute to the successful interaction between the tourism business, local communities and travelers. Initially, the concept of this new style of travel meant that the tourist chooses the excursion route, the way to move around the country and the place to stay for the night. Many began to use this type of travel because of the desire to save money, since the payment of intermediary services was excluded from the costs, and housing was rented directly from local residents. However, in recent years, the concept has changed, which has affected the availability of "responsible voyages". Since the association took over responsible tourism, the function of intermediary has shifted from tourism companies to the AITR association.

Activities to ensure the sustainable development of tourism involve not only tourism enterprises and associations, but government and many non-governmental organizations.

In November 2003, the Australian Government, with the aim of sustainable development of the country's tourism industry and to better position tourism against possible future shocks, adopted the White Paper "Supporting a long-term strategy for tourism" (Tourism White Paper). The White Paper provides for the creation of a framework for cooperation between government authorities at various levels and the tourism industry, encourages the improvement of technological development in the tourism sector and the quality of tourism products, the practice of sustainable development of the tourism business in the field of ecology and culture.
The Swedish Environment Agency has developed and adopted the "Ten Principles for Sustainable Tourism":

sustainable use of natural resources that do not allow their depletion;
reducing excess consumption and waste;
ensuring the conservation of natural, social and cultural diversity;
careful planning, integrated approach, integration of ecological tourism into regional development plans;
support for local economies;
participation of the local population in the development of tourism and their participation in the financial and other benefits from this activity;
consultation of interested persons and the public;
training;
responsible tourism marketing.

The International Socio-Ecological Union (ISEU), established in the USSR in 1998, which includes more than 10 thousand people from 17 countries, in 2005 included in its program of activities the project "Development of sustainable tourism in the ISSEU member countries".

There are currently a number of international programs on the introduction of sustainable tourism. One such program is the Integrated Coastal Zone Management program. The program has the status of a code and is accepted by most European countries, is being intensively developed in America, and is also relevant for Russia. The program is dedicated to the zones of sea coasts, as the most attractive areas of the biosphere for intensive socio-economic human activity and, above all, for the development of tourism. The purpose of this program is, taking into account the specific social and natural conditions of the sea coasts, attractive for various areas of human activity, to learn how to live on the coasts, to be able to manage them. One of the methods for introducing this area of ​​activity is the development of computer training programs. The European Training Program for Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Coastlern) is funded by the European Union as part of a program of cooperation and assistance to the CIS countries and Russia.

Russia also hosts various events aimed at the sustainable development of tourism. In the Kaliningrad region, a "Charter for the Development of Sustainable Tourism" was adopted, which provides for the implementation of 15 projects in 2002-2006 in order to create conditions for the sustainable development of tourism in the region. Among these projects: restoration of the old postal route on curonian spit; revival of folk traditions and crafts; organization of the tour "Rafting on the rivers of the Kaliningrad region"; organization of a center for the development of rural tourism in the Guryevsky district and others.

In the annual Message to the Legislative Assembly of the Tver region in 2005, the governor set the task of introducing a social and economic model of tourism development in the region. This model, designed for the medium term, involves a set of measures, including active advertising and information activities to create an image of the region that is favorable both for tourism and investment in tourism in general. The result of the project implementation should be an increase in the total number of tourists by at least a third, an increase in the profitability of the tourism industry by 3-4 times and a significant increase in the number of people employed in tourism activities.

Similar programs are available in the Oryol, Pskov, Tyumen Omsk regions and other subjects of the Russian Federation.

The World Tourism Organization in 2004 in the conceptual definition of sustainable tourism development stated that “the norms and practices of managing sustainable tourism development can be applied to all types of tourism and to all types of destinations, including mass tourism and various niche tourism segments. The principles of sustainability relate to environmental protection, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development and an appropriate balance must be struck between these three aspects in order to guarantee the long-term sustainability of tourism. Sustainable tourism must also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction by leveraging the diverse experiences of tourists, raising their awareness of the sustainability of outcomes, and promoting sustainable tourism practices among them.”

Thus, the sustainable development of tourism should:

1) ensure the optimal use of environmental resources, which are a key element in the development of tourism, supporting basic ecological processes and helping to preserve natural heritage and biological diversity.

2) respect the unique socio-cultural characteristics of the host communities, preserving their inherent created and established cultural heritage and traditional customs and contribute to the mutual understanding of different cultures and tolerance for their perception.

