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Humanity did not immediately understand that the nature of our planet is in danger. Entire species of plants and animals are disappearing. According to the most conservative estimates, about 900 species of plants and animals have disappeared from the face of the Earth over the past five centuries. In the near future, more than 10,000 species of living organisms may join this list.
If in 500 years about 150 species of animals and birds have died out on our planet, then more than half - only in the last 50-60 years.
In 1948, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature was formed and natural resources(IUCN). And it took some practical steps to prevent this organization from becoming a purely formal body.
As a result of many years of work of the commission in 1963, for the first time, a register of rare and endangered species appeared. wild plants and animals, which was given the name Red Date Book, that is, the Red Book of Facts.
In the future, it simply began to be called the Red Book. A book in which rare species of animals, plants, reptiles, insects, and mushrooms are recorded. Or those that are in danger of extinction. To save certain species of flora and fauna.
Thus, the main tasks of the Red Book are: inventory, accounting of rare and endangered species of plants, animals, fungi; providing objective information about them; explanation of the main methods of conservation and restoration of the number of species. These tasks are set both on a global scale (International Red Book) and in individual countries or regions (for example, the Red Book of Russia or the Red Book of Karelia).
National Red Books also exist in Australia, USA, Sweden, Germany, Japan.
The Red Book is all colored pages.
Black pages contain lists of those who are no longer there, who we will never see again, who are already extinct ( Sea cow, passenger pigeons and others).
Red pages show us endangered and especially rare animals (bisons, red wolf, beavers, leopard, Snow Leopard, Amur tiger and others).
Yellow Pages- those animals, the number of which is rapidly decreasing (polar bears, pink flamingos, pink gulls, goitered gazelle and others).
White the pages are those animals, of which there have always been few.
gray pages - those animals are included that are very little studied, and their habitats are inaccessible.
Greens pages - those animals that we managed to save and save them from extinction (elk, river beaver).
- 71 bird species have disappeared from Hawaii since humans first landed on the islands.
- Currently, 17 species of penguins live on Earth. The populations of 12 species of them are rapidly declining.
- The annual income from the industrial catch of bluefin tuna in the world is $7.2 billion. From 1980 to the present, the number of bluefin tuna has declined by 70%. Experts believe that in the next 10 years this species may disappear altogether.
- Only 3,200 tigers remain on Earth. Over the past century, the number of this species of animals on Earth has decreased by 97%.
Here are some more facts about already extinct animals.
- Last thylacine or tasmanian marsupial wolf died September 7, 1936 in a private zoo.
- QUAGGA(steppe zebra) An animal of the genus of horses exterminated in the 19th century because of its strong and beautiful skin.
- Baiji - Chinese river dolphin. A special international expedition, which took place in November-December 2006, stated that the Chinese river dolphin, most likely, has completely disappeared.
- Passenger pigeon - an extinct bird of the pigeon family. Until the 19th century, it was one of the most common birds on Earth, the total number of which was estimated at 3-5 billion individuals.
- Sea or Steller's cow. Belongs to the group of sirens. She swam in large herds at the surface of the water, fed on seaweed.
One can give such an example. In 1985, 31 species of insects were listed in the Red Book of Karelia, and ten years later there were already 255 of them. This suggests that rash economic, or rather, mismanagement, human activity is destroying our natural uniqueness. As much as we would not like, but the pantries of nature are not unlimited. And it depends on all of us, and each one individually, whether the person of the future will have the opportunity to walk through the green forest. Or he will have to walk on artificial lawns, because for the psychological health of a person, the need for green has been developed for millennia.
The article uses photos and information from open sources.
The fauna existing in Karelia was formed in the post-glacial period, that is, during the last 10 - 15 thousand years. 63 species of small, medium and large mammals live in Karelia. Of these, 4 species are introduced here or in adjacent territories, and then penetrated into the republic.
