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MBOU secondary school №10
From papyrus to computer:
Our civilization is unthinkable in its current state without information carriers. Our memory is unreliable, therefore, quite a long time ago, mankind came up with the idea of recording thoughts in all forms.
Information carrier is any device designed to record and store information.
Examples of media can be paper, or USB flash memory, as well as a clay tablet or human DNA. Information is also different - this is text and sound and video. The history of storage media begins quite a long time ago...
Stones and cave walls - Paleolithic (up to 40 to 10 thousand years BC)
The first carriers of information were, apparently, the walls of the caves. Rock carvings and petroglyphs (from the Greek. petros - stone and glyphe - carving) depicted animals, hunting and domestic scenes. In fact, it is not known for sure whether the rock paintings were intended to convey information, served as a simple decoration, combined these functions, or were generally needed for something else. However, these are the oldest media known today.
Clay tablets - 7th century BC
Clay tablets were written while the clay was wet and then fired in a kiln.
It was clay tablets that formed the basis of the first libraries in history, the most famous of which is the library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh (7th century), which consisted of about 30 thousand cuneiform tablets.
wax tablets
Wax tablets are wooden tablets, the inside of which was covered with colored wax for inscription with a sharp object (stylus). Used in ancient Rome.
Papyrus - 3000 BC
Papyrus is a writing material spread in Egypt and throughout the Mediterranean, for the manufacture of which a plant of the sedge family was used.
They wrote on it with a special pen.
Parchment - 2nd century BC
Parchment gradually replaced papyrus. The name of the material comes from the city of Pergamon, where this material was first made. Parchment is untanned dressed animal skin - sheep, calf or goat.
The popularity of parchment was facilitated by the fact that on it (unlike papyrus) it is possible to wash off the text written with water-soluble ink and apply a new one. In addition, parchment can be written on both sides of the sheet.
A scroll is a long sheet of writing material (papyrus, parchment or paper) rolled up for storage. On such a sheet they wrote across its length.
Documents in the form of a long ribbon of sheets glued one to another, rolled up into a scroll, were called columns in the Moscow State.
It is assumed that paper was invented in China at the end of the first or beginning of the second century AD.
Writing in Russia
For the first time, writing in Russia began to be mentioned in the eleventh century, the first mention was found in Novgorod. The main languages that were used in that historical period were Old Russian and Old Church Slavic. It must be said that all the documents that were written at that time were written using the Cyrillic alphabet. Also, tests in Finnish, Latin and Greek were found in Russia.
Birch bark letters
Birch bark letters were used in Novogorod and were discovered by scientists in 1951.
The texts of birch bark letters were squeezed out using a special tool - a stylus made of iron, bronze or bone.
Music box roller
- organ
DISC FOR SYMPHONY
Punched cards - appeared in 1804, patented in 1884
The appearance of punched cards is mainly associated with the name of Herman Hollerith, who used them to conduct the US census in 1890. Nevertheless, the first punched cards were created and used much earlier. Joseph Marie Jacquard used them to set the fabric pattern for his loom as early as 1804.
gramophone record(jar. layer, vinyl, disc, record, less often - a bagel) - an analog storage medium (most often sound) - a disc made of synthetic materials (originally from shellac, then - vinyl, on one or both sides of which one or another This method is applied to a continuous winding groove (track), the shape of which (depth and width) is modulated by a sound wave.
For "playing" (extracting sound from) gramophone records, devices specially designed for this purpose are used: gramophones, gramophones, later on electrophones and electric players.
At the end of the 19th and throughout the 20th century, the phonograph record was (until it was replaced by the CD in the mid-80s) the most popular means of distributing audio recordings, inexpensive and affordable.
The main advantage of the record was the convenience of mass replication by hot pressing.
Back in February 1946, the world learned that the world's first electronic computer ENIAC was launched in the United States, the construction of which cost almost half a million dollars.
