Efficient ways of waste disposal. Methods for processing industrial waste Disposal of industrial and domestic waste

Industrial waste is understood as substances formed as a result of production, which are not a product of this production and are not subject to further processing. To organize the disposal of production and consumption waste, it is necessary, first of all, to classify them according to various criteria.

Classification of industrial waste

Waste is usually classified according to the following criteria:

1.Origin:

• industrial waste;
• household waste.

2. Aggregate state:

• solid waste;
• liquid waste;
• gaseous waste.

3. Danger to person or environment:

• extremely dangerous (the first class of danger according to the classification adopted in the Russian Federation);
• highly dangerous (second class);
• moderately dangerous (third class);
• slightly dangerous (fourth class);
• practically harmless (fifth grade).

Classification of waste on the basis of danger is carried out on the basis of their chemical composition, physical condition, as well as from the conditions of their placement.

Methods for the disposal and processing of industrial waste



Theoretically, any substance, including waste, can be used. When using and disposing industrial waste the issues of availability of the required technologies and economic feasibility are put in the foreground.

Therefore, in the process of recycling industrial waste distinguish between secondary raw materials, returnable waste and irretrievable losses.

Secondary raw materials are the case when the waste of one production becomes the raw material for another. For example, waste from the timber industry is used as a raw material for the production of particle boards.

With certain technological processes, some of the raw materials lose their original consumer properties, but they can be recycled and used in less responsible production. Shavings and waste of non-ferrous and ferrous metals are remelted, waste from timber processing for building materials can be used for the production of packaging. Such production waste is called returnable.

Metal recycling

Most metals during their processing give a serious economic effect. The processing of non-ferrous metals (copper, aluminum, tin), industrial alloys (win), ferrous metals is especially beneficial. For the collection and primary processing of metal waste, there are collection points for scrap metal. The further problem of utilization of production waste during the separation of various metals is solved by separation methods, including magnetic separation.

Utilization of polymeric materials

In the recycling of various types of plastics and plastics, there are two main methods for the disposal of industrial waste.

The process of mechanical processing includes grinding, in order to obtain crumbs or powder, and further injection molding. Physico-chemical disposal uses the following methods:

• production of monomers by destruction of waste;
• obtaining granulate by the method of repeated melting;
• waste dissolution and subsequent reprecipitation;
• modification of raw materials by chemical methods and obtaining materials with other properties.

Requirements for the disposal of industrial waste

For the most complete and safe utilization and processing of industrial waste, it is necessary to start their neutralization even at the time of their withdrawal from technological processes. Compliance with strict rules for the storage of hazardous substances comes to the fore. One of the ways to store waste is to place it in natural or mine workings. Such underground storage facilities are, to some extent, suitable for the storage of waste, including radioactive waste. Such repositories should be located away from settlements, waterproof and protected from deformation as a result of seismic processes.

The storage of explosive waste is subject to the same requirements as for the storage of industrial waste. explosives. Such waste is placed in containers. Storage facilities are located away from power lines, if it is necessary to illuminate the premises in which waste is stored, only high-quality wiring is used. Explosive waste must be isolated from unwanted chemical reactions with other reagents.

Industrial Waste Recycling Scheme

It is impossible to successfully solve the problem of industrial waste disposal without a single comprehensive plan for this. With all the variety of technologies, the problem of industrial waste disposal can be put into one scheme, which must be implemented in its own way in each specific case. This process necessarily consists of the following steps:

1. Organization of waste collection. Sites or warehouses should be organized for the collection of various types of waste. Actually, sorting and processing of production waste begins from these warehouses.
2. Export of industrial waste. The organization of timely waste disposal prevents the violation of the ecological state in the place of their storage.
3. Placement, processing and disposal of enterprise waste. At this stage, the greatest number of options arise, depending on the applied technological schemes. A common feature in this process is that there is a separation of waste into secondary raw materials, returnable waste and irretrievable losses.
4. Placement of waste not subject to further processing and use in special storage facilities.

The problem of waste disposal is becoming more and more acute for mankind. The solution of this problem means the removal of a two-pronged problem: the preservation of the ecology on the planet and the saving of irreplaceable and limited mineral resources. Ultimately, it can be said without exaggeration that this task is connected with the task of human survival.

Waste recycling is one of the ways to dispose of it. The most promising and rational. Meanwhile, neutralization and disposal and incineration are actively used (albeit due to savings on disposal, as well as due to the waste itself).

All waste is divided into 5 hazard classes. Grade 1 is the most harmful. To obtain the right to work with waste, you must obtain a license. The main classical methods of waste disposal are incineration and burial. We single out recycling as the most interesting and promising way of waste disposal.

Disposal of household waste - ways

Waste recycling

Recycling is a growing and most promising method of waste disposal, both industrial and domestic. Hundreds of types of waste are recycled. For example:

• Waste car tires are crushed into crumbs using a crusher, then rubber coatings, decorative mulch, etc. are produced in special reactors at a temperature of 4500 C. Rubber is also processed into fuel.
• Lamps are mostly mercury-containing lamps, so they require special processing.
• On the processing and disposal of construction waste, sand recycling.
• Waste disposal + non-woven fabric recycling.
• Paper waste: in hydrothinners, they are dissolved into fibers, cleaned of impurities by filtration, precipitation, thermomechanical treatment. Then there is discoloration and the formation of paper pulp. Cardboard is made by recycling toilet paper, fuel briquettes, etc. A separate procedure is provided for the disposal of official documents.
• Waste oils (motor, hydraulic, compression, etc.) are cleaned and regenerated using industrial plants. It is possible to obtain both oil and diesel fuel. However, waste is little used in special furnaces for heating + filter recycling.
• Metal waste is collected, sorted (large parts are cut and pressed) and re-melted into production.
• Waste batteries: first cut the case, then drain the electrolyte. Metal and plastic are separated by melting, with further use of the components.
• Recycling of polymers, plastic waste - processed into granules, which are used in further production (plastic bottles, film).

Working in a plastic recycling shop. Manual sorting is underway: mountains of plastic bottles are brought in and sorters manually divide them, remove the caps.

• Household and office equipment is sorted, parts containing drag are separated. metals, plastic, metal. How to order the disposal of office equipment. Special attention is paid to cable recycling.
• Old furniture is dismantled and parts are sorted by materials.
• Wood waste, shavings, sawdust are processed into pellets or heating briquettes.
• Batteries are disassembled into components, each of which has its own prospects for further use.
• Electroplating waste requires special care due to its toxicity.
• Glass is crushed and melted down.
• Fat waste is processed into a solid mass.
• Solvents and paints and varnishes can be used as fuel (after treatment and only in some cases, since the material is very toxic).

Waste disposal equipment

Disposal of waste that cannot be recycled and further used occurs in various ways.

Waste incineration equipment

Combustion is carried out in special furnaces, which are of several types.

For burning solid household waste solid waste installations are used, for agricultural waste, for example, sunflower seed husks, waste heat boilers.

In medicine, a small apparatus is used - a needle burner. It is used to ensure that used syringes are not reused. Such an incinerator is powered by an electrical network and burns a needle in 2-3 seconds.

Recovery plants are widely used in industry. These are entire complexes that destroy sludge, cellulose waste and oil refining industry in large volumes. The heat generated during combustion is used for space heating and other technical needs.

Waste disposal equipment

Waste is buried in special landfills. They are located outside settlements, in places where groundwater does not approach the surface of the earth and there are no reservoirs.

The main equipment for waste disposal is bulldozers and compactors. This technique allows you to use the space as rationally as possible, compacting the debris.

Wastes that cannot be recycled or disposed of in other ways are subject to burial. It can be construction waste, waste from the woodworking industry, as well as hazardous materials containing mercury, lead, sublimate and other chemicals. Radioactive substances are subject to disposal at separate landfills, where strict environmental safety control is carried out.

Burial should be carried out according to a strictly defined technology, which requires special equipment. The disposal plant is a technique for transporting waste, a unit for placing them in a container, and then placing them in a pit. There is equipment for solid, liquid and dry waste.

Certain chemicals must be decontaminated prior to disposal. Neutralization is carried out by chemical reactions in special bunkers or thermally in thermal chambers. Such chambers do not burn waste, but make it safe for humans and nature with the help of high temperature.

Purification of industrial emissions

Industry processes a wide variety of raw materials in huge volumes. At the output of technological processes, not only the final product appears, but also waste - liquid, solid and gaseous.

The main requirement for technologies and equipment for waste processing is to prevent the release of harmful substances into the environment in quantities above the permissible concentration. Almost all enterprises for waste treatment use complex sequential treatment methods, including mechanical, physico-chemical, electrochemical, chemical and biological components.

Cleaning of drains

Wastewater treatment from insoluble impurities is carried out by hydromechanical means - filtration, settling, trapping, filtering, processing of suspended particles in centrifuges.

These processes are provided by fairly easy-to-use equipment - settling tanks, nets, gratings, sand traps, centrifuges, hydrocyclones (or sand separators). Design features such devices are associated primarily with the volume of water discharge. According to these volumes, sewage tanks are designed to be used to ensure a closed production cycle.

Wastewater treatment from soluble impurities is carried out by chemical methods - neutralization (for example, acids are mutually neutralized with alkalis with the precipitation of a solid less dangerous precipitate), coagulation, when emulsions and dispersed substances are precipitated by salts of certain metals, oxidation by oxidizing agents - oxygen, ozone, potassium permanganate and etc. to reduce the harmfulness of substances, flocculation - the deposition of flakes of substances using starch.

Finely dispersed impurities and dissolved gases are removed from water by physical and chemical methods - saturation of wastewater with water, the use of absorbents, ionization.
AT sewage there may be side impurities that are a valuable raw material for other industries. Such impurities are isolated by the electrochemical method by means of electrolyzers. Also, these methods desalinate sea ​​water, purify radioactive water.

Biological purification is carried out by bacteria living in an oxygen or anoxic environment.

Purification of atmospheric emissions

Cleaning of atmospheric gaseous and dust-containing industrial emissions occurs in several stages. The main components of such emissions are dust (suspended solid particles), fog (suspended particles of liquids), smoke (gases, extremely fine particles of matter or condensate aerosols), mixed aerosols (consisting of the three previous components. Cleaning occurs sequentially - from larger particles - dust, to the smallest - smoke.

At the first stage of cleaning, dust collectors are used, at the next stage, dry mechanical cleaning of emissions takes place in the so-called cyclones or dust settling chambers. The next stage - wet mechanical cleaning - takes place in gas scrubbers various designs acting on different absorbents. The choice of active substance depends on the properties of the substance to be extracted. For example, carbon dioxide is absorbed by an ammonia solution. The last step is dry filtration. It uses tissue, biological and electrical filters. Electrostatic precipitators deposit the smallest smoke particles on the electrodes due to their ionization by a corona discharge.

Solid Waste Treatment

Depending on the nature and physical properties of the recyclable waste, they are burned, processed in special biogenerators by means of microorganisms, hydrolysis and fermentation - for example, ethanol is obtained from cellulose waste. The most effective method of purification is pyrolysis - high-temperature decomposition of a substance into components in the absence of oxygen. For industrial pyrolysis, tubular pyrolysis reactors are used.

Emission recovery

An important aspect of waste treatment, often used on an industrial scale, is recovery, that is, the inclusion of production waste in a closed production cycle after appropriate treatment. Structurally, heat recovery plants vary significantly depending on the industry.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard class

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What is waste disposal? Waste disposal is a priority for all mankind.

Along with the growth of the world's population and the level of consumption, the amount of household waste in Russia is also growing. In the near future, it may reach alarming proportions. There is an obvious question about elimination, and ideally subsequent recycling (reuse). But here the lack of organizations that are engaged in the removal and disposal of household and industrial waste affects.

Naturally, this problem of household waste disposal cannot be solved at the local level, it is possible to overcome them with the establishment of clear norms and rules, strict control over their implementation at the state level. The legislation regulates the export of household working off, but does not clearly monitor it. Therefore, it is not known whether they are disposed of or simply stored in landfills, polluting the surrounding land and residential areas.

Stages of household waste disposal

Before the final elimination of unnecessary remnants of people's vital activity, one should clearly know the action plan and present the sequence of their implementation.