The fauna existing in Karelia - relatively young - was formed in the post-glacial period, that is, during the last 10 - 15 thousand years. 63 types of small, medium and large mammals lives in Karelia. Of these, 4 species are introduced here or in adjacent territories, and then penetrated into the republic. These are North American - muskrat, American mink, Canadian beaver and Far Eastern raccoon dog. The wild boar, which appeared as a result of natural settlement in Karelia in the late 60s - early 70s, and roe deer cannot be called native either. appearing from time to time in southern regions republics
Inhabitants of reservoirs
Currently, 57 species of fish live in the reservoirs of Karelia, 28 are rare and endangered species.
About 100 species and forms of mollusks and 10 species of higher crustaceans also live in the water element. There are 4 protected species.
Dwelling in Lake Ladoga The ringed seal (Pusa hispida ladogensis) is an endemic freshwater subspecies of the ringed seal, a relic of the Ice Age, listed in the Red Books of Russia, Karelia and the World Conservation Union Red List as a vulnerable subspecies with a narrow range. In connection with the excessive hunting pressure in the 20s - 30s of the current century, when more than 1500 animals were shot in some seasons, and with the beginning of the use of nylon nets in the 50s, when the number of only registered cases of death of seals in them reached 700 heads per year, the size of the population Ladoga seal has significantly decreased.
According to 1994 data, their number is in the range of 3-7 thousand animals. In Lake Ladoga, there is a ringed seal - a seal, a relic of the ice age. According to 1994 data, the number of Ladoga ringed seals is in the range of 3-7 thousand animals. The conditions of Lake Ladoga (a small closed ecosystem) predetermined the small number of seals. Due to the fact that in the 20s - 30s of the current century, hunters shot more than 1500 animals, and with the beginning of the use of nylon nets in the 50s, in which only according to registered data 700 heads per year died, the population size of the Ladoga seal has significantly decreased. Therefore, the Ladoga ringed seal is especially protected, it is listed in the Red Books of Russia, Karelia and in the World Conservation Union Red List as a vulnerable subspecies with a narrow range.
forest dwellers
Lynx is common throughout Karelia, but in the north it is very rare and far from annual. With all its appearance, the lynx is very similar to a domestic cat, only much larger than it.
The largest of the predatory animals of Karelia - Brown bear. The weight of old males reaches 250 - 300 kg. Like the badger and the wolverine, the bear is a plantigrade animal, that is, it relies on the entire foot when walking, and not just on the fingers, like other predators.
The beaver is the largest rodent in Karelia. On the territory of Karelia, European and Canadian beavers are distinguished. The beaver is perfectly adapted to life in the water. In Karelia, the main type of beaver dwelling is a hut.
Birds
291 species of birds are registered on the territory of the republic. More than 40% of nesting species live on the borders of ranges.
36 species of birds nesting in this territory are included in the Red Data Book of Karelia. Tundra swan, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, steppe harrier, peregrine falcon, gray shrike are listed in the Red Book of Russia.
The largest diving duck in Karelia is the common eider. Males reach a weight of 3 kg. The eider has a very valuable, warm and delicate down.
Through the Olonets region and Vodlozersky national park pass the corridors of seasonal bird migration. Olonets fields every year become a gathering place for 1.5 million geese. Parking lots are formed mainly from white-fronted geese and bean goose. AT last years the number of barnacle goose is growing. All other European geese, with the exception of the black goose, are also found at camp sites, but much less frequently. The Black Goose crosses the territory of Karelia in one transit flight.
Amphibians and reptiles
There are 3 species of lizards and 2 species of snakes in Karelia.
Vegetable world Karelia
The Republic of Karelia is located within the northern and middle subzones taiga zone. Forests make up more than 50% of the total area of the republic, swamps occupy more than 20%, meadows about 1%.
In the vegetation cover of Karelia, 1379 species of vascular plants are represented: 18 of them are vascular plants listed in the Red Book of Russia.
There are many different types pines, but only Scotch pine grows in Karelia. Pine grows in the conditions of Karelia for 300 - 350 years, although there are also older trees. They reach a height of 20 - 25 meters, and sometimes 35 meters.
AT pine forests the air is very clean, as the needles release phytoncides that kill microbes. Therefore, sanatoriums and recreation centers are built in pine forests.
