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The glow of the sea. In the Black Sea, a sparkling glow is observed, caused by outbreaks of small and microscopic marine organisms (nocturnes, peridineas) and representing separate sparks of the same color. Its intensity increases with waves, the passage of a ship, etc. A sparkling glow is usually observed in summer and autumn. It is especially intense in the coastal strip.
Sea blooms are due to the massive accumulation of planktonic (usually plant, but sometimes animal) organisms in the surface layer of water. When flowering, the transparency of water decreases significantly and its color changes; water acquires a yellow, brown or reddish hue. In the described area, water blooms are observed mainly in the northwestern part of the sea, as well as in bays and bays. It is possible throughout the year, but most likely from February to May.
Seaweed. In the Black Sea, the red algae, phyllophora, is especially common, forming huge thickets in the northwestern part of the sea at depths of 20-60 m. Of the other algae, diatoms, pyrophytes, blue-greens and browns should be noted. In bays, estuaries, lagoons and bays at depths usually no more than 10-12 m, Zostera, or sea grass, is often found.
Woodworms. In the Black Sea, the destructive activity of marine woodworms is noted. From bivalve mollusks, teredo is found here, from crustacean woodworms - limnoria and chelura.
Teredo usually destroys wood from the inside; its moves are directed along the fibers, but can also be bent in the most bizarre way, intertwining with each other. With a significant defeat by them, the wood turns into a spongy mass. Teredo is especially active from June to September. Most often it is found off the coast of the Crimean Peninsula and off the eastern coast of the sea.
Limnoria usually affects wood from the surface. Its passages are not deep (no deeper than 5 mm, occasionally 15 mm from the surface), but sometimes it eats away in the piles, as it were, hollows, the so-called "boilers". Limnoria, as a rule, does not tolerate muddy, stagnant, oxygen-poor water.
Helyura is somewhat larger than Limnoria; she usually takes up residence near it and drills wood in a similar manner. Its moves are deeper, although it does not create “cauldrons”. Stroke diameter approx. 2.5 mm.
In addition to wood, limnoria and chelura can attack the insulation of submarine cables.
Fouling of the underwater part of ships by marine organisms is observed all year round, but it is most intense from May to September. Balanuses, mussels, zebra mussels, bryozoans, etc. are common here.
Dangerous sea animals. The spines of the dorsal fin and the spines of the gill covers are very venomous, and their injections can be fatal. A large dragon lives mainly in bays and bays; it usually burrows into soft ground so that only the head is visible.
European scorpionfish most often Predatory and poisonous marine animals are found in the Black Sea; they should be avoided when swimming, working without a diving suit and disembarking personnel on the shore. The spiny katran shark, the big dragon, the European scorpionfish and the European stingray live here.
Big dragon - the most dangerous fish is found in bays near rocky shores, it usually hides in crevices of rocks or in algae. The injections of this fish are very painful.
The European stingray, or sea cat, lives in protected bays, in shallow areas of the sea and in estuaries. With tail blows, he can inflict very strong and dangerous wounds.
In addition, a small green, red or brown sea anemone jellyfish is found in the Black Sea. Contact with it causes severe skin irritation.
An article by V. M. Tolkachev in the journal “Oil. Gas. Innovations»The problem of offshore gas shows and their threat to the ecological well-being of the Crimea is raised. It tells about the sources of hydrogen sulfide formation in the Black Sea. Bacteria that absorb hydrogen sulfide and the mechanism of natural protection of surface waters from hydrogen sulfide aggression are described. Methods for extracting hydrogen sulfide from the waters of the Black Sea and its utilization, using gaseous hydrogen sulfide, and reducing the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the waters of the Black Sea are considered.
Hydrogen sulfide, the significant presence of which in the waters of the Black Sea has been known since the end of the 19th century, is considered today as a constant growing threat to the ecological well-being of the population of the Crimea and the Black Sea region. On the other hand, the presence of this large natural resource inevitably raises the question of creating an effective and environmentally acceptable technology for extracting hydrogen sulfide from the Black Sea waters and its use before modern science and practice. Successful development of an unconventional source of energy and sulfur will increase the level of environmental safety of the region's population.
The Black Sea is the world's largest meromictic (unmixed) body of water, the upper part of which, up to 150 meters thick, is saturated with oxygen and is separated from the more saline, hydrogen sulfide-saturated lower part of the sea by a boundary layer (chemocline) - the boundary between the aerobic and mainly anaerobic zones.
The water balance of the Black Sea, whose salinity in the upper zone is about 18 ‰ and increases with depth to 22 ‰, is characterized by the following indicators:
Atmospheric precipitation (230 cubic km/year);
water inflow from the Sea of Azov (30 cubic km/year);
continental, including river, runoff (310 cubic km/year);
evaporation of water from the surface of the Black Sea (360 cubic km/year).
As a result, the Bosporus is constantly discharged into the Sea of Marmara through the Bosphorus (about 210 cubic km/year).
Towards the upper current formed by the less saline and lighter water of the Black Sea, a counter current acts in the lower part of the strait. It feeds the lower horizons of the Black Sea with more saline water and is the source of a recently discovered underwater river by British scientists. This unnamed river, 900 meters wide and 68.5 km long, located in a sublatitudinal trench 35 m deep, moves an enormous amount of water and is 350 times more powerful than the Thames in terms of runoff. In its channel there are rapids and waterfalls. The waters of this river are several degrees colder than the associated bottom waters of the Black Sea.
It is quite reasonable to assert that hydrogen sulfide (H2S), whose concentration in the Black Sea waters ranges from 0.19 to 9.6 mg/l, comes from several sources. This aggressive gas, which has filled almost 90 percent of the sea, is largely formed in situ due to the processing of organic matter accumulated in the lower layers and at the bottom of the sea by sulfate-reducing bacteria.
Hydrogen sulfide also enters along with methane and other gases through the zones of tectonic disturbances and fractures in the seabed, is replenished with emissions from underwater mud volcanoes and gases from hydrogen sulfide hydrotherms.
Christian Humanities and Economics Open University
Faculty of Humanities and Economics
Humanitarian department
ESSAY
P O C U R S U:
« Use and protection of the resources of the Black Sea"
1st year student
Distance learning for the humanities
Departments of the Faculty of Humanities
Supervisor- …
Odessa- 2010
Introduction
Plant and animal resources of the Black Sea.
Energy and mineral resources.
Protection of Black Sea resources
International programs for the protection of the Black Sea
Bibliography.
Introduction.
Since ancient times, the population living on the shores of the Black Sea has been looking for opportunities to use its food resources. The main attention was paid to the fish fauna, and then mainly to the mass species of fish in the coastal zone. Fishing in the Black Sea has retained its importance to this day. At the same time, other biological resources - commercial invertebrates and algae - are used more and more intensively in the food industry and in pharmacology.
^ 1. Plant and animal resources of the Black Sea .
In terms of biomass and productivity, among the plant resources of the Black Sea, algae are in first place. Macrophytes occupy a shallow zone to a depth of 60-80 m, but most of all they are found (excluding the Zernov phyllophora field) on rocky and stony soils to a depth of 10 m. The biomass of macrophytes in the Black Sea is 10 million tons. From a large number species of algae growing in the Black Sea, only a few species are currently used. In the first place in terms of use is the red algae phyllophora, whose reserves in the northwestern part of the Black Sea amount to 5-7 million tons. The maximum biomass of this algae per 1 m2 reaches 5.9 kg. Along the Bulgarian coast, phyllophora is rare and in very small numbers. For industrial purposes, its accumulations in the Zernov field are used. Ukraine has special vessels that collect Phyllophora in this area of the sea. From raw materials dried and washed with hot water, agar-agar is obtained, the mass of which is 20-22% of the mass of dry phyllophora. Agar-agar is used as a gelling agent in industry. If you add it to bread, the latter does not go stale for a long time. Agar-agar is also used in the textile industry - it gives density, shine and softness to fabrics. Agar-agar is also used in the production of certain drugs, the preparation of cosmetic creams. [Stepanov V.N. The Black Sea: resources and problems. - Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1981. - pp. 33-34].
Of interest are thickets of brown algae Cystoseira, common on a rocky-stony bottom near the seashore. Research by V. Petrova (1975) showed that the total reserves of cystoseira in the sublittoral near the Bulgarian coast reach 330 thousand tons. In the zone with depths up to 2 m, annual production of 10 thousand tons of raw material is possible. Algin is extracted from cystoseira, which is used in the food industry and to obtain various technical emulsions. Both in Bulgaria and in other Black Sea countries, the issue of mechanized extraction of cystoseira has not been resolved. In some areas of the coast, algae periodically thrown out by the sea (mainly cystoseira) are collected and used as an additive to nutrient mixtures for farm animals.
Of the flowering plants in the Black Sea, sea grass (zostera) is relatively widespread. It grows at a depth of up to 6 m and is rarely found at depths of up to 15 m. Zostera stocks in the Black Sea reach 1 million tons. Small fields of sea grass are also found off the Bulgarian coast. Zostera is mainly used as a packing and stuffing material in the furniture industry. [Nature of the Odessa region: resources, their rational use and protection. - Kyiv-Odessa, Vishcha school, 1979.- P.59-60].
Animal resources of the Black Sea are of great economic importance. These include some bes-vertebrates and a number of commercially valuable fish.
Mussels should be put in the first place from non-fish raw materials. Its reserves are estimated at approximately 9.5 million tons (Moi-seev). According to studies by V. Abadzhieva and T. Marinov (1967), in the Bulgarian part of the sea, mussel reserves exceed 300 thousand tons, of which about 100 thousand tons can be considered as a commercial reserve. However, recently, the mussel fields have been significantly damaged by the predatory snail rapana. Mussel meat contains the same amount of protein as the meat of farm animals and fish, but it is richer in some amino acids (methionine, tyrosine, tryptophan), micro-elements and vitamins. In terms of taste, it is most suitable for preparing piquant dishes; it is used in food fresh, canned and dried. The commercial extraction of mussels in Bulgaria is carried out by special dredges. From other mollusks, cockles are used for food, from crustaceans - shrimp. But their number and distribution do not allow industrial fishing. [Russ T.S. Fish resources of the Black Sea and their changes: [Text] // Prychornomorsky ecological bulletin. - 2006. - No. 3-4 (21-22) spring-breast. - p.256].
Oysters are found in coastal areas and partly in Lake Varna, which used to be an object of fishing. In some areas of the coast, stone crab is used as food. Currently, oysters and stone crab have no commercial value. A small number of crayfish are mined in the Blatnitsky and Shablensky lakes, as well as in the Mandrensky reservoir.
The fish biomass of the Black Sea was estimated differently in different periods. After hydrogen sulfide was discovered in the deep waters of the basin, it was believed that the overall biological productivity of the sea was low. Before and after the Second World War, this estimate, which included an estimate of the fish biomass, was significantly overestimated, but it was not confirmed by the fish catches. When they began to use new methods for determining the production of organic matter, they received a modern understanding of the biomass and annual production of organisms in the Black Sea. According to the definitions of P. A. Moiseev, the biomass of fish should not be estimated at more than 1 million tons. He considers their more realistic biomass equal to 500-600 thousand tons, which is only 0.8% of the total biomass of all organisms. [Black Sea: collection / translation from Bulgarian. - Leningrad: "Hydrometeoizdat", 1983. - pp. 344-351].
Anchovy, sprat and horse mackerel are of decisive importance in the commercial fishing of the Black Sea. In some periods, this group of commercial fish also includes bonito and mackerel. The second most important group of fish includes kalkan, Black Sea shad, bluefish, mullet, etc. The main factor determining the volume of catches is the state of stocks of the main fish species. They also depend on many reasons, the main of which are abiotic factors that cause sharp changes in the amount of plankton. The amount of plankton, in turn, affects the number of planktivorous fish and subsequent trophic levels of the food chain. The behavior and distribution of the main species also influences the fish catch to a large extent.
Commercial fish living in the Black Sea are divided into two groups according to biological characteristics and the nature of changes in stocks.
The first group includes fish with a long life cycle, i.e. fish that reach sexual maturity late. This group is dominated by species that breed more than once. Populations of fish of the first group do not have a high abundance, and their stocks change little. These are sturgeon fish and Kalkan.
The second group includes species that have a short life cycle, puberty occurs early - sprat, anchovy, etc. In their populations, the young generation prevails over mature individuals. As a result, in one productive year, the stocks of sprat and anchovy can increase many times over. Losses - due to natural death, from predators and fishing - are compensated when the recruitment of juveniles is significant. Otherwise, the stocks of the species begin to decrease.
So, after 1968, mackerel stocks decreased so much that it lost its commercial value. The decrease in its numbers coincided with a relative increase in the stocks of predatory species - bluefish and partly bonito. The reduction in the parent school was so great that the remaining individuals were not able to quickly increase the reproduction of the species. This was facilitated by a small breeding area of mackerel (only part of the Sea of Marmara) and the coincidence of the wintering area of mackerel with the wintering area of some predatory species (also the Sea of Marmara). Industrial fishing in the Black Sea waters is carried out all year round, but depending on the migration and distribution of the main species, some areas in certain seasons acquire greater value. For example, ham-su along the Anatolian and Caucasian coasts is caught mainly in winter.
In the Bosphorus region, fish catches increase in spring, when migratory species (scad, bonito, mackerel) from the strait and the Sea of Marmara enter the Black Sea. The same area revives in the second half of autumn, when these species return to their wintering grounds. In the northwestern part of the Black Sea and areas near the Crimean peninsula, species important in commercial terms breed and remain for a long feeding period. As a result, in May - October, fishing in these waters is activated. The fishing fleet is concentrated near the Kerch Strait, when the Azov anchovy migrates to wintering areas, to the Caucasian coast. The main part of the catch of all the Black Sea countries, except for Romania, is obtained from ships. In coastal areas, they are caught with fixed seines, nets and other fishing equipment.
^ 2. Energy and mineral resources of the Black Sea
According to existing classifications, energy resources are understood as reserves of oil, gas, coal, and mineral resources - reserves of metals and minerals.
In recent decades, mankind has shown an increasing interest in the World Ocean, dictated primarily by the continuously growing needs for various types of resources - energy, mineral, chemical and biological. On a global scale, the issue of the depletion of land minerals is associated with the accelerated pace of world industrial production. Obviously, humanity is facing the threshold of a raw material "hunger", which, according to economic forecasts, will begin to manifest itself more and more sharply in the capitalist countries at the end of the century.
The proposals of some Western scientists to limit production to rates corresponding to the natural growth of minerals are, in essence, utopian and absurd. Among the possibilities for solving the problem of raw materials, in particular the problem of mineral and energy resources, the most promising possibility is the study of the ocean and seabed. Of course, at the same time, it is necessary to approach it soberly scientifically, taking into account the mistakes made during mining on land. Any statements of this kind, as “the ocean is an inexhaustible source”, are groundless. However, it is an indisputable fact that in our time, oil, gas, iron-manganese nodules, sulfur, silt containing tin are continuously increasing from the bottom of the sea, zinc, copper, development of underwater and coastal deposits of mineral and building materials. [Zaitsev Yu. Your friend is the sea: essay. - O .: Mayak, 1985. - p.27].
The Black Sea basin is a very interesting object for studying the geological origin of minerals. It is located on the border of two continents - Europe and Asia, surrounded by young folded mountain ranges of the Caucasus, Pontic Mountains, Crimea and Stara Planina. The nature of the subsidence and articulation of these structures at the bottom of the sea, as well as the Mysian platform in the west and the Russian in the north, is still insufficiently studied. These platforms make up the main part of the shelf, which in general occupies 24% of the Black Sea bottom area. At present, this is the most promising part of the seabed for the search for oil and gas fields.
Under the shelf is meant a relatively flat and relatively shallow part of the seabed, limiting the sea margin of the continents and characterized by a similar or close rheological structure of the land. This definition suggests that the presence of minerals similar to those of sushi can be expected on the shelf. Now 96% of the world's offshore geological research and development activities are carried out offshore.
^ Energetic resources
The main types of fuel - coal, oil, gas - occupy an important part in the energy balance of Ukraine. Recently, there has been a great interest in the search and exploration of oil and gas at the bottom of the Black Sea. Particularly promising are the northern, northwestern and western regions of the Black Sea shelf, that is, the continuation of the surrounding land. On the shelf, the sedimentary Meso-Cenozoic complex of the Mysian, Russian and Scythian platforms continues, which contains oil and gas to one degree or another. Favorable shelf conditions in comparison with land are expressed in an increase in the thickness of the layers and a change in their occurrence due to the evolution of the Black Sea basin.
To localize a gas and oil field, it is necessary to determine the following conditions: 1) structure (anti-cline, monocline, etc.), 2) reservoirs with suitable reservoir properties (porosity, fracturing, voids) 3) screening formations (virtually impermeable to liquids).
If the structure - the first necessary condition - can be determined relatively accurately, then the remaining two conditions, like the very presence of oil and gas, modern geophysical methods can only be estimated approximately. Therefore, the search for oil and gas fields, especially in the sea, is often associated with a certain risk, not to mention the difficulties of a purely industrial nature arising from this.
In the Golitsyn structure, located southeast of Odessa, in the Maikop (Oligocene) layers, gas deposits were discovered.
According to geophysical surveys, the Romanian shelf should also be considered as an oil and gas bearing formation.
