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1. The totality of individuals of the same species living in a certain space, freely interbreeding and producing offspring, is
genetic system.
2. What definition did Ch. Darwin give of hereditary variability?
3. Modern name individual variability (undefined).
4. The ancestor of the dog as defined by Charles Darwin.
5. What kind of artificial selection is unconscious selection?
6. Struggle for existence between species.
7. Fight for habitat between birds of the same species before breeding.
8. What is the name of the struggle between individuals of the same species for food, space, light, moisture?
9. A cactus organ that performs a photosynthetic function.
10. An organism that goes into hibernation as a result of adaptation to conditions environment to save their lives.
11. What is formed as a result natural selection?
12. The emergence of certain characteristics in organisms for existence in environmental conditions.
13. What color is the adaptability of organisms that live in open areas and may be available to enemies?
14. What type of fitness does the bright, attractive coloring of organisms refer to?
15. What type of fitness is the similarity of the shape of a seahorse and needle fish with algae?
16. What type of fitness is the storage of food for the winter, caring for offspring?
17. A criterion showing the similarity of external and internal features of individuals of the same species.
18. Criterion determining the habitat occupied by each species.
19. The criterion of the species, showing the non-crossing between individuals different types.
20. The criterion that determines the difference in the behavior of organisms.
21. The result of microevolution.
complete the sentences: 1. a set of characteristic features of the same type, in which individuals of the same species are similar, and individuals of different species differbetween themselves, -
2. set of characteristic features external structure organisms by which individuals of one species can be distinguished from individuals of another species,
15. Habitat is: a) a set of factors vital for the body; b) all elements andliving phenomena and inanimate nature surrounding living organisms;
c) a set of factors that cause adaptive reactions in organisms.
16. In the surface layers of the open ocean, the limiting factor is:
b) elements of mineral nutrition;
c) temperature.
17. Competition between organisms is caused if they:
a) live in the same territory;
b) use the same resource, which is available in limited quantities;
c) consume similar food, in which there is no shortage.
18. Commensal is:
a) an animal that eats the remains or excess food of another animal, living next to it;
b) carnivorous plants;
c) an animal that moves with the help of another animal.
19. The population is:
a) any set of individuals of the same species;
b) a set of individuals of the same species that inhabit a certain territory for a long time;
c) a set of individuals of different species living in a certain territory;
d) a relatively isolated set of individuals of the same species;
e) a set of individuals of a given species that has its own gene pool and the ability to long-term existence in changing environmental conditions;
20. Population change depends on:
a) mortality rates;
b) the birth rate;
c) the ratio of births and deaths.
21. Producers are not:
a) plants;
b) cyanobacteria;
c) green and purple sulfur bacteria;
22. The most important process in biogeocenosis is:
a) optimal spatial distribution of individuals of different species;
b) the implementation of the biological cycle of substances;
c) biotic relationships.
23. For each subsequent food level, energy passes from the previous one:
24. The change of biogeocenosis to another is called:
a) homeostasis;
b) succession;
c) self-regulation.
25. The first to populate the territory of the burnt forest:
a) perennial herbs;
b) shrubs;
c) annual plants.
26. Stability, sustainability of biocenoses is determined mainly by:
a) enough light
b) high species diversity, forming complex food chains;
c) a large number of individuals in the population.
27. In the ocean, the biomass of living organisms is represented by:
a) mainly animals and microorganisms;
b) mostly plants;
c) both in equal proportions.
28. The doctrine of the biosphere was created:
a) V.V. Dokuchaev;
b) J.B. Lamarck;
c) V.I. Vernadsky;
d) E. Suess.
29. Mandatory cohabitation of several species of organisms, bringing mutual benefits, is called:
a) mutualism;
b) commensalism;
c) synoikia.
30. Calculate the area of arable land of the holding under forage grasses, potentially necessary for raising cattle with a total mass of 20 tons, if it is known that 2 tons of grasses are harvested from 1 ha
B) violation of the sex composition of the population
c) genetic drift
d) isolation of a group of individuals within a population
4. The physiological criterion of the species is manifested in individuals in similarity
a) outward signs
b) the chemical composition of tissues
c) metabolic processes
d) behavior during the breeding season
5. Choose the right judgment about the criteria of the view
A. In accordance with ecological characteristic individuals of the same species have the same distribution area.
B. Each species has its own karyotype.
a) only A is true
b) only B is true
c) both statements are correct
d) both statements are wrong
6. What is the name of the evolutionary process of convergence of characteristics in unrelated groups of organisms?
Topic: “Population. Basic properties of populations”.
Lecture number 4.
In nature, organisms of the same species exist in the form of many populations.
View - the main structural and taxonomic unit in the system of living organisms; a set of populations of individuals capable of interbreeding with the formation of fertile offspring, possessing a number of common morphophysiological characteristics, inhabiting a certain area and isolated from others by non-crossing in natural conditions.