1. Collection and removal of household waste. You can’t just collect and burn all the garbage without sorting. You should first sort it by type, for this, containers with the name of the corresponding waste are located near most residential areas. Under each such container there must be an appropriate machine for loading and transporting the contents. Separate collection and disposal of garbage is an effective method of collection. How it actually happens can be seen from the outside. Often, all containers are cleaned by the same machine, and the efforts of citizens come to naught. After all, for sure, when arriving at a landfill, everything is loaded into one heap and, at best, sorted on the spot. A should be sent to the appropriate places for the disposal or processing of previously separately collected waste. Therefore, it is so important to develop legal documents that will specify the nuances and propose solutions that provide for the separate removal and collection of household waste.
2. Garbage storage. There are special landfills or landfills for the accumulation of garbage, according to city standards, the terms of its maintenance, volumes and the area allotted for them are provided. Naturally, the faster it is disposed of, the less land will be used for it.
3. Transportation of waste from landfills. Loading mechanisms and vehicles are needed to deliver garbage to certain places and enterprises for liquidation.
4. Disposal. It is implemented in each region in its own way, based on available firms and implementation resources. In developed countries, there are many ways to dispose of household and industrial waste. Based on the results obtained by them, and adopting their experience, it is possible to find the optimal solution to the environmental problem that has arisen. So far, the most common types are: incineration, burial and briquetting. Each of them has its negative and positive sides. To understand the reasons for this, it is necessary to consider each of the methods separately.

Waste disposal methods

Before using them, one should clearly understand the scale of various garbage stored first in a single apartment, and then in a district, city and in the whole country. It immediately becomes clear that it is necessary to create and master alternative methods for the processing of this recyclable material, starting with sorting and ensuring proper waste disposal.

Burning

It is a cheap and common disposal option. It can be produced in several ways:

• Chamber
• layered
• in a fluidized bed

The application of this method consists in the thermal elimination of industrial waste at very high temperatures, which will ensure incineration industrial waste without residue and partially absorb toxic substances.

The problem of disposal in this way is that the residues of substances adversely affect the air in the vicinity of this place. Modern industrial waste incinerators are equipped with cleaning systems and power generators. As a rule, the ash left after the combustion of industrial raw materials is subjected to further removal and disposal.

Advantages of the method:

1. Small financial outlay
2. The released heat is used to generate electricity or for heating.
3. A significant reduction in the volume of mining

The main and probably the only drawback is toxicity, so burning is unsafe for the environment. To eliminate this shortcoming, it is necessary to use systems for cleaning gases released during the burning of garbage.

Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of garbage without air, this method helps to reduce the damage to the environment.

burial

The essence of the procedure is the usual burying of waste in the ground. This is done at special landfills, the requirements for which are specified in the relevant documents. Landfills provide environmental protection. Special requirements apply to such sites, such as compliance with sanitary rules, as well as SNiP.

Polygons allowed:

• Outside residential area
• Medical institutions
• Recreational areas
• Water protection zones
• Public recreation areas

Not suitable for disposal at landfills are radioactive, toxic waste, as well as those suitable for recycling. As a result of the decomposition of graves, harmful gases and vapors are formed. Due to their composition, these formations harm the soil, ground and surface water, air and human life.

There is a possibility of fires, explosions and, less dangerous, the spread of odors. Based on the above, it is clear that landfill gas also requires collection and disposal, which is practiced at landfills.

Currently, cases of garbage removal and disposal at unauthorized landfills are recorded, which is prosecuted by law. It is for this legislation that the requirements for landfills are clearly regulated.

This method is cheap, but requires the availability of land, which subsequently can not be used for economic work. To restore them will require much more money and time than when they are contaminated.

Composting

The process of decomposition of the organic part of consumption waste by microorganisms occurs in two ways:

• Aerobic - in the presence of oxygen
• Anaerobic - in the absence of oxygen

At the output, compost is formed - organic fertilizer, carbon dioxide is also released. The place for composting should be sufficiently moist and shady, soil drainage should be ensured, i.e. removal of moisture.

Advantages:

• An easy-to-implement way
• low cost
• Subsequent use of raw materials
• Increases the number of beneficial microorganisms in the soil

Flaws:

Briquetting

it new way involves sorting garbage first, then arranging it into briquettes. And then their storage at the sites designated for this. So far, its feasibility has not been fully proven. It serves as the next step before processing and possibly further industrial use or is sent for export and disposal.

Advantages of the method:

1. Waste reduction
2. Reducing the risk of fire
3. Reducing harm to the environment
4. Convenient further export and storage at landfills

Disposal and disposal of household waste require due attention. With the help of their proper organization, you can not only significantly speed up the process of eliminating waste, but also protect the environment, as well as reduce the use of natural resources. At present, this problem is relevant.

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY"

INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

SPECIALTY "Quality Management"

TEST

discipline: "Ecology"

On the topic: "Methods for the disposal of industrial and domestic waste"

Completed:

1st year student

for 1 semester

oooooooooooo

Moscow, 2010

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 3

1. The impact of household waste on the environment………………… 4

2. Liquidation problems solid waste ……………………………….. 6

3. Recycling - recycling of waste ……………………….. 8

4. Comprehensive Waste Elimination Program ………………………….. 12

5. Experience in the use of waste disposal technologies………………….. 14

6. Types of degradable plastics and methods for their disposal……………….. 18

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………… 19

References…………………………………………………………… 21

Introduction

According to American experts in the field of environmental protection, in recent years the problem of garbage has come to the fore among other environmental problems. Speaking of ozone holes, nuclear power plants and global warming, we do not notice how another danger sneaks up on us imperceptibly - to die under the mountains of garbage created by mankind.

In the process of life, it is common for a person to leave all sorts of garbage and various waste behind him. In one human life, they accumulate, a lot. Every home produces a huge amount of unnecessary materials and products. Studies have shown that the composition of municipal solid waste is approximately as follows: paper-41%, glass-12%, plastics-5%, rubber and leather-3%, food waste-21%, iron and its alloys-10%, wood- 5%, etc. Traditionally, all this is thrown away. Over the years, the amount of MSW has been steadily increasing. A person violates one of the basic environmental laws - the circulation of substances in nature, introducing new substances that are alien to nature.

The garbage problem has been one of the most important environmental problems in large cities. But every day I see that for our small town this problem is becoming more and more acute.

The growing amount of waste and the lack of recycling facilities are typical for many cities. The problem of waste disposal is exacerbated mainly because most of the consumer goods are doomed to a short-term service to humans.

The purpose of the control work is to consider the issue of waste disposal

Environmental impact analysis;

Problems of waste disposal.

