Average annual temperature in Italy. Natural and climatic conditions of Italy

/ Climate of Italy

Climate of Italy

The climate of Italy is temperate in the north and subtropical Mediterranean in the center and in the southern regions. The diversity of Italy's climate is determined, first of all, by the length of its territory in longitude and the mountainous relief of most of the country. Here you can find climatic conditions for almost any type of recreation.

For example, Northern Italy - the Po Valley and the Alps - are characterized by a temperate continental climate. Slight sub-zero temperatures are the norm for winter in this region, and snowfall is not uncommon even in the valleys. On the Padana Plain, the climate is transitional from subtropical to temperate - there are hot summers and cool foggy winters (about 0 ° C). In the central regions of the Apennine Peninsula, the climate is subtropical, with hot summers and warm (not lower than + 5 ° C) winters. The island of Sicily is the southernmost part of the country and is much warmer throughout the year.

In addition, due to the peculiarities of the country's relief, the air temperature strongly depends on the height of the place above sea level - even in the suburbs of Rome or Turin, gently running up the foothills, it is always 2-3 degrees colder than in the city center. In the mountains of the Apennines and the Alps, snow lasts up to six months, and on the peaks all year round. The higher the mountains, the more the climate changes from temperate to cold.

There are in the Italian climate and not very pleasant moments. In the south of the peninsula, dry hot winds from the Sahara blow from March to October - “sirocco”, or “wide”. During this period, the temperature rises to + 35 ° C, while the dryness and dustiness of the air sharply increase. Also, cold northern or northeastern "tramontana" winds blowing from the Apennines (for the most part, in winter period).

Winter in Italy

Winter in most of Italy is mild and warm. The temperature rarely drops below 0°C, although there are exceptions when it can drop to -15°C, but this happens very rarely. Throughout the winter, the weather in the south and north of the country is different - in the north it is cooler, more damp, and slight frosts are possible, while in the south the temperature can reach +12 - +15°C.

It is cold in Italy in December, both in the north and in the south. But if in northern regions cities are covered with snow, then rainy weather sets in in the southern and central regions. In the north of the country, the ski season opens in December. Numerous Italian ski resorts We are happy to open our doors to everyone. A stable snow cover forms in the middle of the month, and more and more tourists arrive in the Italian mountains for the Christmas holidays. The thermometer here is consistently below zero - from -15°С to -5°С, depending on the altitude. However, such weather is quite easy to bear, since the relative humidity level is quite low.

In Central Italy, you are unlikely to see snow on the streets in December, the average daily air temperature this month is +5 - +13°C. In Rome, the range of daily temperatures is +6 - +12°С, this month it is quite rainy and windy. A little cooler in Pisa and Florence - from +4°С to +11°С. In Venice in December from +0°С to +7°С, fogs are often present, and it rains, it is very humid and damp. The water in the sea reaches its temperature minimum and is +12°C. The swimming season has long been closed, so the beaches are used only for walking.

In the south, December air warms up to +13 - +16°C during the day. But, in "sunny Italy" in December, the sun becomes less. For example, in Sicily, half a month will be marked by rain. At the same time, this does not mean at all that they will follow each other in a row. Sardinia, located to the west of the mainland, experiences almost similar weather conditions. The resorts of the Neapolitan Riviera are also distinguished by softness, but it is somewhat cooler here: in Ischia, the daily fluctuation of the thermometer column is +7 - +13 ° С, in Sorrento - +8 - + 13 ° С, in Capri and Naples it is warmer during the day - up to +14°С.

The weather in Italy in January is rich in precipitation, it is also cool, there are frequent fogs, and there is almost no frost. Milan and Verona will be the coldest. Here, the average daily air temperature in January is only +4°C, and the nighttime temperature drops to -2°C. Many lakes in this part of Italy, in the middle of winter, are already covered with a layer of ice. Venice in January is very uncomfortable. There is a significant rise in the water level - approximately 1 - 1.5 meters. The weather is not the warmest: -1 - +6 ° C during the day, on top of that - a high level of humidity, almost everyday fogs and strong winds blowing literally every nook and cranny of the city. In the resorts of the Ligurian coast, the air temperature is noticeably warmer, due to the softening effect of the sea, but also much rainier. So, in Genoa, half of the month is with precipitation, and the range of temperature fluctuations is +5 - +11 °C.

In the capital in January it is + 11 ° C during the day, and at night the thermometer drops to + 4 ° C. In Florence, located in the center of the Apennine Peninsula, by noon the air warms up to +9°C, and after sunset, the mercury column of the outdoor thermometer tends to 0°C. In Pisa, the January weather forecast is very similar to the capital, but there is somewhat less rainfall. However, due to frequent fogs and freezing winds, it is colder here, around +6 - +7°C. Water warms up to only +11°С.

It is warmest in the south of Italy - in Palermo and in Naples - during the day + 14 ° С, at night + 11 ° С. But, in Naples in January it is also quite rainy. On the island of Capri, it is a little cooler - +4 - + 12 ° C, in Sorrento, on the Amalfi coast, similar weather is observed during the day, but the nights are warmer.

And in the Italian Alps in January, real winter reigns! Here, sub-zero air temperatures are observed, which gradually fall as the altitude increases. In ski resorts, the average daily air temperature in January ranges from -8°C to -3°C. Severe frosts are rare.

February is the coldest month of the year. In February, there are usually both cloudy and sunny days. In the north of Italy, snowfalls will await you, and in the southern part - rains. There are fogs in the Po Valley, most of the month the sky is wrapped in dense clouds, and icy “tramontana” winds occasionally blow, which cause significant discomfort. In cold Verona and cool Milan, the average daytime air temperature in February will reach +7°C, and at night the thermometer stays at 0°C. In Venice, it is still humid and damp, but due to the softening effect of the Adriatic, the city is a little warmer - from 0°C to +9°C. On some February days, the temperature rises to +11 - +12°C. But there are also cold spells. The coast of the Ligurian Sea is drier and calmer. The average daily temperature in February in Genoa and Portofino is +5 - +11°C. The temperature of the surrounding waters reaches, so far, only +13°C.

In Rome, during the day the air will warm up to +12°C, and at night it will be about +5°C. It rains quite often, but they are replaced by hours or even days of clear sun. In Florence in February, around +12°C is expected during the day, but with the onset of twilight - only +3°C. The sea temperature in February will reach only +13°C.

Palermo will delight with a large number of warm and sunny days. During the day in February it is +15°C, and at night - +11°C. A little cooler in Capri - the average daily air temperature in February here is +12°C. As for precipitation, their amount is small, but dampness is felt acutely.

In February, Italian ski resorts are in full swing. Here you can admire truly winter landscapes with bright sun and snow sparkling in its rays. The temperature spread is different and depends mainly on the height difference. So, in Bormio, the average daily air temperature in February ranges from -2°C to -8°C, in Sestriere from +1°C to -7°C, in Courmayeur - +1°C during the day and -5°C in the dark. time of day, in other elevated areas these figures are 2 - 3 degrees higher.

Spring in Italy

Spring in Italy is a great time, especially suitable for sightseeing trips. Spring weather is not long in coming and already in early March the sun is shining brightly all over the country, the first flowers are blooming, birds are chirping merrily, and the air temperature is rapidly creeping up. The middle of spring brings warm and stable weather, but May pleases with the first hot days.

In March, the weather in Italy is perhaps the most unpredictable. In practice, it is never possible to predict what to expect today. The weather in Italy in March is rich in both sunny and rainy days. Rains are especially to be expected in the north of the country. Most precipitation is expected in Genoa. But, this is only until the middle of the month. From mid-March, the weather in Italy becomes, for real, spring, and the number of sunny days steadily arrives. So, in Milan and Venice during the day the air will warm up to only + 12 ° C, and at night it will cool down to + 3 ° C.

Rome and Pisa will be the most comfortable. There, the temperature during the day rises to + 15 ° C, and at night it will be only + 7 ° C. In Florence, it will also be quite warm: the average daily air temperature will be +14°C. The water temperature will only rise to +14°C.

In March, Naples will please with daytime temperatures of +15 - +17°C, at night the environment cools here to +7°C. The Italian islands will also be pampered with a large number of warm days. In Sardinia and Sicily at midday in March, up to +16 - +17°C is expected, the nights in the southern provinces are also warm - from +10°C to +12°C. On Capri and Ischia during the day, on average, + 15 ° C.

Fans of ski holidays in March are still waiting for winter resorts. The most stable snow cover is observed in Bormio. During the day, the air warms up here no higher than +2°C, and as it gets dark outside, the resort holds down a slight frost - about -6°C. It is much warmer in Sestriere, belonging to the western region of Val di Susa. In the Dolomites and Val d'Aosta, the skiing season ends the earliest (usually at the end of February).