Taking into account the geological structure of the Black Sea basin, the continental slope and the bottom of the basin are also considered especially promising. According to geophysical studies of the deep-water Black Sea basin, it has been established that one powerful sedimentary complex takes part in its structure. It is assumed that it is composed of limestones, mudstone sands, dolomites, etc., i.e., rocks similar to those that make up the surrounding land.
Further elucidation of the conditions of their occurrence is of undoubted interest. This, in turn, is connected with the creation technical means research and exploitation of deposits at great depths. In 1975, the deep-water Black Sea Basin near the Bosphorus was probed from the American vessel Glomar Challenger. Having passed a two-kilometer water layer, the probe passed another 1 km in the sediments of the Black Sea bottom.
^ Mineral resources
The reserves of ferromanganese nodules in the World Ocean are estimated at approximately 900 billion tons. The first ferromanganese nodules in the Black Sea were discovered by N.I. Andrusov in 1890 during an expedition aboard the Chernomorets ship. Later, nodules were studied by K.O. Milashevich, S.A. Zernov, A.G. Titov. Results studies were summarized by N. M. Strakhov in 1968. Currently, three fields of nodules are known in the Black Sea: the first is south of Cape Tarkhankut (the western part of the Crimean Peninsula), the second, little studied, is west of the delta of the Rioni River, the third is on the Turkish part of the shelf and the continental slope east of Sinop.
At present, the ferromanganese nodules of the Black Sea bottom are only reserves, the intensity of research and use of which in the near future will depend on the needs of individual countries.
Coast and seabed last years are considered as the main places for the extraction of platinum, diamond, tin, titanium, and rare minerals. Now about 15% of the world's production of useful minerals from placers falls on the coastal parts of the seas and oceans. Their ever-increasing importance in industry depends on the development and improvement of technical means of operation. Most researchers define placer deposits as deposits containing grains or crystals of useful minerals that are resistant to weathering processes, which were formed under conditions of constant wave action. In most cases, such deposits are found in modern coastal terraces or on the seabed. The currently known placers in the Black Sea are located near the modern coastline. Given that the coastline was different in the Pleistocene and Holocene, there is reason to believe that alluvial deposits can be found on the shelf at great depths.
The concentration of heavy minerals on the Black Sea beaches is significant almost everywhere. In 1945, the operation of the Urek deposit of magnetite sands was started. Significant concentrations of heavy minerals have been found near the mouth of the Danube, on the beaches from the mouth of the Danube to Cape Burnas in the northwest. The same applies to the Dnieper-Bug estuary and the beaches of the Crimean peninsula. On the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, the titanium-magnetite sands of the Burgas Bay are of considerable interest. In addition to titanium and magnetite, rutile, ilmenite and other minerals are also found here. Detailed geological and geophysical studies, conducted since 1973, found an increased concentration of ore minerals at a depth of 20-30 m, areas where sands contain approximately 3% magnetite were noted. One area is located between Nessebar and Pomorie (the mouth of the Aheloy River), the other is near Sa'rafovo. the content of magnetite in which is approximately 2%.
On the beaches of the northwestern part of the Black Sea, individual diamonds 0.14-0.35 mm in size were found - colorless, yellow, gray. Diamonds in the considered coastal zone of the Black Sea were found in sedimentary rocks ah (Devonian, Permian, Cretaceous, Neogene). Small pieces of gold have been found in the northwestern part of the Black Sea and near the mouth of the Danube.
The coastal zone, where deposits of valuable minerals have been discovered, is also a zone of distribution of building materials. First of all, these are various sands. On the Black Sea shelf, the distribution and stocks of various building materials have not been sufficiently studied. Tourist and resort areas should not be included in mining zones; on the contrary, it is important to take measures in them to prevent phenomena that could upset the natural balance - landslides, abrasion, etc.
A huge deposit of building sands was discovered on the Odessa Bank. The mineral composition of the sands is very diverse. According to E. N. Nevessky, the sand bank was formed in the Neo-Euxinian time as a complex of bog and alluvial formations. Sands are also being developed in the Yalta Bay.
In the period 1968-1970. sand dredging was carried out in the Burgas Bay, but was subsequently suspended. It should be emphasized that the coastal zone reacts very subtly to changes in some of the factors that determine its balance. With the removal of a certain amount of sand, abrasion may increase, as a result of which the reduction or disappearance of the beach is likely.
Considerable interest as a feedstock for the production of fire-resistant materials, perhaps in the near future, will be silty soils found at depths of 20-70 m in almost inexhaustible reserves.
About one third of Turkey's coal reserves are under water and are in operation. The sea boundary of this field has not yet been established.
Underwater deposits of iron ores are known in almost all marine areas. So-called Cimmerian iron ores have been discovered on the Ukrainian coast.
^ Protection of Black Sea resources
The Ukrainian Scientific Center for Ecology of the Sea (UkrSCEM), being the head organization of the Ministry of Ecology of Ukraine for marine nature management and the International Active Center for monitoring and assessing the ecological state, conducts comprehensive monitoring studies of the Black and Azov Seas. [Fesyunov O.E. Geoecology of the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea. - O.: Astroprint, 2000. - p.25].
To save the Black Sea ecosystem, in 1992 in Bucharest (Romania) the Convention for the Protection and Protection of the Black Sea was signed, which Ukraine ratified in 1994. In the development of the provisions of the Convention in Odessa in 1993, a meeting of the ministers of ecology of six countries was held and the Odessa Declaration was signed. To implement the Odessa Declaration, the World Environment Facility organized an international program to study the environmental problems of the Black Sea.
As a result of 6 years of joint work of all the Black Sea countries, the main priorities and priorities for the rehabilitation of the Black Sea ecosystem have been determined. Each country has identified “hot spots” that account for up to 85% of all Black Sea pollution.
"Hot spots" of Ukraine: 3 points fall on the region of Odessa and Ilyichevsk - these are imperfect treatment facilities; 5 points fall on the Crimean region - this is the absence of modern treatment facilities in Balaklava, Evpatoria, Yalta, Gurzuf, Sevastopol; 1 point - to the Kerch region - environmentally hazardous plant Kamyshburunsky; 1 point - to the Krasnoperekopsk region - environmentally hazardous Krasnoperekopsky bromine plant. It is the reconstruction of the structures indicated above that will give a tangible result in the improvement of the Black Sea ecosystem.
In 1995, on the basis of studies under the International Black Sea Program, a Strategic Action Plan was prepared and signed by the Ministers of Ecology of 6 countries, on the basis of which each of the countries had to prepare national plan actions to improve the environmental situation.
As part of the implementation of the Strategic Action Plan of Ukraine, a "Concept for the protection and restoration of the most important natural environment of the Azov and Black Seas" was prepared. UkrSCEM has prepared and coordinated with all countries the Strategy for Regional Environmental Monitoring of the Black Sea for all Black Sea countries, based on the capabilities of each country (availability of swimming facilities, analytical equipment, etc.). Also, the UkrSCEM has developed a document on the quality standards of marine environmental studies, which was agreed with all the Black Sea countries and accepted for execution. In 2001, the document "Regional Database and Information Development Strategy" was prepared. This document defines the main principles of data exchange, which are received by the countries of the Black Sea region as a result of monitoring observations of the state of the Black Sea, and data exchange formats are developed. These documents made it possible to assess the current state of the Black Sea ecosystem in recent years.
At the end of 1999, the State Program of Ukraine for the protection and restoration of the Black and Azov Seas was prepared and agreed with the Cabinet of Ministers. In 2001, for the meeting of ministers of the countries of the Black Sea region, UkrSECEM prepared the National Report "Standing of the Black Sea for 1996-2000", which assessed the state of the Black Sea and developed specific measures that should be adopted by the government of Ukraine in the coming years to fulfill the tasks defined by the Strategic Action Plan.
An analysis of the existing legal framework and studies carried out within the framework of international programs show that the priorities for the revival of the Black Sea ecosystem have changed significantly. The data of UkrNCEM fully confirm this. Moreover, for a clearer analysis of the ecological state of the Black Sea, it is necessary to conditionally divide the water areas into several levels, in which there are different mechanisms for the entry of pollutants into the ecosystem, and ways to remove them from it.
The recreational zone experiences the greatest anthropogenic influence. This happens for many reasons. About 7.4 million m3 of sewage, about 195 million m3 of insufficiently treated wastewater, has been discharged into the Black Sea (into the recreation zone within Ukraine) in recent years with little or no treatment. The recreational zone receives annually about 31 million tons of suspended solids, etc. It is appropriate to note that these figures do not reflect the volume of discharges, since recently the construction of sanatoriums, campsites, public places and other facilities in the recreational zone has been carried out haphazardly, in violation of the legislation of Ukraine. The situation is even more aggravated in connection with the adoption of the law on land privatization, while there is still no legal framework for the use of the recreational zone of the Azov and Black Seas. The current state of the recreational zone of the Black Sea is characterized by significant pollution of water, bottom sediments and beach sand. Organochlorine pesticides (DDT, HCCH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), synthetic surfactants (surfactants), petroleum hydrocarbons (OH), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), the most toxic part of oil, which has carcinogenic properties, in the first place 3,4-benzapyrene, phenols, dissolved organics, some heavy metals in varying amounts are practically constant components of coastal waters and bottom sediments.
