Oak red

This publication continues the series of articles on the choice of trees for planting on the site (and). We give a far from complete list of varieties and forms of introduced species - our review primarily covers tree species growing in the central regions of the European part of Russia. Such diversity should ensure the creation of landscape compositions that are different in design and harmonious in implementation.

broadleaf trees

• Linden

In the European part of Russia, one of the main forest-forming species is small-leaved linden, or heart-shaped (Tilia cordata) . characteristic feature The Central Russian estate of the 19th century had linden alleys, which gave it a unique majestic-monumental flavor. The remains of such alleys, which are huge hollow trees, have survived everywhere to this day, which indicates a very long durability of the linden.

This tree, having extremely soft wood, poorly resists the penetration of rot pathogens, but only the core of the trunk is affected. Powerful blocking reactions do not allow rot to penetrate into the vital sapwood, so old lindens with hollow, empty trunks inside are quite viable and, most importantly, very stable.

Linden heart-shaped

You can use linden for decorative and recreational purposes very widely:

• this plant tolerates pruning perfectly;
• in addition to alley, single and group plantings, it can be used for barrage plantings of the trellis type;
• linden has a high shade tolerance, it can be planted in shaded areas (near the high walls of buildings blocking the sun, blind fences, under the canopy of trees, etc.)

Linden has a cordate and negative features:

• First of all, it is susceptibility to disease. Therefore, when buying planting material, you must make sure that there are no signs of disease.
• planted plants should be subjected to regular forest pathological examination in order to timely carry out measures to combat diseases in the early stages of their development.

You can use other types of linden, in particular, large-leaved linden (Tilia platyphyllos) naturally growing in Western Europe. Many years of experience in using this breed in landscaping the Moscow region speaks of a number of its advantages compared to small-leaved linden:

• first of all, it is a more beautiful appearance in alley and group plantings;
• higher resistance to diseases and pests.

It's important to know

Linden requires high soil fertility, so when planting it, you should use soil mixtures with a high content of humus or select sites with medium and heavy soils. Of all the broad-leaved species, this tree is the most moisture-loving and must be provided with a sufficient amount of soil moisture.

• Oak

It is the main forest-forming deciduous forest in Europe. grows in the European part of Russia English oak (Quergus robur) , is one of our most durable and largest trees.

Nevertheless, in plantings, with the exception of parks, this plant is quite rare, although it has no equal in a number of properties. In particular, pedunculate oak has the highest recreational tolerance and is extremely drought tolerant.

In private areas, it can be used as a single planting. It tolerates moderate pruning, so you can form very beautiful tapeworms with a spherical, obovate and even tent-shaped crown.

It's important to know

But it should be borne in mind that this breed is slow growing in young age. Therefore, it is desirable to use large-sized seedlings with a height of 2.5 - 3 meters with a crown already initially formed in the nursery.

In park plantings, it is possible to create biogroups of pedunculate oak, with the expectation of bringing this breed into the first tier of the forest stand. This species is also very promising for replacement plantings under ripe and overmature trees.

To create tree groups in semi-open spaces and in avenue plantings, it is better to use red oak (Quergus rubra) - Introducer of North American origin.

This very spectacular tree has a number of advantages compared to pedunculate oak:

• undemanding to soil fertility;
• able to withstand its acidic reaction (however, it does not tolerate calcareous and moist soils);
• resistant to pests and diseases, including;
• resistant to smoke and gases.

In addition, red oak effectively reduces traffic noise and has. Many years of experience in growing in biogroups of mixed composition shows that red oak is perfectly combined with prickly spruce, Norway maple and a number of other types of woody plants.

• Elms

In the forests of the non-chernozem zone, two species from this family naturally grow: smooth elm (Ulmus laevis) and rough elm (Ulmus scabra) . These are large trees that are part of the dominant layer of broad-leaved and coniferous-broad-leaved forests.

Application for landscaping of these species in recent decades restrained by a widespread disease -.

However, due to the unique structure of the shoot system, the rough elm can be recommended for creating screen-type trellis plantings. In plants of this species, with the help of pruning and tying to the trellis, fan-shaped crowns are easily formed, with which you can fence yourself off from closely spaced tall buildings.

