Description: War Thunder is a next generation military MMO game dedicated to...
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environmental factors. Basic living environments.
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Distribution of organisms by habitats. Water environment. Ground-air environment. Soil as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment.
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In the course of a long historical development living matter and the formation of more and more modern forms living beings - organisms, mastering new habitats, were distributed on the Earth according to its mineral shells and adapted to existence in strictly defined conditions.
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Water environment.
general characteristics. Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are calculated within 1370 million km3. The main amount of water (98%) is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.24% - ice in the polar regions, 0.45% - fresh water.
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About 150,000 animal species (7% of their total number on Earth) and 10,000 plant species (8%) live in the aquatic environment. The most diverse and rich in plant and animal world seas and oceans of the equatorial and tropical regions.
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characteristic feature the aquatic environment is its mobility. The movement of water ensures the supply of aquatic organisms with oxygen and nutrients, leads to equalization of temperatures in the entire reservoir.
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Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment.
Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2C to + 36C. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions are thermal springs up to + 95С Such thermodynamic features of the aquatic environment as high specific heat, high thermal conductivity and expansion during freezing create especially favorable conditions for life.
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Because the temperature regime reservoirs is characterized by great stability, the organisms living in them are characterized by a relative constancy of body temperature and have a narrow range of adaptability to fluctuations in environmental temperature.
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The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, so they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus.
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Light regime and transparency of water. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper.
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Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases.
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The concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 - considered acidic; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; more than 7.8 - alkaline. Sea water more alkaline, pH changes less, decreases with depth.
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Plankton are free-floating. - phytoplankton - zooplankton. Nekton - actively moving. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Benthos are bottom dwellers.
Environmental groups hydrobionts.
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Ecological plasticity of organisms.
aquatic organisms have less ecological plasticity than terrestrial ones, because water is a more stable medium and its abiotic factors undergo slight fluctuations. The breadth of the ecological plasticity of hydrobionts is evaluated in relation not only to the whole complex of factors, but also to one of them. Ecological plasticity serves as a regulator of the dispersal of organisms; it depends on the age and phase of development of the organism.
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Ground-air environment.
General characteristics. Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature fluctuates greatly, the humidity changes depending on geographical location, season and time of day.
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environmental factors.
Air - characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Insignificant density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in a horizontal direction.
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Air has a direct and indirect meaning.
Direct - has a small environmental significance. Indirect - carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, cause a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.)
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Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. What matters is the timing of rainfall, their frequency, duration and nature of the rains.
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Ecoclimate and microclimate.
Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas.
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geographic zoning.
The ground-air environment is characterized by a clearly defined zonality. In this case, the combination of vegetation cover and animal population corresponds to the morphological divisions of the geographic envelope of the Earth. Along with horizontal zonality, vertical zonality is clearly expressed.
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Soil environment.
General characteristics. It is a loose surface layer of land in contact with the air. Soil is a complex three-phase system in which solid particles are surrounded by air and water.
soil
soil
An organism as a habitat for another organism
Living environments
Habitat
ground-air
ground-air
Aquatic life environment
All aquatic inhabitants, despite differences in lifestyle, must be adapted to the main features of their environment. These features are determined primarily by the physical properties of water: its density, thermal conductivity, and the ability to dissolve salts and gases.
Physical Properties water
density
Thermal conductivity
Ability to dissolve gases and salts
Ground-air environment of life .
This environment has a different set of features. It is generally more complex and diverse than water. It has a lot of oxygen, a lot of light, sharper temperature changes in time and space, much weaker pressure drops, and often there is a moisture deficit.
Soil as a living environment .
The soil is a thin layer of the land surface, processed by the activities of living beings. Solid particles are permeated in the soil with pores and cavities filled partly with water and partly with air, so small aquatic organisms can also inhabit the soil. The volume of small cavities in the soil is a very important characteristic of it. In loose soils, it can be up to 70%, and in dense soils - about 20%.
Living organisms as a living environment.
Examples and additional information
In the aquatic environment, the living conditions of its inhabitants vary greatly in different parts reservoir. Eternal darkness reigns in the depths of the oceans. There's a lot of pressure here. In deep depressions, it is a thousand times greater than on the surface of the Earth. At the bottom is constant low temperature about -2 °C, low oxygen content. Only microorganisms and some animals live here. In the upper layers of the seas and oceans, the water is permeated with light, aerated, its temperature changes throughout the year, algae live in it and photosynthesis takes place.
“By ecology we mean the general science of the relation of organisms to environment, where we include all the "conditions of existence" in the broadest sense of the word. They are partly organic, partly inorganic in nature ... The inorganic conditions of existence to which all organisms must adapt include primarily physical and chemical features its habitats, climate (light, heat, moisture and electrical properties of the atmosphere), inorganic food, composition of water, soil, etc. By organic conditions of existence, we mean the relationship of an organism to other organisms with which it comes into contact and among which the majority contributes to its benefits or harms ... "E. Haeckel
METHODS FOR SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 1. Field methods are methods that allow studying the influence of a complex of factors natural environment on natural biological systems and establish a general picture of the existence and development of the system. 2. Laboratory methods are methods that allow studying the influence of a complex of factors of the environment simulated in laboratory conditions on natural or simulated biological systems. These methods make it possible to obtain approximate results that require further confirmation in the field. 3. Experimental methods are methods that allow studying the influence of individual factors of the natural or simulated environment on natural or simulated biological systems. They are used in combination with both field and laboratory methods. In addition to its own methods, ecology widely uses the methods of such sciences as biochemistry, physiology, microbiology, genetics, cytology, histology, physics, chemistry, mathematics, etc.