In recent years, the amount of oil products in the water of the recreational zone of the Odessa region has stabilized. However, the Black Sea is becoming a transport corridor for oil transportation and the construction of oil terminals in all six Black Sea countries can lead to significant pollution of the water area with oil hydrocarbons.
Synthetic surfactants (detergents) in the recreational area are always present in quantities exceeding the maximum allowable. Moreover, recently a huge amount of foreign-made detergents has appeared, the physico-chemical properties, the effect and the period of decay of which are unknown. It is this circumstance that suggests the emergence of unknown allergic skin diseases in humans.
Traces of heavy metals in the recreational area of the Black Sea are found almost everywhere. The concentrations of arsenic, chromium, lithium, strontium, mercury in some cases exceed the maximum permissible limits. The rest of the metals are below the maximum allowable limits, but 10 times higher than their natural content in the marine environment. Their significant concentration occurs in bottom sediments.
In the water of the recreational zone, there are a large amount of dissolved organic substances. Significant concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in the recreational area ultimately lead to a decrease in oxygen dissolved in water to values at which extensive zones of deadly phenomena and the appearance of hydrogen sulfide are observed. Thus, the recreational zone of the northwestern part of the Black Sea within the Odessa region is in a crisis state, despite the fact that many enterprises that are potential polluters do not operate at full capacity.
Practically, the average concentrations of the main pollutants in the recreational zone do not differ significantly from pollution in the shelf zone and in the Odessa Bay. The shelf zone is contaminated with oil products in concentrations that in some cases exceed the maximum allowable. Significant concentrations of dissolved petroleum products are found in bottom sediments. The average concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons slightly decrease. Heavy metals are found in the waters of the shelf zone of the Black Sea in trace amounts. Significant concentrations of organic matter and biogenic elements of phosphorus and nitrogen are found everywhere in all areas of the shelf zone. [Mikhailov V.I., Gavrilova T.A., Lisovsky R.I., Issues of rational use of the resources of the Black Sea: [Text] //Ecology and life: a collection of scientific practices. Issue 1.- O.: ODNB, 2002.- p.47-51].
In all areas of the Odessa Bay, there is a layer of silt at the bottom, which in some cases exceeds 3 cm, this phenomenon has been observed in the last 10 years. Silt practically destroys all living things that live near the bottom in our region.
The analysis carried out convincingly proves the degradation of the Black Sea ecosystem, despite the decrease in industrial discharges, since the amount of household wastewater and organic matter is constantly increasing, causing irreparable damage to the ecosystem.
Unfortunately, in the past, in the field of environmental management in the Black Sea, there was no separate array of environmental and economic requirements, standards, regulations governing economic activities in marine areas, international rivers and ensuring the rational use of natural sea and river spaces, taking into account the requirements of protection. natural environment. An example of this is the gross violations by Romania during discharges into the Danube River and the absence of legal norms on Romania's responsibility for these actions.
^ International programs for the protection of the Black Sea
According to these documents, the main strategic goal of Ukraine in the field of environmental protection is: ensuring the environmental safety of present and future generations; renewal and conservation of the biosphere; rational and integrated use of the entire natural resource potential of Ukraine, including the Black Sea basin; consistent solution of the problems of development of the economy of Ukraine along the path of achieving full biospheric compatibility.
In this regard, the government of Ukraine is given environmental tasks related to stopping the pollution of the Black and Azov Seas and improving their ecological state.
At the present stage of socio-economic development, the conditions and prerequisites for concretizing the environmental policy of the state, expanding the application of economic methods and environmental and economic standards in the regulation of marine nature management are already being formed. This predetermines the need for the formation of a qualitatively new environmental, economic and legal regulatory framework for marine nature management and solving the problems of preventing an environmental and economic crisis in the Black and Azov Seas.
In April 1992, in Bucharest, all representatives of the Black Sea states signed the “Convention for the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution”. To achieve the goals of the Convention, the parties to the agreement approved the Commission for the Protection of the Black Sea with a secretariat, including representatives of all the Black Sea states. The Convention outlines the main actions of the parties aimed at protecting the marine environment of the Black Sea. The main ones are: prevention of discharge of harmful substances from any source; reduction of pollution from coastal sources; prevention of pollution from ships; cooperation in the fight against pollution in emergency situations; reduction and control of waste disposal; protection of biological resources; monitoring of the state of the marine environment.
In the development of the provisions of the Convention in April 1993 in Odessa, all ministers of environmental protection of the Black Sea countries signed the "Ministerial Declaration on the Protection of the Black Sea". The next stage of Ukraine's participation in international treaties for the protection of the Black Sea was the participation in the creation of the "Strategic Action Plan for the Improvement and Protection of the Black Sea", which was signed in Istanbul in October 1996. Ukraine, together with the Black Sea countries, assumed the obligation to implement international agreements in the following areas: reduction of marine water pollution from coastal sources; reduction of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere of coastal zones; control and reduction of discharges from point sources; reduction of pollution from ships; creation of a unified Black Sea plan for the elimination of the consequences of accidents; control over the movement of waste; assessment and monitoring of the state of the marine environment; protection of biological diversity and landscapes; assessment of the impact on the natural environment of human activities; Coastal zone management. [Patlatyuk E.G., International programs for the protection of the Black Sea and Ukraine's participation in them: [Text] //Ecology and Sustainability: a collection of scientific practices. Issue 1.- O.: ODNB, 2002.- p.62-63].
The "Strategic Plan" provides for the financing of the planned work, mainly from the Black Sea Environmental Fund, which is being created, as well as from proceeds from the states parties to the Bucharest Convention. To implement the plan, active centers were created in the states of the Convention in the main areas: Center for the Environment and Safety of Navigation (Bulgaria, Varna); Center for Monitoring and Assessment of Marine Pollution (Ukraine, Odessa, UkrNTsEM); Center for Coastal Zone Management Methodology (Russia, Krasnodar); Center for Biological Diversity (Georgia, Batumi); Center for Fisheries and Living Resources of the Sea (Romania, Constanta). To coordinate the work of the Strategic Plan, a Commission Secretariat was established, currently located in Istanbul.
In terms of the development of Ukraine's international obligations, on March 22, 2001, the President of Ukraine signed the Law of Ukraine "On approval of the nationwide program for the protection and restoration of the environment of the Azov and Black Seas", which provides for a set of nationwide measures aimed at improving the ecological state of the seas with specific deadlines for the implementation and financing of this environmental program.
Conclusion.
There can be no single solution to the issue of all types of waste and the place of their discharge. However, a more rational basis for making decisions about how to recycle and dispose of waste needs to be developed. No oceanographer wants hazardous waste to accumulate where he works or to have this waste accumulate on land where he lives. However, since the waste needs to find a place anyway, it would be preferable to make a choice based on knowledge of all factors.
nature conservation, and water resources in particular, it is the task of the 21st century, a problem that has become a social one. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. Responsible and efficient policy towards aquatic environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, sound knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods to reduce and prevent the harm caused to Nature by Man.
Bibliography:
1. Zaitsev Yu. Your friend the sea: essay. - O .: Mayak, 1985.
2. Krivosheeva O.M. Plant of natural resources in the Black Sea basin, protection and regulation of industry: [Text] // Prychornomorsky Ecological Bulletin. - 2009. - No. 4 (34) chest. - p.197-198.
3. Mikhailov V.I., Gavrilova T.A., Lisovsky R.I., Issues of rational use of the Black Sea resources: [Text] //Ecology and Sustainability: a collection of scientific practices. Issue 1.- O .: ODNB, 2002.
4. Patlatyuk E.G., International programs for the protection of the Black Sea and Ukraine's participation in them: [Text] //Ecology and Sustainability: a collection of scientific practices. Issue 1.- O .: ODNB, 2002.
5. Nature of the Odessa region: resources, their rational use and protection. - Kyiv-Odessa: Vishcha school, 1979.
6. Russ T.S. Fish resources of the Black Sea and their changes: [Text] // Prychornomorsky ecological bulletin. - 2006. - No. 3-4 (21-22) spring-breast. - p.256.
