Description: War Thunder is a next generation military MMO game dedicated to...
front fenders butterflies silver-gray with a large, well-defined rounded yellow spot in the anterior corner. Hindwings light white-yellow with brown veins. The chest is covered with tufts of yellow-brown or red-brown hairs. The first segment of the abdomen is also covered with hairs. The belly is silvery-brown-yellow with dark spots on the sides. tendrils male short-feathered, antennae females finely bristle-like. The wingspan is about 50 mm. adult caterpillar from dark to black-brown, covered with yellow hairs, has yellow longitudinal stripes and small yellow transverse stripes on each segment. The length of an adult caterpillar is up to 60 mm. chrysalis semi-free, dark brown shiny with delicate yellowish transverse lines. The end of their abdominal segments is characteristic in two complex points with outgrowths.
Silver hole damages majority leaves hardwood- oak, linden, birch, aspen, mountain ash, alder, as well as beech, hornbeam, maple, walnut, willow, poplar and various types of fruit trees. Damage is found on bare branches on trees.
Butterflies appear in nature, depending on the location, starting in May, mainly in late spring - early summer. Fertilized females lay their eggs in clusters on the underside of leaves. Caterpillars hatch mainly in June. At first, they all live together under the protection of delicate fibers and skeletonize the leaves on which they hatch. Caterpillars of older ages spread, live individually and eat leaves. Adult caterpillars often concentrate in ramifications at the ends of branches, which are completely devoid of leaves. For pupation, adult caterpillars descend from the tree, penetrate shallowly into the soil. The pupae overwinter in the soil without a cocoon. Even if the damage is sometimes significant and noticeable, economic importance the hole does not.
Silver hole widespread throughout Europe, including a common species in the European part of Russia, with the exception of the north. Often flashes mass reproduction in steppe zone, in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia and the forest-steppe part of western Siberia.
On the pages of our site you can also get acquainted with forest entomology textbook: Introduction , Subject and tasks of forest entomology , Brief outline of the history of forest entomology , Basic principles of insect taxonomy , Structure of insects , Nervous activity of insects , Reproduction of insects , Development of insects , Life cycles , Diapause , Protection devices and social lifestyle , Nutrition and food specialization of insects , Damage to tree species by insects , Distribution of insects in forests , Fluctuations in the number of insects , General concepts of forest protection methods , Literature on pests .
|
Shevyrev I. Ya. The riddle of bark beetles. - M.: MGUL, 2000, 108 p. This book, according to the famous forest entomologist N.A. Korotnev, contains more discoveries in its 100 pages than any European work. Written in a clear and highly professional language, it contains a fascinating intrigue, full of serious biological observations and data. The book, republished in its original form, retains all the signs of its time, which is famous for the flourishing of Russian biological science. It will be interesting and useful for novice biologists and scientists, teachers of schools and special educational institutions, students of forest universities and technical schools, schoolchildren and forestry practitioners and all lovers and connoisseurs of nature. | |
|
Golosova M.A. Biological protection of the forest: a textbook. M.: MGUL, 2003 - 152 p., ill. | |
|
Trofimov V.N. Supervision, accounting and forecasting of mass reproductions of forest pests: textbook, 2nd ed. M.: GOU VPO MGUL, 2005 - 136 p., ill. | |
|
Encyclopedia of Forestry(in 2 volumes) |
- Class: Insecta = Insects
- Order: Lepidoptera = Lepidoptera, butterflies
- Family: Notodontidae Stephens, 1829 = Corydalis
- Genus: Phalera Hϋbner, 1819 = Holes
Species: Phalera bucephala (Linnaeus, 1758) = Silver hole, or knotty Falera
The hole is silvery, or knot-shaped Falera has wings with a span of about 50-60 mm. The anterior wings of the silver hole are painted in silver-gray tones and on them in the anterior corner there is a large, clearly visible rounded spot yellow color. The hind wings are light, white-yellow in color with brown veins.
Butterfly breasts are covered with tufts of yellow-brown or red-brown hairs. The first segment of the abdomen is also covered with hairs. The abdomen has a main color background - silver-brown-yellow, and dark spots are located on its sides. The antennae of the male are short-feathery, in contrast to the small bristle-shaped antennae of the female.
Butterflies of the silver hole appear in nature from pupae, depending on the location and weather conditions, at the end of May - in June. The years of imago are quite extended and usually last until August. During this time, the female can lay up to 250 eggs. The female lays fertilized eggs on the underside of the leaves in groups of 15-40 eggs in one layer. Each egg laid is 0.8-0.9 mm in size with a flat base. Its lower half is dark green, and top part eggs - light, with a dark dot in the middle.
The duration of embryonic development is 12-15 days. Most of the young caterpillars hatch in June. At first, they live all together under the protection of delicate fibers and skeletonize the leaves on which they hatch. Caterpillars of older ages gradually spread along the crown of a tree and begin an individual life, constantly feeding, eating leaves on trees. Adult caterpillars often concentrate in ramifications at the ends of branches, which are completely devoid of leaves.
An adult caterpillar can have a body color from dark to black-brown. Her entire body is covered with yellow hairs. Each segment has yellow longitudinal stripes and small yellow transverse stripes. The maximum body length of an adult caterpillar can be up to 60 mm. For 40-45 days of development, the caterpillars go through five instars, i.e. sheds four times, replacing their old tight clothes with a new one.
