Average monthly temperature in recent years. Average annual air temperature

Average annual temperature air is the arithmetic average of temperatures for all months of the year. The average annual temperature in a certain area is an important climatic indicator and depends on geographical location, amount sunny days and wind roses.

The average annual temperature is taken into account in construction, in particular when designing foundations, when determining whether it needs to be insulated and, if so, with what layer of insulation. The foundation is insulated in order to reduce heat loss and save on heating. But in addition, in the case, the soil around the house is also insulated in order to reduce the depth of freezing and reduce the effect.

Shallow foundations are generally relevant only in those areas where the average annual temperature is above zero degrees.

The table shows the average annual temperature for most major cities in Russia:

Graphically, the same data is shown on the temperature map.

A note about using average annual temperatures

Data taken from Wikipedia in October 2014. Other sources often contain other indicators that may differ from those given in this table by 0.5-1 degrees Celsius. Even when calculating the average annual temperature based on statistics from one source, in different years are obtained different temperatures. Therefore, the average annual temperature cannot be considered an accurate and static indicator; one should simply focus on its approximate value. The average annual temperature of the soil can be taken equal to the average air temperature.

Read also:

• This article will focus on what tasks the insulation of the foundation of residential heated buildings solves. winter time houses, in which cases it is advisable to do this and what thickness to use insulation.
• Freezing of the soil leads to its heaving and negative impact to the foundation of the building. The depth of freezing depends on the type of soil and climatic conditions.

Quite often you can hear people in Moscow complaining about the weather. Either rain or snow tries to interfere with their plans. Many believe that in our latitudes it is not the most the best climate, and someone, on the contrary, loves such diverse weather. However, if we look at the statistics, then the annual rainfall in Moscow is not that big compared to many other regions. Probably, it is worth analyzing in more detail. Only after that it will be possible to correctly assess the weather conditions.

Climate of Moscow

The wonderful city of Moscow lies in a strip. In a sense, the inhabitants of these latitudes are very lucky, since people here are extremely rarely very coldy and too hot weather. Even if such weather conditions occur, they last for a very short time. Frosts in this band are usually established for a period of about 2-3 weeks, after which the temperature still begins to rise.

As for the heat, it can last longer than the cold: from 3-4 days to quite a long time. Sometimes high temperatures can even last up to 1.5 months. The main factor influencing the formation of such a climate is, first of all, geographical position. The city is located on the East European Plain, so waves of both cold and heat can freely spread here. In one year, about 30 thunderstorms are observed in Moscow, most often from May to September.

The main features of the Moscow climate

Now it's time to talk about how much annual precipitation usually falls in Moscow. For 12 months on the territory of the capital, as well as on the lands adjacent to it, falls from 600 to 800 mm Of course, there were also record figures that exceeded the usual figure. For example, in 2013, the annual rainfall in Moscow was 891 mm, which is noticeably higher than was observed in all previous years. Many people wonder which month is the coldest of the year. Over the past 30 years, this honorary title belongs to February. this winter month is -6.7 °C. January is not far behind. Its average values ​​are -6.5 ° C.

It is worth talking about pleasant things. by the most warm month July is recognized, at this time the average temperature is at the level of +19.2 ° C. Muscovites are very fond of sunny weather, however, it often lasts for a short time. Periodically in Moscow there is such a phenomenon as fog. It appears throughout the year. But most often fog can be observed in June, as well as in autumn - in September and October.

General annual averages

It is necessary to talk about other indicators that also significantly affect the climate of the city. Of course, this is a great many factors that meteorologists carefully record. They collect the necessary statistics and analyze them to make further predictions. It is worth noting the average figures for the year. So, the average annual indicators of Moscow are as follows:

• The temperature is +5.8 °C (sometimes it exceeded this threshold and reached +7 °C, similar phenomena were noted in 2008 and 2015).
• Air humidity - 76%.
• The wind speed is 2.3 meters per second.

Interestingly, there is an indicator that measures the average number of hours of sunshine per year. This number is 1731 hours. Some years of observation showed more than 2 thousand solar hours. This figure was recorded in 2007 and 2014.

Annual rainfall in Moscow: the lowest

The average rainfall in Moscow has already been considered above. However, it is interesting to know if this number is often lower. If the amount of rain and snow falls below the average, then we can say that the year is considered dry. So, it has already been said that the average annual rainfall in Moscow ranges from 600 to 800 mm in different years. The largest part of them usually falls in the summer season, and the least of them can be observed in March and April.

The driest year that was observed in the entire history of measurements was 1920. Then the annual precipitation in Moscow in mm was only 336. In the 21st century, 2014 has become the driest period so far. During this year, the amount of precipitation equal to 491 mm was recorded.

How are measurements taken?

So, such important indicators as the average annual temperature, annual precipitation in Moscow, etc. were considered above. It is also important to consider how they are measured and where they are recorded.

There are several in Moscow that deal directly with this issue. The main department, the indicators of which are considered official, is the weather station located at VDNKh. Its data is used by various government agencies to post information about the actual weather and temperature records Moscow. Readings help to calculate the norms of temperature and precipitation for the current period. The weather station at VDNKh was opened in 1939. During its existence, it was transferred several times to different places within VDNKh. It was also reorganized. However, it still functions today.

During the autumn-winter-spring blues, many of us imagine ourselves in warm climes, where the sun shines all year round and the sky is always blue. Where are such places?

Contrary to popular belief, such places are not only on the equator and in Africa, they are on all continents. But before proceeding to their review, it should be noted that there are two methods of counting.

The first is by percentage. Scientists have calculated the maximum number of daylight hours when the sun can illuminate a particular area. This figure is 4456 hours per year. Accordingly, subtracting the number of cloudy hours from this figure, we get the exact number of sunny hours. Let's say, if in a certain city there is 2228 hours of clear weather per year, then the percentage of its "sunshine" is 50%.

The second method is less accurate, it is measured by the number of days in a year that were predominantly clear rather than overcast. The concept is rather vague, as you know ...

Given the existence of two methods, as well as the ever-changing climate, it is not surprising that the sunniest cities in the world are constantly changing places in the ranking. However, the leaders have remained unchanged for many years.

The sunniest cities in Europe

On the European continent, such places are found in the Mediterranean countries, namely in Spain, