Municipal Budgetary Society educational institution
"Ershichskaya secondary school»
municipal formation - Ershichsky district of the Smolensk region

MBOU "Ershichskaya secondary school"

research project

"Second Life plastic bottle»

Completed: 8B class student

Kursakov Nikolai

Leader: Zakroeva Lyubov Anatolyevna,

Biology teacher

2017

I. Introduction.

Relevance of the topic.

Target.

Tasks.

Research methodology.

II. Main part.

Theoretical part:

Practical part

Questionnaire

III. Conclusion.

IV. Bibliography

V Applications research work.

I. Introduction.

A plastic bottle is a plastic container for containing, protecting and transporting liquids. Plastic bottles provide great convenience in their production, operation on bottling lines, transportation of the finished product in them, since their weight is up to ten times less than glass bottles, and they do not break. Plastic bottles are generally used to store liquids such as water, beverages, motor oils, vegetable oil, medicines, shampoos, milk, ink, and the like.

Plastic bottles were first used commercially in 1947 but remained relatively expensive in the early 1960s when they were made from polyethylene. high density. They quickly became popular with both manufacturers and consumers due to their ease of use and comparatively low production costs compared to glass bottles. AT Food Industry almost completely replaced glass with plastic bottles.

For the manufacture of plastic bottles, thermoplastic is required, it is he who is the raw material. Thermoplastic is not subject to deformation, is not afraid of repeated heating, which will not destroy it. Every year, waste from plastic bottles is growing by 20%. Today, millions of bottles are produced and discarded each year. small town every month throws away about 20 tons of plastic bottles. The huge amount of garbage on the streets of our village made me think about recycling plastic bottles.

Problem: many village streets and roads are littered with garbage, most of which is plastic bottles.

Target: Explore the possibility of recycling plastic bottles in everyday life.

Tasks:

Find out the history of the plastic bottle.

Find out the relevance of the problem of recycling plastic bottles.

Try to use solid household waste for various crafts and household appliances. Show the possibilities of using plastic bottles at home.

Research methods:

Method of sociological research - questioning.

Method of analysis of literary sources, Internet resources.

II. Main part

2.1. Short story appearance of the plastic bottle

A bottle is a container for long-term storage of liquids. As a rule, it is a tall vessel. More often with a narrow neck, convenient for corking. Large bottles are called bottles.

P
Eraser bottles appeared much later than glass bottles, but they became very popular as a very convenient container. The glass bottle has a definite advantage. In it, the product is stored longer and is considered "tastier". In addition, it can be used repeatedly. But at the same time, it is worth considering: who used the bottle and for what? What did it contain? Therefore, glass bottles are not used “secondarily”, they are crushed and added to the cooking mass, to the raw material for the manufacture of new bottles. Why were glass bottles replaced with plastic ones? They, as a rule, have a larger volume than glass ones, are safer, more diverse in shape; have a much lower cost.

First plastic bottleentered the US market in 1970. On the territory of Russia, plastic bottles gained popularity after Western corporations entered the soft drinks market.and. The first plant for the production of lemonade in plastic bottles in the USSR was opened by PepsiCo in 1974.. Nowadays, plastic bottles are used not only by manufacturers of carbonated drinks and beer, but also by cosmetic and perfume factories.

Nowadays, bottles occupy a firm and inherently important place all over the world. Now in any retail outlet, whether it is a small rural store or a large urban hypermarket, a wide range of consumer goods in plastic bottles is presented, which are diverse in shape, color and size.Their production increased in 1980. Then everything went on increasing. Manufacturers quickly figured out that they have a lower cost, which is very important. Consumers do not want to overpay for packaging, and manufacturers, in turn, have the opportunity to lower the price and win their share of consumers. In 1995-1999, the market for plastic containers grew 2.5 times.

However, along with their wide distribution, environmental problems appeared.

2.2. Environmental problems of using plastic bottles

Our parents remember the time when, even in our village, glass bottles were collected and handed over to stores in exchange for some kind of food product, and these bottles were taken away for processing and production of new bottles. And now? And now there are points for receiving glass containers, but for some reason, few people do this. Therefore, glass and plastic bottles litter our streets! And not only!

FROM
accumulations of plastic bottles on the planet are already forming real floating continents in the oceans. Scientists are sounding the alarm: pacific ocean accumulated huge deposits of garbage. This is mainly plastic and petroleum products. They are located somewhere between Japan and west coast USA. According to rough estimates, this "plastic island" weighs 100 million tons. And basically it is a kind of mixture of semi-decomposed plastic, which is not visible either from the air or from a satellite.

According to the World Wildlife Fund, these accumulations of garbage pose a great threat to living organisms. According to the Japanese scientist Katsuhiko Saido, when plastic decomposes, it releases toxic substances that can cause serious hormonal disorders in both animals and humans.

The threat from plastic containers to the Earth's ecology is not limited to this. The production of plastic bottles in the US alone takes about 18 million barrels of oil per year. People are already tired of the plastic waste that they themselves create. The creation of plastic packaging solved many problems, but also gave rise to no less of them. The garbage that our fathers left in places of rest has long turned into dust, and even our great-great-grandchildren will see our plastic bottles, because they are “eternal”.

Plastic bottles after their use, as a rule, are thrown away, become household waste. The amount of household waste per capita on the planet has tripled since 1980. What to do with countless plastic containers? Burying in the ground means polluting the lithosphere. Make burials in the seas and oceans - damage the planet's hydrosphere. Burn - harm the atmosphere. When plastic burns, dioxin is released into the air. It accumulates in the body and it is almost impossible to remove it, sooner or later human health will be weakened.

How long is garbage stored?

Very often, walking along the banks of a river, lake or in a forest, people meet garbage with bitterness. They meet, get upset, but leave him lying in the same place, with the thought: “Nothing, it will wash away with rain, rot, in general, go somewhere. It will take away the water." But we are deeply mistaken ... Each type of garbage has its own decomposition period. So a plastic bottle has a decomposition period of 100 years - this is a whole century.

E environmental problems are exacerbated by the period of decay of household waste. Information sources show:

paper decomposes in the ground within 1 month,

banana peel - 6 months

wool - 1 year,

wooden poles - 4 years

paper cups - 5 years,

painted wood - 13 years,

tin can - 100 years

plastic bottle - from 500 years to 1000 years,

disintegration time of a glass bottle takes 1 million years

Of course, this problem needs to be solved at the state level, but it is possible that each person can contribute to its solution. People can not throw away plastic bottles, but give them a second life.

2.3. Turning waste into income

Most effective method disposal of used packaging - recycling. This is beneficial from both an economic and an environmental point of view. Thanks to modern processing lines, plastic bottle waste is an excellent raw material for the production of any product. Recycled PET (PET) granulate can produce the same plastic bottle. Also, recycled PET granulate is used for the production of another huge number of products: films, twine, brushes, plastic containers, etc.

In the USA, Japan, Canada, the process of processing secondary raw materials into first-class products began to be implemented from the mid-80s of the last century. They have adopted national programs with appropriate state funding, the purpose of which is to stop pollution. environment packaging waste. In the EU countries that adopted the Declaration on packaging waste in 1994, the European Parliament and the European Council of Ministers introduced a single law on the strategy for the use of packaging waste, aimed at preventing the increase in municipal solid waste, their recycling and the safe destruction of non-recyclable residues. As a result, the problem of disposal (from the Latin utilis - useful) of packaging waste through recycling in these countries is practically solved.

We have In the country, things are still very deplorable in this regard. Russian scientists have developed unique technologies for processing secondary polymer raw materials and raw materials from mixed waste, which, unfortunately, are not in demand by anyone in the post-Soviet space. But they could have prevented ecological catastrophe, threatening Kazakhstan.

Due to the lack of recycling plants in sufficient quantities, landfills are covered with a huge layer of PET plastic bottles. If you count the amount of plastic bottles and PET (PET) waste going to landfills, then the amount of this waste would be enough for all existing processing plants, and at least ten times more! But for now, there is a problem.

From the above, we have drawn the following conclusions:

1. First of all - stop littering yourself! It's so simple: throw garbage in the bin, empty the bucket into the container, and not past it, and always pick up bottles from the forest and river banks. Do not throw garbage into ravines.

2. Pay Attention environmental education citizens. Adults should teach their children from an early age to take care of nature and be an example for them:

3. Recycling is not only a way to earn money, but also to save our Natural resources, keep the air, forests, rivers, fields clean.

4. Reducing the amount of waste produced and increasing the proportion of it recycled requires a coordinated effort by the entire population, businesses and government.

5. When buying goods, pay attention to the eco-label on the packaging. For many consumers, the recyclable label means more than a quality label.

