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Geographical position
The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests is located in the western part of the East European plain between the taiga and the forest-steppe and extends from the west to the confluence of the Oka and the Volga. The territory of the zone is open to the Atlantic Ocean and its impact on the climate is decisive.
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Climate
Mixed and broad-leaved forests are characterized by warmer long summers than in the taiga and cold, long winters. average temperature January changes from -4C in the west to -16C in the east of the Russian Plain. On the Far East January temperature is -20…-24С.
There is no deep snow cover. The annual amount of precipitation reaches 500-800 mm.
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The soil
AT mixed forests podzolic soils of the temperate zone acquire humus soil horizons. First of all, this is due to the fact that a lot of herbaceous plants, the remains of which are mixed by soil-dwelling animals (worms, moles, etc.) with soil minerals. Such soils with a humus horizon, a horizon of leaching of iron and clay particles, as well as a brown leaching horizon are called soddy-podzolic. In the subzone mixed forests there are also waterlogged soils of swampy meadows with humus and gley soil horizons - they are called soddy-gley soils. These types of soils are very widespread, especially in the European part of Russia.
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Vegetable world
Far Eastern mixed and broad-leaved forests are very peculiar. The vegetation of the zone has been greatly altered as a result of human activity. Now forests occupy less than 30% of the area of the zone. They include a significant proportion of secondary, small-leaved forests. The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests is characterized by large reserves of heat and sufficient moisture.
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Animal world
In mixed and broad-leaved forests, there are many shelters, varied and fairly plentiful food. This allows the animals to stay in the forests all year round. There are much fewer migratory birds here than in the tundra. Forests are characterized by a tiered distribution of animals. Animals are common here: squirrel, pine marten, polecat, Brown bear, foxes, elk, the bats, woodpeckers, owls.
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Mixed broadleaf forests
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The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests stretches from the western borders of Russia to the Ural Mountains, in a thin strip to the source of the Ob River.
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Mixed forests are characteristic warm summer and relatively cold and long winters. This is one of the most common climatic zones in Russia. Summer is long and warm (at least four months have average monthly temperature above 10°C). This is what encourages growth. broadleaf trees. The average July temperature is 18-20°C. However, the climate is quite humid. The annual amount of precipitation is not less than 600-800 mm. The maximum precipitation falls on the warm period, the moisture balance is close to neutral. Surface runoff is greater than in the taiga, the river network is well developed, and the rivers are full of water. The incidence is much less than in taiga zone. Low-lying and transitional swamps predominate.
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Vegetation
Forests differ from European ones in terms of species composition of trees and shrubs. The main forest-forming species from conifers are Korean cedar, whole-leaved fir, Sayan spruce and a number of larches; from broad-leaved - Mongolian oak, Amur linden, velvet tree, etc. Forests are formed by oak, maple, linden, ash, hazel, etc. Birch forests, aspen forests and shrubs are common in place of coniferous-deciduous forests.
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Soils under mixed and broad-leaved forests are gray forest and brown forest. They contain more humus than the podzolic soils of the taiga.
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Animals
Complex plant communities contribute to the formation of a diverse animal world. Bison, elk, wild boar, wolf, pine marten, dormouse, ancient and rare view this zone muskrat, etc.; from birds - oriole, grosbeak, green and middle woodpeckers.
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human activities
In the forest zones, stocks of timber and game animals are concentrated, the subsoil is rich in various minerals, and the mighty rivers have colossal reserves of hydropower. The zones have long been mastered by man, especially on the Russian Plain, where a significant part of the territory has been developed for agriculture and cattle breeding. The main fodder base of animal husbandry is floodplain and upland meadows. Large cities and numerous settlements were built, iron and highways, oil and gas pipelines, reservoirs have been built, so many natural complexes forest zones have been greatly altered by man, sometimes turned into natural-anthropogenic. To preserve typical taiga and coniferous-broad-leaved forest complexes in Russia, nature reserves, sanctuaries and national parks have been created.
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Problems and ways to solve them
Nowadays animal world deciduous forests has undergone great changes under the influence of human activities. Many animals have changed the limits of their distribution in this zone, expanding them or, conversely, reducing them. The number of some animals has decreased, some of them have almost disappeared, others, on the contrary, have become more numerous. In our country, work is now underway to restore and protect natural resources. This also applies to the zone of deciduous forests, in particular, its animal world.
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Presentation on the topic: Mixed and deciduous forests
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Description of the slide:
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Description of the slide:
The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests stretches from the western borders of Russia to the Ural Mountains, in a thin strip to the source of the Ob River. The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests stretches from the western borders of Russia to the Ural Mountains, in a thin strip to the source of the Ob River.
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Description of the slide:
Mixed forests are characterized by warm summers and relatively cold and long winters. This is one of the most common climatic zones in Russia. Mixed forests are characterized by warm summers and relatively cold and long winters. This is one of the most common climatic zones in Russia. Summers are long and warm (at least four months have an average monthly temperature above 10°C). This is what favors the growth of broad-leaved trees. The average July temperature is 18-20°C. However, the climate is quite humid. The annual amount of precipitation is not less than 600-800 mm. The maximum precipitation falls on the warm period, the moisture balance is close to neutral. Surface runoff is greater than in the taiga, the river network is well developed, and the rivers are full of water. Waterlogging is much less than in the taiga zone. Low-lying and transitional swamps predominate.
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Description of the slide:
Forests differ from European ones in terms of species composition of trees and shrubs. The main forest-forming species from conifers are Korean cedar, whole-leaved fir, Sayan spruce and a number of larches; from broad-leaved - Mongolian oak, Amur linden, velvet tree, etc. Forests differ from European ones in the species composition of tree and shrub species. The main forest-forming species from conifers are Korean cedar, whole-leaved fir, Sayan spruce and a number of larches; from broad-leaved - Mongolian oak, Amur linden, velvet tree, etc. Forests are formed by oak, maple, linden, ash, hazel, etc. Birch forests, aspen forests and shrubs are common in place of coniferous-deciduous forests.