Pine gives valuable (very durable!) wood, which is used in construction and shipbuilding. Pine is also valued in the furniture industry.
Rosin and turpentine are obtained from resin (pine sap). Rosin is used to make soap, to make the highest grades of paper, and to rub the bows of musical instruments.
Pine grows in the Marcial Waters - a long-liver (about 400 years old). This pine is included in the list of rare trees - monuments that are on a special list. She has been issued a security clearance. There is a version according to which one of Peter I's close associates or relatives planted the pine tree. But such an age (400 years old suggests that the pine tree grew in the Marcial waters long before Peter's arrival).
Norway spruce and Siberian spruce grow in Karelia.
In the conditions of Karelia, spruce lives 200 - 300 years, individual trees live up to 500 years, reaching a height of 35 meters and up to a meter in diameter. Spruce wood is light, almost white, light, soft. Used for the best grades of paper. Spruce is called the musical tree, and this is no coincidence. Smooth, without branches, the trunks are used for the manufacture of musical instruments.
In the Karelian forests, several specimens of serpentine spruce (natural monuments) were found, which are of great interest for growing in parks. Unbranched long thin lateral shoots depart from the trunk of a serpentine spruce.
Larch belongs to coniferous trees, but unlike pine and spruce, it sheds all needles annually, like deciduous trees. Larch is durable - lives 400 - 500 years, reaches a height of about 40 meters. Grows fast. Larch is a valuable tree species. Larch wood is very strong and hard. Used in shipbuilding, landscaping.
Juniper is an evergreen coniferous shrub. It grows mainly in dry pine and spruce forests, along river banks, in swamps covered with moss. Juniper berries contain many valuable substances and have long been used in folk medicine.
In Karelia, two related species of "birch" are common: drooping birch and downy birch.
The birch is called the pioneer tree. She is the first to occupy any free piece of land. This is due to the fact that its tiny fruits are easily carried by the wind. And secondly, birch is an unpretentious tree species, although it does not tolerate shading. Birch is relatively short-lived, living up to 80 - 100 years and rarely longer. In the forest reaches a height of 25 meters. Birch wood is almost white, sometimes with a yellowish or reddish tint.
The pearl of the Karelian forests is the Karelian birch. This is a special form of birch. Its trunk has a lot of thickenings. Under the bark, the wood of the Karelian birch is not smooth, like that of a regular birch, but consists of a number of folds and depressions, tubercles and depressions. Karelian birch has an unusual wood, on a polished saw cut, dark brown or brown stripes, strokes, curls are clearly visible, creating unique patterns. A lot of products are made from Karelian birch wood. various items- boxes, chess, brooches and other decorations. Furniture made from it belongs to the objects of artistic value.
All trunks of Karelian birch are registered, there are only about seven thousand of them in the territory of Karelia. Cutting down is carried out only with the special permission of the government of the republic. Places of natural growth and artificial plantings (for example, near the village of Tsarevichi) have been declared sanctuaries. Karelian birch is listed in the "Red Book of Karelia".
In the village of Tsarevichi, a linden (a monument of nature) grows, the trunk diameter of which is so large, but 42 small lindens grow on the roots, forming a whole tent.
About 170 species grow in Karelia medicinal plants.
The large flowers of the Slipper of the present (Venus slipper) are distinguished by their amazing beauty. No wonder the name of this plant is associated with the name of the beautiful goddess of the morning dawn - Venus. In nature, the lady's slipper blooms for the first time in the fifteenth - seventeenth year. Now the lady's slipper is protected throughout Russia and is listed in the Red Book of Karelia and the Red Book of Russia. Lady's slipper belongs to orchid plants. They grow mainly in southern countries, are distinguished by a great variety, a bizarre shape of flowers. In addition to the slipper, our northern orchids also include a double-leaved skirt and spotted orchids.
The species composition of mosses in Karelia has not been sufficiently studied and there is no data on the approximate number of species growing on its territory. From representatives of different greatest variety, leafy mosses, 430 species were found in Karelia, 86 of which are listed in the Red Book.