2.4. Learning to read plastic labels correctly

Even if you are just thinking about it or are already actively adhering to it, you are unlikely to be able to permanently get rid of the use of the ubiquitous plastic.Plastic products so firmly fit into our lives that we can no longer imagine ourselves without various jars-containers-bottles. The secret of the popularity of the product is simple: practicality and convenience, as well as a relatively inexpensive cost, which, by the way, is due to the ease of production. At the same time, aboutthe dangers of plastic heard by everyone. And it's not just the issue of its disposal (although this is an important problem). The fact is that plastic has a detrimental effect on the human body. At first glance, and according to the assurances of the sellers, there is nothing wrong with plastic. However, in fact, plastic is truly and effectively destroying us from the inside. The statements have already been proven by scientists more than once and to check them on yourself, believe me, is not the best solution. Avoid plastic products perfect option, but, unfortunately, practically unrealistic. There is only one way out - to reduce the harmful effects of plastic on our body. To do this, you just need to carefully study the product that you plan to purchase. On each of them, the manufacturer must indicate the material from which the plastic is made. The absence of special symbols is a sure sign that the product is extremely dangerous for your health. But herselfmarking consists of three arrows in the form of a triangle. The number inside the figure and the abbreviation below it will tell you what type of this plastic is and what it is made of.

Types of plastics and their marking

№1 (PETE or PET) – polyethylene terephthalate. The most common type of plastic. Used for bottling soft drinks, ketchups, vegetable oils, cosmetics and more. Distinctive feature- cheapness. The production of this type does not require special costs, this is the reason for its popularity. This type of plastic can only be used once. When reused, the bottle or box releases a hazardous substance - phthalate (toxic, can cause serious illness nervous and of cardio-vascular system). Recyclable, one of the most dangerous species. At the same time, in Europe and the USA it is forbidden to make

№2 (HDPE or PE HD) – polyethylene high density . Relatively inexpensive and heat resistant. Such plastic is used in the manufacture of plastic bags, disposable tableware, food containers, milk bags and containers for detergents and cleaners. Recyclable, suitable for reuse. Relatively safe, although it can release formaldehyde (a toxic substance that affects the nervous, respiratory and reproductive systems, can cause genetic disorders in offspring).

№3 (PVC or V) - polyvinyl chloride. This type of plastic is used for technical purposes. For example, to make plastic windows, furniture elements, pipes, tablecloths, containers for technical liquids and other things. Contraindicated for food use. The plastic contains bisphenol A, vinyl chloride, phthalates, and may contain cadmium. One of the most dangerous types of plastic. When burned, it releases into the air dangerous poisons- carcinogenic dioxins.

№4 (LDPE or PEBD) – low density polyethylene. The society is known for bags, trash bags, CDs and linoleum. The rather wide distribution of this type is due to its cheapness. Security is relative. PET bags are practically safe for the human body (however, do not forget about their impact on the environment). In rare cases, the PE-LD type emits formaldehyde. Recyclable and reusable.

№5 (PP) – polypropylene. Durable and heat resistant. Food containers, syringes and children's toys are made from it. Relatively safe, but under some circumstances may release formaldehyde.

№6 (PS) – polystyrene. You will find this type of plastic in the meat or dairy department. Yogurt cups, meat trays, boxes for vegetables and fruits, sandwich panels and heat-insulating plates are made from it. When reused, it releases styrene, which is a carcinogen. Experts recommend, if possible, to abandon the use of this type of plastic or reduce its consumption to a minimum.

№7 (O or OTHER) – polycarbonate, polyamide and other types of plastics. This group includes plastics that have not received a separate number. They are used to make baby bottles, toys, water bottles, packaging. With frequent washing or heating, it releases bisphenol A - a substance that leads to hormonal disruptions in the human body.

All of the above substances are auxiliary, to one degree or another they are contained in a plastic product. Plastic itself is not dangerous for the body, but additional substances carry a hidden threat. Of course, you can use any kind of plastic as much as you like and not feel any changes in the body. But that doesn't mean they don't really exist. All the "plastic negativity" can make itself felt at any moment. And then in old age you will wonder where all these sores came from. Even worse, if toxic substances affect the health of your offspring. So do your best tominimize contact with plastic . Throw away all the plastic utensils you have in your kitchen. Never leave plastic jars of ice cream or jam on the farm. especially carefully and
Read the labels on baby feeding bottles. Containers in which you take the "brakes" to work, try to change as often as possible. Even the highest quality boxes should not last longer than one month. When buying any plastic product, be sure to smell it. Even the slightest unpleasant smell should make you think about the quality of this product.