CONNECTION OF ECOLOGY WITH OTHER SCIENCES Links of ecology with other fields of knowledge Natural sciences: - Biology - geography - physics - chemistry - astronomy Humanities: - philosophy - jurisprudence Technical: - labor protection and safety engineering - medicine Social: - economics - psychology
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF LIVING SYSTEMS IN ECOLOGY Molecular (genetic) level in the form of functioning of molecules of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates. Metabolism, with the transformation of energy, the transfer of heredity with the help of DNA, RNA, the stability of structures in generations is characteristic. Cellular - the level at which the above listed active molecules are combined into a single system. Tissue - the level of combination of cells in function and structure and forming tissue. They have a common origin. Organ - the level of several types of tissues that interact functionally and form a specific organ. Organismic - the level of interaction of a number of organs, reduced to a single system of an individual organism. Population-species - the level of a set of homogeneous organisms connected by a unity of origin, lifestyle and habitat. Biocenotic - the level at which cohabiting and interconnected species form an integrity called biocenosis. Biogeocenotic - level (ecosystem), a higher level of species, relationships and living conditions that are different in composition. Biospheric - the level of formation of a natural system of the highest rank, covering all manifestations of life within our planet.
BASIC LAWS OF ECOLOGY The law of irreversibility of evolution L. Dollo The law of irreplaceability of the biosphere The law of biogenic migration of atoms (V.I. Vernadsky) The law of physico-chemical unity of living matter The Redi principle The law of unity "organism-environment" The law of unidirectional energy flow Law (rule) 10% Law tolerance Shelford W. Optimum law Law of limiting factor Gause law Laws of B. Commoner
MAIN SECTIONS OF ECOLOGY: AUTECOLOGY, POPULATION ECOLOGY, SYNECOLOGY autecology - studies the relationship of an individual (representatives of a species) with its (their) environment; determines the limits of resistance and preferences of the species in relation to various environmental factors.
MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 1. Earth's climate change as a result of natural geological processes, enhanced by the greenhouse effect, caused by changes in the optical properties of the atmosphere by emissions of mainly CO, CO 2 and other gases into it; 2. Littering the near-Earth outer space(OKP), the consequences of which have not yet been fully comprehended, except for real danger spacecraft, including communication satellites, earth surface locations and others widely used in modern systems interactions between people, states and governments; 3. Reducing the power of the stratospheric ozone screen with the formation of so-called ozone holes, which reduce the protective capabilities of the atmosphere against the ingress of hard short-wave ultraviolet radiation dangerous to living organisms to the Earth's surface; 4. Chemical pollution of the atmosphere with substances that promote the formation acid rain, photochemical smog and other compounds hazardous to biospheric objects, including humans and artificial objects created by them; 5. Pollution of the ocean and changes in the properties of ocean waters due to oil products, their saturation with carbon dioxide of the atmosphere, which in turn is polluted by vehicles and thermal power plants, burial of highly toxic chemical and radioactive substances in ocean waters, pollution from river runoff, disturbance of the water balance of coastal areas due to with river regulation; 6. Depletion and pollution of all kinds of springs and land waters; 7. Radioactive contamination of individual sites and regions with a tendency to spread over the Earth's surface;
8. Soil pollution due to polluted precipitation (for example - acid rain), suboptimal use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers; 9. Changes in the geochemistry of landscapes, in connection with thermal power engineering, the redistribution of elements between the bowels and the Earth's surface as a result of mining and smelting redistribution (for example, the concentration of heavy metals) or the extraction of anomalous, highly mineralized groundwater and brines to the surface; 10. Continued accumulation on the Earth's surface household waste and all kinds of solid and liquid waste; 11. Violation of the global and regional ecological balance, the ratio of ecological components in the coastal part of the land and the sea; 12. The ongoing, and in some places - increasing desertification of the planet, the deepening of the process of desertification; 13. Area Reduction rainforest and the northern taiga, these main sources of maintaining the oxygen balance of the planet; 14. Release as a result of all the above processes of ecological niches and filling them with other species;
15. Absolute overpopulation of the Earth and relative demographic overpopulation of certain regions, extreme differentiation of poverty and wealth; 16. Deterioration of the living environment in overcrowded cities and metropolitan areas; 17. Exhaustion of many deposits of mineral raw materials and a gradual transition from rich to ever poorer ores; 18. Strengthening social instability as a result of the growing differentiation of the rich and poor part of the population of many countries, the increase in the level of armament of their population, criminalization, natural environmental disasters.
PLAN The distribution of organisms in the environments of life. Distribution of organisms by habitats. Water environment. Water environment. Ground-air environment. Ground-air environment. Soil as a living environment. Soil as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment.