The unit, the equipment for which was mounted for three years (from 1943 to 1945), struck the imagination of contemporaries with its size. Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) - an electronic digital integrator and computer weighed 28 tons, consumed 140 kW of energy and was cooled by Chrysler aircraft engines.
First computer
The "grandmother" of the birthday man and the "great-grandmother" of today's modern computers could be called Babbage's analytical engine with full confidence.
Babbage's analytical device was already, in fact, a full-fledged computer, and astronomer (and even the founder of the Royal Astronomical Society) Charles Babbage went down in history as the inventor of the first prototype of the computer.
Magnetic tape - 50s
In 1952, magnetic tape was used to store, write and read information in the IBM System 701 computer.
Magnetic disks - 50s
Magnetic tapes (polymer films coated with ferromagnetic compounds):
on a reel for a computer, for a reel-to-reel tape recorder.
The magnetic disk was invented by IBM in the early 1950s.
Floppy disk - 1969
The first so-called floppy disk was first introduced in 1969.
HDD- present tense
Here we come to the present day.
The hard drive was invented in 1956, but continues to be used and constantly improved.
Compact Disk, DVD - present
In fact, CD and DVD are very close technologies, differing not so much in the type of media as in the recording technology.
flash- present time
Naturally, not all information carriers invented and used by mankind are listed here. Some types of media are omitted on purpose (CD-R, Blue Ray, magnetic drums, lamps), and some, of course, are simply forgotten.
Completed by a student of the 1TBK group
Cheptsova Alena
Head: Zakarina Larisa Eduardovna
Individual project in informatics on the topic "Ancient and modern storage media"
The purpose of this work is to characterize
ancient and modern media.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1. Study the history of the development of storage media.
2. Consider the characteristics of ancient and modern media.
The relevance of the project topic lies in the fact that with the advent of modern electronic media, it is important to be able to choose the most reliable of them, in terms of physical properties and from the point of view of the reliability of storing and reading information.
A storage medium is any device designed to record and store any information.
Storage of information - a way of disseminating information in
space and time. The way information is stored depends on its medium.
OLD STORAGE MEDIUM
Punch cards
At the beginning of the 19th century, the first cardboard punched cards appeared. The cards were manufactured by IBM. In the middle of the 20th century, the binary number system began to spread, generalizing a variety of data.
Perforated tapes
The first machine storage media were also punched tapes. Used in telegraphs. Due to their format, the tapes allowed for easy input and output.
Magnetic tape
Magnetic storage media made a breakthrough in sound recording. Reel-to-reel and cassette-type tape recorders are widely used.
Magnetic disks - 50s
The magnetic disk was invented by IBM in the early 1950s.
Floppy disk - 1969 The floppy disk was first introduced in 1969. For conventional floppy disk media and devices, an information encoding method called Modified Frequency Modulation (MFM) is commonly used.
MODERN INFORMATION CARRIERS
Compact Disk, DVD
The CD was developed by Sony and put into mass production in 1982. First of all, the format gained wild popularity due to convenient sound recording. Compact discs have caused a revolution in the field of personal computers. Over time, PCs began to be produced along with drives that support the CD format.
Hard drives
The first hard drives (hard drives) were created in 1956 by IBM. They were impractical. By 1995, the volume was 10 gigabytes. After 10 years, Hitachi models with a capacity of 500 gigabytes appeared. Hard drives have become the backbone of the PC. Over time, such models began to be produced combined with drives, drives and an electronics unit.
Flash drives
The first Universal Serial Bus was developed in the mid 90s. Flash drives have gained the greatest popularity based on this interface. The versatility of the connector allows the drives to work with TVs, DVD players and other devices with USB technology. The flash drive is not afraid of scratches and dust, the former deadly threat for CD.
Flash-card
blu-ray- the most modern class of optical discs. The format was developed by Sony. The new standard made it possible to record longer videos. The volume began to amount to hundreds of gigabytes. This ensures better sound and video recording quality. According to Sony, this is the last laser format because the minimum laser length has already been reached.