7. Stepanov V.N. The Black Sea: resources and problems. - Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1981.
8. Fesyunov O.E. Geoecology of the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea. - O .: Astroprint, 2000.
9. Black Sea: collection / Translation from Bulgarian. - Leningrad: Hydrometeoizdat, 1983.
Mineral wealth of the Black Sea
The Black Sea is currently the most promising for oil and gas resources. And the first ferromanganese nodules in the Black Sea were discovered back in 1890 by N.I. Andrusov. A little later, such scientists as Zernov S.A., Milashevich K.O., Titov A.G., and Strakhov N.M. were engaged in their detailed study. at the moment, three different belts of nodules have been explored and discovered in the Black Sea: west of the delta of the Rioni River, south of Cape Tartankhut, as well as on the continental slope east of Sinop and on the Turkish part of the shelf.
In addition to all this, the coast and the bottom of the Black Sea have recently been considered as the main places where tin, diamonds, platinum, ore metals and titanium can be mined. Also, the Black Sea is a storehouse of building materials such as shell rock, pebbles and sands.
Mineral wealth of the Sea of Azov
The shallowest sea is rich in minerals, hidden not only under water, at the bottom, but often even in the depths of the seabed. The most important among its hidden treasures are the potential oil and gas resources of the water area. Gas fields (Kerch-Taman region - in the south, in the vicinity of the village of Strelkovoe - in the west, Beisugskoye - in the east, Sinyavinskoye - in the northeast) seem to frame the entire Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. Throughout the local water area and around the main promising oil and gas horizon are deposits of the Lower Cretaceous, to a lesser extent - Paleocene, Eocene, Maikop, Miocene and even Pliocene rocks. From the point of view of oil content, the Maikop deposits are the most interesting.
The total thickness of the sedimentary cover in the southern part of the sea - in the Indolo-Kuban basin - is enormous and reaches 14 km. A significant part of this powerful section is promising for oil and gas.
Along the shores of its western half is the Azovo-Chernomorskaya iron ore Neogene province, represented by oolitic iron ores of the Cimmerian age. In the northwestern part of the sea, within the so-called Molochansk graben, there are likely to be large deposits of iron ore with reserves of several billion tons. Presumably, they are localized along the northern slope of the Azov swell and within the entire negative structure of this graben.
Another type of mineral raw material supplied by the Sea of Azov is table salt. Sea salt is mined from Sivash. And a lot: about 60 thousand tons.
The main minerals from the bottom of the seas
The first place among them is occupied by oil along with combustible gases, followed by iron and manganese ores, bauxites, limestones, dolomites and phosphorites.
Oil is a mixture of various hydrocarbons, i.e. compounds of carbon and hydrogen. It is fluid, capable of moving underground for considerable distances. During these movements, oil droplets scattered in the rocks can accumulate into large oil deposits.
According to the teachings of academician I.M. Gubkin (1871-1939), oil was formed in sedimentary rocks of all geological epochs. “It arose precisely in those cases when there were favorable conditions for the deposition of a lagoonal, coastal or lacustrine nature, which contributed to the accumulation of organic material, from which oil was subsequently formed.”
Oil and gas deposits are found in piedmont troughs, in zones of subsidence of mountain ranges and in extensive tectonic depressions within platforms. Such places are favorable for the accumulation of thick strata of sandy-argillaceous or carbonate sediments. Together with these sediments, interspersed with them, semi-decomposed remains accumulate various organisms, mostly small, microscopic. Some of this organic material gradually turns into oil over geological time. Water displaces oil from clays and other source rocks, where it originated, into coarsely porous rocks, or "reservoirs" - sands, sandstones, limestones and dolomites. If an oil-impermeable formation in the form of dense clay or other rock lies above the reservoir, then oil accumulates under such a cover, forming a field. The richest oil deposits are found in the arched parts of the uplifts of the layers. In this case, the upper part of the arch under the impermeable layer is occupied by combustible gas, oil goes below, and even lower - water (Fig. 1).
Rice. one
That is why petroleum geologists first of all study the bends or structures of the layers, looking for underground vaults or other similar "traps" of oil, placed by nature on the paths of its underground movement.
In some places, oil comes to the surface of the earth in the form of a source. At such sources, it forms the thinnest multi-colored films on the water. Films of the same type are also found at ferruginous springs. Upon impact, the ferruginous film breaks into acute-angled fragments, and the oil film breaks into rounded or elongated spots, which can then merge again.
The relatively rapid accumulation of sedimentary rocks is one of the necessary conditions for the formation of the source rock. The ores of iron, manganese, aluminum and phosphorus, on the contrary, accumulate very slowly, and even if the ore minerals of these metals are formed in the source strata, they are scattered in them, without representing any interest for extraction.
Deposits of marine ores of iron, manganese, aluminum and phosphorus are in the form of layers, sometimes short, sometimes stretching over long distances. Layers of some phosphorites stretch for tens and even hundreds of kilometers. So, for example, a layer of phosphorite "Kursk nugget" runs from Minsk through Kursk to Stalingrad.
All these ores were deposited in shallow areas of the seas and occur among marine shallow sandy-argillaceous or calcareous rocks. The formation of iron, manganese and aluminum ores is characterized by a close connection with the adjacent land - with its composition, topography and climate. In a humid climate and with a flat or hilly land relief, the flow of rivers is calm and therefore they carry little sand and clay and a relatively large amount of dissolved iron compounds, and sometimes aluminum and manganese. The dense vegetation of areas of a humid climate, during its decomposition, gives a lot of acids that destroy rocks and contribute to the liberated compounds of iron, manganese and aluminum to move in dissolved form. In addition, dense vegetation protects the land from erosion, which also reduces the amount of sandy-clay turbidity in the rivers.
The composition of the rocks that make up the land, as well as the climate, determine the relative amount of ore elements carried from the land. A lot of iron and manganese are given by the main rocks, especially basalts and diabases. Under conditions of the humid tropics, aluminum is washed out more easily from basalts and nepheline rocks, and more difficultly from granites.
Rivers carry dissolved compounds of iron, manganese and aluminum into the sea, where they are deposited. If few contaminants are deposited at the same time, comparatively clean ore deposits can be formed. Favorable places for the accumulation of these ores are calm bays or lagoons.
Slow accumulation of sediments can occur not only on platforms, but sometimes in geosynclines. Since the main rocks (diabases, basalts, and others) often came to the surface in geosynclinal areas over large areas, there were not less, but more opportunities for the accumulation of ores in them than on platforms. For the accumulation of sedimentary deposits, it is also important that geosynclinal regions are not characterized by the instability of the earth's crust or the rapid accumulation of sediments over their entire area. In them there are areas that are sometimes relatively stable, which contributes to the slow accumulation of sedimentary rocks. Such areas are of the greatest interest from the point of view of sedimentary ore formation.
At the beginning of industrialization, our Motherland was in dire need of aluminum ores - bauxites. At that time, the theory dominated here and abroad that bauxites were formed on land as a result of tropical weathering. Academician A.D. Arkhangelsky, based on a detailed study of bauxites, came to a completely different conclusion. He found that the largest and highest quality bauxite deposits are not of terrestrial, but of marine origin and formed in geosynclines. Geological parties were sent to the areas of distribution of geosynclinal marine sediments, favorable for the formation of bauxites. These geological searches were crowned with the discovery of a number of new rich bauxite deposits in the Devonian marine deposits in the Urals, which provided our aluminum plants with domestic raw materials. The Devonian bauxites of the Urals were deposited, although in the geosynclinal region, but at such moments of its life when the accumulation of sediments occurred slowly, with interruptions and temporary retreats of the sea. A significant part of these bauxites were deposited on land in depressions among limestones.
The origin of phosphorite deposits is interesting. According to the conditions of their formation, they do not have such a close connection with the land as metal ores. Phosphates dissolved in sea water are characterized by the fact that they are a very important and, moreover, deficient nutrient for marine organisms. Plants feed on phosphates, which in turn are eaten by animals. Dead organisms, sinking to the bottom, carry away phosphorus with them. During their decomposition, they release it on the way to the bottom and partly at the bottom. As a result, the upper layers of water are depleted in phosphorus, while the lower layers are enriched with it. Starting from a depth of 150-200 m, its concentration is 5 or 10 times greater than at the water surface, and the highest concentrations of dissolved phosphates are formed in silt or groundwater. In these waters at the bottom of the sea, phosphates are precipitated from solution. Phosphorites have the form of continuous layers, cavernous slabs or nodules of various types.
The origin of almost all phosphorite layers is associated with interruptions in the accumulation of sedimentary strata, which was especially noted by A.D. Arkhangelsk. This fact is apparently explained by the fact that phosphorites were deposited in relatively shallow water conditions, at depths of approximately 50–200 m, so that a slight uplift of the seabed was sufficient for them to be in the zone of erosive action of waves.
White chalk and limestone are also of marine origin. Both of them consist mainly of calcite or calcium carbonate and differ not in mineralogical and not in chemical composition, but in physical condition - white chalk is soft, it is composed of the smallest non-cemented particles; limestone, on the contrary, is strong, the particles that compose it are larger than in chalk.