For plantings for other purposes, it is better to use resistant to Dutch disease. squat elm (Ulmus pumila) , naturally growing in Eastern Siberia and in the Far East.

• Ash

common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) - a typical plant of the dominant layer of broad-leaved forests of the chernozem regions. North of Moscow in the forests of natural origin is almost never found. However, in urban plantings - one of the most common and favorite trees.This is explained by the relatively easy tolerance of transplant seedlings, rapid growth and, most importantly, a very high ability to regenerate.

Even after the "barbaric" pruning, when all the branches are cut down and only a bare piece of the trunk sticking out in the form of a pillar remains, the shoot system is quickly restored.

The ash tree is able to withstand even several of these operations, which are fatal for most other species, during its life.

Common ash can be used in almost all types of plantings:

• single,
• alley,
• decorative and park groups, both mixed and pure composition.

For single and group plantings in the foreground, it is better to choose its decorative forms with a spectacular crown.

Introduced ash species can also be used to create decorative compositions. The most famous, introduced into our culture at the end of the 19th century American Ash (Fraxinus americana) and fluffy ash, or Pennsylvanian (Fraxinus pubescens) , also having decorative forms.

common ash

The disadvantages of all types of ash include:

• poor late spring frost tolerance
• low resistance to pests and diseases.

After frosts, ash crowns quickly recover, and in order to prevent the reproduction of pests and the development of diseases, regular forest pathological diagnostics are necessary, on the basis of which decisions are made on measures for further plant care.

• Maple

In addition to the widespread in the forests of Europe Norway maple (Acer platanoides) , in the broad-leaved forests of the chernozem part of Russia, two more types of maple naturally grow: Tatar maple ( Acer tataricum) and field maple (Acer campestre) .

Tatar maple- a large shrub or small tree up to 9 m tall, well moldable. The leaves, unlike the Norway maple, are whole and not dissected into lobes. In autumn, their yellow and reddish coloration is unusually spectacular. This species is very elegant in May during flowering, and in June, when the set lionfish fruits become dark red.

Tatar maple

Tatar maple can be used in single and group plantings, as well as undergrowth under large trees, improving the soil for larches, pines, birches, oaks and other trees of the first tier. It tolerates shearing well, so it can be used to create high (up to 4 meters) hedges.

field maple- the plant is more thermophilic and demanding on the soil than Norway and Tatar maples. Reaches a height of 15 m, grows quickly and is durable. It is one of the main components of the assortment of green building in the black earth regions. It is used in alley, single and group planting, as well as trees of the second tier in forest parks.

Silver maple

Norway maple- the most popular and known species maple forests of Europe. A tree growing up to 30 m in height with a dense, broadly rounded crown. Large size, beautiful dense crown, slender trunk, ornamental foliage- qualities for which this breed is highly valued in green building.

This is one of the best views trees for single, alley plantings and colorful powerful groups. The autumn attire of the Norway maple stands out especially effectively against the background of conifers.

Norway maple

It is quite demanding on fertility and soil moisture, it grows quickly, it is shade-tolerant. Well withstands transplantation and urban conditions, wind-resistant.

These qualities serve as the basis for making landscape decisions and choosing technologies when using this tree species in landscaping.

All of the above applies to the typical shape of Norway maple. For the centuries-old use of this species in culture, many decorative forms have been selected, differing in color and shape of foliage, nature and shape of the crown, and growth characteristics.

___________________________________________________________________

Tree species that dominate plant communities are called edificators , which means - environment formers. It is they who create the phytoenvironment to which plants of subordinate tiers are forced to adapt: ​​shrubs, grasses, mosses. Animals, including birds and insects, find their niche in this environment, mushrooms develop, and not only wood-destroying tinder fungi, but also very necessary plants and well known to us for many edible species.

Creation on your site such natural environment- this is the goal that you need to strive for, and you should start with the trees.

The first step should be an inventory of the woody vegetation already growing in order to preserve its elements in future design decisions. This is followed by designing and planting trees. At the next stage, compositions are created from shrubs and herbaceous perennials. Properly organized garden space begins with a competent site design project.

We are surrounded by a huge number of trees and shrubs. Sometimes we do not even think about how many species of these plants exist. Our article will describe the most popular representatives deciduous trees and their varieties.