April is already, truly, the spring month in Italy. Almost completely settled sunny weather is an ideal condition for sightseeing tours in one of the most romantic countries in Europe. The further south you head, the more you will enjoy the warm and sunny weather and the lack of precipitation. True, April is not quite warm in order to take bathing accessories, but it is quite clear in order to take dark glasses on the road. Daylight is gradually added, and with it the activity of the heavenly body increases. Its rays are already baking a little, but they are still gentle and not aggressive.

As usual, it is coolest in April in the northern regions of Italy. In Venice, it is +16°C during the day, +8°C at night, and, approximately, from the middle of the second decade, the air warms up significantly, and the city literally blossoms under the gentle rays of the sun. In Verona and Genoa, the air warms up to +17°C during the day and cools down to +8°C at night. In other resorts of the Ligurian coast (for example, in Portofino and San Remo), nighttime temperatures are a degree higher.

In Rome and Pisa during the day the thermometer reaches +18°C, and at night it drops to +9°C. Most of all, Florence will delight you with warm days. Here the air warms up to +19°C.

The southern provinces and islands of the Mediterranean Sea at the "equator" of spring do not contribute to a full-fledged beach relaxation. But, lovers of natural tanning have every chance of acquiring it. In Sicily and Sardinia, the weather in April pleases +19 - +21°C during the daytime, but it's too early to swim, the sea is quite cold.

AT mountainous areas the skiing season closes everywhere. Here began the rapid process of melting snow, as the environment heats up to positive values. So, in Bormio, at least + 7 ° C is expected during the day. The exceptions are areas with eternal glaciers. On several tracks of Cervinia, they ride until August - September.

In May, the weather in Italy is already becoming, practically, summer and is characterized by stable warm and sunny days. Rainfall throughout the country is minimal. May dresses bushes and trees in rich, dense greenery, not yet scorched by the treacherous sun, and covers the earth with a magical, fragrant carpet of colorful flowers. Many will be delighted with the number of blooming flowers: bougainvilleas, hydrangeas, irises, wisterias open up to the May sun, representing an incredible, bewitching spectacle. Italian cities wash themselves in the morning dew and dress in their finest clothes. Only in this period you will be lucky to see such a rich palette of natural "colors".

In the northern regions of Italy, according to tradition, it will be the coolest (the north, after all). During the day in Venice and Genoa it will be +21°C, in Verona and Milan it will be +22°C. On the coast of the Ligurian Sea during the day +21 - +22°C, at night - +13 - +14°C. However, the water in the northern regions will still be quite cool. The water temperature in May warms up to only +18 °C.

In Rome and Florence in May it will be, on average, +23°C during the day. At the same time, the night air will still be quite cool - about +11 - +12°C.

May is very sunny and dry in Sicily. During the day, the air temperature on the island stays at +23 - +25°C, the evenings are still cool - from +8°C to +14°C. In Bari and Naples during the day the air heats up to +23 - +24°C, and after sunset it rapidly cools down to +13 - +15°C. In Capri and Sardinia, a couple of degrees cooler here, the air temperatures range between +21°C and +22°C, and as dusk deepens, the environment cools down to +11 - +12°C.

Summer in Italy

Summer in Italy is considered the peak of the season, when there are a lot of vacationers, the weather is hot, and the sea is warm. The weather in Italy in summer is beautiful, therefore, there is a large influx of tourists. In this regard, prices are rising, but this does not stop those who dream of relaxing on a magnificent beach under the Italian sun. It is worth remembering that in June in Italy the air humidity is very high and especially hot days are very stuffy.

The weather in June in Italy is not so hot yet, and the sea, as a rule, already warms up to +20°C - +23°C. In Genoa, the temperature will rise to +24°C during the day, and drop to +18°C at night. In Venice, it will be one degree warmer during the day, but at night it will be only +15°C. Verona and Milan will delight in June with hot air temperatures - + 26 ° C during the day and + 16 ° C - at night. In Turin and San Remo, the maximum readings of the thermometer fluctuate in the range of +23 - +24°C, and on some days "jumps" up to +26 - +27°C or "falls" up to +19 - +20°C are recorded.

It will be hot in June both in Florence and in Rome. Here the thermometer will not fall below +27°C. In Pisa and Rimini at noon in June, the average air temperature reaches +25 - +27°C.

In Bari and Naples in June in the daytime the thermometer shows up to +27 - +28°C, in Sicily - +25 - +28°C in the first half of the month and +29 - +30°C in the second, and at night, mostly +18 - +20°C.

July is the middle of summer, therefore, all of Italy is buried in greenery and bright colors. Around white and pink flowering shrubs. Luxurious Italian asters begin to bloom. In July, the weather in Italy becomes even hotter and drier, with almost no rain. Clear weather turns into exhausting heat. On the hottest days, when winds from the Sahara prevail, the air warms up to +35°C. Another aggravating circumstance is stuffiness, provoked by an increased level of relative humidity, which is about 70%. Due to stuffiness, the “interpretation” of temperatures is significantly distorted - the heat is felt stronger than it really is. The temperature of sea water in July is also quite high. In Sicily, in July, the water warms up to +24°C. In the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian seas the situation is practically the same: +24 - +26°С.

The most tolerable thermometer readings in July are recorded in the extreme northern regions of the country: during the day - about +25 - +28°C, after sunset - from +18°C to +19°C. In the central regions of Italy, as a rule, 1 - 3 degrees more.

In the south - in Sicily, Naples, Bari and Salerno, daily air temperatures in July reach +30 - +35°C. In Sicily, the evenings are somewhat warmer - approximately + 21 - + 23 ° C, and in southern cities The Italian boot temperatures fall into a more modest range - from +18°C to +20°C.

August in Italy is the hottest month. At this time, the daily air temperature often exceeds + 35 ° C, rains are unlikely, and the Italians themselves can hardly endure such heat, successfully closing all factories and enterprises and going on vacation in August for several weeks, practically the whole country. Therefore, be prepared that in July, in numerous Italian resorts, the Italians themselves will also be added to the endless crowd of tourists from all over the world.

As in any other summer month, in August Italy is immersed in greenery. It is time for lotuses to bloom, grapes, pears, and apples to ripen. The water temperature in August is just perfect, like fresh milk and reaches +26°C. Especially hot weather is in the southern regions. Here the air temperature warms up to +34 - +37°C. So, in Naples and its environs, at lunchtime, the air temperature in August reaches a mark of at least + 31 ° С, sometimes it can be + 35 - + 36 ° С. On the Sorrento Peninsula and the Amalfi Coast, the heat is much easier to bear thanks to the blowing breezes. After sunset, you can count on +19 - +20°C. It is noticeably warmer than the evening in Sicily - about +22 - +25°С, but during the day the island is like a hot frying pan - +33 - +36°С.

During the day, the air in the ancient capital in August steadily warms up to +29 - +30°С. Sometimes weather forecasters register everything +32 - +35°C in the shade. Not a single rain may fall for the whole month. By night, the air cools, on average, to +18 - +19°C, but you don’t feel cool, because the walls of city buildings perfectly retain the heat accumulated during the day.

In the north of the country, the daily air temperature in August of +30°C and above is quite a characteristic phenomenon. By night, the sun stops frying, although the stuffiness still does not let go. The resorts of the Ligurian Sea will delight you with mild weather, during the day it is about +27 - +28°С, and at dusk - around +18 - +19°С. In Venice during the day the temperatures change from +27 - +30°С to +18°С. It will be hot in Milan in August - in the afternoon it will be about +29 - +31°С.

Autumn in Italy

The beginning of autumn in Italy is a great time for a beach holiday and excursion programs. The heat has finally “loosened its grip”, the humidity is slowly returning to normal, and breathing becomes easier every day. The velvet season brings more moderate air temperatures, and the sea is still warm, so water procedures will be very pleasant.

In September, the weather in Italy is hot in summer. You can't even tell that autumn has come. However, by the middle of the month, that heat, from which there was no escape in August, is no longer in sight. Italy is gradually cooling down. By the end of September, the weather changes, the rains come. But, they do not pour every day and are diluted with sunny days. Nights in September are already quite cool.

In September, some resort areas begin to close. In particular, swimming in Rimini is allowed, as a rule, only until the first or second week of September, after which the beach is closed. AT southern regions such as Capri, Sicily, Apulia and others, the water remains warm until mid-October and is approximately +24°C.

In the southern regions of Italy, the average daily air temperature in early September reaches +28 - +30°C, however, by the middle of the month they steadily drop to +26 - +27°C. At night, the environment cools down to +19 - +21°C.

In the central regions of Italy in the second half of September, there is a high probability of rain. In Rome, Livorno, Pisa, Florence, during the daytime, the air temperature in September ranges from +20°C to +27°C, and in the dark - from +15°C to +18°C.

In Milan, Verona and Venice in the evenings, mainly +15 - +16°C, during the day - +20 - +24°C, rains are also not excluded.