Populations of the same species are relatively isolated groups with certain distribution boundaries. The degree of isolation of populations depends on the ability of the species to disperse, migration, and geographical conditions. One species of river perch can live in various fresh water bodies and form different populations. All spruces in the forest form a single population and are isolated from members of their own species in another forest. A population is the structural unit of a species. The main evolutionary processes take place in it, adaptive features are fixed, allowing organisms to adapt to specific living conditions.
In ecology, a population is considered as the main element of any community of living organisms and is characterized by such properties as density and abundance, age and sex structure, birth and death rates, spatial distribution, etc.
Population size is the total number of individuals living in a territory or community.
There are two main types of population growth (Fig. 1):
¾ exponential - characterized by a rapid increase in density and is described by a J-shaped curve. This type of population growth contributes to the rapid development of new territories, resistance to grazing or the threat of displacement (at this stage, this type of growth is typical for humans);
¾ logistic - the number increases at first slowly (phase of positive acceleration), then rapidly (phase of logarithmic growth), but soon, under the influence of environmental resistance, growth gradually slows down (phase of negative acceleration). This type of population growth is described by an S-shaped curve.
Rice. one. Exponential (A) and logistic (B) population growth curves
Connected with the number population density- the number of individuals (or biomass) per unit area. Population density is unstable and fluctuates in different years and seasons. It depends on the migration of individuals, climatic conditions, mortality, and the availability of resources. In some years, there may be an outbreak in the number of any population.
Spatial structure of the population determined by the characteristics of the distribution of the population in the territory. Often individual individuals form clusters, groups, flocks, "families". With the help of special signals, they mark the occupied area, expelling invading competitors.
fertility- the frequency of appearance of new individuals per unit of time.
Mortality characterized by the number of individuals who died in a certain period, i.e. the rate of population decline.
There are three types of survival curves that correspond to three types of mortality over life cycle(Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Types of Survival Curves
Type I - a strongly convex curve, when almost all individuals survive to the limit of age, and then during short period are dying. The increased mortality is observed at old age. In such a population, the average life expectancy approaches the maximum (some insects with well-protected larvae, large mammals, person, etc.);
Type II - a strongly concave curve, when increased mortality is observed on early stages development and to old age, only a few individuals survive. In such populations, the average life expectancy is much less than the maximum (most plants, fish, amphibians, insects). This type, until recently, was a person, because people throughout almost the entire history had high infant mortality, which dropped sharply with the successful development of medicine.
Type III is a linear straight line, when the same mortality is observed in all age periods. This type of survival curve is extremely rare in nature and mainly in low-organized individuals (bacteria, protozoa, Drosophila, freshwater hydra)
Depending on their ratio of births and deaths, the following types of populations are distinguished:
¾ stable - this is a population in which the birth rate and mortality are balanced, the number is kept at the same level, does not decrease or increase, and the range does not expand or narrow;
¾ growing - this is a population in which the birth rate exceeds the death rate, while the number will increase (Colorado potato beetle, muskrat, hare, elodea, etc.);
¾ declining - this is a population in which mortality exceeds the birth rate, while the number will decrease. This is observed when the conditions of existence worsen due to overpopulation or when there is an increased destruction by man (birds of prey, large mammals).
Age structure of the population determined by the ratio of individuals of different ages, which also fluctuates.
Sex structure determined by the sex ratio, the number of males and females in the population.
Population dynamics. Homeostasis. Population size depends on many factors. Favorable climatic conditions, the presence of a sufficient amount of food, the weakening of predation lead to an increase in fertility and fertility, an increase in numbers. And vice versa, lack of food, increased competition, unfavorable conditions reduce the number. The change in the number of organisms over time is called population dynamics. Periodic fluctuations are associated with regular changes in environmental factors, seasonal rhythms. In some years, outbreaks of numbers can occur, while the size of the population increases by 20-40 times without a certain periodicity. This is how population waves occur.
An important feature of the population is the ability to naturally regulate density. This is ensured by special mechanisms that maintain the population size at a certain level. The ability of a population to self-regulate to maintain numbers at a certain level is called population homeostasis.
genetic system.
2. What definition did Ch. Darwin give of hereditary variability?
3. Modern name for individual variability (indefinite).
4. The ancestor of the dog as defined by Charles Darwin.
5. What kind of artificial selection is unconscious selection?
6. Struggle for existence between species.
7. Fight for habitat between birds of the same species before breeding.
8. What is the name of the struggle between individuals of the same species for food, space, light, moisture?
9. A cactus organ that performs a photosynthetic function.
10. An organism falling into hibernation as a result of adaptation to environmental conditions in order to maintain its vital activity.