In Karelia, 965 species and 46 intraspecific taxa of lichens and lichenized fungi have been identified. Currently, the final list of rare lichens of Eastern Fennoscandia found in Karelia includes 91 species.
Fungi in Karelia are currently identified 272 species and forms, their relationship with tree species. Of the total, 59% of species are edible, 12% are inedible, and 8% are poisonous; the properties of 21% of the total number of species have not been studied.
About 100 species are known in Karelia edible mushrooms: white, boletus, boletus, butterdish, volnushka, real breast, chanterelle, camelina, serushka. Hat mushrooms are not only interesting as a source of food, but have long been known as natural healers. In Karelia, 52 species of fungi with medicinal properties, including 16 on the islands White Sea. Many edible mushrooms delay or inhibit the development of bacteria.
Russian Civilization
The Karelian region is famous not only for the unique beauty of nature, but also for the habitat of rare species of animals in its expanses, many of which are on the verge of extinction. A complex of environmental measures with the inclusion of rare species in the Red Book of Russia helps to save them.
large mammals
To the most large species that are under protection include:- reindeer;
- wolverine;
- European deer.
- acquired thick wool, which warms in the cold season;
- The deer feeds on any vegetation that it can get. The basis of the diet is reindeer moss, which, thanks to a sharp sense of smell, the animal manages to find even under a layer of snow;
- wide hooves adapted for raking snow.
- shortened body;
- powerful wide paws;
- long coarse hair.
The animal has a dark brown color with two longitudinal stripes on the back. The animal prefers isolation and solitary long nomadic trips in search of food. However, there are also groups near large carrion. Now wolverines are on the verge of extinction, in Karelia there are only about 250 individuals. Medium and small animals from the Red Book
- The common hedgehog is rare and most often found in southern parts Karelia. It has a small body covered with needles, ready to curl up into a ball at any danger, a narrow muzzle, small beady eyes. It is predominantly nocturnal and feeds on insects. For the winter, it hibernates, having previously arranged a nest in a secluded place. It can be a hole or a hollow under a tree, where the hedgehog carries dry leaves, and the entrance is rammed with grass.
- Weasel is a small animal, distinguished by briskness. Its length is only 17-18 cm. It has an elongated body weighing 80-100 g, a short neck and paws, a narrow small head and a fluffy tail. The weasel is covered with soft fur, which in summer has a brown color with a light breast, and in winter it is white. Often this bold animal attacks prey larger than it. The basis of the diet is mice, lizards, eggs from nests, chicks, frogs, rats, pigeons.
- The flying squirrel is a small animal from the squirrel family. This animal is smaller than a squirrel (up to 20 cm in length), has ears rounded without brushes, large dark eyes. Distinctive feature- a kind of parachute in the form of leather membranes between the paws. They stretch when jumping over, allowing you to increase the flight range.
By the river
On the territory of Karelia there are many lakes and rivers, on the banks of which one can meet such rare inhabitants as otters. These are relatives of wolverines and weasels weighing up to 10 kg. Unlike them, the otter is adapted to aquatic life. It has an elongated body with a tail and webbed paws, which contributes to fast travel in water. In food, a fish menu is preferable, as well as shellfish, crayfish, and frogs. Can hunt ducks and chicks. In the daytime, it often rests in a hole, and in warm weather comes ashore to bask in the sun. In the lakes you can meet the Ladoga seal. This is a representative of mustelids with dense fur of predominantly brown shades. Brings only one puppy. He is fluffy after birth white fur, therefore, not only predators, but also people hunt for a helpless cub. In Karelia, seals are protected; hunting for these animals has been prohibited here since 1984.
Birds
51 species of birds are also included in the Red Book of Karelia, among them:- The black swan is smaller than the white one and has a dark plumage with a greenish sheen. There are individuals weighing up to 3 kg. The black swan is a forest dweller that needs a combination of wood and water.
- The white-tailed eagle is a large bird with a wingspan of up to 2 m. It has a brown color with a white tail. Lives near water bodies. White-tailed eagles build nests that they use for several years in a row.