October in Italy is the continuation of the velvet season. In early October, the weather is still good, although there may be cloudy days and rains. Rains are especially typical for the northern regions. In Venice, Verona and Milan during the day in October it is usually +17 - +20˚C, and at night about +8 - +10˚C. In Turin, during the day, the temperature values ​​are similar, but in the evenings it is a little colder - about + 7˚C. In the southern regions a little warmer.

In November, the weather is no longer so stable, it can rain, the north and northeast winds blow, but even in November there are often warm sunny days. Late varieties of figs and grapes, oranges, bergamot, and chestnuts ripen in Italy in November.

The northern regions are especially cold. In Venice, due to the abundance of water, it is chilly even during the day - +11 - +12 °C, and at night the temperature drops to +4 - +8 °C. Off the Ligurian coast for the last autumn month"wet" reputation - there is a lot of precipitation here.

The weather in Rome and Florence in November is quite dry and favors hiking. In Rome, the average daytime temperature in November is +16˚C, and at night it cools down to +9 °C. The water in the sea is completely unsuitable for swimming. Its temperature is +14˚C. Perhaps only a walrus can plunge into the Mediterranean or the Adriatic.

In general, in the south and insular Italy in November it is warmer and drier. In Sicily, the average air temperature in November is +18°C, and in the evening it becomes cold - +13°C. However, sunny weather still dominates here. In mid-November, the slopes of the Alps are already covered with a layer of first snow, but not yet in sufficient volume to open the ski season.

The distribution of precipitation in Italy is very uneven. In the pre-alpine regions, up to 1,200 mm of precipitation falls annually. In winter, long snowfalls are not uncommon here, and at altitudes of more than 2,000 meters, snow lies up to 200 days a year. In the central regions of the Apennine Peninsula, no more than 750 mm of precipitation falls per year, the maximum falls on winter months- in summer, in general, there is no more than 100 mm of precipitation. In the south of the peninsula, as well as in Sicily and Sardinia, it is even drier - the total amount of precipitation barely reaches 500 mm per year, and in the summer in Cagliari or Palermo it is not uncommon for months without rain at all (usually July).

When to go to Italy

Italy is a country spoiled by tourists, it loves such attention to itself and in every possible way encourages foreign tourists to enjoy its beauties. There are always a lot of tourists here - regardless of the season. Approximately 60% of the cultural values ​​of all of Europe are located in Italy, where almost any Italian city is a real open-air museum.

To choose best time for a trip to Italy, it is necessary to clearly formulate 2 questions for yourself: what type of holiday you are looking for and what part of Italy you are going to. If you would like to go skiing, then welcome to the Italian Alps from mid-December to mid-March. At this time, the snow cover is the most stable, the weather is excellent, and the choice of ski resorts is impressive.

A trip to Rome is best planned for April - May and September. The rest of the time it's either too hot or too crowded. In winter, the weather in the Eternal City is not bad, but a number of attractions are simply closed. Approximately the same picture in Naples.

Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence are best traveled from May to the end of September, when warm weather is accompanied by low rainfall. But this - high season and prices for goods and services at this time go through the roof. From November to March it is overcast, cool and rather damp, and in Venice in general the weather is often vile.

In Rimini, the best beach holiday lasts from early June to mid-September. Before - the sea is cold, later - the beaches are closed. But, the summer months are also the high season, there are a lot of people, and the price tag is crazy.

It is hot and dry on the Italian islands in summer, however, the proximity of the sea noticeably softens the heat. The summer season here lasts from May to mid-October. And in spring and autumn, it is quite comfortable here for active recreation or exploring local attractions.

The main thing is to remember one simple thing. In the Mediterranean countries of Europe, August is always the hottest and most expensive month, when there are just a lot of tourists everywhere, but in Italy this month is just the peak of tourist madness! The fact is that in August, all factories, factories and enterprises are closed all over the country, and all Italian workaholics go on vacation for 2-3 weeks! And what would you think? Of course, they also go on vacation, and often, it is to their native Italian resorts. Therefore, crowds of local, Italian ones are also added to the crowds of foreign tourists, and Italians, as you know, are extremely noisy people themselves. Therefore, if you do not like to relax like a herring in a barrel, it is better to avoid visiting Italy in August. Moreover, any of its areas.

Well, what about without shopping in Italy! Saldi is the name given to discounts in Italy. The traditional sales and discount seasons for this country in each region fall on different days, as a rule, discounts begin in the south of the country and move north, but, in general, cover the period from the end of the Christmas holidays (January 5-7) to the end of February - March (winter), or from the first decade of July to the beginning or end of September (summer). Sales begin with small discounts of around 10 - 30%, but at this time you can buy the highest quality and interesting things. By the end of sales, discounts can reach up to 50 - 70%!

Tours to Italy - specials of the day

Italy is an ancient country, but as a state it appeared only in 1871 after the unification of the duchies and kingdoms that existed at that time on its territory took place.

Italy is located in the central part of Southern Europe and in the center of the Mediterranean basin. In the east, the coast of the country is washed by the Adriatic Sea, in the south - by the Ionian, and in the west - by the Tyrrhenian and Ligurian.

Climate and season in Italy

The climate in Italy is mostly Mediterranean, characterized by dry and hot summers and clear blue skies. In summer, the air temperature averages +26°С, in winter from +7°С to +11°С. Winters are mild and warm, snow is extremely rare, although the exception here is the mountainous regions of the Alps, where at an altitude of 1500 m it lies for about 200 days. From March to October, hot dry sirocco winds blow in the south of the peninsula, so the air temperature during this period rises to 34°C.

Tourist season in Italy it completely depends on what type of holiday you prefer. beach season starts already in May, but most people prefer to stay on the shore, as the sea with a temperature of +18 ... + 20 ° C is still considered very cold and only guests from Russia are not afraid to swim in such water. But, starting from June, a tourist beach holiday in Italy comes into its own.

The opening and closing of ski resorts is usually accompanied by large-scale concerts and magnificent shows involving world-famous stars.

Since Italy has several temperature zones, the winter in the north and south of the country is heterogeneous. The opening of the ski season in each region takes place in different time Therefore, it is generally accepted that ski resorts open their doors to tourists in November. The high ski season lasts until mid-February, and some resorts in the country are open all year round.

Weather and prices in Italy by months

Italy in winter

Weather in December. In the first month of winter it becomes really cold: it rains in the central and southern regions, snow in the northern regions, the air temperature in the north is +4 ° С - at night, in the daytime +5 ° С, in the south + 4 ° С and + 5 ° C, central part +5°C and +13°C. The water temperature is approximately +12°C. The price of the tour, depending on the resort, type of flight and accommodation, will range from 70,000 to 100,000 rubles for two.

Weather in January. The coldest month of the year, since the average air temperature in the capital will be no more than + 12 ° C - during the day, and at night the thermometer will show + 4 ° C, in Milan + 4 ° C - during the day, + 2 ° C - at night. With precipitation, there are about 14 days. In Palermo, the warmest is +14°С and +11°С. The water temperature in the sea will not exceed +11°С. The price for tours for 7 nights for two will range from 130,000 to 138,000 rubles.

Weather in February. The second month is still as cold as the previous one, with prolonged heavy rains in the south and snowfalls in the north. During the day the air temperature will be +13°С, at night +4°С. The water temperature will not exceed +10°C, which is not conducive to relaxing on the beach. The price of tours practically does not differ from January and will be from 125,000 to 140,000 rubles, depending on the tour, flight and hotel chosen.

Italy in spring

Weather in March. The Italians call this month crazy - "Marzo and pazzarello", as the weather during this period is very capricious. The air temperature in the Eternal City is +16°С during the day and +6°С at night, in Venice +12°С and +3°С. The number of rainy days is about 13, but you can forget about swimming in the sea, since the water temperature is +11°C. During this period, the price of tours is not very high from 110,000 to 130,000 rubles, depending on which type of tour you choose.

April weather. April brings pleasant weather. The air temperature is +19°С and +8°С, there are no more than 12 rainy days, but it is still cold to swim, as the water temperature will not rise above +14°С. The price of tours will also drop significantly and a ticket for two will cost about 42,000–86,000 rubles for 7 nights in a two-bed room, but here also consider the cost of the flight, as well as insurance.

Weather in May. The month of roses, because during this period all kinds of flowers begin to smell sweet. Traditionally opens in May bathing season, as the water temperature will linger at around + 18 ° С. At the same time, the air temperature at night is + 12 ° С, in the daytime + 23 ° С. And depending on the type of flight, hotel accommodation, excursions, meals, and so on, the price of tours for two for 7 nights will be from 44,000 to 80,000 rubles.

More information about the weather and prices in Italy in May

Italy in summer

Weather in June. It is characterized by comfortable pleasant weather, especially ideal for relaxing on the beach. During the day the air temperature is +26°C, at night it will drop by 10°C. The water temperature is above +20°C, so it is very pleasant to sunbathe and swim. The minimum price for tours on average will be from 32,000 rubles - this is for two, for 3 nights in a three-star room it can reach up to 180,000 rubles.