Acacia belongs to the genus Robinia in the legume family. There are more than 600 species of this plant in the world. On average, the height of the tree reaches 25 meters, but sometimes shrub-like representatives are also found.

Important! All parts of the acacia contain a toxic substance - the alkaloid robinin, therefore it is not recommended to use it on its own for therapeutic purposes.

homeland of acacia North America, but today the tree grows in countries such as New Zealand, in African states, in Europe.

The leaves are ovoid in shape. Top part the plates are green, have a smooth structure, and the bottom resembles velvet, gray-green in color.

The flowers of the plant are predominantly white or yellow, they smell pleasant.

Consider the most common varieties:

Birch

There are about 120 species in the family. It has a smooth bark that peels off thinly and has alternate, petiolate leaves. The flowers are represented by staminate hearts, and the fruit is a flattened one-seeded nutlet, in which there are two membranous wings.

The most common varieties include the following:

Did you know? For the manufacture of one of the Faberge eggs in 1917 was used Karelian birch. The egg was named - "Birch".

Elm

Elm is a tall deciduous tree with ovate leaves, curved at the base. The height of the plant can be different and depends on the height of the graft. The crown is usually very wide, can reach 10 meters with a tree height of 5 meters.

It has a weeping shape. The inflorescences have an inconspicuous appearance, rather small, but the fruits are represented by large greenish lionfish. Foliage marsh color. It grows well on moist fertile soils, has good frost resistance, and is often found in city parks.

Consider the most common types of elm:

Hornbeam

The tree grows on the mainland of Europe, in Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia. The habitat covers broad-leaved forests. Plant height can reach 12 m, trunk diameter - up to 40 cm. On average, a tree can live 150 years. It has a dense crown, which has a cylindrical shape.

The trunk is ribbed, the branches are rather long, thin. The tree has a shallow root system, lateral anchor roots that go deep into the ground and grow slowly.

The leaves are oval, about 15 cm long and 5 cm wide. The upper part is painted dark green, the lower part is pale green. With the advent of autumn, the foliage acquires a lemon-yellow color.

Consider the most common types of hornbeam:

Oak

There are about 600 species in the genus that grow in the temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere.

The tree has a powerful tent-shaped crown, leathery leaves, deep roots. Loves light, grows well on rich soils, has good wind resistance, drought resistance, long-liver.

The most common types include:

Important! It is not recommended to grow red oak in large quantities - it has too hard leaves, which decompose for a long time, forming a “film” on the ground that will prevent other plants from growing.

Willow

Willow grows in Siberia, northern China, northern Europe, northern America. The height of the tree is approximately 15 m, but sometimes species can be found up to 35 m in height. willows prefer wet places, therefore, most often grow on the banks of rivers and lakes.

The most common include:

Maple

The height of the tree is different and depends on its type. On average, it can reach 30 meters. Maple is a long-liver - lives for about 200 years. The bark is painted gray, and the diameter of the trunk can reach 1.5 m. It has large, sinewy leaves with 5 lobes and pointed lobes.

In autumn, the foliage takes on an amber color. After leaf fall, seeds begin to fall, resembling appearance dragonflies. Flowering occurs in May and lasts about 10 days.

Consider the most common types of maple:

Linden

Belongs to the Malvaceae family. The place of growth is the temperate and subtropical zone northern hemisphere. Includes about 45 species. It has alternate leaves arranged in 2 rows.

Consider the most common:

Alder

It grows in Europe, Western Siberia, the Caucasus and North America. It is a tree, whose height is about 20 m. It has a narrow ovoid crown and light gray smooth bark. Often used as a fortification of the river bank.

Among the most common types are:

Rowan

Rowan includes about 100 species. The area of ​​growth is Europe, Western Asia, North America, the Caucasus. The tree has a height of 5 to 10 meters, a width of 4 to 6 meters. It can be either one or several trunks.

Consider the most common types of mountain ash:

Did you know? The taste of fresh rowan fruits is bitter, but after the first frost, the bitter glycoside of sorbic acid is destroyed, and the berries lose their bitterness.

Poplar

The height of the trees can reach 40 meters. They have small flowers that are collected in earrings. The fruit is represented by a box with very small seeds, in which there are bundles of hairs, the so-called "poplar fluff". It is worth noting that down is present only in female specimens, so they should be avoided when gardening.