- The gray crane is a large representative of birds that weighs 6-7 kg. It has a bluish-gray plumage, it is distinguished by long legs. Cranes are monogamous, nesting in thickets near rivers.
AT recent times acquire actual meaning. Human activity on earth turned out to be too active: the air is poisoned by enterprises and vehicle exhaust gases, water bodies are polluted, many animals, fish, birds and plants are under the threat of extinction. Therefore, people are forced to resort to the letter of the law, creating various lists, thanks to which it is not allowed to destroy this or that natural look. Such a list is the Red Book.
What is the Red Book?
The idea for this book appeared in 1948. It was created at the initiative of the scientific community, which began to sound the alarm due to the increasing cases of extinction of populations of living organisms. The Union for Conservation of Nature printed out an alarm list and sent it to the leaders of world states. Why did they choose red?
In fact, everything is simple: it is an alarming shade, and at the same time the color of life. Therefore, the Red Book is designed to attract the attention of the public. Interestingly, it is not completely red: it has pages of other colors:
- The black. The most tragic pages are painted in the color of mourning. Those animals or plants that are written on them are never destined to be seen again. These are forever extinct species.
- Green. The most cheerful sheets: they contain species that have been revived and saved.
- Red. Pages in this hue indicate endangered species.
- White. Rare forms of flora and fauna are represented here.
- Grey. Insufficiently studied species are collected on gray pages.
- Yellow. The color draws attention to rapidly declining populations.
In addition to international and national lists, there are also regional ones. These include the Red Data Book of Karelia.
Karelia: endangered species
The nature of the Republic of Karelia is in many ways unique and amazing. Such wealth simply needs to be taken under the protection of the state, so scientists have developed such an extensive publication as the Red Book of Karelia. Animals, flora, fish and birds on its pages are in dire need of human care. This useful book has been reprinted three times. It was first published in 1985.
It included 160 species of vascular plants, more than 30 species of insects and vertebrates, as well as 22 species of various fungi. In the second edition of 1995, the information was somewhat expanded. The Red Book of Karelia included 390 positions assigned to plants, among which were mosses, mushrooms and lichens. Insects, mollusks, birds, mammals and amphibians were also included: a total of 365 species. The most complete was the third edition, published in 2008 in accordance with all the rules for compiling lists of this kind.
Plants of Karelia
For this region, the Red Book of Karelia turned out to be a very important publication, thoroughly developed by local scientists. The plants that have settled on its pages are really in dire need of protection at the state level. These are ferns (aspleniums, grapevines, shield plants), wild orchids (Venus's slipper, leafless pickle, two types of dremliks), several types of medicinal plants. Also, decorative species, such as rezuha and alpine circus, Siberian aster and ranunculus anemone, were not ignored. Marsh plants are also included in this list, for example, sundew intermediate and caulinia. Types of shrubs and trees that are on the verge of extinction are recorded on the pages of this book: hazel, cotoneaster.
Some plants are worth talking about separately. Unfortunately, people admitted that such a useful view like St. John's wort. This medicinal plant is recognized as a folk and traditional medicine. It has the following beneficial features: perfectly anesthetizes, relieves spasms, restores blood loss, heals wounds, tones and soothes. Even in ancient times, they were treated for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidneys. St. John's wort is also used for coughs and rheumatism. But you have to be careful, because the upper stems of the plant are poisonous, so you should consult a doctor before using it.
This is a small fragment of the wealth that the Red Book of Karelia contains. Plants such as Rhodiola rosea, also called golden root, are truly worth their weight in gold. If it is used correctly, then Rhodiola can have a beneficial effect on the entire body. Especially well it affects the intellectual abilities of a person, his memory. The antihistamine and antipyretic properties of this plant are also noted.
In addition to medicinal plants, it is worth noting the rarest orchid that prefers wet and dark places - cypridine slipper. No matter how they called her: venus, Maryin or cuckoo's slipper, Virgin's boot, moccasin (in America), lady's shoe (in England). In Karelia, it grows exclusively in. It is noteworthy that this orchid blooms for almost a whole month.