More information about the weather and prices in Italy in June

Weather in July. The sultry heat will cover all of Italy, the air temperature will rise to + 31 ° C during the day and drop to + 18 ° C at night, so few dare to go sightseeing. The water temperature warms up to +24°C, which is ideal for a beach holiday. The price of tours will also rise, which in July will be at least 110,000 rubles for two for 8 days, and this is not the limit.

More information about the weather and prices in Italy in July.

Weather in August. The year is the hottest month, because the air temperature goes off scale for + 37 ° C during the day and 25 ° C at night, especially in the southern regions of Italy. Rainy days are possible, but there will be no more than six. Water temperature from +24°С to +26°С. The price for tours for 7 nights for two will be from 82,000 to 90,000 rubles. This is the cost of rest for people with average incomes.

Italy in autumn

Weather in September. In early autumn, the air temperature will stay at +26°C, and the slowly cooling water temperature will freeze at +23°C, the wind will blow from the sea, but this will not reduce the number of people on the beach, although some resorts will almost close. Usually the price for tours for two in September is 80,000–150,000 rubles per week of vacation - it all depends on financial opportunities and your preferences.

Weather in October. At the beginning of the month, you can still sunbathe and even swim in the sea, but only until the second half of October, since at this time the water temperature will not exceed +20°C. There are 11 rainy days in total. During the day the air temperature is +22°C, but at night it drops to +12°C. The price of tours for two will range from 82,000 - 100,000 rubles. This amount will be spent on an economy class flight, accommodation in a 3 * hotel with meals.

Weather in November. O beach holiday can be forgotten, since the water temperature at noon reaches +12°C, and during the day in the country the air temperature is +16°C, in rare cases +20°C. At night in the northern regions of Italy, the thermometer will show + 4 ° С. There will be about 15 rainy days. For 7 days in November, the price of tours for two will approach 80,000-130,000 rubles.

Weather and prices in Italy by months for 2018

Italy - amazing country. The most romantic and ancient cities are located on its territory, and the shape of the peninsula in the form of a "boot" was the reason for numerous jokes. It's always interesting here. The country delights numerous tourists all year round. The warm climate of Italy also contributes to this.

On the territory of the country there are 2 dwarf states: San Marino and the Vatican. In addition, the state includes such large islands as Elba, Sardinia, Sicily. Italy is washed by five Ionian, Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian, Ligurian.

Italian landscapes are very diverse. Picturesque hills, sandy beaches, turbulent rivers, snowy peaks of the Alpine mountains excite the imagination and remain in memory for a long time. Anyone who is going to relax in Italy can do it not only in summer. Do not be upset if the vacation fell on the cold season. The climate of Italy is quite mild. The air temperature in summer is not more than 35 degrees, and in winter it never drops below 5 degrees. Thanks to this, the local population has the opportunity to grow flowers all year round in open field.

The absence of frost allows you to successfully grow both citrus fruits and olives. However, the most beautiful sight is They bloom in February. Nothing more bewitching in the world can not be found. Thanks to this, Italy in winter is especially beautiful and attractive.

Describing this wonderful country, it is impossible not to mention some features of the local landscapes. One of them are small cozy houses that can be seen on numerous hillsides. The roads to them are so steep that even the most modern cars sometimes cannot reach them. This is what the homes of ordinary Italians look like. As a rule, in summer the houses are surrounded by greenery. The mild climate of Italy allows them to look very colorful all year round.

Autumn paints the landscape with different colors. It is most beautiful here in winter and early spring. At this time, mimosa blossoms. There are a lot of these plants here. The appearance of flowers indicates the imminent arrival of spring.

Any local resident will say that bad weather does not exist on the peninsula. The climate of Italy is characterized by hot summers and warm winters. Its elongated shape provides some climatic diversity. In addition, numerous mountains also influence the weather.

In the north - a continental climate zone. In summer it is very hot here, and in winter it is cool, damp and foggy.

dominated in the south mediterranean climate. and dry. A refreshing sea breeze saves from the heat. Thanks to him, even during the day you can walk around the city for a long time and go to the beach. In winter, there is a lot of precipitation, and the temperature never drops below 7 degrees.

In the central part of Italy dominates. There are no sharp temperature changes and excess rainfall. In summer, the average is 25 degrees.

Fans of ski resorts should definitely visit Italy in winter. The largest number of tourists arrive here in January. Snow in the mountains lies for about six months. This allows you to ski on the slopes for a long time.

February brings sunny days. In addition, the number of people in the resorts at this time is significantly reduced. This contributes to a more relaxing holiday.

For those who love the sun, the island of Sicily is the best choice. The hot sun, endless sandy beaches will energize you for the whole year.

Numerous resorts in Italy can offer both active recreation on the water or on land, as well as silence and endless tranquility. Employees of medical centers located near mineral springs will take care of your health. Sights scattered throughout Italy will allow you to touch the history of this amazing country.

The climate in Italy is temperate in the north and subtropical Mediterranean in the center and southern regions.

The diversity of Italy's climate is determined by the length of its territory in longitude and the mountainous relief of most of the country. On the Padana Plain, the climate is transitional from subtropical to temperate - hot summers (July from + 22 ° С to + 24 ° С) and cool foggy winters (January - about 0 ° С). In the central regions of the Apennine Peninsula, the climate is subtropical, with hot (from + 24-27 ° С in the north to + 26-32 ° С in the south) in summer and warm (on average not lower than + 5 ° С) in winter. Due to the peculiarities of the country's topography, the air temperature strongly depends on the height of the place above sea level - even in the suburbs of Rome or Turin, gently ascending the foothills, it is always 2-3 degrees colder than in the city center. And in the pre-alpine regions, this picture is even brighter - at the foot of the snow-capped mountains, citrus fruits bear fruit almost all year round.

The distribution of precipitation is quite uneven. In the pre-alpine regions, they fall up to 1200 mm per year, and quite evenly throughout the year. In winter, long snowfalls are not uncommon here, and at altitudes of more than 2000 meters, snow lies up to 200 days a year. In the central regions of the Apennine Peninsula, no more than 750 mm of rain falls, and the maximum falls on the winter months - in the summer, in general, there is no more than 100 mm of precipitation. In the south of the peninsula, as well as in Sicily and Sardinia, it is even drier - the total amount of precipitation barely reaches 500 mm per year, and in the summer in Cagliari or Palermo it is not uncommon for months without rain at all (usually July).

In the south of the peninsula from March to October dry hot winds blow from the Sahara - "sirocco" or "shirocco". During this period, the temperature rises to + 35 ° C, while the dryness and dustiness of the air sharply increase. Also not uncommon are cold northern or north-eastern "tramontana" winds blowing from behind the Apennines (mostly in winter).

Sardinia has a typical Mediterranean climate with hot summers and short warm winters, very favorable for visiting the island at any time. The summer heat (in Cagliari in July the temperature often reaches + 32-38 ° С, in winter - + 18-22 ° С) is mitigated by persistent sea ​​winds. The only inconvenience of the local climate is low humidity (short-term powerful showers occur only in winter, but in summer not a drop of rain often falls, the average monthly rainfall does not exceed 70 mm). The tourist season here lasts from May to September, but in April and October the weather conditions are quite favorable both for relaxing by the sea and for active pastime.

The climate in Sicily is also Mediterranean, very similar to Sardinian, but even more hot in summer and slightly cooler in winter. There is little precipitation (up to 500 mm per year), mainly from October to March. At the same time, the difference in weather conditions (both in temperature and humidity) between the coast and inside islands - in mountainous areas it is always somewhat cooler and rainier than on the coast, and the western slopes of the mountains receive an average of 2 times more precipitation than the eastern ones. Such a noticeable variety of climate makes visiting the island convenient at any time of the year.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

3. Population

5. Industry

6. Agriculture

7. Culture

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Italy is one of the oldest countries in the world and at the same time it is a relatively young state that appeared on the political map only a little over a hundred years ago after the final unification in 1871 of the separate duchies and kingdoms that previously existed on its territory. Today it is a large capitalist state, one of the "big seven countries of the West."

Italy is a typical Mediterranean country located in the central part of Southern Europe. Its territory includes the Padan lowland, the slopes of the Alpine mountain arc facing it, the Apennine Peninsula, the large islands of Sicily and Sardinia, and numerous small islands (Agadian, Liparsky, Pontine, Tuscan archipelago, etc.). in the north, on the mainland, Italy borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Yugoslavia. In the south, it (through the Strait of Tunis) is adjacent to Africa. The Apennine peninsula juts deep into the Mediterranean Sea. The shores of Italy are washed by the seas: in the west - Ligurian and Turrenian, in the south by the Ionian, in the east by the Adriatic.