Russian expanses are characterized by oak and beech forests. For example, the terraces of Tisza, Borzhava and Latoritsa are characterized by oak-ash floodplain forests (Querceto roboris-Fraxinetum). These forests are affected by the level of groundwater. But the southern territories are covered with oak forests with the participation of southern European oak species.

In addition, oak forests are also common in the uplands. And in several of these forest areas ranging from tens to hundreds of hectares, hornbeam-oak forests (Carpineto-Quercetum roboris) can be recognized. Due to the influence of agriculture, the number of oak stands has been significantly reduced. An extremely strong change in the germination conditions of most of the remaining oak forests, due to drainage and other land reclamation measures, as well as grazing, leads to their mass drying.

And the optimal conditions for the growth of beech are the altitudinal zone from 350 to 1450 meters above sea level. They're so clean, having a poor lower tier(undergrowth), and they are called "Fagetum pauper" or "Fagetum nudum". In the grass cover, anemone oak (Anemone nemorosa), female ferns (Athyrium filixfemina) and Austrian shieldwort (D. austriaca), oxalis (Oxalis acetosella) and blackberry rough (Rubus hirtus) are common. Also characterized by high closeness; timber stock - from 400 to 650 m?/ha. Along with them, there are many transitional options up to mixed forests. In the warm lower belts, sessile oak appears as an admixture due to the reduced competitiveness of beech. (Querceto petraeae-Fagetum). Within the beech belt itself, on open limestone massifs or outcrops, depending on the proportion of fine-grained soil, linden is attracted to it.

In addition, the cooling upper belts contribute to the formation of beech stands mixed with fir and spruce. They are even richer than pure ponds. Some photos reach up to 1200 m?/ha. These types of forests are also highly resistant to windbreaks and snowfall. For a long time, beech stands were out of the sphere of economic interest. Large, interconnected massifs belonged to large landowners and were used by them only for private hunting. Only from the beginning of the 19th century did the time come for their large-scale felling, followed by reforestation with spruce.

White acacia

(genus "robinia")

White acacia is often called by its real name - Robinia pseudoacacia. This tree grows 22-27 (33) meters high and up to 120 cm in diameter, lives 220-250 (350) years. The crown is openwork, spreading, rounded, short, sometimes with several separate tiers of branches. The trunk in plantations is relatively straight, highly debranched, but in the wild it is strongly curved and strongly branched. The bark of the trunk is grayish-brown with dark, thick, in old age with deep cracks. The leaves are alternate, compound, pinnate, 12-25 cm long, with 7-19 opposite elliptical leaflets. The flowers are predominantly white, fragrant, collected in multi-flowered drooping racemes 10-20 cm long. It blooms after the leaves bloom, profusely and annually (within 2 weeks). The fruit is a flat, bare, dark brown bean 5-12 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide. Seeds (5-15 pieces) ripen in August. The breed is photophilous, thermophilic and heat-resistant. And also fast growing. Acacia is a good honey plant. And thanks to unpretentiousness to soil conditions and the ability to give root shoots, is highly valued in forest reclamation.

birch fluffy

(genus "birch")

Its second name is white. The tree is 17-22 (25) m high and 50-60 cm in diameter. Lives 100-120 years. The crown is elongated-ovoid, of medium density. Thin branches of the first order depart from the trunk almost at a right angle, the shoots do not hang down. The trunk is straight, covered with white bark to the very base. Leaves are 4-6 cm long and 3-5 cm wide, ovate or oval-rhombic with a rounded base, obtusely pointed. Young leaves are fragrant. The fluffy birch is not indifferent to light, therefore it often grows in the 2nd tier of pine and spruce forests. It is very demanding on soil moisture - it does not grow on dry soils. Extremely frost-resistant, so this birch can be seen even in the forest-tundra.

Forest beech

(genus "beech")

The tree is 25-45 m high and 80-100 (160) cm in diameter. It lives 450-500 years. The trunk is straight (sometimes saber-curved from below), full-wood. In young trees, the crown is narrowly conical, pointed, and in old trees it is irregular in shape. Longitudinal shoots are bare, thin and yellowish-brown. The needles are 1-4 cm long and 1.5 mm wide, light green, with a sharp yellowish tip. Needles appear in March-April, turn yellow and fall off in autumn. Propagated by seeds. Fruits in 15-20 years and repeats every 3-5 years. Very light-loving breed. Relatively frost-resistant and winter-hardy. Windproof, tolerates air pollution well, is not demanding on moisture and soil.