Protection of mushroom stocks
What else is protected by the Red Book of Karelia? Mushrooms, of which there are about 100 species in the republic, also need protection. For example, white aspen is included in the conservation list. This edible mushroom grows in national parks and nature reserves of Karelia. Aspen bears fruit not annually.
Under the name is also edible. He loves heaps of brushwood and heaps of straw. The mushroom is quite large and reaches 20 centimeters around the circumference of the cap.
Highly rare view- This beauty can be eaten, but it is so rare that it is not allowed to be collected. It grows only on the territory of the Kivach nature reserve.
Another type of mushroom is the purple cobweb. Gourmets consider it a delicacy. It is extremely rare, and the people gave it the name "swamp".
The last one we recall in this opus is inedible mushroom morel hat. The name is quite accurate: the mushroom is really similar to the morel family.
Silent bird voices
Unfortunately, the Red Data Book of Karelia is rich and varied. Birds, of course, also live on its pages. black grouse, gray owl, some species of swans, the bluetail and the curlew are listed not only in the disturbing book of Karelia, but also in the all-Russian and even world lists.
The kilogram oystercatcher, called the curlew, is the largest among the fauna of Russia. It can be distinguished by its curved beak of considerable length. In the spring, his whistling songs are carried quite far.
Also, a large bearded owl is listed in the Red Book of Karelia. Its wingspan is one and a half meters, and its weight is up to a kilogram. This bird is sometimes confused with the eagle owl, but their way of life is different: the owl is a nocturnal bird, while the owl is awake during daylight hours. The population size fluctuates depending on the abundance of rodents. The bird is included in several conservation lists.
The capercaillie is a beautiful, majestic bird. He is the only one who has perfectly adapted to the northern climate, especially to cold winters. The male capercaillie is truly gigantic in size, its weight reaches 6.5 kilograms. The female is half the size and does not differ in the brightness of plumage. This representative of chicken feeds on cones and pine needles in winter, and in summer it can even eat lizards. In flight, the capercaillie is rather clumsy. The meat of this giant is very useful, so some hunters exterminate the bird without measure. That is why the Red Book of Karelia has been replenished with such representatives of the feathered order as capercaillie.
Karelian fish
The reservoirs of Karelia are densely populated by inhabitants, but 28 species of fish are endangered. For such groups of residents of rivers and lakes, the Red Book of Karelia is simply necessary. Fish of such families as salmon, sturgeon, whitefish, carp, catfish, loach are included in the list of mandatory protection.
Their mass capture led to catastrophic consequences: sturgeon, sterlet, lake salmon, nelma, whitefish, tench, sabrefish, loach and catfish were on the verge of extinction. These most valuable species of fish could forever disappear from the reservoirs of Karelia if they were not taken under state protection in time.
Animal world
Many representatives of the fauna are contained in the Red Data Book of Karelia. The animals of this region are known to everyone from documentaries and feature films, but if you do not stop shooting them, then human irresponsibility will lead to their complete disappearance. For example, the reindeer. This beautiful animal has horns in both sexes. And he is also famous for the fact that in the heart of a deer there is a bone, the purpose of which is still unknown. These nomads from wildlife live in herds of up to 15 individuals. And in winter they can migrate in groups of 100 deer. Beautiful ungulates, living up to 25 years old, like to settle in swamps, in forests with moss litter, and river meadows. On the this moment the population lives in two national parks and the Kostomuksha state reserve.
The only living representative of the genus "glutton" lives on the territory of Karelian reserves and parks, this is how the name Gulo is translated - wolverine. The Red Book of the Karelian Republic could not help but be replenished with such a colorful, but unfortunately disappearing character. This lone beast is very cautious and strong. A rather massive animal resembles a large badger or bear. It has a thick, coarse coat, sharp claws and powerful teeth. The weight of the beast reaches 18 kilograms. If a lair is found in a secluded place or under the roots of a tree, you can be sure that a wolverine lives there.
The Red Book is not just a security list. This is a reminder to humanity how many beautiful animals, birds and fish nature has given us. It would be unforgivable stupidity and wastefulness to lose all this. After all, each link in nature has its own purpose. Wolverine, for example, because of its omnivorous nature, plays the role of eating carrion.