Alternative to plastic utensils:Instead of plastic utensils, for the sake of your health, use paper utensils. It is environmentally friendly and its use is harmless to your body.

2.5. The second life of a plastic bottle

Practical part

I conducted a sociological survey of students in our school.

Target: find out what products in plastic packaging are purchased, used and where the packaging goes.

31 families of middle and high school students of our school took part in the survey. The survey participants were asked the following questions:

1. Do you buy products in plastic packaging? Which?

2. Where do you put plastic bottles after use?

3. If you don't throw away, how do you use plastic bottles?

The results of the survey showed the following results:

Question 1. Do you buy products in plastic packaging? Which?

Yes - 31 people

Mineral water - 39 persons

Carbonated water, juices, drinks - 8 people

Ketchup - 29 people

Mayonnaise - 11 people

Drinking yogurt - 13 persons

No - 8 people.

Noodles- 31 people.

Question 2. Where do you put plastic bottles after use?

Throw away - 10 people

We burn in the stove - 14 people

Collecting - 11 people

Burying - 0 people

Question 3. If you do not throw away, how do you use plastic bottles?

For planting seedlings - 3

For the household - 10 people

We use for milk, kvass, jam - 24 people

Making crafts - 2 people

The survey showed thatfamilies of students in our school, buy products in plastic packaging and in most cases this mineral water and carbonated drinks, ketchup, noodles, drinking yogurt, mayonnaise. Used packaging is almost all thrown away or burned, several families use it in the household. No family digs.

Headquarters of TOS Zheleznodorozhny district of Khabarovsk
Information project
The second life of plastic
Project leader: Ermakova E.Yu.
Creative group (members of the TOS headquarters):
Bukvina Maria
Kudak Anna,
Chesnokov Andrey
Khabarovsk 2017

Introduction
Table of contents
1. Reincarnation of plastic…………………………………………………………
2. Ways to inform people about the recycling of plastic in
creative purposes………………………………………………………………………
3. Practical part. Social poll……………………………………….
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….

Introduction
AT modern world plastic is all around us. More than once
the question of its disposal was raised. For example, in labor teams it is carried out from
Year after year, the “Pursuit of Plastic” campaign, thanks to which the guys understand that
that plastic must be disposed of in a certain way. Also in schools
on the classroom hours there are discussions about the fact that municipal solid waste
should be divided into different categories. Of course, this is a very problematic
relevant today. However, plastic can be given a second life: bottles and
similar products are useful thing at home.
Thus, the goal of our project is to increase ecological culture
and the degree of involvement of the population in waste management issues
consumption; informing the public about the recycling of plastic in
creative purposes.
To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were set:
1. Draw the attention of the population to the problem of solid waste.
2. To update the personal approach in solving the problem of household waste.
3. Create conditions for the development of an active life position through the implementation
creative abilities of children.
4. Show ways to reuse plastic for creative purposes.
5. Identify ways to inform the public about recycling
plastic for creative purposes.
The results of this project can be used in schools, children's
gardens, cottages, as well as at home.

1. Reincarnation of plastic
In the first chapter, we will look at the options for recycling
plastic products.
There are a great many ideas on how to make any
an institution or summer cottage looked the most aesthetic way.
a) kindergartens
Plastic can be widely used to make various figures:
fairy tale characters, animals, insects, as well as the sun, clouds, etc. At
the help of paints and binding elements before us is no longer household waste, a
wonderful decoration!

In the railway area, the guys from the TOS "Island of Dreams" in the village of. Gorky
saw such an application in only one kindergarten - Kindergarten № 140.

b) schools
Every year, among students from different schools, the competition “Help the wintering
birds." One of the stages of the competition is the preparation of feeders for wintering birds.
Plastic bottles are good stuff for this purpose.
c) dachas
In dachas, plastic products can be reused not only as
decoration, but also for the construction of greenhouses, containers for flower seedlings,
flowerbed decoration. Also, special devices are made from bottles.
to feed the soil with water.