Black alder

(genus "beech")

Alder black is also called sticky. It is a deciduous tree 25-30 (35) m high and 60-70 cm in diameter. It lives 100-150 (300) years. The crown in youth is dense, cylindrical, and later ovoid or rounded, of medium density. The bark on young trees is smooth, dark gray or greenish gray, and later dark brown, with shallow cracks. The leaves are simple, alternate, obovate, obtuse or blunt-pointed. The length of the leaves is 4-9 cm, and the width is 3-7 cm. The leaves are dark green above and light green below. The fruits are placed in dark brown cones up to 2 cm long, which open at the end of winter. Blooms before the leaves open. This breed is frost-resistant and winter-hardy. But demanding on soil fertility. There is a fast growing breed especially in the first 15-20 years.

common hornbeam

(genus "hornbeam")

The tree is 20-25 (30) m high and 60-70 cm in diameter. It lives up to 150-200 (350) years. The crown of the tree is spreading in space, up to 25 meters in diameter, but in plantations it is more compact, long and dense. The trunk is ribbed, often curved. The bark is thin, in young trees silver-gray, smooth, in old trees - dark gray, fissured. The leaves are simple, alternate, oblong-oval or ovate, round or slightly unequal-heart-shaped at the base, doubly dentate at the edges, distinctly expressed nerve of 910-15 pairs of veins. The length of the sheet is 5-15 cm, and the width is 3-5 cm. The leaves are dark green above, bare, light green below, slightly lowered along the veins. The common hornbeam blooms in April. And the seeds ripen in September. The fruit is a nutlet up to 9 mm long, flattened, oval, with longitudinal ribs. The breed is generally mild oceanic climate, relatively thermophilic. And demanding on soil fertility. Tolerates drought and even temporary flooding. The root system is predominantly superficial, widely procumbent with anchor roots, making the breed wind-resistant.

Common oak

(genus "oak")

Tree 30-36 (40) meters high and up to 1.5 m in diameter. Lives 400-500 (1500) years. The crown is highly developed, large branched. In youth, obovate or rounded; in old age, obovate-hip-shaped. The trunk at a young age is often curved, in the old it is well formed. The bark is smooth, shiny, olive-brown in youth and thick (up to 10 cm), deeply fissured, brown-gray or gray in old age. The leaves are simple, alternate, and at the ends of the shoots are collected in bunches, oblong-obovate, 3-7 rounded-lobed, dark green above, shiny, light green below. Acorns oblong, oval. Brown, shiny, on long petioles, 2-3 pieces. Blooms along with the leaves. Productivity is 0.7-2.0 tons / ha. It is well restored by seeds and sprouts from stumps (up to 80-100 years). The root system is taproot, deep (up to 12-15 meters, and sometimes up to 22 m), with strongly developed lateral and anchor roots. Common oak as a forest-forming and forest reclamation species. Forms predominantly mixed stands. Widely used in field-protective afforestation.

northern oak

(genus "oak")

Tree 30-35 meters high and 1.3-1.4 m in diameter. Lives up to 400 years. The crown can be narrow and wide (depending on the planting density). The branches extend from the trunk at almost a right angle. The trunk is straight, highly delimbed. The bark is thin, light gray or dark brown, for a long time smooth, and on old trees in the lower part it has a thickness of 5-7 cm, shallow-fissured, dark brown. Shoots are shiny, as if varnished, red-brown. The leaves are simple, alternate, with 7-11 pointed lobes. Acorns ovoid or almost spherical, up to 3 cm long, with a sharp top, light brown, shiny. As in other types of oak, wines also sit in a cup. Northern oak is moderately demanding in light, but requires an open top. He is a fast growing breed.