The economic and geographical position in the center of the Mediterranean Basin has long favored the development of ties with the countries of the Middle East and North Africa, as well as with other countries of Southern Europe. And now it contributes to the economic development of Italy. In the twentieth century Of particular importance is the position of Italy on the way from the countries of the Middle East with their rich oil fields to the industrial regions of foreign Europe, whose industry consumes Middle Eastern oil.

Land borders with France, Switzerland and Austria, and partly with the former Yugoslavia, pass through the Alps. Northern Italy is in a more advantageous position than southern Italy, as it has the ability to carry out external economic relations both by land and by sea. Transcontinental air lines pass through Italy.

Geographical position Italy is extremely important and strategically. NATO regards Italy as the backbone of its entire military system in southern Europe and throughout the Mediterranean. Several dozens of US and NATO military bases and training grounds are located on the territory of the country. Italy is an active participant in this military bloc.

According to its state structure, Italy since 1946 has been a bourgeois parliamentary republic headed by a president.

Administratively, Italy is divided into 20 historical regions. The capital of Italy is the city of Rome.

The face of the country has changed a lot over the last century. The glory of modern Italy is created not only by the beautiful Mediterranean landscapes, the snow-white peaks of the Alps, the orange groves of Sicily, the vineyards of Tuscany and Lazio, not only the gold placers of countless monuments of centuries-old Italian culture, but also cars produced in the country, products of the chemical industry, fashion clothes and shoes, popular movies all over the world.

1. Natural and climatic conditions

Italy is within the forest zone temperate zone(in the north) and in the subtropical zone (in the south). The sea has a great influence on the formation of the features of the nature of Italy, especially its climate. Even the deepest regions of the country are located no more than 200-220 km from the sea coast. The nature of Italy and the diversity of its landscapes are also influenced by the significant elongation of its territory from northwest to southeast and the predominance of mountainous hilly relief.

One of the most characteristic features of the country's nature is the wide development of volcanic and seismic processes, as well as modern land movements, due to the fact that Italy is located in a zone of young Alpine folding.

The northern, very winding land border of Italy runs along the ridges of the Alps for almost its entire length. However, it makes up only 20% of the Italian borders. Italy is predominantly a maritime country. Of the 9.3 thousand km of its borders, 4/5 are maritime.

The coastline of Italy is relatively little dissected, there are few convenient bays. Almost all major ports are built artificially. Only in Southern Italy there are ports in natural bays and gulfs (Naples, Salerno, Taranto, Cagliari).

The elongation of the territory of Italy from north to south causes large climatic differences between individual regions - from the temperate warm climate of the Padana Plain to the pronounced subtropical climate in Sicily.

Only the climate of peninsular and insular Italy can be called actually Mediterranean. The climate of the Padan Plain, with the same hot summers as on the Apennine Peninsula, but with cold and foggy winters, can be considered transitional from subtropical to temperate. Here, the influence of the warm Ligurian Sea is hindered by the Maritime Alps and the Apennines, while colder air from the Adriatic freely penetrates here. The average January temperature on the Padan Plain is about 0°С, and in July - +23-24°С. In autumn, cyclones are actively formed here. In winter, snow always falls, often there are frosts up to 10 ° C. Of the 600 - 1000 mm of annual precipitation, half falls in spring and summer. Heavy, even catastrophic downpours are not uncommon in Northern Italy. Summer rains are often accompanied by thunderstorms and hail.

The climate of the Alps varies with altitude from moderately warm to cold. In the mountains, the snow stays for several months, and on the tops of the mountains it never melts.

The Mediterranean climate is distinctly expressed in the south of the Apennine Peninsula and on the islands. The summer here is dry and hot (the average July temperature is +26°C), the winter is mild and warm (the average January temperature is +8-10°C). In the northern and central parts of the Apennine Peninsula, the average temperatures are different - + 24 ° C in July and + 1.4-4 ° C in January. Snow on the Apennine Peninsula falls very rarely. From March to October, the sirocco blows in southern Italy - a dry and hot wind from Africa, bringing temperatures up to + 30-35 ° C and reddish dust. Puglia has the driest place in Italy, with only 197 mm of rain per year. The coastal regions of Italy, especially the Ligurian Riviera, the coasts of the Ionian Sea, the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, are characterized by a particularly mild climate. Here, the difference between the average temperatures of the coldest month (January) and the hottest month (July) is about 15°C. Therefore, along the coasts of Italy, especially on the Ligurian Riviera, famous climatic resorts stretch in a chain.

2. Vegetation and animal world

The soil cover of Italy is very diverse. In the north, in the Alps, mountain-meadow and mountain-forest soils are widespread. The southern foothills of the Alps and most of the Padan Plain are covered with brown forest soils. In the mid-altitude zone of the Alps, they are infertile. In coastal areas near the Adriatic Sea, marshy soils are found.

The vegetation of Italy is even more diverse. However, dense population, centuries-old human activity have led to the fact that cultural landscapes prevail everywhere in the country, with the exception of the highlands. Forests occupy only 20% of the territory, mainly in the mountains and on the hills, while the plains are practically treeless.

The rather monotonous landscape of the densely populated and almost entirely cultivated Padana Plain is here and there enlivened by oak, less often by birch or pine groves. Alleys of poplars, willows, white acacias border roads, banks of canals and rivers.

On the coastal lowlands of the Apennine Peninsula and islands, evergreen trees and shrubs stretch in a wide strip. Evergreen holm and cork oaks, pines and alpine pines, mastic trees, palm trees, cacti, and agaves stand out from wild-growing species. However, cultivated species predominate here, primarily subtropical ones - citrus fruits, olives, almonds, pomegranates, figs, cork oak groves planted by man.

In the mountains of Italy, altitudinal zonation is clearly manifested.

Since the Alps and the Apennines are located in different natural areas, the belt of subtropical vegetation is typical only for the foothills of the Apennines. At an altitude of 500-800 m above sea level in the Apennines, subtropical vegetation is replaced by broad-leaved forests. In the Alps, they represent the lower vegetation belt. These are predominantly oak forests, with an admixture of chestnut, hornbeam, ash, and beech. Of the cultivated plants in this zone, fruit trees, vineyards are common, there are crops of rye, oats, and potatoes. Above begins the belt of mixed coniferous-beech forests. Their lower limit in the Alps is 900 m, and in the Apennines - 2000 m. In spring and autumn, herds graze among beech groves, in summer they are driven even higher.

At an altitude of about 1500m in the Alps and 2000m in the Southern Apennines and Sicily, the highest forest belt begins - coniferous forests, consisting of various kinds pine, European spruce species, fir.

Above coniferous forests subalpine tall-grass meadows begin.

They are replaced by alpine meadows. The Alps are especially famous for their rich and juicy mountain meadows. Mountain meadows are used as summer pastures. Above the mountain meadows to the very peaks or glaciers, the slopes are covered with mosses and lichens. In the Apennines, more often than in the Alps, there are bare slopes - the result of deforestation, erosion and landslides.

In the coastal zone of the Apennine Peninsula and the island of Sicily, brown subtropical soils are common, which are very favorable for the cultivation of grapes and other southern crops. On the low plateaus of the Apennine foothills and on the island of Sardinia, humus-carbonate and mountain-forest brown soils predominate. On the lowlands, hills and low mountains of the coasts of the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas, red-colored Mediterranean soils have formed on limestones, especially suitable for growing fruit trees and grapes. There are soils formed on volcanic rocks. Alluvial soils are common in river valleys.

The soil conditions of Italy are quite conducive to agriculture, although not everywhere in equal measure. The most fertile soils are on the plains and in low hilly areas.

Due to the destruction of forests, an increase in population density and the area of ​​cultivated land in Italy, few wild animals have survived. Only in remote areas of the Alps and the Apennines, mainly in reserves, are bears, wolves, chamois, roe deer found, on the island of Sardinia - mouflon, fallow deer, wild forest cat. Wild boars are widespread. There are many foxes in the Alps. Small predators and rodents (weasels, martens, marmots, squirrels), as well as hares, are much better preserved. Hedgehogs and bats are ubiquitous. The world of reptiles and birds is rich. Italy abounds with lizards, snakes, turtles. The bird fauna includes about 400 species. In the mountains there are goshawks, vultures, golden eagles, in the highlands of the Alps - capercaillie, hazel grouse, ptarmigan, swift. On the plains, along the shores of lakes, there are many geese and ducks. From marine fish Mullet, cod, sardines, tuna, flounder are of great commercial importance, and from river fish - carp, trout, eel.

For the protection of flora and fauna in Italy, four national parks: Gran Paradiso, Stelvio, Circeo, Abruzio. These are only small islands of wild nature with a total area of ​​​​about 2 thousand square meters. km. Gran Paradiso and Stelvio are created in the Alps to protect the high mountain flora and fauna. Abrucio was formed for the same purposes in the highest part of the Apennines. Circeo was created on the coast to protect not only forests, but also peculiar coastal forms - grottoes, cliffs, etc. Protective areas are being created to protect soils from erosion. However, all these measures are far from sufficient to preserve Italian nature from rapid and steady change by human activity.