In the process of a long historical development of living matter and the formation of more and more modern forms of living beings, organisms, mastering new habitats, were distributed on the Earth according to its mineral shells and adapted to existence in strictly defined conditions.
Water environment. General characteristics. General characteristics. Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are calculated within 1370 million km3. The main amount of water (98%) is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.24% - ice in the polar regions, 0.45% - fresh water.
About 7% of animal species (7% of the total number on Earth) and plant species (8%) live in the aquatic environment. The most diverse and rich flora and fauna of the seas and oceans of the equatorial and tropical regions.
Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment. Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2C to + 36C. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions - thermal springs up to + 95С Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2С to + 36С. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions - thermal springs up to + 95С Such thermodynamic features of the aquatic environment as high specific heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and expansion during freezing create especially favorable conditions for life.
The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, so they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus. The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, so they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus.
Light regime and transparency of water. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper. Light regime and transparency of water. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper.
Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases.
The concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: Concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 - considered acidic; pH 3.7-4.7 - are considered acidic; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; more than 7.8 - alkaline. more than 7.8 - alkaline. Sea water is more alkaline, pH changes less, decreases with depth.
Plankton are free-floating. - phytoplankton - phytoplankton - zooplankton. - zooplankton. Nekton - actively moving. Nekton - actively moving. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Benthos are bottom dwellers. Benthos are bottom dwellers. Ecological groups of hydrobionts.
Ecological plasticity of organisms. Aquatic organisms have less ecological plasticity than terrestrial ones, because water is a more stable medium and its abiotic factors undergo slight fluctuations. The breadth of the ecological plasticity of hydrobionts is evaluated in relation not only to the whole complex of factors, but also to one of them. Ecological plasticity serves as a regulator of the dispersal of organisms; it depends on the age and phase of development of the organism.
Ground-air environment. General characteristics. General characteristics. Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature fluctuates greatly, the humidity changes depending on the geographic location, season and time of day.
environmental factors. Air - characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Insignificant density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in a horizontal direction. Air - characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Insignificant density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in a horizontal direction.
Air has a direct and indirect meaning. Direct - has little ecological value. Direct - has little ecological value. Indirect - carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, causes a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.) Indirect - is carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, causes a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.) d.)
Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. What matters is the timing of rainfall, their frequency, duration and nature of the rains.
Ecoclimate and microclimate. Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas.
geographic zoning. The ground-air environment is characterized by a clearly defined zonality. In this case, the combination of vegetation cover and animal population corresponds to the morphological divisions of the geographic envelope of the Earth. Along with horizontal zonality, vertical zonality is clearly expressed.
Relatively dense build. Relatively dense build. Permeated with cavities filled with a mixture of gases and aqueous solutions. Permeated with cavities filled with a mixture of gases and aqueous solutions. Temperature fluctuations are smoothed out. Temperature fluctuations are smoothed out. The composition of soil air varies with depth. The composition of soil air varies with depth. Saturated with living organisms. Saturated with living organisms.
Soil dwellers. Microfauna - small soil animals (protozoa, rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes) Microfauna - small soil animals (protozoa, rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes) Mesofauna - larger air-breathing animals (mites, primary wingless insects, etc.) Mesofauna - more large air-breathing animals (ticks, primary wingless insects, etc.) Macrofauna - large soil animals (millipedes, earthworms etc.) Macrofauna - large soil animals (millipedes, earthworms, etc.) Megafauna - large animals, shrews. Megafauna - large animals, shrews.
Living organisms as a habitat. There is practically no single species of multicellular organisms that does not have internal inhabitants. The higher the organization of the hosts, the greater the degree of differentiation of their tissues and organs, the more diverse the conditions they can provide to their cohabitants.
Ecological advantages of parasites: abundant food supply, protection from external adverse factors, there is no danger of drying out and temperature fluctuations. Ecological advantages of parasites: abundant food supply, protection from external adverse factors, no threat of desiccation and temperature fluctuations. Environmental difficulties: limited living space, difficulties in oxygen supply, protective reactions of the host organism. Environmental difficulties: limited living space, difficulties in oxygen supply, protective reactions of the host organism.
The ground-air environment is characterized by a huge variety of living conditions, ecological niches and organisms inhabiting them. It should be noted that organisms play a primary role in shaping the conditions of the ground-air environment of life, and above all, the gas composition of the atmosphere. Almost all oxygen earth's atmosphere is of biogenic origin. The main features of the ground-air environment is a large amplitude of change environmental factors, inhomogeneity of the medium, the action of the forces of gravity, low air density. A complex of physical, geographical and climatic factors inherent in a certain natural area, leads to the evolutionary formation of morphophysiological adaptations of organisms to life in these conditions, the diversity of life forms. The high oxygen content in the atmosphere (about 21%) determines the possibility of the formation of a high (energy) level of metabolism. atmospheric air the air is characterized by low and variable humidity. This circumstance largely limited (restricted) the possibilities of mastering the ground-air environment, and also directed the evolution of water-salt metabolism and the structure of the respiratory organs.