Rock Oak

(genus "oak")

A tree 28-35 meters high with a diameter of up to 1 meter. Lives 400-500 years. The crown at a young age is correct, ovoid, with uniformly placed branches and leaves. Trunks in plantations are slender, highly debranched and well pronounced towards the top. The bark is light gray or gray to dark, relatively thick (5-7 cm) and soft, and deeply fissured below. Run naked. Leaves up to 12 cm long and 4-8 cm wide, simple alternate, oblong-obovate, dark green above, shiny, light green below, occasionally covered with hairs. The fruits are acorns, ovoid, 1.5-3.5 cm long, and up to 1.5 cm in diameter. The silvicultural value is similar to that of ordinary oak.

Maple white

(genus "oak")

The tree is 30-37 m high and 90-110 cm thick. It lives 150-200 years. The crown is of medium density, broadly ovoid or tent-shaped, highly raised along the trunk. The trunk is well formed, straight, but at the base, in most cases, saber-shaped curved. The bark is grayish-brown, thin, smooth when young, thick and fissured when old. The leaves are deeply heart-shaped at the base. On the upper side they are dark green, dull and bare, and below they are whitish-green or bluish-green, mostly hairy. It blooms after the leaves open, the flowers are yellow-green, in dense multi-flowered racemes. The fruits are naked lionfish with a spherical seed nest. The wings diverge at an angle of 45-40 degrees and are about 5 cm long. The root system is not deep (up to 1.5 m), without a taproot, compact, branched in the upper soil layer.

Norway maple

(genus "maple")

A tree 25-28 m high and up to 1 meter in diameter. Lives up to 200 (400) years. The crown is dense, wide and low lowered. The leaves are cross-opposite, 6-18 cm long and 8-20 cm wide, heart-shaped and glabrous at the base. Blooms in late April with the leaves blooming. The flowers are collected in corymbose inflorescences, greenish-yellow, melliferous. The root system consists of a shallow tap root and large lateral superficial ones. The breed is shade-loving, frost-resistant, demanding on moisture and soil fertility, cold-resistant, but in harsh winters gives frost cracks.

Aspen

(genus "birch")

Aspen is called trembling poplar. The tree is 25-30 (35) m high and up to 1.3 m in diameter. It lives 90-120 (120) years. The crown is openwork, first ovoid, and then rounded, irregularly shaped, short and with thick branches. The trunk in plantations is straight, cylindrical, highly delimbed. The leaves are simple, alternate, rounded to oval. They are dense, naked, dark green above with yellowish-white veins, bluish below. Aspen flowers in early spring before the leaves open. The fruit is a capsule, ripens in May. Seeds with tufts of hairs. The root system is very branched (up to 20-30 m), pivotal and not deep (up to 1 m). The breed is photophilous, not whimsical to heat and soil, frost-resistant. The breed is fast growing.

Ash

(genus "ash")

The tree is 30-40 m high and up to 120-150 cm in diameter. It lives 300-400 years. The crown in dense plantations is poorly developed, short, narrow and openwork, long, wide. The trunk is straight, highly debranched, with a well-defined apex. The bark in youth is thin, smooth, in old trees it is gray or dark gray to brown, 8 cm thick. The leaves are compound, pinnate, up to 20 cm long, consists of 7-15 almost sessile or oblong-elliptical leaflets. The fruits are oblong yellow-brown achenes, 4-5 cm long, slightly expanded towards the apex, sometimes with a notch at the apex. The seeds at the base of the lionfish are narrowed towards the base. The root system is shallow (up to 2 m), but highly developed and branched, greatly dries up the soil. The breed is demanding on fertility and soil moisture. thermophilic.

07.05.2016 15:30

Illustration:

broadleaf forests are located on the Russian Plain, occupying almost the entire territory up to the Urals. The wealth of these massifs is determined by the variety of tree and plant species growing here. Surprisingly, it is these forests that are most common in most regions of our country due to their adaptability to rapidly changing weather conditions and temperature regimes.

Only the broad-leaved forests of our country require a special climate for their full development and expansion of forests. They grow even in the south of the Far East, along the entire length of the climatic zone.

Certain tree species that can grow on the borders of various forests help to distinguish between different forest areas. natural areas, whose climate often changes very frequently. For example, such a breed is spruce. It seems to draw the line between mixed and broad-leaved forests.

Another way to distinguish forests from each other is to study what types of trees grow in them. Broad-leaved forests are characterized by deciduous varieties of trees, the leaves of which can fall depending on the season and temperature. Leaves are also involved in the processes of photosynthesis, recycle carbon dioxide present in nature into oxygen that is favorable for life.