The lack of proper organization of nature protection leads to further destruction of forests, irrational use of land for construction, reduction in the area of ​​national parks, and destruction of forest fauna. As a result of the depopulation of mountain villages on abandoned lands, located mostly on steep slopes, soil erosion is increasing, the risk of landslides and floods.

Very noticeable contamination of the internal and sea ​​waters. Many rivers have already become dangerous to use for the water supply of cities. Industrial waste from numerous coastal enterprises pollutes the Mediterranean Sea and damages coastal fauna and flora. Yes, reset Wastewater in a lagoon near the city of Cagliari on the island of Sardinia endangers flamingos and other rare birds that stop here during seasonal migrations. The unrestrained growth of seaside tourist centers has led to the fact that about half of the Italian coast can now be considered destroyed or, in any case, lost to the rational development of tourism.

The habitat in large industrial cities is in a threatening state. Italian cities are one of the last places in the world in terms of landscaping. The development of industry and road transport has led to air pollution, which in the centers of the chemical industry exceeds all permissible standards.

In general, in Italy, the problems of protection are becoming more and more aggravated every year. environment not enough money is allocated to solve them. The situation is complicated by the uncontrolled activities of private entrepreneurs.

3. Population

Italy ranks second in Europe (after Germany) in terms of the number of inhabitants. The population of Italy is 57.5 million people (June 1989). About 98% of the population of Italy are Italians, a little over 2% are representatives of other nations. The national minorities of Italy are rather compact groups that have been living for many centuries in a certain territory. In the north of the country, in the border areas, there are Romansh (mainly Friuls) - 350 thousand people, French - about 70 thousand people, Slovenes and Croats - about 50 thousand people; in southern Italy and on the island of Sicily - Albanians (about 80 thousand people); in the south of the country - Greeks (30 thousand people); on the island of Sardinia - Catalans (10 thousand people); Jews (about 50 thousand people), etc.

The official language is Italian. It belongs to the Romance group of Indo-European languages. All the variety of Italian dialects is usually reduced to three large groups: dialects of Northern, Central and Southern Italy.

Italians are Catholics by religion. Although the church in Italy is separate from the state, it actively intervenes in political life countries and provides big influence to the general population. In the western part of Rome, one quarter is occupied by the state of the Vatican - a theocratic monarchy. Its head - the Pope - is simultaneously the head of the entire Catholic Church.

The population is very unevenly distributed throughout the country, its average density is 189 people per 1 sq. km. km, the most densely populated regions of Italy are the plains of Campania, Lombardy and Liguria, where per square. m account for over 300 inhabitants. This is due to favorable conditions for the development of intensive agriculture, diverse industry, port activities and tourism. The province of Naples in Campania is especially crowded, where per 1 sq. km concentrated 2531 people. The mountainous areas are much less populated. Here the population density drops to 35 people per 1 sq. km. km, in arid and economically underdeveloped areas of Sardinia and Basilicata, the population density is 60 people per 1 sq. km. km.

The number of economically active persons is decreasing. Per recent decades the structure of employment of the population has changed dramatically as a result of the transition work force from agriculture to industry and services, the increasing migration of rural residents to cities. Now 12.8% of the economically active population is employed in agriculture, 36.4% in industry, and 50.8% in the service sector.

The population of Italy is highly mobile within the country. It is striking that migration flows are directed from the economically underdeveloped regions of the South to the industrial North. The concentration of the population in Rome and its environs is increasing, which is associated with the capital role of this city.

Italy is constantly characterized by mass emigration. Tens of thousands of people leave every year. This is due to the difficult living conditions of the peasantry, unemployment and low wages for workers. The standard of living of Italian workers is one of the lowest in the developed capitalist countries of Europe. Previously, Italy was characterized by emigration overseas. In the post-war period, temporary and seasonal emigration to the Common Market countries, especially to the FRG and France, intensified. The balance of external migrations in Italy is negative.

Italy is one of the densely populated countries in Europe. The intensive process of urbanization affects the distribution of the population. The bulk of the urban population is concentrated in Northern Italy. Most cities in Italy arose in the ancient and middle ages. They are world renowned as historical museums with architectural monuments of antiquity and works of art. Among them are Rome, Florence, Venice, Milan, Genoa, Bologna.

The class composition of the population is characterized by a large proportion of the urban and rural proletariat, poor peasants, artisans and handicraftsmen. The dominant position is occupied by a small industrial, commercial and agricultural bourgeoisie.

4. Economic and geographical differences

Italy is an economically developed state. In terms of its share in world production (3.6% in 1985), it is second only to the USA, Japan, Germany, France and Great Britain. Italy is an industrial-agrarian country. Industrial products make up the bulk of Italian exports.

Only in a few capitalist countries can one find such sharp differences in the levels of economic development as exist between the North and the South of Italy.

Within the North, the triangle that forms the cities of Milan, Turin and Genoa is the region of the most highly developed industry. Milan is the second most populated city in Italy. In terms of the development of industry, trade and financial functions, this city ranks first, so it is often called the business capital of the country. Milan is surrounded by satellite cities, many of which serve it with their production. Milan is also widely known for its La Scala opera house. The face of Turin is determined automobile factories Fiat concern. Associated with them are enterprises of other firms specializing in the production of tires, ball bearings and electrical cables. The large industry of the North is served by Genoa (900 thousand inhabitants) - the largest port in the country. In the city and its suburbs, stretching along the sea, there are many industrial enterprises. The coast of the Gulf of Genoa is also of great resort importance.

Less industrialized northeastern part North, where Venice stands out for its industry. This city is famous for the originality of the canal streets and architectural monuments. Industrial and municipal waste polluting the Venetian lagoon, frequent floods and the gradual sinking of the city creates a problem of salvation worldwide famous monuments architecture of Venice from destruction.

A special place in Italy, as in all countries of the world, is occupied by the capital. Rome is located in the central part of the Apennine Peninsula, away from the sea. It is the main administrative, political and cultural center of the country. Although at present there is a military, chemical and some other industry in Rome, yet its industrial significance is not great. The city has gained worldwide fame due to its numerous historical and architectural monuments and it is no coincidence that it is one of the largest centers of tourism in the world.

The backwardness of southern Italy created in the country the so-called problem of the South. After the Second World War, a large metallurgical plant in Taranto, several petrochemical plants, and nuclear power plants were built here, but this only slightly increased the industrial activity of the South. The most important industrial and cultural center of southern Italy is Naples. As a passenger port, it ranks first in the country, and second only to Genoa in terms of cargo turnover. Famous resorts are located in Naples and its environs.

Agriculture in southern Italy is characterized by backward agricultural technology, low yields. While part of the landlords' land is vacant or used for grazing, the peasants suffer from land shortages. They use every piece of land, and in mountainous areas they carry out complex work on the construction of terraces, supporting walls that protect them from erosion.

The south provides the bulk of emigrants.

As a result of the strongest earthquake in southern Italy at the end of 1980, many settlements. This further weakened the economic position of southern Italy.

5. Industry

Industry is the leading sector of the Italian economy. It provides about 2/5 of the national income, and it accounts for more than 2/5 of all employed people.

Italy is very insufficiently and unevenly provided with raw materials and energy resources. Among the country's minerals, natural gas, pyrites, polymetallic ores, potash salts, cinnabar (mercury ore), asbestos and some others stand out in terms of their industrial or export value. The Italian manufacturing industry is based primarily on imported raw materials.

The industry of Italy is dominated by heavy industry, the leading role in which belongs to mechanical engineering. Per last years metallurgy, electric power, chemical and petrochemical industries also developed significantly. Basically, the country has developed industries that require a skilled workforce, a relatively small amount of raw materials and fuel, and produce mostly mass products. The oil refining industry in Italy is the most powerful in Europe. It provides not only domestic demand, but also the largest among all European countries export of petroleum products. Oil is delivered to Italy via the Mediterranean Sea, mainly from the countries of the Middle East and North Africa. The largest oil refinery was built on the island of Sicily, in the city of Milazzo. Since Italian refineries use mostly imported oil brought in by sea, most of them are located near seaports, especially in the South. In the North, with its extensive pipeline system, oil refineries are close to the consumer - to large industrial centers. Great importance for the entire economy of Italy has the use of local and imported natural gas. Rich deposits of natural gas have been developed in the Po Valley, in the south of the Apennine Peninsula, on the island of Sicily and on the continental shelf in the Ravenna-Rimini region. The demand for natural gas is growing every year, the country imports it from North Africa, the Netherlands and Russia.

A very important role in the energy economy of Italy is played by the electric power industry, one of the most technologically advanced branches of industry. Italy's hydropower resources are used almost completely. In the past, hydropower has been the backbone of the Italian electricity industry, but in recent years, 70% of electricity production comes from thermal power plants. Most of the water resources are concentrated in the Alps, and the largest hydroelectric power plants were built there: Grosio, Santa Massenza.