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Description of the slide:
Soils under mixed and broad-leaved forests are gray forest and brown forest. They contain more humus than the podzolic soils of the taiga. Soils under mixed and broad-leaved forests are gray forest and brown forest. They contain more humus than the podzolic soils of the taiga.
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Description of the slide:
Complex plant communities contribute to the formation of a diverse animal world. Bison, elk, wild boar, wolf, pine marten, dormouse dormouse, an ancient and rare species of this zone, muskrat, and others live here; from birds - oriole, grosbeak, green and middle woodpeckers. Complex plant communities contribute to the formation of a diverse animal world. Bison, elk, wild boar, wolf, pine marten, dormouse dormouse, an ancient and rare species of this zone, muskrat, and others live here; from birds - oriole, grosbeak, green and middle woodpeckers.
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Description of the slide:
In the forest zones, stocks of timber and game animals are concentrated, the subsoil is rich in various minerals, and the mighty rivers have colossal reserves of hydropower. In the forest zones, stocks of timber and game animals are concentrated, the subsoil is rich in various minerals, and the mighty rivers have colossal reserves of hydropower. The zones have long been mastered by man, especially on the Russian Plain, where a significant part of the territory has been developed for agriculture and cattle breeding. The main fodder base of animal husbandry is floodplain and upland meadows. Large cities and numerous settlements have been built, railways and highways, oil and gas pipelines have been built, reservoirs have been built, so many natural complexes of forest zones have been greatly altered by man, sometimes turned into natural-anthropogenic ones. To preserve typical taiga and coniferous-broad-leaved forest complexes in Russia, nature reserves, sanctuaries and national parks have been created.
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Description of the slide:
In our time, the fauna of broad-leaved forests has undergone great changes under the influence of human activities. Many animals have changed the limits of their distribution in this zone, expanding them or, conversely, reducing them. The number of some animals has decreased, some of them have almost disappeared, others, on the contrary, have become more numerous. In our country, work is now underway to restore and protect natural resources. This also applies to the zone of deciduous forests, in particular, its animal world. In our time, the fauna of broad-leaved forests has undergone great changes under the influence of human activity. Many animals have changed the limits of their distribution in this zone, expanding them or, conversely, reducing them. The number of some animals has decreased, some of them have almost disappeared, others, on the contrary, have become more numerous. In our country, work is now underway to restore and protect natural resources. This also applies to the zone of deciduous forests, in particular, its animal world.
Presentation on the topic "Zone of mixed broad-leaved coniferous forests" in geography in powerpoint format. This presentation for schoolchildren provides distinctive features coniferous forests from mixed forests. Presentation author: Likhodeeva G.N., teacher of geography.
Fragments from the presentation
coniferous forests
- Solid stripe. Occupies a large area.
- Moraine relief, no floodplain terraces.
- Harsh climatic conditions
- It is rich in surface and ground waters. Waterlogging. Permafrost. >S.
- Podzolic soils + permafrost-taiga.
- Coniferous trees.
- 90 species of mammals. Fur animals (sable, mink, marten, squirrel, otter). Seed-eating birds. focal settlement
- Timber industry. Cultivation of dairy and meat and dairy cattle. South - agriculture (rye, barley, flax, potatoes, vegetables, forage grasses).
mixed forests
- It does not have a continuous distribution.
- Diverse relief: moraine relief, gentle basins, floodplain terraces
- Favorable climatic conditions.
- Rich in surfaces and groundwater. Less swampy. There is no permafrost.
- Soddy-podzolic gray forest soils.
- Deciduous + coniferous species.
- Fur animals (fox, squirrel, marten, raccoon dog, ermine, forest polecat). Lots of seed-eating birds. Heavily exterminated by man.
- A dense network of urban and rural settlements. Selective agricultural development (rye, barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes, forage grasses, berries). Meat and dairy farming and pig breeding, poultry farming, beekeeping. Suburban type with / x. The timber industry is less developed.
Mixed forests are located on the territory Eastern European plains and in the Far East. Mixed forests are located on the territory of the East European Plain and in the Far East. characteristic feature mixed forests is a more or less developed grass cover. A characteristic feature of mixed forests is a more or less developed grass cover. Soils: gray, forest; in the Ussuri taiga - brown forest. Soils: gray, forest; in the Ussuri taiga - brown forest. Characteristic.
Inhabitants. European moose. The European elk is called the forest giant for a reason. It is one of the largest animals living in the zone of mixed deciduous forests. Its average weight reaches three hundred kilograms. The head of the male is decorated with huge horns. The coat of this animal is usually gray or black-brown.
Hedgehog. Hedgehogs are animals that live in mixed forests. This little animal very poor eyesight, but superbly developed hearing and sense of smell. In case of danger, the hedgehog rolls up, taking the shape of a ball. And then none of the predators can cope with it (this animal has about 5000 needles, the length of which is 2 cm).
Fox. The fox is a very cautious predator. The body length of this animal reaches a meter and the famous fox tail is almost the same size. The fur of this animal most often has a red color, the breast and abdomen are light gray, but the tip of the tail is always white. These animals prefer mixed forests, which alternate with clearings, ponds and meadows. The fox can be seen on the outskirts of the villages, and in the groves among the meadows.
Lynx. Lynx is another representative of predators living in mixed forests. The lynx hunts from ambush. She can pretty for a long time track down prey, hiding among the branches of trees or dense shrubs. This predator has long powerful paws that help the lynx to jump over long enough distances.