1. Environmental impact of household waste

François Ramada 1981 Fundamentals of Applied Ecology gives the following definition: “Pollution is an adverse change in the environment, which is wholly or partly the result of human activity, directly or indirectly changes the distribution of incoming energy, radiation levels, the physico-chemical properties of the environment and the conditions for the existence of living beings . These changes can affect humans directly or indirectly, through agricultural resources, through water or other biological products. They can also affect a person, worsening the physical properties of objects owned by him, the conditions for outdoor recreation and disfiguring nature itself.

Chemical compounds entering the soil accumulate and lead to a gradual change in the chemical and physical properties of the soil, reduce the number of living organisms, and worsen soil fertility.

Along with pollutants, pathogenic bacteria, helminth eggs and other harmful organisms often enter the soil.

Man has created such compounds that are not destroyed in nature - these are synthetic polymers, dyes, detergents, containers for storing liquids, lavsan, rubber, packaging materials, their number has greatly increased.

Only less than 7% of this waste is recycled.

As you know, at present, to ensure the life of one person, one has to extract at least twenty tons of various raw materials. On a national scale, the total volume of mineral extraction almost doubles every ten years, while in finished products only 5-10% of raw materials are converted, the rest goes to waste. Already, about 200-300 billion tons of waste have been accumulated in the world, more than 50 billion tons fall to the share of the countries of the former USSR. At the same time, the total annual growth of waste is measured at 20-30 billion tons, and in our country it is about five billion tons.

The mode of saving natural resources is one of the important constituent parts management national economy. There are two main ways. One of them is the complex processing of minerals, the transition to the so-called low-waste and waste-free technologies. But what about the waste that already exists today, and will continue to accumulate in the future? In the United States until the 1960s, most of the municipal solid waste was removed and burned in open areas. This allowed to reduce the volume of material and extend the life of the landfill, but the waste does not burn well. Such dumps smoked mercilessly, spreading a stench, and served as breeding grounds for flies, rats, and the like. Waste incinerators were used in some cities, but if not properly controlled, they became a major source of air pollution. Therefore, at the request of the population and in accordance with environmental protection laws, open burning dumps and most of these stoves were eliminated by the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s. We also prohibit the burning of garbage, although sometimes this is violated, especially by private traders.

2. Problems of solid waste disposal

A general term for all the above materials, which we call garbage, refuse, etc. - municipal solid waste. These include industrial, agricultural and sewer waste.

Over the years, the amount of municipal solid waste has steadily increased: partly due to population growth, but mainly due to changing lifestyles of people using more and more wrapping and packaging materials. There is currently over 2 kg of municipal solid waste per person per day in the United States. It takes 63 garbage trucks to clean up this amount of garbage in the US. Studies show that the composition of municipal solid waste is approximately as follows:

paper - 31%

food waste - 21%

glass, ceramics - 12%

iron and its alloys - 5%

plastics - 15%

wood - 10%

rubber and leather - 3%

90% of the garbage thrown out can be recycled.

The proportion of individual waste components varies significantly depending on their source (residential building or shopping center, wealthy or poor area, etc.), as well as on the season. In some seasons, the share of garden waste (mowed lawn grass, fallen leaves, etc.) is equal in volume to all other categories taken together.

There are various options for dealing with MSW (municipal solid waste), which have changed and improved with the development of civilization.

Burials

Burials (cemeteries) are most often used as an alternative. In this case, the garbage is simply buried in the ground or dumped on it and covered with earth. Since the waste in this case does not burn and is covered with several centimeters of soil, both air pollution and the breeding of unwanted animals can be avoided. Unfortunately, when creating burials, only the last two circumstances were taken into account, as well as the available funds. As a rule, any cheap and conveniently located piece of land with a natural depression became a waste disposal site. Often ravines, hollows, abandoned quarries, swampy lowlands were chosen for this. After the acquisition of the site, filling it with garbage began without any precautions. The motto was: "The pit should be filled up." At the same time, it was sometimes planned later (after adding soil and reclamation) to place a park or playground on the site of the landfill. That is, initially such burials were also considered as a way of simultaneously developing “wastelands”.

Let us name the problems associated with the disposal of waste. These include:

leaching of substances and pollution of groundwater;

methane formation;

soil subsidence.

Washing out of substances and pollution of groundwater.

The most serious problem is groundwater pollution. Recall that as water percolates through any material, various chemicals usually dissolve in it and are carried away with it. Such water with pollutants dissolved in it is called leachate. When it passes through untreated waste, a particularly poisonous filtrate is formed, in which, along with the remains of decaying organic matter, there are iron, mercury, lead, zinc and other metals from rusting cans, dead batteries and other electrical appliances, and all this is heavily seasoned with dyes, pesticides, detergents and other chemicals. Illiterate choice of waste disposal sites and lack of precautions allow this potion to go directly into groundwater.

Methane formation.

The second problem is the formation of methane. Buried garbage has no access to oxygen. Therefore, its decomposition is anaerobic, and one of its products is biogas, 2/3 consisting of flammable methane. Formed in the thickness of buried waste, it can spread horizontally in the ground, penetrate into the basements of buildings, accumulate there and explode when ignited. We do not have such examples, but in the USA more than 20 houses located at a distance of up to 300 m from landfills were destroyed, and the explosions led to human casualties.

Soil subsidence

Finally, as it decomposes, the waste sags. The inevitability of this process was obvious from the very beginning, so no buildings were built on the landfill sites. However, on playgrounds, soil subsidence is also highly undesirable, since shallow depressions form, water accumulates in them, and the entire area turns into a swamp.

3. Recycling - recycling of waste

Recycling, i.e. recycling of waste is an obvious way out. Of course, many have suggested it before. On a small scale, glass, paper and aluminum cans have been recycled for decades. What prevents to recycle almost all the scrap? The fact is that there are a number of obstacles in the way of large-scale recycling of waste. However, if these difficulties are identified, they can be overcome, and in some cases the problem is already being solved.

Difficulties in the way of recycling.

Sorting. We are accustomed to throwing all the waste in one container and dispose of it as a whole. To recycle this mass of garbage, it must be sorted either at home or after collection.

Lack of standards. Sorting is hampered by the lack of standards. So similar or even the same products may contain different types of plastics or paper.

Recycling. There must be firms interested in taking the collected materials and processing them into salable goods. Otherwise, it all ends up in the landfill again.

Marketing. An industrial or consumer market is needed to buy products made from recycled materials. Otherwise, the recycling company will go bankrupt, and the recycled waste will again become garbage.

Hidden costs. Since the disposal of waste is paid for by the state, people often do not realize its real cost.

Ways to solve problems.