When studying the territory of the village. Gorky, the last of
above named applications in the yard st. Vorovskogo 22

d) at home
Also, plastic bottles after use are found wide application
at home. As in summer cottages, this is a container for seedlings of flowers,

container for storing pasta, as well as various cereals.
In addition, plastic can serve as a material for the manufacture of games, one of
which "Basketball". Required: plastic bottle, rope, box from
Kinder surprise (can be replaced with something else). Progress:
1) Cut off the top of the bottle.
2) Using a soldering iron, make a hole in the middle of the lid.
3) A knot is tied at one end of the rope, a box is attached to the other
by kinder surprise.
4) You can decorate the "basket" (bottle), as well as be creative with
the design of the "ball" (box).
The toy is ready!
Unfortunately, in the world of modern technology, it is often possible to observe how
mother, in order to occupy the child, gives him a phone in his hands: turns on either cartoons on
YouTube or games. This toy is easy enough to make at home.
conditions, while the mother and child can make and color
together.

Basketball game.
Thus, we see that plastic can be reused in
various directions: as containers for seedlings or storage of cereals;
decorate the courtyards of kindergartens with figurines, summer cottages, manufacturing
toys, etc.

Project relevance:

42 years ago mankind invented the plastic bottle. The first samples weighed 135 g (96% more than now). Now she weighs 69 grams. Nowadays millions of bottles are produced and discarded annually. And every year the waste from plastic bottles is growing, due to the fact that there is an increasing number of products that are packaged in plastic bottles. A huge amount of garbage on the streets of the city makes us think about the question: why do we need a plastic bottle?

Research problem lies in the contradiction between positive properties plastic bottle for the manufacturer and those environmental problems that arise as a result of environmental pollution with waste that has not decomposed for centuries.

Project goals: studying and researching the significance of the plastic bottle in human life and nature; the development of a free creative personality of the child as a result of the development of cognitive abilities, creative imagination and thinking, search behavior and communication skills.

Project objectives:

Encourage others to think about the important environmental problem our planet, on the example of human pollution of the environment with plastic bottles;

Find out the history of the creation and use of plastic bottles;

Explore Chemical properties plastic bottles;

To acquaint listeners with the results of a children's study “why do we need a plastic bottle?”;

To interest others in the possibilities of creating many interesting and useful things from plastic bottles.

Object of study : waste plastic bottles.

Subject of study: the possibility of recycling plastic bottles.

Project type: creative, information and research.

Research methods:

Studying literary sources and information on the Internet with the help of parents;

Sociological survey of children in this kindergarten;

Observation of plastic bottles on the streets of the city.

Hypothesis: suppose that plastic packaging pollutes the earth and harms nature.

Expected Result:

Find out: why did the plastic bottle appear;

Find out the positive and negative sides appearance of a plastic bottle;

Give them a second life.

Significance and applied value of the project: to teach a preschooler to take care of the nature around us, to instill in him the skills of manual labor, to expand knowledge about the history of things.

Project stages:

Based on the studied problems of the child, a topic is selected;

Selection of literature and photographs;

Familiarity with books on the topic;

Observation of our environment;

Conducting a survey among children of group No. 6;

Making crafts from plastic bottles;

Making a presentation;

Project presentation.

Project participants: child, teachers, parents.

Demo material:

Photo album of relatives;

Plastic bottles of various drinks;

Glass containers of the Soviet times;

Crafts from plastic bottles (Winnie the Pooh bear with a jar of honey, a bee and an airplane; boats; bird feeders; theatrical characters based on the fairy tale "Turnip", chess, cups for pencils, stacks and brushes; lambs; musical bottles and musical mushrooms; apparatus for breathing exercises).

Proposed product of the project: presentation on the topic "The second life of a plastic bottle" (compiled by the joint efforts of the child, educators and parents).

Used Books:

1. An entertaining book of knowledge in questions and answers / per. from eng. M. Benkovskaya and others. – M.: MAHAON, 2012.- 160 p.
2. Illustrated encyclopedia of why / per. from eng. Kabanova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2008. - 210 p.
3. Kamerilova G.S. City ecology. – M.: Bustard, 2010. – 287 p.
4. Katsura A.V. Otarashvili Z.A. Ecological challenge: Will humanity survive. - M.: MZ Press, 2005. - 80 p.
5. Rozanov L.L. Geoecology. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2006. – 320 p.
6. Sadovnikova L.K. Biosphere: pollution, degradation, protection: Brief dictionary. - M.: Higher school, 2007. - 125 p.
7. Universal Illustrated Encyclopedia of Whys and Whys: for Very Curious Children / (Kate Woodward and others) / transl. from eng. I. Alcheva and others. – M.: Astrel, 2012. – 110 p.
8. What? What for? Why? The Big Book of Questions and Answers / Translated from Spanish. – M.: Eksmo, 2012. – 512 p.

The full version of the work can be downloaded.