Forest-steppes also represent a certain boundary between forests. Trees practically do not grow in these territories, and the soil, due to the presence of special nutritional components, is colored in dark colors and shades.

Features of broad-leaved forests in Russia

Often on the territory of deciduous forests grow trees that belong to hardwood. Sometimes there are other breeds. But if they are found here in small numbers and do not exceed the total volume of deciduous trees, this forest is not classified as a mixed type.

Here you can find gray forest soil, which provides the trees with all the useful substances necessary for their life. The remaining components of the trees are taken from their own leaves in the autumn-winter seasons of the year. When the leaves turn yellow and fall off, the trunk and root system of the tree prepares to overwinter, to “wait out” the times unfavorable for its growth.

But if the trunk is protected by bark, then the root system is more vulnerable in this regard. After all, the soil cools down in winter due to the lack of sunlight. Then the situation is saved by fallen leaves. They rot and nourish the roots and trunk of trees that are in a state of "sleep".

Such natural processes as leaf rotting are able to maintain a certain constant temperature in certain areas of the soil, so tree:

• completely protected from the cold
• does not lose its ability to further growth,
• stores useful substances in order to use them in the spring, when climatic conditions again become favorable for broad-leaved trees.

In the east of the most extensive forest area, the heat supply is much higher than in the zone of mixed forests closest to it. Therefore, trees fully grow and develop here, much faster.

Rich vegetation of deciduous forests

Since the soils are rich in all the components necessary for the growth of trees and all kinds of plants, the vegetation of these places is quite diverse. After all, the period of its growth and development increases due to the temperate climate and low temperatures. However, in the spring, a decrease in humidity can be seen in some areas of broadleaf forests. Therefore, if we consider this array from a bird's eye view, we can see that its integrity is slightly broken and in certain places “voids” are visible that are not filled with trees. As mentioned above, the reasons for this natural phenomenon there may be several.

AT recent times broad-leaved forests have significantly reduced the volume of their territories. This is because technological progress is developing at such a speed that forests simply do not have time to restore their arrays.

The forest needs help

Broadleaf forests really need human help. No matter how paradoxical it sounds, but only he is able to reduce the destructive impact on nature.

• to plant seedlings in those places where forest areas are interrupted for any reason,
• to ensure the protection of broad-leaved and other types of forests from encroachment by poachers and irresponsible entrepreneurs who ruthlessly cut down large areas of this natural material,
• create all conditions for buildings and cities to be at a certain distance from the forest.

All these conditions are not easy to comply with, since many of them are practically not controlled by the state. Industrial enterprises carry out too large volumes of emissions into our atmosphere. Only forests can help clean the air. Therefore, their preservation is so important for the future of our planet.

Broad-leaved forests, like other forests, are the lungs of the Earth. Without forests, our planet would not be able to exist in the form in which it functions and develops now.

Everything you need to keep environmental health planets - protection of forests. This is not so difficult, given that only in our country broad-leaved forests grow, which have practically no analogues in the world in terms of the length of their arrays. Since such wealth grows in one territory, it simply needs to be preserved.

Broadleaf forests and industry

Surprisingly, these massifs are the main raw material in the timber industry. They are a versatile material for processing, which is able to restore its resources.

In industry, even production waste is used. That is, recycling already processed raw materials in our country is established. But at the same time, the volume of deforestation is not reduced. To remedy this situation, a complete reorganization of the enterprises involved in this stage of work with wood processing should be carried out.

Broadleaf forest potential

Due to the fact that in these forests there is an active biological cycle of all natural elements, the soil is constantly "working", renewing its natural potential.

In addition, thanks to such metamorphoses, broad-leaved forests are cleansed of all kinds of pollutants that have settled on the leaves and branches of harmful chemical elements.

Thanks to the vital activity of all microorganisms, plants and animals present in the area, the composition of calcium in the soil is updated, which is simply necessary for the growth of trees.

In the earth, thus, accumulate:

• tree-friendly fertilizers,
• mineral substances that ensure the expansion of the boundaries of the forest,
• humus, which supports all chemical processes and reactions in the soil at an optimal level for tree life.