However, obstacles cannot be an excuse for inaction. On the contrary, they should be used as a stimulus for creativity. Here are some basic ways to find solutions.

Partnership between government and business. Currently, companies are growing and multiplying that intend to provide the entire cycle of waste recycling, namely their collection, processing and production of goods from the materials obtained. With them local authorities enter into contracts, which are based on the obligation of the company to collect and recycle a certain minimum percentage of waste so that it does not end up in a landfill. The local administration, in turn, provides such firms with certain benefits such as the "exclusive" right to collect waste and sell some of the materials produced from them in the territory under its jurisdiction. In addition, local authorities may act as a wholesale buyer for some share of recycled paper, compost or plastics.

Sorting. Waste can be sorted either directly at the place of receipt, or after collection at special facilities. In the first case, the joint efforts of the inhabitants are necessary, but this method is inexpensive, since the labor is “voluntary”. Technically, everything looks like this: in a certain place, garbage containers of a "code" color are installed, each of which is intended for a certain type of waste - plastic, metals, glass, paper, vegetable waste, etc. An ordinary garbage truck tows a trailer with colored bins, and workers load the garbage into them according to the color. Unsorted waste is delivered, as usual, to the garbage truck.

Another option is the sorting of waste at special facilities. Its equipment is very expensive, the operating and maintenance costs are also high, but the proceeds from the sale of the resulting products almost fully compensate for them. We don't have that.

Another way to sort waste is manually on a conveyor.

In third world countries, many poor people make a living by digging through garbage dumps and reselling "garbage". However, this only testifies to their blatant poverty and cannot be recommended as a step towards recycling.

Recycling and income. There are many ways to recycle different types of waste, and new ones are constantly being offered. The most widely used technologies are:

waste paper is re-shredded into paper pulp (pulp from which various paper products are made: it can also be ground and sold as cellulose insulation, shredded and composted;

glass is crushed, melted and made into new containers or crushed and used instead of gravel or sand in the production of concrete and asphalt;

plastic is melted down and made into "synthetic wood" that is resistant to biodegradation and has great potential as a material for various fences, decks, poles, railings and other outdoor structures.

To give an example of recycling, plastic waste can be made into "synthetic wood" that can be widely used outdoors. In Chicago, there is a flooring made of such boards that are not subject to biodegradation. Decal reads: "This deck was built by Chicago Park as part of a 1988 pilot recycling program. About 84,500 milk bottles were recycled by Eagledrook Profiles, Chicago, Illinois. Mounted by Heritage Cabinet, Bedford Yark, Illinois. We would also like to see such an advertisement for waste recycling.

In addition to these, hundreds of other industrial methods for processing waste to produce valuable products have been proposed and are being implemented.

Legal aspects of waste recycling.

Various legal acts must be adopted by the local administration to oblige or at least encourage recycling. These include the following.

It is necessary to introduce laws on mandatory recycling.

Many US states have already passed laws, according to which each county, under the threat of termination of funding from state funds, is obliged to introduce the recycling of some of the waste in its territory by a certain date.

It is necessary to impose a ban on the disposal of certain wastes and their components. In the first place in this list is the so-called garden waste; since its volume is large, it can be easily separated from other waste, composted to humus and used in gardening and park management.

Require the purchase of recycled products. For example, for park management - compost obtained as a result of processing garden waste, etc.

Composting

One recycling method that is rapidly growing in popularity is composting. Recall that it consists in the natural biological decomposition (rotting) of organic matter in the presence of air. The final product is a humus-like substance that can be used as an organic fertilizer. The same method is used for the treatment of sewer sludge. Since household detachments are usually 60-80% (and more if they include garden waste) organic matter (paper, food waste), they can also be composted. Glass, metal and plastic can be separated and then recycled if desired. In addition, sewage sludge can be mixed with household waste and composted synergistically. Paper contributes to the dehydration of sewer sludge and better aeration of the mixture, and sludge accelerates the decomposition process. Compost as a fertilizer finds wide application in land reclamation, as well as in agriculture, gardening and park management.

Waste as a source of energy

The content of organic matter in the waste allows it to be used as a fuel, albeit a low-calorie one. Burning waste for energy is somewhere between perfect recycling and simple landfill. Atmospheric pollution in this case can be controlled with the help of equipment. Waste incineration greatly facilitates the difficulties associated with sorting, processing and selling secondary products.

The most valuable materials contained in the waste - iron and aluminum - can be recovered from the ash if necessary. Other non-combustible residues require disposal, but since they make up only 10-20% of the original waste volume, the repository will last 5-10 times longer than without pre-burning. More importantly, the ash does not decompose or shrink, and it can be used as filler in the construction of roads, embankments, etc. In other words, there are almost no problems with it.

Turning municipal solid waste into electricity. A 60 MW power plant in Baltimore, Maryland incinerates 2,000 tons of unsorted waste per day, providing electricity to about 60,000 homes. Air pollutants are captured by electrostatic precipitators.

4. Comprehensive waste management program

It is important to understand that it is not necessary to rely on one of the waste disposal methods. A wide variety of combinations of recycling, composting and waste reduction can be used. Moreover, it is possible to move towards recycling gradually, trying various options and at the same time reducing the amount of landfilled waste. This system of simultaneous use of different methods is called an integrated waste management program. Taking into account the interests of all parties related to this problem, of course, requires experienced managers.

We still cannot solve global problems, for example, the construction of a waste processing plant, but still ...

We conducted a survey of students and parents:

Is the garbage problem important?

98% - answered "yes" and only 2% "no". Also, during the week, we analyzed household waste (% content of paper, plastic, food waste, etc.) and came to the conclusion:

That we need to change our views on the problem of garbage;

Change lifestyle;

Analyzed what we are already doing to solve this problem;

What else can we do?

CHANGE IN PERSPECTIVES AND LIFESTYLES:

WHAT WE CAN DO? WHAT ARE WE ALREADY DOING?

· Don't forget the hidden cost of landfilling and lower recycling costs in the long run. Call on MPs to support all legislative acts aimed at recycling, composting and other options for the use of waste.

· Buy durable products and minimize the consumption of disposable products.

· Buy drinks in reusable bottles and donate empty containers that can be reused.

· For shopping in the store, use a canvas bag, then you will not need plastic bags that have to be thrown away.

· Do not buy medicines, household chemicals, etc. for future use - after the expiration of the shelf life, you will have to throw them away.