Today we live in an era that is not without reason called the age of the information society. Progress has reached the point that now people in their Everyday life just choke in the data stream. It is possible that information carriers, the types of which are multiplying, will radically change, according to the requirements of modern man.
Thank you for your attention
Stones and walls of caves - Paleolithic (up to 40 to 10 thousand years BC) The walls of caves were the first carriers of information. Rock carvings depicted animals, hunting and domestic scenes. Rock paintings were intended to convey information, served as a simple decoration. These are the oldest information carriers known now.
Clay tablets - 7th century BC Clay tablets were written while the clay was wet and then fired in a kiln. Clay tablets formed the basis of the first libraries in history, the most famous is the library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh (7th century), which numbered about 30 thousand cuneiform tablets.
Parchment - 2nd century BC The name of the material comes from the city of Pergamum, where this material was first made. Parchment is untanned dressed animal skin - sheep, calf or goat. The popularity of parchment was facilitated by the ability to wash off text written with water-soluble ink and apply a new one. Parchment can be written on both sides of the sheet
Punched cards - appeared in 1804, patented in 1884. Joseph Marie Jacquard used them to set the fabric pattern for his loom as early as 1804. The appearance of punched cards with the name of Herman Hollerith, who used them to conduct the US census in 1890.
Perforated tapes Perforated tape first appeared in 1846 and was used to send telegrams.
Floppy disk year The first floppy disk was first introduced in 1969.
Resources used %D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C nositeley nositeley materialnyh-nositelej-informacii/ page1.html materialnyh-nositelej-informacii/ page1.html
Man has always sought not only to learn as much as possible about the world around him, but also to pass on all the accumulated information to future generations. In this article, we will consider, albeit briefly, the development of methods for storing and transmitting information, the evolution of information carriers, starting from a stone wall in a cave and ending with the latest developments in the field of high technologies.
Traditions of antiquity deep ...
Soon, with the advent of the first civilizations, pictography is transformed into hieroglyphics and cuneiform. In the new sign system have already appeared abstract concepts, calculus, etc. And the sign system itself has become smaller in size.
The carriers of information have also changed: now the stone walls have become man-made, stone carving has become more skillful. Compact data carriers also appeared: papyrus sheets in Egypt and clay tablets in Mesopotamia.
The closer to our days, the cheaper and more compact the media became, the amount of information increased by orders of magnitude, the linguistic sign system became simpler.
From papyrus humanity moved to parchment, from parchment to paper. From hieroglyphics to alphabetic writing (even today's hieroglyphic languages - Chinese, Japanese, Korean - are based on a standard alphabetic set).
So, in a few paragraphs, we took a look at the past of the language and media and, in fact, came close to the main topic.
The evolution of information carriers in the XX-XXI centuries
Punched cards and punched tapes
With the development of mechanical engineering and automation of production, it became necessary to program machine tools and machines - the task of a consistent set of operations for the rationalization of production. For this, a binary language was created (0/1 - off / on), and the punched card became the first carrier of information in a binary language. A sheet of thick paper was broken into a certain number of cells, some of them made their way, others remained intact. A standard punch card carried information of 80 characters.
Later, according to the same principle of operation, perforated tape began to be used - a roll of paper or nitrocellulose tape with punched holes. The advantage of punched tape was relatively high speed reading (up to 1500 B / sec), but the low strength of the tape and the inability to manually edit information (for example, a punched card could be pulled out of the deck and manually punched the necessary bits).
Magnetic tape
Paper media have been replaced by magnetic media. At first it was a specially magnetized wire (such a medium is still used in the black boxes of aircraft), then it was replaced by a flexible magnetic tape, which was wound into reels or compact cassettes. The principle of recording is somewhat similar to perforation. The magnetic tape is divided in width into several independent tracks; passing through the magnetic recording head, the necessary section of the tape is magnetized (similar to the punched section of the punched tape), subsequently the magnetized section will be read computer technology as 1, non-magnetized as 0.