Layers of white chalk come to the surface in many places in Ukraine, on the Don and on the Volga. More than half of the chalk consists of the remains of microscopic calcareous algae coccolithophores (Fig. 2). Modern coccolithophorids swim near the surface of the water, moving with the help of their flagella. They inhabit mainly warm seas.
In addition to remains of coccolithophorids, microscopic calcite shells of rhizopods, or foraminifers, as well as shells of mollusks and remains of sea urchins, sea lilies, and flint sponges are often found in the Cretaceous.
The amount of coccolithophore residues in the chalk is usually 40-60 percent, rhizopods - 3-7 percent, other calcareous organisms - 2-6 percent, and the rest is powdered calcite, the origin of which has not yet been clarified.
The predominance of the remains of calcareous algae in the composition of the chalk was established in the last century by Kyiv professor P. Tutkovsky and Kharkov professor A. Gurov
Limestones also largely consist of calcite organic remains - shells of mollusks and brachiopods, remains of echinoderms, calcareous algae and corals. Many limestones have changed so much that it is difficult to determine their origin by their appearance. There are still disputes about such limestones: some say that calcite was chemically precipitated from solution in them. sea water, others argue that limestone is composed of organic remains, by now altered beyond recognition.
In his recently published work, Professor N.M. Strakhov proved that almost all marine limestones were formed from the remains of calcareous organisms, and chemical precipitation of calcium carbonate in the sea occurs in very limited quantities. Indeed, the white limestones of the Cretaceous period, widespread in the Crimea and the Caucasus, at first glance, are extremely poor in organic remains, but upon careful study, a large number of remains of coccolithophorids and rhizopods were found in them. This means that these limestones used to be chalk, and then they became very compacted.
The use of limestone is very diverse. They go to crushed stone for highways and railways, to rubble for laying foundations, and some of the densest of them are used for facing buildings like marble. In such marbles one can see shells of brachiopods and mollusks, sea lilies, calcareous algae and corals. Limestones are also widely used for the production of lime and cement, for liming soils, in metallurgy, in the production of soda and glass, in the purification of sugar syrup, and in the manufacture of calcium carbide. Chalk, where high strength is not required of it, is used in the same way as limestone.
CHAPTER I. PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURES OF THE ECOSYSTEM OF THE NORTH-EASTERN PART OF THE BLACK SEA.
CHAPTER II. MATERIAL AND METHOD.
CHAPTER III. COMPOSITION OF THE FISH FAUNA OF THE BLACK SEA.
CHAPTER IV STATUS OF THE BASIC BIORERESOURCES IN THE NORTH-EASTERN PART OF THE BLACK SEA.
1. Ichthyoplankton of the northeastern part of the Black Sea in the modern period.
2. Shark katran.
4. Black Sea sprat.
5. Black Sea whiting.
6. Mullet.
7. Black Sea horse mackerel.
8. Red mullet.
9. Black Sea flounder-Kalkan.
10. Other marine species.
CHAPTER V. DYNAMICS OF RESERVES AND FISHERIES.
1. Dynamics of stocks of biological resources in the northeastern part of the Black Sea.
2. Fishing.
CHAPTER VI. PROPOSALS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BIORESOURCES IN THE NORTH-EASTERN CHERNY
Recommended list of dissertations
Ecology of ichthyoplankton communities in the seas of the Mediterranean basin and the northern part of the Central-East Atlantic 2006, Doctor of Biological Sciences Arkhipov, Alexander Geraldovich
Ichthyoplankton of the Black Sea as an indicator of the ecological state of the shelf waters of Ukraine 2005, candidate of biological sciences Klimova, Tatyana Nikolaevna
Ichthyocenes of the western part of the Bering Sea: composition, commercial significance and state of stocks 2006, Doctor of Biological Sciences Balykin, Pavel Aleksandrovich
Current state and ecological and economic prospects for the development of fisheries in the West Caspian region of Russia 2004, Doctor of Biological Sciences Abdusamadov, Ahma Saidbegovich
Formation and use of the stock of semi-anadromous pikeperch Stizostedion lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) under the conditions of the changing regime of the Sea of Azov 2004, candidate of biological sciences Belousov, Vladimir Nikolaevich
Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Structure and assessment of stocks of aquatic biological resources in the North-Eastern part of the Black Sea"
Of all the inland seas of Europe, the Black and Azov Seas are the most isolated from the oceans. Their connection with it is carried out through a system of straits and seas: the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar. This circumstance, along with the consequences of geological evolution, low salinity and low water temperature in winter, contamination of the Black Sea depths with hydrogen sulfide, became the decisive factors that influenced the formation of flora and fauna.
The Black Sea drainage basin covers, in whole or in part, the territory of 22 countries of Europe and Asia Minor. In addition to the Black Sea states proper (Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine), it covers the territories of another 16 countries of Central and Eastern Europe - Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Yugoslavia (Zaitsev, Mamaev, 1997). The water area of the Black Sea is formed by the waters of the territorial seas and exclusive economic zones of coastal countries, as well as a small enclave in the southwestern part of the reservoir.
Man, from the moment of his appearance on the shores of the sea and until the mid-50s of the last century, did not have a significant impact on the ecosystem of the sea and the rivers flowing into it. The turning point came when, in the 1950s and 1960s, as a result of economic activity, environmental conditions and the structure of biota in rivers and in the sea itself began to change dramatically (Zaitsev, 1998). Particularly significant changes in the Black Sea ecosystem have occurred in the last 30-40 years. Trying to transform the environment and resources of the sea for their own needs, Man violated the natural balance that had been developing for thousands of years, which, as a result, led to the restructuring of the entire ecosystem.
The intensification of agriculture and industry, the growth of the urban population in all countries of the basin led to an increase in pollution by organic, synthetic and mineral substances carried by rivers into the sea, causing, among other things, its eutrophication. The amount of nutrients entering the sea in the 1970s and 1980s was dozens of times higher than the level of the 1950s (Zaitsev et al., 1987), resulting in an outbreak of phytoplankton, some zooplankton species, including jellyfish. At the same time, the abundance of large feeding zooplankton began to decline (Zaitsev, 1992a). Another important consequence of eutrophication was a decrease in water transparency due to the intensive development of planktonic organisms, which in turn led to a decrease in the intensity of photosynthesis of bottom algae and plants, which began to receive less sunlight. A typical example of this and other negative processes is the degradation of “Zernov's phyllophora field” (Zaitsev and Alexandrov, 1998).
Despite the growth in the abundance of some species of zooplankton phyto- and detritivores, a huge amount of dead phytoplankton began to settle in the shelf zone. Its decomposition due to dissolved oxygen caused hypoxia, and in some cases, asphyxia in the bottom layers of water. The kill zone was first noted in August-September 1973 on an area of 30 km2 between the mouths of the Danube and the Dniester (Zaitsev, 1977). Subsequently, the freeze zones began to be celebrated annually. The area and duration of their existence depend on the meteorological, hydrological, hydrochemical and biological features of each summer season. Biological losses due to hypoxia on the northwestern shelf for the period 1973-1990 amounted, according to modern estimates, to 60 million tons of aquatic biological resources, including 5 million tons. fish of commercial and non-commercial species (Zaitsev, 1993).
The transformation and erosion of the shores, the use of bottom trawls and the industrial removal of sand leads to siltation of vast areas of the bottom and the deterioration of the habitat of phyto- and zoobenthos, resulting in a decrease in the number and biomass, and a reduction in the biodiversity of bottom organisms (Zaitsev, 1998).
No less significant is the impact of other industries and economy. In this regard, shipping should be mentioned as a factor in the unforeseen, undesirable introduction of exotic species. Currently, more than 85 organisms have been brought into the Azov-Black Sea basin with the ballast water of ships, of which the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi caused a real ecological crisis, caused losses only due to a decrease and deterioration in fish catches estimated at 240-340 million US dollars per year (FAO ., 1993).
Under the jurisdiction of Russia is a relatively small part of the Black Sea in its northeastern region. Here, except for Novorossiysk, there are practically no large industrial centers, including fishery centers, as well as rivers with a significant flow. That is why the negative anthropogenic impact here on the sea from the catchment area and the coastal area is much lower than in the western and northwestern parts of the reservoir. However, in the surface layers of water, even in this area, there are clear signs of eutrophication, significant pollution by various types of pollutants of all priority classes, the appearance of numerous exotic invaders and the transformation of biota (Report 2001). In general, the concentrations of pollutants in the northeastern part of the Black Sea are significantly lower than those in its other regions, especially the western and northwestern ones. The ongoing negative environmental processes could not but affect the functioning and structure of the fishery industry in the basin, especially in the Russian region. The latter was facilitated by the destructive processes that accompanied the collapse of the USSR and destroyed the single fishery complex of the basin. In this context, the main negative causes of the fisheries crisis in the Russian Azov-Black Sea region in the 1990s should be called a significant decrease in fish stocks, caused mainly by the development of the population of the invader - the comb jelly Mnemiopsis. Being a food competitor of pelagic zooplankton feeders and a consumer of ichthyoplankton, for more than 10 years Mnemiopsis caused the stocks of many fish species to be extremely low, and caused other negative consequences in the ecosystem (Grebnevik., 2000).