· Do not throw away good old things (clothes, toys, furniture, appliances) that we do not need. Find them a new owner or make new things out of old things, give them a second life. Promoting your achievements, hold an exhibition "Old things - a new life."

· Food waste can serve as a pledge of the future harvest from the beds - an excellent material for compost.

· Participate in environmental campaigns and organize garbage collection from the school grounds, nearby territory, cleaning springs, rivers, and your own entrance.

· Learns to collect and sort garbage, teach this to others.

Place waste bins in recreation areas and on the streets.

· To unite efforts, to act in concert.

· Do not litter.

· Conduct a waste management campaign.

Consider pursuing a career in the growing waste recycling industry.

5. Experience in the use of waste disposal technologies

The environmental and economic feasibility and the need for reuse and reuse of natural resources (by involving secondary raw materials in the economic circulation) have been proven by many years of practice in many countries of the world. Some countries have achieved impressive success along this path. Thus, in the raw material balance of the USA and Japan, the share of waste reaches 26%, in other economically developed countries this figure ranges from 16-20% (in the USSR it was 15% with the prospect of increasing to 18% in 2000). Even more impressive figures have been achieved in the use of certain types of secondary raw materials. The return of paper waste (waste paper) to re-production has been increased to 60-67% (Denmark, Sweden, Holland), scrap batteries - up to 80% (Japan), worn tires - up to 90% (in all developed countries of the world), etc. .

Only in 1975-1985. in the USSR, more than 750 production, procurement and processing enterprises were built and put into operation for the manufacture of various products for industrial purposes and consumer goods from secondary raw materials. But a lot has changed since then. The USSR ordered to live long. Today, it is “democratically” allowed to freely buy ferrous and non-ferrous metals from anyone, you can export them abroad, but unprofitable waste is quietly thrown into a ravine, river or forest ...

Every year, 3.4 billion tons of waste is generated in Russia, including 2.6 billion tons - industrial waste, 700 million tons - liquid waste from poultry farming and animal husbandry, 35-40 million tons - municipal solid waste (MSW), 30 million tons - sediments from treatment facilities. And these numbers are steadily increasing. Landfills are not the best solution. Therefore, in my opinion, it is necessary to look for new approaches to the rational use and elimination of MSW, industrial and other wastes, using the experience already gained by other countries.

In particular, I was interested in the alternative concept of waste management "Zero Weste" ("zero waste", "zero loss"), which has already received sufficient distribution abroad. Its author, Robin Murray, a world-famous eco-manufacturing economist in the US and the UK, proposed a concept that includes producer responsibility, sustainable design, reuse and recycling - all within a single approach. "Zero Weste" includes two opinions.

First opinion: since ancient times, it has been believed that nothing should be thrown away that can be useful.

The second opinion: arose recently and is of an ecological nature. Here, waste is given a new meaning, in connection with their role in natural cycles. "Good waste" is waste that can be recycled. The problem of disposal of waste is replaced by the problem of identifying those materials that are dangerous and not suitable for use as secondary raw materials. And the problem is not to get rid of used goods, but, above all, to prevent the manufacture of these goods. In the strategic plan, "zero waste" remains behind the intensive use of secondary raw materials and composting.

The three main objectives of Zero Weste are:

1. "Zero Reset"

The first principle is to avoid emissions and discharges of toxic substances, as they do not undergo natural decomposition processes, but instead tend to accumulate in the environment to higher levels. The goal is to achieve zero discharges by phasing out the production of relevant substances, in particular organochlorines. Waste containing chlorine is a source of dioxins, which are formed during incineration, as well as sources of many toxic effects created by landfills.

2. "Zero emission"

The second principle is to reduce to zero the damage caused to the atmosphere.

This problem can be solved by prohibiting the disposal of biological waste that has not been composted to the landfill and thus eliminating carbon from circulation.

3. Zero Waste

The third principle is the exclusion of waste as such. No materials will be considered useless - instead, a way to use them will be found. For example, due to the incombustibility of rice husks in Asia, there were problems with the disposal of waste from rice processing. One of the Zero Weste theorists proposed a new method of using the husk - first as a replacement for polystyrene in electronic equipment packaging, and then, after being used as such, as a refractory building material.

"Zero Waste" is the basis for the reorganization of the waste management strategy. It's about not just about reducing the amount of waste that needs to be disposed of (through landfills and incinerators). A way is proposed to turn waste into “positive” materials intended for cleaner production with the help of ecological design.

Today, the most common methods of disposal are:

1. Accumulation (deposit).

This is the most anti-ecological option. Toxic infiltration waters flow out of the “ordinary” unequipped landfill, and methane enters the atmosphere, which enhances the greenhouse effect (today, methane “takes on” 20% of the climate warming effect). If a modern landfill is used for the storage of solid waste (this is a “bath” with a bottom and sides made of clay and a polyethylene film, in which the compacted layers of solid waste are sprinkled with layers of soil), then the infiltration waters do not pollute the environment - they are collected and cleaned. Nevertheless, methane still flies into the atmosphere, and the amount of garbage is growing so fast that in a few years any landfill is full and a new one needs to be built.

2. Burning.

When burning MSW in waste incineration plants, it is possible to reduce their volume and obtain a certain amount of energy (1 ton of garbage can provide 400 kW / h). However, even with the most advanced combustion technology, these plants pollute the atmosphere. In addition, a significant amount of the resulting ash has to be buried. The futility of this option for the treatment of solid waste has led to the fact that interest in waste incineration has declined sharply.

3. Sorting and processing.

This is the most environmentally friendly option for managing solid waste, in which they do not accumulate, but are used as secondary raw materials, reducing the consumption of primary resources. In the USA, from 1990 to 2000, the level of MSW recycling increased from 8 to 32%. In Canada, a 50% recycling rate for MSW has been declared a national goal. Most of the German states and the Italian province of Milan passed the 50% mark. Switzerland reached the level of 53%. Along with the sorting of waste by the population (collection of paper, glass, plastics, organic waste into separate containers), industrial lines for the processing of solid waste with electronic recognition systems are being introduced.

4. Finally, the most effective way to reduce the amount of MSW is to monitor the generation of waste “throughout the pipe” and review the technology of everything industrial production(cars, household appliances, clothing, food, etc.) in order to reduce waste.