3) to ensure the viability of long-term economic processes, taking into account their benefits to all stakeholders who impartially disseminate them, including permanent employment and opportunities for income generation and social services for host communities and a contribution to poverty reduction.

The development and implementation of innovations can greatly contribute to the process of maintaining the sustainable development of tourism. Sustainable development and innovation processes in tourism activities are interrelated. This is evidenced by the holding in November 2005 in Moscow, under the auspices of the UNESCO Office for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and the Russian Federation, an international conference "Innovative policy in the field of preserving cultural heritage and developing cultural and educational tourism." The conference discussed the issues of creating an effective system of interaction between the state, business and society for the preservation of heritage and the development of tourism; innovative projects in the field of preservation of world cultural heritage sites and development of cultural and educational tourism.

Innovative development of tourism

Tourism is an industry whose constituent components are determined at the time of consumption of services or goods by visitors. The visitor consumes a whole package of services that are produced by a large number of suppliers. Tourist service providers compete with each other. However, they are forced to cooperate to a certain extent when the consumer needs additional services or a package of services. Therefore, new tourism structures are generated between competition and cooperation of providers.

Instead of traditional tourism, new forms of tourism are emerging, including more innovative, specialized, “immirgan”, bespoke and experiential forms. In addition, the development of tourist demand caused by the awareness of tourists, and at the same time demographic changes (population aging), accelerate the segmentation and creation of new types of tourism products.

Tourism innovation brings new ideas, services and products to markets. Innovation not only involves the adaptation of the tourism industry to the changing nature of tourism through the application of new marketing strategies, but the environment surrounding tourism is conducive to the emergence of new and innovative services, products and processes. Therefore, tourism innovation must be seen as a permanent, global and dynamic process.

The nature and structure of tourism is changing. New technologies make it possible to flexibly and segmentally organize a vacation that is competitive with a mass, standard offer. The "mass, standardized and necessarily complex" tourism is being replaced by a new type of tourism, made to order, based on the demand of tourists.

The practice of new tourism is interrelated with factors such as demographic changes, lifestyle, nature of work and holidays. In many countries, the population is aging. The older generation of tourists (“third age”) is beginning to play an ever-increasing role in shaping tourism activities. It is noted that older tourists spend on average more money than other categories of travelers. This also leads to innovation in the tourism market.

In the tourism market space, significant changes are taking place at the initiative of the tourists themselves, who are constantly looking for non-standard travel experiences. Growing consumer awareness is driving tourism businesses to innovate and improve their operations based on tourists' personal perceptions of the environment. In this field of activity, most of the products in which innovation can be based have their own niches in the market space, such as ecological and adventure (extreme) tourism.

As you know, the tourism product is different from other manufactured products. Its specific characteristics often create problems and act as a deterrent to product growth through innovation.

Therefore, it is a challenge for the tourism industry to offer new products and services that increase profitability everywhere and contribute to the attractiveness and competitiveness of the destination and/or enterprise. For destinations or large enterprises, the solution to this problem may be to diversify tourism products, but it needs a wide range of product quality in order to cater to the diverse demand of customers and their tendency to change. Experience-based tourism, sustainable tourism and cultural tourism are today strategies that are the source of many innovative products. Experience-based tourism is generated from numerous small, casual encounters and interactions between tourists and various people working in the tourism industry. The creation and production of new tourism experiences can be seen as an important innovation.

Cultural tourism is also an important and growing sector, attracting relatively wealthy and educated visitors. Some countries are taking active measures to reposition their cultural and natural heritage and develop tourism diversification in the country.

Spain's tourism industry, which is currently heavily dependent on the attractiveness of seaside resorts, is trying to improve the use of the national cultural resources by making efforts to change the tourist offer. A good example of the use of culture and historical heritage is the country's established system of hotels Paradores ("inns"), which has no analogues anywhere else in the world. Of the 86 such accommodation facilities, almost half are located in former monasteries, ancient castles, and palaces of Spanish grandees. In terms of service and maintenance, most of them can be compared with the best hotels in Europe. On the basis of accommodation in such hotels, interesting routes have been developed that allow you to get acquainted with the history, customs and cuisine of various regions of the country.

Tourism enterprises have always been active supporters of the introduction of new technologies, including global distribution systems. Modern advances in telecommunications, networking, database creation and processing and electronic marketing provide new opportunities for the tourism business and significantly affect traditional business models. Therefore, the main area of ​​change and innovation in tourism is related to the use of information and communication technologies - ICT (information and communication technologies - ICT). Information and communication technologies give a different value to tourism products and support the development of chains and clusters. Information technologies cover all the space significant for tourism (information about destinations, accommodation, transport, package tours and services) and actively monitor the availability of such services.