Flexible magnetic disks
Following the magnetic tape, a flexible magnetic disk was invented - a circle of dense flexible plastic with a magnetic layer applied to the surface. The first floppy disks were eight-inch, later they were replaced by the more familiar 5.25-inch and 3.5-inch ones. The latter held out on the market of information carriers until the mid-2000s.
Drives on tough magnetic disks
In parallel with flexible magnetic media, media on hard magnetic disks (HDD, hard disk, HDD) developed. The first working HDD model was created in 1956 by IBM (model IBM 350). The volume of the IBM 350 was 3.5 MB, which was quite a lot at that time. In terms of size, the first HDD was like a large refrigerator and weighed a little less than a ton.
For thirty years, the size of the hard drive has been reduced to a 5.25-inch format (the size of an optical drive), after another ten years, hard drives have become familiar to us 3.5-inch format.
The 1 GB capacity was surpassed in the mid-1990s, and in 2005 the maximum capacity for longitudinal recording was reached at 500 GB. In 2006, the first 500 GB perpendicular recording hard disk was released. In 2007, the milestone of 1 TB was passed (the model was released by Hitachi). On the this moment The largest commercial HDD model is 3TB.
Flash memory is a form of electrically reprogrammable memory (EEPROM) semiconductor technology. Due to its compactness, low cost, mechanical strength, large volume, speed and low power consumption, flash memory is widely used in digital portable devices and storage media.
There are two main types of flash memory: NOR and NAND.
NOR memory is used as a small non-volatile memory that requires fast access without hardware failures (microprocessor cache, POST chips and BIOS).
NAND memory is used in most electronic devices as the main storage medium (cell phones, TVs, media players, game consoles, photo frames, navigators, network routers, access points, etc.). NAND is also used in SSDs, an alternative to hard drives, and as cache memory in hybrid hard drives. Also, do not forget about flash cards of all form factors and connection types.
The most significant minus of flash memory is the limited number of write cycles to the media. This is due to the very technology of reprogrammable memory.
Optical discs
These media are polycarbonate discs coated on one side with a special metal coating. Recording and subsequent reading is carried out using a special laser. During recording on a metal coating, the laser makes special pits (pits), which, when subsequently read by a laser disk drive, will be read as "1".
The whole development of optical media can be divided into four parts:
First generation: laser discs, compact discs, magneto-optical discs. The main feature is relatively expensive disks of small volume, drives have high power consumption (directly related to the technology of writing and reading disks). CDs are a little out of this definition (which is probably why they took over until the advent of the second generation of optical discs).
Second generation: DVD, MiniDisc, Digital Multilayer Disk, DataPlay, Fluorescent Multilayer Disc, GD-ROM, Universal Media Disc. What distinguishes the second generation of optical discs from the first? First of all, high density recording information (6-10 times). In addition to DVD, they mainly have specialized applications (MD - for audio recordings, UMD - for Sony PlayStation consoles). Other than DVD, all other formats require expensive hardware to write and read information (especially DMD and FMD, which use multi-layer and multi-dimensional storage technologies).
Third generation: Blu-ray Disc, HD DVD, Forward Versatile Disc, Ultra Density Optical, Professional Disc for DATA, Versatile Multilayer Disc. These optical discs are required for high definition video storage. The main feature is the use of a blue=violet laser to write and read information in place of the red one (except VMD). This allows you to further increase the recording density (6-10 times compared to the second generation).
As in any evolution, in the development of optical discs there is a main branch of development and side branches. The main branch is the types of optical discs that have received the greatest distribution and the greatest commercial success: CDs, DVDs, Blu-Ray. Other types of optical discs have either reached a dead end in their development or have specialized applications.
Fourth generation (near future): Holographic Versatile Disc. The main revolutionary technology in the development of optical information carriers is the holographic recording technology, which allows increasing the recording density on an optical disc by about 60-80 times. The first holographic discs were introduced back in 2006, and the technological standard itself was finally approved in 2007. But things are still there. In 2010, it was announced that the 515 GB storage capacity bar was overcome, but this model of the holographic disk was not put into production.