In general, if MSW is sorted, then the processing of each fraction is not a problem and is quite profitable. Recycled paper is made into new paper. The level of waste paper recycling is increasing year by year, in 1997 it was 72% in Germany, in South Korea- 66%, in Sweden - 55%, in Japan - 53%. When recycling aluminum cans, energy costs are reduced by 5-10 times. Not surprisingly, 80% of aluminum cans are recycled in Europe. It is very profitable to melt glass. In Switzerland, 9 out of 10 glass bottles are reused, in the Netherlands, Austria, Sweden, Norway, Germany - more than 8 bottles. Organic waste can be composted and then fertilized. Plastics are pressed and garden benches, basins, etc. are made from them.

Recycling of automobile tires has reached a high degree in developed countries.

Today, in our country, about 30 enterprises produce crumb rubber from used car tires, including such large enterprises as the Volzhsky Regeneration and Tire Repair Plant (Volgograd Region), the Chekhov Repair and Repair Plant (Moscow Region), etc. Rubber crumb is increasingly used as a raw material in the rubber industry, for the production of sports, roofing and floor coverings, asphalt, in the production of a number of building products. The demand for crumb rubber is growing rapidly.

Among the many approaches to solving the problem in recent times in developed countries, more and more attention is paid to the production of so-called degradable plastics of various types, which, having served their due date as packaging or products for other purposes, are then destroyed, so that mountains of plastic containers, it would seem, should melt before our eyes.

6. Types of degradable plastics and methods for their disposal

1. Bioplastics based on starch.

Produced mainly on the basis of cornmeal. They decompose as a result of the action of microorganisms, so for more efficient disposal they should be placed in a microbial enriched environment, such as compost. Some types of such plastic decompose completely, others only partially, and the remaining products can be harmful to water, air, soil, flora and fauna. In addition, genetically modified crops are widely used in the production of bioplastics, which sometimes creates additional problems. Some starch-based plastics easily decompose in water, releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, increasing year by year, the emissions of which today are no less difficult. environmental problem than the recycling of plastic containers in solving the problems of waste management. In general, bioplastics compare favorably with traditional plastics, especially since some of their components can be reused, not only reducing waste, but also saving resources. However, they cannot yet be considered ideal containers - along with obvious advantages, they also have disadvantages that do not allow them to play the role of a panacea in the fight against the advancing piles of used plastic packaging.

2. Aliphatic plastics.

Made from aliphatic polyester fiber. Like starch-based plastics, they require microorganisms to decompose, so the waste must be buried in soil or compost. But where can we get it in such quantities and will we be able to bury all the products made from them in the right places? As the name suggests, they break down in the light, remaining intact in the ground, sewers and other dark environments, so they do not solve all the problems of plastic waste disposal.

3. OXO - biodegradable plastics, which have appeared on the market quite recently and do not yet have a generally accepted name, are produced by companies from the UK and Indonesia, making small additions to the traditional plastic formulation, which, according to company representatives, radically changes their properties.

Advantages of this technology:

Extremely low cost, material - and energy intensity (much lower than that of starch-based plastics);

Possibility of making transparent packaging;

Higher degree of decomposition;

Higher processability (unlike starch-based plastics, they can be used in production with high speeds, for example, for packaging bread).

Conclusion

In this control work, I considered the problems of urban pollution with the waste of my life and its solution turned out to be an extremely difficult scientific, technical and socio-economic task. The special specificity here is manifested in the possible concentration in these wastes of almost the entire variety of substances and materials found in nature and artificially created by man, as well as in the continuous growth of their number.

At present, most of the solid household waste in most large cities is taken to landfills (dumps) located tens of kilometers away, and the areas for these purposes are practically exhausted, which additionally leads to the formation of many hundreds of spontaneous dumps. At the same time, it should be taken into account that landfills are a serious source of soil, groundwater and atmosphere pollution with toxic chemicals, highly toxic heavy metals, landfill gases, and when garbage ignites, with dioxins, furans and biphenyls, moreover, the maximum permissible concentrations of hazardous substances exceed 100 and more times. The use of compactors for squeezing garbage makes it possible to stack it more tightly, which prolongs the life of landfills, however, at the same time, it increases the specific load on the soil and, accordingly, leads to even greater environmental pollution.

In Russia, work has also begun on the development of new approaches to working with waste. In 1998, the Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Wastes” was adopted, which defines legal framework management of production and consumption waste in order to prevent the harmful effects of production and consumption waste on human health and the environment natural environment, as well as the involvement of waste in economic circulation as additional sources of raw materials.

Waste incineration plants are being built in large Russian cities, landfills for waste disposal, etc. are being equipped. For example, in 2004, 140 million rubles were spent on placing Moscow garbage in landfills near Moscow, and 2 waste incineration plants are operating. However, the city has taken a course towards waste recycling and their further use as secondary raw materials, which provides for the organization of separate collection and sorting of valuable waste components.

It can be assumed, however, that in the short term the role of landfills will not noticeably decrease. In this regard, such a technological approach to waste disposal as a sanitary earth backfill that provides biogas production will be quite relevant. For this purpose, household waste is covered by a certain technology with a layer of soil 0.6 - 0.8 m thick in a compacted form. Biogas landfills are equipped with ventilation pipes, blowers and tanks for biogas collection. However, the use of biogas is possible, at least, only 5-10 years after the creation of a landfill, its output is not constant, and profitability is manifested only with garbage volumes of more than 1 million tons. During the subsequent combustion of biogas, most of the toxic components contained in landfill gases are destroyed, with the exception of heavy metals, which are then discharged into the environment. It should also be noted that ground and surface waters penetrating through earth backfill capture dissolved and suspended solids and biological decomposition products, thereby additionally polluting the environment. In addition, landfills are responsible for approximately 36% of all methane (greenhouse gas) emissions into the US atmosphere.

At present, the movement to ban the organization of landfills near settlements has increased significantly, which has made it necessary to find other ways to process and destroy solid waste.