The current state of the biological resources of the Black Sea is determined by its geopolitical past, geographic location, abiotic and biotic conditions, as well as economic activity person. Despite these negative processes, they are still significant. The most complete list of taxa forming the aquatic biological resources of the Black Sea includes 3774 species of plants and animals (Zaitsev and Mamaev, 1997). The flora is represented by 1619 species of algae, fungi and higher plants, and the fauna is represented by 1983 species of invertebrates, 168 species of fish and 4 species of marine mammals(excluding amphibians, reptiles and birds). In addition, there is still a huge amount of bacteria and microorganisms in the sea, a number of lower invertebrates that are not included in this list due to their poor knowledge, especially in taxonomic terms.
For a long time, Man has known about the existence of various representatives of the flora and fauna of the Black Sea and clearly distinguished commercial species. The period of empirical knowledge lasted for thousands of years. However, the beginning of the period of scientific knowledge can be attributed to the end of the 18th century, when members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences conducted research on the shores of the Black Sea. This is, first of all, S.G. Gmelin and K.I. Gablits, who worked from 1768 to 1785 and described several types of seaweed, as well as P.S. Pallas, who described 94 species of fish in the Black and Azov Seas. Subsequently, several more scientific expeditions and trips were made to the basin of the Black and Azov Seas. Professor A.D. Nordmann was a participant in one of them; in 1840 he published an atlas of color drawings, which included 134 species of Black Sea fish, 24 of which were described for the first time.
In the second half of the 19th century, the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Geographical Society organized a large expedition to study fish and fisheries in Russia under the leadership of Academician K.M. Baer. The detachment of this expedition, led by N.Ya Danilevsky, conducted research in the Azov-Black Sea basin in the middle of the 19th century, which became the basis for scientific and commercial research in order to develop the principles of rational fisheries management in this region.
Subsequently, K.F. did a lot for the knowledge of the fish of the sea. Kessler, who often visited the basins of the southern seas, and, on the basis of these studies, confirmed the hypothesis put forward by P.S. Dallas, about the unity of the origin of the flora and fauna of the Caspian, Black and Azov seas, as well as about the common geological past of these seas. For the first time, this researcher gave an ecological classification of fish, he divided them into marine, anadromous, semi-anadromous, brackish, mixed water and freshwater.
In addition to the ichthyofauna, during this period, other forms of life in the Black Sea are being studied. The study of zooplankton and zoobenthos is carried out by Makgauzen I.A., Chernyavsky V.I., Borbetsky N.B., Kovalevsky A.O., Korchagin N.A., Repyakhov V.M., Sovinsky V.K. Pereyaslovtseva S.M. In the same period, the first biological station was opened in the Black Sea basin, which was subsequently transformed into the Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, which is located in the city of Sevastopol.
A deep-measuring expedition, carried out at the end of the 19th century, discovered the hydrogen sulfide layer and confirmed that only surface horizons are inhabited in the Black Sea. A member of this expedition, A.A. Ostroumov in 1896 published the first guide to the fish of the Azov and Black Seas, containing a description of 150 species.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the first faunistic and zoogeographic stage in the study of the sea was completed. The summary of V.K. Sovinsky combined all the previously obtained information about the fauna of the Black Sea. At this stage, there is a qualitative understanding collected material, the foundations for further ecological and biocenotic research are being developed. The main work during this period on the study of the Black and Azov Seas is carried out on the basis of the Sevastopol Biological Station, the distribution of life forms in the coastal strip and the main factors affecting it are being studied. The ten-year work of the employees resulted in a monograph edited by S.A. Zernov (1913) "On the issue of studying the life of the Black Sea", which determined the directions for further research.
The current stage in the study of the Black Sea began with the organization of regular studies of bioresources. In the 20s of the last century, the Azov-Black Sea scientific and fishing expedition began work in the basin under the leadership of Professor N.M. Knipovich. By the mid-1930s, several research institutes and biological stations were already operating in the Black Sea. During this period, the distribution of biological resources was studied. In the postwar years, a period of generalization of the obtained data began. In 1957, a catalog of fauna was published, prepared by A. Valkanov, and in the early 60s. in the USSR monograph JI.A. Zenkevich "Biology of the seas of the USSR" and A.N. Svetovidov "Fish of the Black Sea", many special thematic publications of various research institutes. In these studies, considerable attention was paid to the condition and diversity of resources. But special studies of bioresources only now in the Russian zone of the Black Sea have not been carried out. Subsequently, on the basis of previously collected and analyzed data, books and articles on the biology of the flora and fauna of the sea are published in all the Black Sea countries.
In the Soviet Union, the main studies of the biological resources of the Black Sea were carried out by the institutes of the InBYuM, AzCherNIRO and their branches, the Novorossiysk Biological Station and the Georgian Branch of VNIRO. After the collapse of the USSR, the materials of these studies became inaccessible to Russia, and it became necessary to obtain their own data on the bioresources of the northeastern part of the sea, to clarify their stocks, and to regulate the fishery. Since 1992, this work has been entrusted to AzNIIRKh.
Management of stocks of aquatic biological resources in the northeastern part of the Black Sea in the modern period is carried out on the basis of scientifically based rationing of the magnitude, selectivity, time and place of fishing impact on the fished population, i.e. by regulating fisheries (Babayan, 1997). After the collapse Soviet Union in the basins of the southern seas, the scientific system of fishing practically ceased to operate, and the fishery acquired a poorly controlled character. Before the fisheries of the Russian Federation in the southern seas, the issue of putting things in order in the use of federal property, which are aquatic biological resources, on the basis of modern and representative scientific data, has become acute. All of the above necessitated research to assess the state, distribution of the structure and stocks of aquatic biological resources, develop methods for their forecast and collect extensive cadastral information as a scientific basis for fishery management. This is what confirms the relevance of our research.
This paper summarizes our studies of the bioresources of the northeastern part of the Black Sea for 1993-2002, when the mentioned significant changes occurred in the ecosystem of the sea and in the state of bioresources, when it was necessary to find quick solutions to acute issues aimed at assessing and rational use of aquatic biological resources.
Purpose of the study. Assess the composition and condition of the ichthyofauna, commercial stocks in the northeastern part of the Black Sea and develop recommendations for the rational use of raw materials. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:
1. Clarify the species composition and status of fish found in various commercial fishing gear;
2. To identify the volumes of existing commercial bioresources and assess the impact of abiotic factors on them;
3. Investigate the biological state of exploited populations: sprat, whiting, katran sharks, rays, flounders, mullets, goatfish, horse mackerels, mullets, etc. (size-mass, age, sex and spatial structures);
4. Conduct an analysis of the catches of various commercial fishing gear and determine the amount of by-catch for each of them;
5. To clarify the methodology for predicting the state of stocks of populations: sprat, whiting, flounder-kalkan, red mullet, horse mackerel;
6. Develop proposals for the rational exploitation of aquatic biological resources.
Scientific novelty. For the first time, the analysis of the composition of catches of various commercial fishing gear in the Russian zone of the Black Sea was carried out and the species found in them were determined, the value of the by-catch of commercial fish was estimated for each commercial type of fishing gear, fishing area, different seasons of the year and the main types of bioresources harvested.
The stocks of commercial bioresources during the period of significant ecological successions were determined. The analysis of the reasons influencing the dynamics of the abundance of each of the most important commercial fish species in the study period was carried out. The relationship between the composition and abundance of ichthyoplankton of the Black Sea species and the time of onset and duration of development of ctenophores populations - Mnemiopsis and Beroe was revealed. The methodology for forecasting the state of stocks and possible catches of the main commercial fish has been refined. Proposals for the rational exploitation of aquatic biological resources have been developed.
Practical significance. In the process of preparing the work, proposals were developed for the "Rules of industrial fishing in the Black Sea" regulating the fishing of valuable commercial fish species, some of which are already being applied in practice. Proposals have been developed for the most complete development of the Black Sea sprat reserves on the shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of Russia. By-catches of fish are calculated by gear, areas, objects of fishing and seasons of the year, which can be used in determining "blocked" and "balanced" quotas. The methodology for forecasting the state of stocks and possible catches of individual commercial bioresources in the northeastern part of the Black Sea for a 1-2 year perspective has been refined, annual forecasts have been developed for the main commercial species of biological resources.
Basic provisions for defense.