Back in 1905, the world's first geothermal power plants appeared in Larderello (Central Italy), but this type of energy is still underused.

The share of nuclear power plants in electricity generation is still small. The inadequacy of the fuel and raw material base explains the very significant dependence of most branches of Italian industry on foreign economic relations. In particular, this applies to a large extent to the ferrous metallurgy: coking coal is entirely imported from abroad, mainly from the United States, more than 90% of the consumed coal is imported. iron ore, 75% scrap metal, 2/3 - manganese ore.

Metallurgy gravitates mainly either to ports, through which raw materials and fuel for the industry are imported, or to large centers of mechanical engineering, i.e. to markets. The largest and technically the association "Findser". The core of the industry is made up of four large metallurgical plants - in Genoa, Naples, Piombino, Taranto. The main products that go to the world market are thin cold-rolled steel sheets.

Among the branches of mechanical engineering, the automotive industry stands out in particular. Italy is one of the largest suppliers of cars to the world market. The main products of the industry are cars. The leading position in the industry is occupied by the FIAT concern - the most powerful of the private firms in Italy and one of the largest companies in the world. At the factories of the concern, scattered throughout the country, they produce not only cars, but also trucks, buses, engines various types, electric locomotives, trams, trolleybuses, tractors, etc. Most FIAT enterprises are located in Turin and its environs. FIAT car factories also appeared in the South of Italy - near Naples and in Palermo. The factories of other, less significant automobile firms - "FERRARI", "MASERATI", "LANCHA" are located in the north - in Milan, Turin, Bolzano, Modena, and also near Naples.

Geographical conditions and historical reasons explain the traditional nature of shipbuilding in Italy. About 90% of all shipbuilding capacities of the country belong to the Italcantieri company. On the Adriatic Sea, the most important shipbuilding centers are Monfalcone, Trieste, Venice and Ancona, on the Ligurian Sea - Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, in the south, shipbuilding is developed in Naples, Taranto, Messina, Palermo.

In second place after mechanical engineering in terms of the number of employees is the textile industry, one of the oldest industries in Italy, it produces fabrics and yarns from cotton, wool, silk, hemp, flax, jute and chemical fibers, as well as a variety of knitwear. Cotton enterprises are widely located in the North - in Lombardy and Piedmont, which is facilitated by the abundance of water and cheap electricity from the Alpine hydroelectric power stations. The main areas of the wool industry are located in Tuscany, Piedmont and Venice. The enterprises of the silk industry are concentrated in the cities of Como and Treviso.

The food industry plays an important role in the Italian economy. The flour-grinding industry is very important for the country. In the South, the area of ​​Naples stands out especially, where not only flour is produced, but also the famous Italian pasta, for the production of which Italy ranks first in the world. About a hundred sugar factories are scattered across the expanses of the Padana Plain, processing local sugar beets. Canning production is highly developed in the country. Mainly preserving fruits and vegetables, as well as meat and fish. Italy has long been famous for its cheese. Almost the entire dairy industry is concentrated in northern Italy, where dairy farming is most developed. Italy provides 1/3 of all olive oil produced in the world.

The furniture industry is rapidly developing in Italy. According to the established tradition, Italy produces the largest number of "antique" furniture.

The rich deposits of limestone, marble, granite, clay, gypsum, asbestos, etc., available in Italy, contribute to the development of the building materials industry. The manufacture of faience products is widespread, the traditions of which date back to ancient times.

Italy is one of the first places in the world in the development of the jewelry industry. Florence, Rome, Venice have long been famous for their jewelry.

industry administrative climatic alps

6. Agriculture

natural conditions Italy is allowed to grow all crops of a temperate climate, but they are especially favorable for subtropical fruit plants and grapes. In Northern Italy, the Padana Lowland is located with fertile alluvial soils, convenient for agriculture. It flows through it big river Italy - Po, widely used for irrigation. The climate here is mild, transitional from temperate to subtropical. In southern Italy, the relief is mountainous, narrow strips of lowlands stretch only along the coasts. Stony, humus-poor soils predominate.

Italy's agriculture provides 10% of the country's gross national income. It employs 14% of the economically active population. In recent decades, many peasants leave their farms and move into the sphere of industrial production and service. In terms of crop yields and, especially, livestock productivity, Italy is much inferior to many European countries. Agriculture has reached a high level of productivity only in the North, especially in the Podana Plain, where the level of mechanization is high and fertilizers are used to a large extent.

The main branch of Italian agriculture is crop production. Over half of all arable land is occupied by grain crops, including 30% - wheat. On the most fertile lands, wheat is sometimes alternated with corn, the largest harvest of which is given by the northern regions. Rye and oats are grown on the alpine slopes and in the valleys. Italy ranks first in foreign Europe in the production of rice, and in terms of its yield, it is among the leading rice-growing countries in the world. Rice has long been a familiar food of Italians. It is grown on the irrigated lands of the Padana Plain. Potatoes are planted in many parts of the country, but most of all in Campania. Various vegetables are grown in Italy: tomatoes, cabbage, lettuces, onions, asparagus, gourds. The main vegetable-growing region of the country is also Campania. The most important industrial crop in Italy is sugar beet. More than half of sugar beet farms are concentrated in the lower reaches of the Po River.

Italy is called "the first garden of Europe". Apples, pears, peaches, cherries, apricots, figs are harvested here. In the southern regions, almonds, walnuts, and hazelnuts are common. Italy is one of the world's largest producers of citrus fruits. Almost all of them are grown in the southern regions, primarily in Sicily. Traditional viticulture plays a huge role in Italian agriculture. In terms of grape harvest, Italy constantly competes with France for the first place in the world, 90% of it is processed into wine, for the production of which Italy is not inferior to any other country in the world. Vineyards are spread throughout and make up feature Italian landscape. Another characteristic Italian culture is the plum. Italy is the second largest olive harvester in the world after Spain.

Of the industrial crops that provide fiber for the textile industry, cotton, flax and hemp are grown in small quantities in Italy. Every year everything greater value acquires flower breeding. A significant part of them is exported.

The agrarian system in Italy is characterized by three main types of farms: capitalist, landowners, and farms of small and landless peasants. Capitalist farms, which provide the bulk of marketable products, are widespread in Northern Italy. They are distinguished by more advanced methods of agricultural technology, a high level of mechanization and the use of hired labor. The monetary form of land lease prevails. For Southern Italy, a combination of large landownership (latifundia) and small peasant land tenure is typical, with natural forms of lease predominating.

Agriculture in Italy is diversified, as in France, but inferior to it in terms of intensity and level of development. In Italy, the role of animal husbandry is gradually increasing. Dairy and beef animal husbandry prevails in the north of the country, the rest of the regions are characterized by extensive animal husbandry with a predominance of small ruminants.

Fishing is relatively poorly developed in Italy. The seas surrounding it are not very rich in fish, since the continental shelf is small in area, there are few shallows. Freshwater fisheries are declining every year as a result of pollution industrial waste river and lake waters.

7. Culture

Italy is rightly called a country-museum. This is evidenced by numerous architectural monuments, museums, art collections. The cities of Italy are famous for their ancient palaces, cathedrals, monasteries, churches, unique museums, some of which occupy the first places in the world in terms of the wealth of collections. In almost all cities, the historical center has been restored in accordance with its original appearance. The breath of time in every stone, the sun and magnificent beaches, hospitable people and wonderful Italian cuisine. Italy is a country of tourism, where many amazing cities and unique landscapes are concentrated in a relatively small area. It is difficult to navigate in such a rich variety of possibilities in a short trip. When planning a vacation in this country, you face the difficulty of choosing. But, of course, first of all, you need to see those places, without which a trip to Italy loses all meaning.

ROME (ROMA). A city unlike any other in the world. An eternal city with a unique face and an extraordinary atmosphere, where architectural structures of different eras and styles - antique, medieval, renaissance, baroque and modern - do not just coexist, but harmoniously combine. Admire the monuments of the architect, follow the routes, sit at a table in a cafe, watch the motley crowd and you will fall in love with Rome once and for all.

Among the architectural monuments of Rome, it should be noted the Cathedral of St. Peter (Basilica dl San Pietro), the palaces and museums of the Vatican (Palazzi e Musei Vaticani), the Pantheon (Panieon), the Colosseum (Colosseo), the Roman Forum (Foro Romano), Navona Square (Piazza Navona ) with three fountains, the Trevi Fountain (Fontana dei Trevi), Piazza di Spagna and the Church of Trinita dei Monti (Piazza di Spagnia e Trinita dei Monti), Borghese Gallery (Galena Borghese).