The widespread development of ICT is changing the role played in tourism by travel agents, tour operators, conference organizers, sales agents, etc. On the one hand, information and communication technology systems, by providing the latest detailed information on the availability of products and the prices of these products, affect sales and income. On the other hand, the widespread use of the latest information technologies facilitates the establishment of direct links between producers (hotels, air carriers) and consumers. Consumers are increasingly using ICT to prepare their travels. They are looking for specialized and easily accessible products and want to communicate directly with service providers. For the tourism industry, this can lead to a reduction in transaction costs, to the process of transferring financial resources to the unorganized market. As a result, tourism companies must inevitably apply innovative methods to ensure the growth of their competitiveness. The application of ICT in the tourism industry inevitably leads to the process of reducing traditional intermediation and promotes industry reorganization and innovation.

Implementation the latest technologies in the field of tourism has led to the emergence of new concepts, such as tourist information systems, e-tourism (e-tourism) and e-travel (e-travel).

E-tourism is an online service that is a platform that enables direct sales, easy payment for services by the end user, business development between the manufacturer, travel agents and intermediaries (b2b).

E-travel is an online service that contains travel news, information and advice on issues that may arise when planning a trip. By the way, in many countries they do not distinguish between e-tourism and e-travel - these two services, sometimes copying each other in many respects.

Tourism Information Systems (TIS) is a new business model that serves and provides information support e-tourism and e-travel organizations. The information obtained from these sources can serve as a starting point for many tasks, including travel planning, price comparisons, and the creation of dynamic package tours.

Dynamic packaging tour or dynamic package tour (Dynamic Packaging) makes it possible in real time to compose, at the request of the consumer or agent selling services, various combinations of trip components, with a single price for the entire package of services included in the tour. New information obtained in the process of solving dynamic problems can significantly change the customer's decision to include certain services in the travel program. Using the principles of dynamic tour layout, travelers can design their trip by combining their preferences for flights, car rentals, hotels, and leisure activities, paying for the entire package of ordered services at a time. The buyer can specify a set of his preferences. For example, when a tourist requests a five-day stay in Rome, a real-time functional system will access and query information sources in order to find items such as air fares, car rental conditions, and leisure opportunities that satisfy the customer.

The ability to create package tours on order has led to the emergence of a trend of constant growth in sales of services combined into one package. In 2004, the share of online buyers who used the dynamic package tour technology reached 33%. At the same time, the number of online travel consumers who bought prepackaged package tours fell to 13 percent.

Currently, the Travel Industry`s Leading Specifications Publication Organization (OTA) alliance operates in the world, which includes 150 organizations from all sectors of the tourism industry. The Alliance is a non-profit organization that is working to create a single electronic dictionary for use in the exchange of tourist information. Recently, the OTA alliance entered into an agreement with the World Tourism Organization to join forces to strengthen the universal language for interaction in e-travels around the world.

The use of dynamic tour layout is an innovative solution for the future development of the tourism industry.

During the restructuring, a systematic approach to the development of tourism was also manifested - the main destinations become.

Destinations are usually systems that are characterized by the presence of a significant number of subsystems and a number of fragmented inclusions. The definition of this concept can be formulated as follows.

Destination - a place (territory) of visiting, attracting tourists with its specific natural and recreational resources, sights, historical and cultural heritage.

Geographically, destinations can be of various sizes, ranging from the entire country to a small town or village (Veliky Ustyug is the birthplace of Father Frost).

At the destination level, the tourism industry is very fragmented with many different providers. In many cases, the services offered by destinations are public goods or public resources, such as protected landscapes, or reserves of land for agricultural use. Local features give them a distinct attraction, and specific attractions and products are the offer that distinguishes destinations, makes them unique. New destinations are emerging in the global tourism market that benefit from untapped or, in any case, underused resources and from favorable economic conditions, including low incomes and non-convertible currencies.

Travelers choose the destination that, in their opinion, is the most suitable to meet their needs. They are willing to pay for the benefits provided by the destinations, and the willingness to pay increases with the uniqueness of the destination.

The fate of destinations depends on a huge number of independent variables that neither the private nor the public sector can influence. They include the location and potential of market resources, as well as accessibility, which is determined by the availability of transport links and the level of price fluctuation depending on the season. In addition, these independent variables largely determine the nature of product innovation. The possibilities for product innovation are limited because some of them cannot be produced without being included in the common good of destinations. Because of this, it is a major challenge for local entrepreneurs to create new added value products for consumers. This requires significant investments in research and development of know-how, in the training of personnel, as well as the optimal use of the opportunities offered by internal development.