11. What is formed as a result of natural selection?
12. The emergence of certain characteristics in organisms for existence in environmental conditions.
13. What color is the adaptability of organisms that live in open areas and may be available to enemies?
14. What type of fitness does the bright, attractive coloring of organisms refer to?
15. What type of fitness is the similarity of the shape of a seahorse and needle fish with algae?
16. What type of fitness is the storage of food for the winter, caring for offspring?
17. A criterion showing the similarity of external and internal features of individuals of the same species.
18. Criterion determining the habitat occupied by each species.
19. The criterion of the species, showing the non-crossing between individuals of different species.
20. The criterion that determines the difference in the behavior of organisms.
21. The result of microevolution.
1. Population
2. Combination variability
3. Indefinite
5. aimless selection
6. Interspecies struggle
7. intraspecific struggle
8. fight against adverse environmental conditions
10. gophers, turtles
11. the emergence of a new species
12. fitness
13. patronizing
14. attractive coloring
15. imitative coloring
16. intense fitness
17. morphological criterion
18. geographical criteria
19. genetic criterion
20. physiological criterion
21. speciation
Ecology and life session
ü Ecology
- Ecology studies:
A) Basic patterns and principles of interaction between the biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems.
2. Abiotic conditions that determine the field of existence of life:
B) Water, temperature, light.
3. A group of organisms that have a similar external and internal structure living in the same territory and giving fertile offspring is called:
4. Reducers are:
C) Bacteria and fungi.
The number of new individuals that appeared per unit of time as a result of reproduction is called ..............
C) Fertility.
Temporary associations of animals that exhibit biologically useful organization of actions are classified as ..............
The shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms is called:
C) Biosphere.
What function of living matter is the process of chemical transformation of those substances that contain atoms with a variable degree of oxidation (compounds of iron, manganese, nitrogen, etc.) ..............
D) redox.
9. The greenhouse effect occurs as a result of accumulation in the atmosphere:
C) carbon dioxide.
10. The global environmental problems of the biosphere include:
D) Depletion of the ozone layer.
Demoecology studies ..............
B) The structure and dynamics of populations of individual species.
12. The doctrine of ecosystems was created in 1935:
D) A. Tensley.
13. Biogeocenosis is:
C) The relationship of living and non-living, interconnected by the metabolism and energy.
14. Plant communities are called:
C) Phytocenosis.
15. Organisms of the same species exist due to nutrients or tissues of other organisms. This form of communication is called:
What function of living matter is the ability of living organisms to accumulate various chemical elements ..........
A) concentration.
17. The section of ecology that studies the relationship of communities with the environment is called:
C) Synecology.
18. Living beings were the first to settle in the environment:
A) Water.
19. An environmental factor associated with human activity is called:
D) Anthropogenic.
20. Tolerance is:
C) The ability of an organism to endure the adverse effects of a particular environmental factor.
21. Individuals of one species eat individuals of another species. This relationship is called:
C) Predation.
The level at which a natural system was formed, covering all manifestations of life within our planet is called ....
C) Biospheric.
23. acid rain- this is:
E) Nitric and sulfuric acids.
24. The term "Ecology" was introduced into scientific use in 1866:
B) E. Haeckel
The ability of biological systems to withstand changes and maintain real relative constancy of properties is:
C) homeostasis.
26. First introduced the concept of "biocenosis" in 1877:
b) K. Möbius.
27. The joint, mutually beneficial existence of individuals of 2 or more than 2 species is called:
C) symbiosis.
28. The engineer who coined the term - acid rain:
c) Robert Smith.
What are abiotic factors?
D) Non-living factors.
Which of the following laws says that the endurance of the body is determined by the most weak link in the chain of its ecological needs?
D) The law of the minimum (Liebig).
31. Two species cannot sustainably exist in a limited space if the growth of both is limited by one vital resource, the quantity and availability of which is limited...
B) Gause's law.
32. Mutualism is a form of relationship
C) K when both organisms benefit from living together.
33. The term "biosphere" was first used by:
C) V. I. Vernadsky.
An increase in the temperature of the Earth's lower atmosphere is called
C) Greenhouse effect.
35. Factors of the inorganic environment that affect the life and distribution of living organisms are called
A) abiotic.
36. The shell of the Earth, containing the totality of living organisms and that part of the substance of the planet, which is in continuous exchange with these organisms, is called:
D) the biosphere.
37. According to V.I. Vernadsky, the totality of all living organisms is called:
B) living matter.
What function of living matter is the process associated with the decomposition of organisms after their death, as a result of which the mineralization of organic matter occurs, i.e. the transformation of living matter into inert.........................
C) Destructive.
A set of individuals of the same species, of the same origin, occupying a certain area, is called
C) population.
40. A factor whose level approaches the limits of the body's endurance is called:
B) limiting.
41. The term "biosphere" was first used in 1875 by ...
42. A significant space in the ozone layer of the atmosphere with a markedly reduced (up to 50%) ozone content is called:
C) the ozone hole.
43. The law of the maximum discovered:
C) W. Shelford.
44. Organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances are called:
C) Heterotrophic.