FLORENCE (FIRENZE). The most "Italian" city in the country, reflecting the character and peculiarities of culture more than others. It is a symbol of the Renaissance. Its palaces and squares are decorated with the works of great figures, and the paintings of brilliant painters are kept in art galleries. Florence is the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (Cattedrale di Santa Naria del Fiore), Baptistery (Battistero), Signoria Square (Piazza della Signoria) and Palazzo Vecchio (Palazzo Vecchio), Uffizi Gallery (Galeria Uffizi), Old Bridge (Ponte Vecchio) , Galena Pitti Gallery, Medici-Riccardi Palace (Palazzo Medici-Riccardi), Santa Croce Church (Chiesa di Santa Croce), Medici Chapel (Cappella Medici).

VENICE (VENEZIA). The northern pearl of Italy, the world-famous museum city on the water. Romantic dream and tourist mecca, city of canals and bridges. Ride the waterbus (vaporetto) on the Grand Canal (Grande Canale) or gondola through the countless canals, wander around the city on foot at random, feel the charm of the old narrow streets and opulent palazzos. Venice leaves no one indifferent, it enchants and impresses. Every year in February, the Venice Carnival takes place here - the oldest and most famous among the world's carnivals. Of greatest interest are the Cathedral of San Marco (Basilica di San Marco), Doge's Palace (Palazzo Ducale), Rialto Bridge (Ponte Rialto), the Church of Santa Maria della Salute (Chiesa Santa Maria della Salute), palaces along the Grand Canal and art museums.

VERONA. The ancient city, which became famous thanks to the brilliant tragedy of Shakespeare, and in itself, without any doubt, deserves attention. This is one of the most visited cities in Italy, which combines the architecture of antiquity and the Renaissance. Everything here breathes history, and lovers still sigh under the famous balcony of Juliet's house (Casa di Giuletta). In Verona, there is an ancient Roman amphitheatre, so preserved that the most famous opera singers still give performances in its arena.

PISA (PISA). If you want to get to the Square of Miracles (Piazza dei Miracoli), visit this quiet and pleasant town in Tuscany, not far from the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. People come here, first of all, to look at the famous leaning tower (Togge pendente).

SIENNA. An ocher colored medieval city built on three hills in the heart of the high Tuscan plateau. In the city center - one of the most beautiful squares in Italy - Campo (Piazza del Campo), built in the shape of an inverted shell. Every year in August, the world-famous Palio festival takes place here - horse racing with almost no rules, accompanied by a costumed procession.

MILAN (MILANO). Financial, industrial and cultural center of the country. The capital of fashion and the richest treasury of art monuments. Milan Cathedral (il Duomo) is the most famous Gothic building in Italy. Milan is home to the most prestigious opera house in the world - La Scala.

Among the monuments of architecture in Milan, the Duomo (il Duomo), the monastery church of Santa Maria delle Grazie (Santa Maria delle Grazie), in the refectory of which there is the famous fresco by Leonardo da Vinci “The Last Supper”, the Brera Art Gallery (Pinacoteca di Brega) should be especially highlighted , Sforzesco Castle (Castello Sforzesco).

Italy is visited annually by 50 million foreign tourists, mainly from Germany, France, and the USA. In Italy, the material base for receiving a large number of tourists has long been established. In terms of the number of beds in hotels, it ranks first in foreign Europe.

The magnificent beaches of the four seas washing Italy - the Adriatic Ionian, Tyrrhenian and Ligurian - with a stunningly developed tourist infrastructure attract many tourists from different countries.

The Ligurian Riviera is divided into two parts: the Riviera di Ponente is the coast from Ventimiglia to Genoa; The Riviera di Levante is the coastline from Genoa to La Spezia. Small coves and majestic rocks, pebbly and sandy beaches, palm trees and flowers, fantastic color water, Ligurian cities from Genoa with its largest aquarium in Europe to small resort towns with hundreds of trattorias - all this is Paradise Bay or Fairy Bay - this is how the coast is called Liguria. The sea of ​​the Adriatic coast of Rimini (Rimini Riviera) and the Venetian Riviera is calm and shallow. The wide, clean beaches of the Adriatic with the finest white sand and excellent service are ideal for families with children and for the elderly. Each beach here is a multi-colored rows of beach umbrellas, comfortable sun loungers, changing cabins, showers. The most famous on the Riviera of Rimini - Rimini (Rimini), Riccione (Riccione), Cattolica (Cattolica), Cervia (Cervia), on the Venetian Riviera - Lignano (Lignano) and Lido di Jesolo (Lido di Esolo) 35 km from Venice.

For lovers of skiing high in the mountains and admiring the sparkling mountain peaks we recommend the ski resorts of the northern regions of Italy, such. Like Piedmont, Trentino, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Grandiose landscapes, modern lifting equipment, stable snow cover, steep mountain slopes attract many sports fans to the Italian Alps, the main attraction of which is Mount Blanc (Mont Blanc or Monte Bianco) - the highest peak of the Alps (and Europe), covered with powerful glaciers. And among the numerous ski resorts, the most famous are Madonna di Campilio, Courmayeur, Cervinia, Sestriere, and the resorts of the Valle d'Aosta region.

A rich choice of modern tourist services related to winter sports, and the uniqueness of natural landscapes are offered by the ski resorts of the Dolomites (Dolomiti), the most significant and fashionable of which is the secular center of skiing and mountaineering Cortina d "Ampezzo (Cortina d" Ampezzo).

Conclusion

Italy is located in the south of Europe. On its territory, 3 parts can be distinguished: mainland (about 1/2 of the area), peninsular (Apennine Peninsula) and island (Sicily, Sardinia and a number of small islands). Sea borders are 4 times longer than land borders. Even the deepest regions of the country are no more than 200-300 kilometers from the coast.

Italy is an economically developed state. In terms of its share in world production (3.6% in 1985), it is second only to the USA, Japan, Germany, France and Great Britain. Italy is an industrial-agrarian country. Industrial products make up the bulk of Italian exports.

Italy's imports are dominated by fuel (oil, coal, coke) and industrial raw materials (scrap metal, cotton); it also imports cars and foodstuffs. In export leading role finished products (machines, equipment, fabrics) and fruits (oranges, lemons) play. The largest trade turnover is with the countries of the Common Market, Switzerland and the USA.

The deficit of Italy's foreign trade balance is partially covered by remittances from Italians working abroad, and income from tourism, in the development of which the country has long been one of the first places in the world. More than 30 million foreign tourists visit Italy every year. Serving tourists has become one of the most important sectors of the economy.

Literature

1. Galkina T.A., Krasnovskaya N.A. Italy. - M.: Thought, 1985.

2. Foreign Europe. Series "Countries and peoples". - M.: Thought, 1983.

3. Smirnova A.A. On continents and countries: a book for reading on the geography of the continents. - M.: Enlightenment, 1981.

4. European countries. Italy. - M., 1986.

5. Countries and peoples of the world. T.8. Europe / Italy. - M., 1993.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Similar Documents

Geographical position and climatic conditions of Italy. The political and state structure of the country. Population and structure of society, religion and mentality. Features of the national character. Everyday rules of decency and business etiquette.

abstract, added 06/09/2011


Location of Italy and its characteristics. Development of the country's economic sectors: agriculture, tourism, industry and transport. Financial condition of Italy. Characteristics of the social and foreign economic spheres. Advantages of the Italian economy.

abstract, added 06/11/2010


Geographic overview and administrative divisions North Korea, its population and history, state structure. Natural conditions, climate, flora and fauna. Economic development, industry and agriculture, culture and tourism.

presentation, added 11/12/2010


Tsubukskoe gas field. Exploration results. Hydrogeological characteristic. Industry and agriculture. The population of the territory. Physical and geographical information about the area. Natural and climatic conditions. Tectonics.

term paper, added 02/27/2009


Geographic location of Switzerland. State-administrative structure. Natural and climatic conditions of the country. Official state languages ​​and demographic situation. Politics international cooperation. Features of Swiss cuisine.

presentation, added 04/06/2012


Geographical position, relief, water resources and climatic features USA. Mineral resources of the country, its flora and fauna. State structure and administrative division of the United States of America, its economic development.

presentation, added 10/15/2012


Geographical position and area occupied by Switzerland. Political structure and administrative division. Physical and geographical characteristics of the country, climate and relief. Economy, industry, agriculture, transport, tourism and religion.

presentation, added 04/09/2011


The geographical position of the tundra on the coast of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. Climatic conditions, average annual temperatures in the tundra. Flora and fauna of the climatic zone. Population density in the tundra. Major environmental issues.

presentation, added 11/30/2015


Natural and climatic conditions and minerals of African countries. features of African civilization. Demographic situation in Africa. Economy: leading branches of industry and agriculture. Sub-regions of Africa and the Republic of South Africa.

test, added 12/04/2009


Natural recreational resources. Geographic location of Italy. Winter resorts. Natural resources of the Alps. Geological structure of Italy. Maritime regions of Italy. Adriatic coast. National parks.