Another inhabitant of the Karelian forests is the lynx. Almost everyone knows what this big cat looks like, but its habits are worthy of special attention. The large and graceful beast simply loves dark cluttered forests, swims and climbs trees very well. If there is not enough food, then lynxes can embark on long journeys, this is how they got to Kamchatka. Her attack tactics are insidious and expectant, and not the way most people used to think: she does not attack by jumping from a tree. In winter, when the snow is very deep, the lynx can overcome even the female wapiti. For many years it was believed that the lynx should be exterminated, as dangerous predator(and the fur of the animal is of considerable value), but after a while it turned out that the animal plays a huge role in the biocenosis, therefore the state is simply obliged to protect the lynxes.
Among others, the Red Book of Karelia contains on its colorful pages such rare representatives of the fauna as flying squirrel, fox, brown bear, ermine, white hare, weasel, marten and elk.
What is the value of the watchlist?
The Red Book is a document of national importance. But he only warns people about species that are disappearing. The next stage of protection is the creation of national parks and reserves. It was these measures that helped save many species of birds, animals and plants from extermination. It is also necessary to create wildlife sanctuaries: protected areas for breeding a certain kind representatives of fauna or flora. The use of such measures has made it possible to contain anthropogenic factor, which seriously threatens the nature of the planet.
The Red Book of Karelia This is a book about the protection of rare animals and plants of our Republic. The first Red Book of Karelia appeared in 1985. The Red Book is a list of rare and endangered species (subspecies, populations). The Red Books are the official document for the conservation of species.
The Red Book of Karelia includes the most rare plants and insects, birds, fish, mammals, reptiles and amphibians. Mammals - out of 56 species of animals, 26 are rare and endangered; Birds - among 280 species of birds found on the territory of Karelia, 130 can be classified as rare and small; Fish - at present, 57 species of fish live in the reservoirs of Karelia, 28 are rare and endangered species; The flora of Karelia includes 1200 wild species of vascular plants. More than 300 species are rare.
"Ladoga (ringed) seal" - the smallest of all subspecies of ringed seals, lives only in Lake Ladoga. The average life expectancy of a seal is 30-35 years. The seal reaches sexual maturity at the age of 6-7 years. The basis of the nutrition of the seal is small fish (smelt, vendace, roach, perch). During the day, the seal eats from 3 to 4 kilograms. The number of seals has sharply decreased - from 20 thousand individuals to 2 - 3 thousand at the present time.
"Common hedgehog" - a hedgehog is a small animal, its body length is about 30 cm, weight is g. The shell of needles is colored brownish with whitish strokes. And serve him food earthworms, beetles, mouse-like rodents, birds, their eggs and chicks. Hedgehog breeds in spring. The hedgehog gives birth to 6-7 individuals.
"Otter" is a dexterous and flexible animal, quite large, with a streamlined body shape. Size: tail length cm, body cm. Weight kg. Life expectancy up to 10 years. Habitat: Banks of rivers, lakes and streams. Color: brown or dark brown fur, with light brown undercoat.
"Lynx" - the length of the body of the lynx is cm and 70 cm at the withers. Males often weigh between 18 and 30 kg, while females weigh an average of 18 kg. There are long tassels on the ears. The tail is short, as if chopped off. The basis of its diet is made up of hares, grouse birds, small rodents and other medium-sized animals. Lifespan, 1520 years.
LIST OF USED SOURCES AND LITERATURE: 1. Ivanter, E. V. Mammals / E. V. Ivanter. - Petrozavodsk: Karelia, p. 2. Animals of the Red Book of Karelia [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http: // yandex.ru/yandsearch.clid=14915l Red Book of Karelia / Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan; KSC RAS Petr. Gos. Univ. - Petrozavodsk, - 286 p. 4. Kutkov N.P. Karelia is the land where I live / N.P. Kutkov, L.I. Shitikova. - Petrozavodsk: Creative Initiative Foundation, - 130 p.