List of used literature:

1. Vashchekin N.P. Concepts of modern natural science. M.: MGUK, 2000

2. Dubnishcheva T.Ya. Concepts of modern natural science. - Novosibirsk, UKEA, 2002.

3. Karpenkov S.Kh. Concepts of modern natural science. - M., Unity, 2003

4. Kuznetsov V.I., Idlens G.M., Gutina V.N. Natural science. - M.. AGAR. 1996.

5. On production and consumption waste. Law Russian Federation №89, 1998.

6. Mirkin B.M. and Naumova L.G. Conversations about sustainability of ecosystems. Ecology and life, No. 3 (44) "2005

7. Murray Robin. Zero waste ("Zero Waste"). Ecology and life, No. 6 (44) "2004

8. Romanov S.V. Russian caravans. Ecology and life, No. 5 (34) "2003

11. Tikhanova N.T. Dangerous megatons. Ecology and life, No. 6 (41) "2004

12. Should we still “pull the rubber”… …if we can already recycle it? Ecology and life 2 (37) "2004

13. Khabarova E.I. Alliance of ecology and management. Ecology and life, No. 4 "2000.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from 1 to 5 hazard class

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The world uses various ways garbage disposal. In our country, the most popular method of disposal is considered to be burial.

In highly developed countries recycling 50 - 90% of waste materials are fulfilled, in Russia only 5 - 17%.

Classification

Industrial and household waste is the main source of pollution. The classification of household workings is represented by several options.

There is a division of garbage into two classes:

1. Productions - industrial
2. Consumption - household

The classification of waste depends on how it is disposed of. Household waste, the hazard class of which is determined by specialized services, is subject to disposal by various methods. Toxic hazardous waste must be disposed of in accordance with established regulatory legal acts.

Only 3-4 hazard class waste is accepted to MSW landfills, and certain types of these workings are accepted in limited quantities and disposed of with strict observance of special conditions. For the destruction of scrap, various methods of disposal and processing of waste are used.

In the process of human life, household waste is generated, their hazard class is determined by the degree of harmful effects on nature:

1. Works carrying extreme danger
2. Highly dangerous
3. Moderately dangerous
4. Low-dangerous
5. Practically harmless

How is the hazard class of waste determined?

To determine, a qualitative and quantitative analysis of waste is usually carried out (if it is not possible to establish them, then a model method is used, this method is also called experimental), on the basis of which a conclusion is made and the hazard class is established. If the qualitative and quantitative composition is known, then the calculation method is used.

Legislatively, the norms for hazard classes are established by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources No. 511. The main criterion for determining the hazard class is the potential threat to the environment and the severity of the consequences in case of improper storage, transportation or disposal.

Hazard classes vary in degree negative impact for ecology:

1. Extremely hazardous waste of the first class causes irreversible and global changes in the ecosystem over a large area. If such waste enters the ecosystem, its recovery, even over time, is impossible.
2. High-risk waste causes an imbalance in the ecosystem. It is estimated that with modern technologies, it will be possible to eliminate the negative consequences only after 30 years, and the self-healing of the system will take even longer. When waste of class 2 enters the ecosystem, animal populations will suffer irreversible damage associated with the extinction of certain species.
3. It takes at least 10 years to restore the ecosystem after the impact of class 3 waste. Modern technology can slightly speed up recovery. As for the impact on fauna, animal populations may suffer.
4. When exposed to class 4 waste, self-healing of the system occurs within 3 years.
5. Contacts of class 5 waste with the environment practically do not affect the ecological situation.

Processing methods

Today, the following recycling methods are used:

• Burial at landfills - sorting, earth filling.
• Natural ways of decomposition - composting.
• Thermal processing - combustion, pyrolysis: low-temperature and high-temperature.

Waste is not just garbage, it is a cheap material for production. The main thing is to learn how to properly dispose of them.

burial

This type of recycling is the most common in the world. It applies to non-combustible mining, as well as to scrap that releases toxic substances when burned.

The solid waste landfill is not an ordinary landfill, but a complex structure equipped with systems that prevent groundwater and air pollution.

At some landfills, gas is processed, which was formed during the decay of waste into heat or electricity. Russian polygons to a small extent correspond to these characteristics. The main disadvantage of burial is that it does not eliminate rotting and the odors released during this, which are dangerous to the environment.

Composting

This technology is based on the natural decomposition of waste. It is used for the disposal of organic waste. Food waste is subject to composting, as well as undivided MSW stream. In Russia, composting is not widespread, since the classification of waste depending on the hazard class is not applied, organic matter is not separated from inorganic matter, which poses a danger to the environment. Composting is used only on garden and summer cottages, it can be carried out at special sites.

- the end product of this type of utilization is used in agriculture.

Thermal processing

Industrial and household waste is also subject to thermal processing, its advantages:

• Complete disposal of waste.
• Reducing the volume of scrap by 10 times.
• Use of energy potential from organic substances.

The use of combustion is beneficial in obtaining electrical and thermal energy. The result of pyrolysis is a vitrified product + energy. The slag formed in the process of high-temperature pyrolysis does not pose a danger.

How to dispose of household waste to prevent danger? The best option is pyrolysis, this is the thermal decomposition of waste that occurs without oxygen. Pyrolysis contributes to a waste-free technology for the disposal of mining, as well as the most rational use of the missing natural resources.

1. Low temperature pyrolysis is characterized by the formation of a small amount of gas and a large volume of oils, resins and solid residue. It is performed at a temperature of 450 - 900°C.
2. High-temperature pyrolysis is characterized by the formation of a minimum amount of resins and solid residues, and the gas yield is maximum. Burning is carried out at temperatures above 900°C.

Overseas experience

All developed countries have separate waste collection. People independently make classification of garbage in apartments. In Russia, unfortunately, this method is not used in practice. For example, in Germany, the process of introducing this method to the masses took 18 years. In their apartments, they have at least 3 trash containers, their number can reach 8 pieces.

There is the following classification: packaging, paper, food and other waste. Citizens are required to sort waste, and manufacturers are responsible for disposing of their packaging material. In apartment buildings, there are usually 3 types of containers.

• Blue - containers for paper.
• Yellow - for packaging.
• Gray - for food waste.

The manufacturer of any product, on a formal basis, assumes the costs of processing the packaging material, but in reality everything happens differently. The manufacturer includes these costs in the cost of his product, as a result, they are passed on to the consumer. On average, it costs 11 euros per year for every inhabitant of Germany, which is not much for Germany.

Such increased attention to waste sorting and recycling in Germany is explained not only by the love for cleanliness, but also by saving resources. It is worth considering that 14% of all raw materials used in German industry come from waste.

Garbage removal

Pickup fee household waste, as well as construction is calculated by the hour or depending on the volume. For export, firms use specialized vehicles. Next, the waste materials are transported to landfills, of which there are about 11,000 in Russia. They carry out the burial of 96% of waste materials and only 4% are recycled. Proper handling of waste materials dangerous, helps to save natural resources, as well as reduce the degree of environmental pollution.