A destination and its components have a life cycle similar to other products and it is not always possible to extend this life cycle by simply rejuvenating products and services. A typical example of the innovation life cycle is the decline of tourism in the Alps. At one time, in order to occupy the free time of tourists, many sports began to develop that adapted to the special needs of visitors. An example is downhill skiing, which, due to its origins, has become a complex tourism industry. The Alps had a very significant advantage during the economic boom after the Second World War and became one of the two major tourist areas in Europe. This sector had a high growth rate until the 1980s. However, due to the replacement of competition, the life cycle of downhill skiing is almost completed. The development of new market niches, such as the introduction of snowboarding, has turned the ski slopes into a new version for a new generation of snow lovers. The loss of a significant market share was also influenced by the emergence of new, modernly equipped winter recreation centers, as well as the fact that nowadays a tourist can choose between winter sports in the Alps and swimming and diving in the Southern Hemisphere.

In all traditional tourist regions, there is a tendency for tourist destinations to be concentrated near the most developed industrial and cultural centers. This negatively affects the development of other territories. The latter are content to exploit market niches that, due to persistent economies of scale, are out of the interest of major destinations.

Therefore, the future of traditional, and not only, destinations will largely depend on the innovation-oriented tourism policy. Such a policy should help extend the life cycle of tourism products and services and achieve consistent growth rates.

Innovation research attributes increases in growth and productivity to long business cycle waves. These Kondratiev waves are related to the so-called basic innovations that lead to significant changes and bring many so-called applied innovations that are widely used in tourism activities.

It should be noted that the impact of innovation cycles on tourism development has been ignored for a long time. Traditional tourism countries have spent the last 50 years developing industrial methods to cope with growing tourist demand. The measures taken by states to promote tourism contributed to the preservation of structures whose chances of survival in the long term were unpromising. Therefore, they were caught off guard by the internationalization of tourist demand and the emergence of new competitive regions.

As a conclusion. Travel and tourism affect people's lifestyle on a daily basis. This is evident in our modern society as well. Tourism innovation is no longer a matter of giant leaps forward. Innovation very often consists of a series of small steps that lead to gradual development and are a feedback process. One innovation inevitably leads to another.

In leading tourism companies, innovation is routine. It is no longer a question of a fluke or a sudden display of genius—innovation is programmed by the enterprise and is a standard part of corporate decision-making about the allocation of resources. Companies reserve a significant portion of their total budget for research and development. To be on the safe side, lest they be caught off guard by unexpected innovations in the marketplace, modern companies have made innovation part of their daily planning. Innovation becomes a predictable and controlled bureaucratic process, which is now an objective additional factor of production.

The development of tourism is greatly influenced by the motivation and interests of consumers of services. They are increasingly characterized by a more careful selection of places that tourists want to visit during their trips, more attention to the most diverse aspects of tourist services and its quality, as well as environmental issues, traditional cultures and the life of the local people in the places they visit. This leads to greater market segmentation, the development of new forms of tourism, especially those related to nature, rural areas and cultural heritage, and the incorporation of new elements into traditional tourist travel programmes.

For the rational use of resources available in each region, with the aim of sustainable development of tourism, great importance acquires the development of medium-term and long-term programs as an integral part of the integrated socio-economic development of the region, and the implementation of planning for the development of the tourism sector based on a systematic approach, taking into account the cultural and natural characteristics of the region, the need to preserve the cultural and historical heritage and the possibility of introducing innovations.

At the same time, it is not necessary to adjust local conditions to the desires and ambitions to achieve a lot in a short time, but a reasonable and balanced plan of action to create a popular tourist product, to develop a system for its implementation aimed at promoting the tourist product, primarily in the domestic market. Practice shows that an interesting and attractive tourist product developed for domestic tourism is becoming popular with foreign tourists.

Sustainable and innovative tourism development requires the competent participation of all relevant stakeholders and strong political leadership in order to ensure broad participation and consensus building. Achieving sustainable tourism development is a continuous process that requires constant monitoring of environmental impacts, introducing, if necessary, appropriate preventive or corrective measures.