1. Assessment of the species composition of fish in different commercial fishing gear in the northeastern part of the Black Sea;
2. Characteristics of the state of stocks of populations of commercial bioresources and factors determining them;
3. The concept of using sprat stocks on the shelf and the exclusive economic zone of Russia, which consists in rationalizing the opening of new fishing areas;
4. Methodology for determining the amount of by-catch in multi-species fisheries;
Approbation of the results of the work. The results of scientific research annually (1993-2002) were considered at the reporting sessions, the Scientific Council of the AzNIIRH, the Scientific and Commercial Council for Fisheries in the Azov-Black Sea Basin and the Branch Council for Forecasting. The main provisions of the dissertation were reported at the First Congress of Ichthyologists of Russia (Astrakhan, 1997); VII All-Russian conference on problems of commercial forecasting (Murmansk, 1998); XI All-Russian Conference on Commercial Oceanology (Kaliningrad, 1999); International Conference on Biological Resources of Marginal and Inland Seas of Russia (Rostov-on-Don, 2000).
Research structure. The dissertation consists of an introduction, 6 chapters, a conclusion, a list of references. The volume of work is 170 pages, of which 152 pages of the main text, which includes 87 tables, 27 figures. The list of sources used includes 163 titles, including 18 in foreign languages.
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Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Biological resources", Nadolinsky, Viktor Petrovich
CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSIONS
In 1993-2002, in the north-eastern part of the Black Sea, 102 fish species were repeatedly noted in the catches of commercial fishing gear, of which two species are endangered: thorn and Atlantic sturgeon, another 8 species are vulnerable, i.e. species with declining numbers in catches of commercial fishing gear: beluga, Russian sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, Black Sea salmon, Don and Azov herring, Azov shad, gurnard. In addition, the composition of the ichthyofauna includes several species of pelagic predators, after a 10-15-year break in the catches of commercial fishing gear: Atlantic mackerel, bonito and bluefish. The remaining 89 species were constantly present in the catches of commercial fishing gear during our studies. The state of stocks of populations of commercial fish species in the Russian territorial sea in 1993-2002 can be characterized as unstable. A significant decrease in the stocks of bottom fish species: sea otter, sea fox and fur cat, were associated with overfishing during the period of poorly managed fisheries (1993-1999), and massive pelagic and bottom species: sprat, horse mackerel, red mullet, Black Sea anchovy, etc. - introduction of Mnemiopsis ctenophores into the basin. The decrease in the number of the katran is an indirect influence of this comb jelly, through a decrease in the number of the main food objects for this species (anchovy, horse mackerel, red mullet). After the appearance of a new invader, the comb jelly Beroe, a tendency appeared to restore the stocks of mass commercial fish and stabilize them in pelagic predators.
The fishery in the Russian territorial sea is multi-species with all fishing gear, however, only the main species is taken into account in statistics, and by-catch, at best, goes under the name of the main species, and at worst, it is thrown overboard. The use of blocking and balanced quotas in the modern period, when fees are charged for quotas, can contribute to a more complete development of the biological resources of the sea and a balanced fishery.
Management of stocks of biological resources must be carried out on the basis of knowledge of their biology. An important part of such management is the creation of conditions for their most effective reproduction. One of the valuable commercial objects in the north-eastern part of the sea is the Kalkan flounder. Its most effective spawning is observed in the shallow part of the shelf, with depths of 20-50 m. During the period of mass spawning of flounder, a ban on fishing has always been introduced to ensure its reproduction. However, the 10-15-day ban was probably of an administrative nature and was not backed up. biological features kind. Biologically justified is the duration of the ban on fishing with all types of large-mesh fixed nets for 1.5 months, because the duration of reproduction of one female is 1.5-2 months. In addition, the start of mass spawning of the Kalkan along the coast of Russia does not occur simultaneously, based on the time of the mass entry of females into the breeding season (50% + 1 individual), three sites were identified: the Kerch-Taman region (within the jurisdiction of Russia), Novorossiysk - Tuapse and area of Greater Sochi. The difference in the beginning of mass spawning in these areas is two weeks. The increase in the duration of the ban on net fishing to one and a half months and its phasing for the entire Russian coast, introduced since 2000, as well as the closure of the prohibited area of the Anapa Bank for net fishing throughout the year, contributed to the emergence of several generations of sea otter with increased numbers.
When managing stocks of biological resources, it is necessary to proceed from the obligation of their long-term, sustainable and multi-species use without prejudice to populations of all species. The narrow coastal zone of the shelf, up to a depth of 30-35 meters, in the northeastern part of the Black Sea is the most favorable for the reproduction and feeding of most fish and their juveniles, including vulnerable and endangered species. The setting of large-mesh fixed nets at these depths leads to a large by-catch of juveniles, not only of commercial species, but also of species with declining numbers and endangered ones.
The introduction since 2000 of a ban on fishing with this fishing gear in the narrow coastal zone contributes to the conservation of vulnerable and endangered species in the Russian sea zone, as well as the rational exploitation of commercial fish stocks.
In addition to restrictive and preventive measures, bioresource management also implies the most effective use stock in good condition. At present, sprat reserves are at a fairly high level and allow extraction of up to 50,000 tons per year, but their full development is difficult in summer. At this time of the year, the main concentrations of sprat are distributed in the Kerch-Taman region, where the area allowed and suitable for trawl fishing is less than 200 km2. On such a small area (10x20 km), the effective work of the bulk of the Russian fleet in the sprat fishery is not possible. At the same time, there are also 2 sites suitable for trawl fishing, but not currently used for various reasons. The first one is located in the Kerch fore-strait beyond the territorial waters of Russia. Significantly facilitating entry into the Russian Exclusive Economic Zone would add a 600 km (20x30 km) fishing area. The second site is located in the deep-water part, beyond the 50 m isobath, the restricted area of the Anapa Bank, where significant commercial concentrations of sprat are observed only in July-August. The opening of this section for the specified period of the year for vessels with a trawling speed of at least 3.0 knots (SCHS, MRST, MRTK, PC, MRTR) will add another 300 km of fishing area and bring it up to 1100 km2 in summer. On such an area, it is possible to fish for a large number of vessels and make the most full use of the available biological resources. The use of mid-depth trawls in the Black Sea when fishing for the Azov anchovy also contributes to the most complete development of existing bioresources.
Conducted by us in 1993-2002. Studies in the northeastern part of the Black Sea allow us to draw the following main conclusions:
1. Aquatic biological resources of the region are represented by fish, molluscs, aquatic plants and algae, with a total reserve of 3000 thousand tons, TAC - 420 thousand tons
Fig. 2. The composition of the ichthyofauna according to the analysis of catches of various commercial fishing gear in the northeastern part of the Black Sea in the period from 1993 to 2002. 102 species and subspecies of fish were noted, of which 11% were mass species, 39% common, 38% rare, 8% vulnerable and 2% endangered (thorn and Atlantic sturgeon) and random (silver carp and mosquito fish).
3. The reserves of commercial bioresources change under the influence of environmental factors (especially in the last decade - under the influence of the gelatinous invader - Mnemiopsis), sometimes also by irrational fishing. In general, changing reserves (for the development of TAC) are underutilized and there are reserves of 400 thousand tons in the region.
4. The decline in the stocks of bottom fish species (plaice-kalkan, sea fox ray, sea cat ray) was associated with overfishing during the period of poorly managed fisheries from 1993 to 1999. Fluctuations in the stocks of mass pelagic and demersal species (sprat, horse mackerel, red mullet, Black Sea anchovy, etc.) were the result of the successive introduction of two species of exotic ctenophores, Mnemiopsis and Beroe. The decline in the number of katran sharks is the result of an indirect influence of Mnemiopsis, through a decrease in the number of main food objects for this species (anchovy, horse mackerel, red mullet).
5. Currently, sprat reserves are at a fairly high level and allow extraction of up to 50 thousand tons per year, however, their development is currently difficult due to the limited fishing area (about 180 km2) in the Kerch-Taman region, where in the summer the bulk of the population is distributed. The expansion of the fishing area will ensure efficient search and fishing for a large number of vessels and will allow the fullest use of available biological resources.
6. Fishing in the north-eastern part of the Black Sea is multi-species by all fishing gear used, but only the main commercial species is taken into account in statistics. We have developed and are proposing a simple method for calculating "blocked" and "balanced" quotas, the use of which should ensure the most complete development of the sea's biological resources.
7. Management of bioresources should be based on their long-term, sustainable and multi-species use based on knowledge of their biology, without harming populations of all species. An important part of such management is the creation of conditions for their effective reproduction and preservation of replenishment. To this end, recommendations are given on a significant extension of the period of the ban on setting large-mesh fixed nets during the period of mass spawning of the sea otter, and their installation is completely prohibited at depths of less than 30 meters.
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