Sometimes in the broad-leaved forests of our country, in certain climatic zones, you can meet black soil. Thanks to him, trees grow much faster, and vegetable and animal world These areas are very rich and diverse.

Animals in such forests live mainly herbivores. After all, the leaves of some trees are the main "dish" for many ungulates. In broad-leaved forests, you can meet deer or roe deer. The wild boar is very adapted to such places, feeding on oak acorns and other fruits that fall at the moment of one of the stages of tree growth.

In fact, the fauna of these forests is quite rich, but the same type due to the climate. AT winter periods time, some birds fly south due to the lack of food necessary for their life, and animals hibernate or look for alternative sources to get food.

On the Russian plain, a certain anthropogenic transformation is observed, which broad-leaved forests have undergone. Oak forests have practically disappeared, which for several centuries adorned most of the territory of the plain up to the Urals.

Most of the soils on which it grew were cultivated and plowed up. Frequent exploitation of soils useful with various mineral fertilizers and other nutrients for trees has reduced their natural potential. It will take decades to restore its resources and expand broadleaf forests.

And all that a person had to do was to use the resources already available in nature reasonably, not to cut down forests thoughtlessly, as if they were eternal, but such natural resources unlimited on earth.

What has already been done cannot be changed, it remains only to try to correct this trend in the reduction of broad-leaved forests in our country. To do this, it is not necessary to plant new trees on plots of land already used for industrial purposes. You can do otherwise and save the remaining forest areas.

Broad-leaved forests in our time represent a unique ecosystem capable of self-healing. It is possible to carry out the development of natural resources on its territory only if it is organized correctly.

To do this, experts determine which of the trees can be classified as suitable for felling, and which cannot be touched due to their age and ability to create new trees.

Next, the trees are marked, and the process of cutting down and harvesting wood begins. It must be carried out at a certain time of the year so as not to disturb the natural processes occurring in the trees. After cutting down, a break is made and observation of broadleaf forest. If this site is gradually restored, then it is possible to start selective felling on another one. Complete deforestation is prohibited due to the fact that young trees are sometimes cut down along with trees suitable for processing. Due to their potential, the territories of broad-leaved forests are expanding.

If you give nature time, then the humus layer in the soil will return to its previous level again. After all, the growth rate of broad-leaved trees and their further development depend on this. Therefore, the protection of forests is now the main issue on which not only the development of the Russian forest industry, but also the health of our planet as a whole depends.

I will strive to grow deciduous trees mainly from seeds, immediately planting the seeds in pre-prepared soil.

In addition, I will transplant seedlings of deciduous trees from nearby forests, where seedlings grow from self-sowing seeds and often interfere with each other's growth and development. In this case, it must be taken into account that any transplant leads to seedling stress and can lead to the loss of part of the roots.

When transplanting seedlings of trees and shrubs from the forest, I will definitely transplant them with a clod of earth and collect a couple of buckets of soil on which they grew - so I can almost guarantee to provide them with mycorrhiza.

Over time, when the trees grow up, some of them can be used for harvesting. wood and .

I am going to buy a plot of more than 14 hectares with a large number of trees and shrubs - this will make it possible not only to harvest firewood on my own, but also to make stakes, boards, bars and beams for construction and for creating original furniture.

I publish a table of deciduous trees from my subjective assessment their main properties:

It is necessary to clearly distinguish between broad-leaved and small-leaved trees, since their properties are significantly different: broad-leaved trees have denser and more valuable wood, while small-leaved trees are usually more winter-hardy and multiply faster by self-sowing, capturing vast areas after clearings and fires.

Broadleaf trees are Oak, Linden, Maple, Beech, Elm, Hickory, Ginkgo, Hornbeam, horse chestnut, Edible chestnut, White acacia, Cherry plum, Walnut, Poplar, Bird cherry, Mulberry, Sycamore, Ash and some other trees.

Small-leaved trees include Birch, Energy willow, small-leaved elm, Willow, Alder, Aspen, Rowan and some other trees.

Forests that are formed by broad-leaved trees are called broad-leaved. Broad-leaved forests prefer humid and moderately humid regions of a temperate climate with a weakened continentality, with a uniform distribution of precipitation throughout the year and with relatively high temperatures.

I recommend to see Broadleaf forest map and draw your own conclusions.

I invite everyone to speak in