Looking back at history, it becomes clear that the tourism industry has always been open to the introduction of various innovations and is committed to innovation. Now is the time for active innovative development. You should listen to the opinion of the chairman of the board of directors of IBM S. J. Palmisano: "Prosperity in the modern world can only be achieved through innovation - in technology, strategy, business models." There is no other way for tourism.

Relationship between ecotourism and other types of tourism

When Hector Ceballos-Laskurein introduced the term "ecotourism" in 1983, there were (and still are) more than 30 more or less related and interrelated concepts and terms. Here are some of the most famous of them.

nature tourism (nature tourism, nature-based or nature-oriented tourism) - any type of tourism that directly depends on the use of natural resources in their relatively unchanged state, including landscapes, landforms, waters, vegetation and wildlife (Healy, 1998). Unlike ecological tourism, the concept of "nature tourism" is based only on the motivation of tourists (rest in the wild, acquaintance with it) and the nature of their activities (rafting, trekking, etc.) and does not take into account the environmental, cultural and economic impact of such travel. Therefore, the use of natural resources in this type of tourism is far from always reasonable and sustainable (suffice it to mention such types of tourism as hunting, traveling by motor boats, etc.).
Ecotourism is a more comprehensive concept, involving sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity for future generations, planning and management of tourism activities; in addition to the interests of tourists, it implies the achievement of public goals (Ziffer, 1989). An integral component of ecotourism is the interaction with the local population, the creation of more favorable economic conditions in the areas visited.
Thus, the difference between tour operators offering "traditional" nature tours and organizers of ecological tours becomes clear. The former are not committed to nature conservation or natural area management, they simply offer clients the opportunity to visit exotic places and experience indigenous cultures "before they disappear." The second set partnerships with protected areas and local residents. They strive to ensure that their business makes a real contribution to the conservation of wildlife and the development of local settlements in the long term. They try to improve mutual understanding between tourists and locals (Wallace, 1992).
As a type of nature tourism is sometimes distinguished biotourism (wildlife tourism) and travel to wildlife (wilderness travel), the purpose of which can be any objects of wildlife, from individual species to communities and biocenoses.

Nature tourism is not a concept, but specific types of tourism, the impact of which can be very different.

* Ecotourism is often associated with adventure tourism (adventure tourism). However, eco-tourism does not always involve an adventure component. On the other hand, not all adventure tours meet environmental criteria, especially in terms of sustainable use of resources. So, for example, sports and safari tours associated with the extraction of live trophies or the achievement of a sports result at any cost, for example, using cut down living trees for the construction of crossings, can be anti-environmental.

Green rural tourism , or agritourism (agrotourism), especially popular in the United States and Western Europe, is a vacation in the countryside (in villages, on farms, in comfortable peasant houses). Tourists for some time lead a rural lifestyle among nature, get acquainted with the values ​​of folk culture, applied arts, national songs and dances, local customs, take part in traditional rural labor, folk holidays and festivals.
* "Green" tourism (green tourism) implies the use of environmentally friendly methods and technologies in the tourism industry. In German-speaking countries, the adjective "environmental" is used very rarely, and is practically not used in definitions of "green" tourism industries. There, the most widely used term "soft tourism" ("Sanfter Tourismus"), or "environmentally and socially responsible tourism". This term, as an alternative to industrialized mass tourism, was proposed in 1980 by R. Jungk. Typically, soft tourism is opposed to hard tourism, the main goal of which is to maximize profits, according to key principles that indicate that soft tourism prioritizes not only a successful business, but also concern for the cultural well-being of tourist regions, the sparing use and reproduction of their resources, and minimizing environmental damage. environment.

Comparison of the features of "soft" and "hard" tourism according to R. Jungk (with additions) "Hard" tourism "Soft" tourism mass character Individual and family tours, trips with friends short trips Long journeys Fast vehicles Slow and moderately fast vehicles pre-agreed program Spontaneous decisions Motivation from outside Motivation from within Lifestyle import Lifestyle according to the culture of the visited country "Attractions" "Impression" Comfort and passivity Activity and diversity Preliminary intellectual preparation for the trip is small Country - the purpose of the trip is studied in advance The tourist does not speak the language of the country and does not seek to learn it The language of the country is studied in advance - at least at the simplest level A tourist comes to a country with the feeling of a host being "served" A traveler experiences a new culture Purchases are utilitarian (shopping) or standard Shopping is memorable gifts for friends After the trip, only standard souvenirs remain After the trip, new knowledge, emotions and memories remain. Tourist buys postcards with views The traveler draws from nature or photographs himself Curiosity Tact loudness Calm key