Caterpillars of the silver hole feed on the leaves of most hardwoods. They can damage tree crops such as: oak, linden, birch, aspen, mountain ash, alder, as well as beech, hornbeam, maple, walnut, willow, poplar and various types of fruit trees. Foliage damage is easily detected by bare branches on trees, on which caterpillars of the silver hole live en masse. Even if the damage is sometimes significant and noticeable, the hole has no economic value.
After feeding, before pupation, the caterpillars descend from the tree, penetrate shallowly into the soil. Here the caterpillar turns into a semi-free, dark brown shiny chrysalis, 30-40 mm long, with delicate yellowish transverse lines. For appearance pupae are characterized by the presence of two complex points with outgrowths at the ends of their abdominal segments. The cremaster is flat, divided into two parts, which, in turn, are also bifurcated. Pupae overwinter in the soil without a cocoon, sometimes they can fall into diapause for up to two years.
Thus, the generation near the silver hole is one-year. The silver hole is common throughout Europe, where it is a common species, with the exception of the north. But in the steppe zone, in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia and the forest-steppe part of western Siberia, it often gives outbreaks of mass reproduction. Most often it can be found in forests, parks, gardens, it is common in cities where it lives and on hedges.
The silver hole is a pretty silver-white butterfly of relatively small size - its wingspan is only 0.5 mm. The fluffy heads of voracious pests are painted in yellow-brown tones, and on the back of their wings you can see small marks of similar shades. These patterns resemble the shape of the moon, which led to the name of harmful butterflies. A bizarre color helps the villains disguise themselves as broken twigs. A silver hole sitting on a shoot can easily be confused with a broken branch - this helps pests protect themselves from various insectivorous birds.
Small yellowish stripes pass along the bodies of dark brown caterpillars of the silver hole, and all segments of their bodies are separated by tiny bandages. And on the large glossy heads of pests there are funny yellow spots. All caterpillars are rather hairy, covered with dense bristles and grow up to 35 mm in length. As for the size of the pupae, it is almost equal to the dimensions of adult butterflies and is about 50 mm. The pupae are characterized by a brownish color and have four miniature processes below.
How to fight
If there are not very many harmful caterpillars on the trees, they can be collected by hand and immediately destroyed. Truth, effective way struggle this measure can not be called. DDT and HCCH dust treatments give a much better effect - as a rule, they are carried out on very large areas. And in small gardens, fruit trees can be treated with a twenty percent solution of HCCH, DDT or CMME. In addition, trees are allowed to be sprayed with Metaphos, Chlorophos and some other organophosphorus preparations.
There are a lot of silvery and natural enemies. The main enemies of these pests are Trichogramma egg-eaters. Pupae are often eaten by various rodents, including mice. In addition, sometimes pupae die from fungal diseases. But the pest caterpillars are so well protected that even birds are not interested in them.
Silver hole (Phalera bucephala)
Genus: Lepidoptera - Lepidoptera Family: Corydalis - Notodontidae
Butterflies with a wingspan of about 50-60 mm. The forewings of the moth are silvery gray with a large, clearly visible rounded yellow spot in the anterior corner. Hindwings light white-yellow with brown veins. The chest is covered with tufts of yellow-brown or red-brown hairs (Fig. 1). The first segment of the abdomen is also covered with hairs. The belly is silvery-brown-yellow with dark spots on the sides. The antennae of the male are short-feathery, the antennae of the female are finely bristle-shaped.
Rice. 1. Imago silver hole (Photo: V. Gumenyuk)
Older caterpillars are dark to black-brown in color, covered with yellow hairs, have yellow longitudinal stripes and small yellow transverse stripes on each segment. Caterpillar length up to 60 mm. The pupa is semi-free, dark brown shiny with yellowish transverse lines. The end of their abdominal segments is characteristic in two complex points with outgrowths.
Rice. 2. Caterpillar holes silvery. (Photo: Koltunova E.V.)
The silver hole damages the leaves of most hardwoods - oak, linden, birch, aspen, mountain ash, alder, as well as beech, hornbeam, maple, walnut, willow, poplar, maple, euonymus, lilac, elm, currant, apple trees, etc. and various types of fruit trees.
The flight of butterflies takes place at the end of May - in June. The years are extended and continue until August. The female lays eggs on the underside of the leaves in groups in one layer of 15-40 eggs. Average fertility - 250 eggs. Embryonic development lasts 12-15 days. Egg 0.8-0.9 mm in size with a flat base; the lower half of the egg is dark green, the upper half is light, with a dark dot in the middle.
Caterpillars hatch mainly in June. Caterpillar 50-60 mm long, hairy, with 10 intermittent yellow stripes and yellow transverse septa on each segment; the head is black with two stripes forming a triangle, apex pointing backwards. Caterpillars of older ages spread, live individually and eat leaves. Before pupation, the caterpillars descend from the tree, penetrate shallowly into the soil. For 40-45 days of development, caterpillars go through five instars. Pupae overwinter in the soil. They can go into diapause for up to two years. Pupa 30-40 mm long, dark brown, matte; cremaster flat, divided into two parts, which, in turn, are also bifurcated. The generation is one year old.
Often gives outbreaks of mass reproduction in the steppe zone, in the Caucasus and Transcaucasia and the forest-steppe part Western Siberia. Even if the damage is sometimes significant and noticeable, the hole has no economic value.
Distribution: Western Europe, Mediterranean. In Russia - in the European part (except Far North), in the Caucasus, in the forest and forest-steppe zone of Siberia and Far East. Inhabits forests, parks, gardens and hedgerows, common in cities.
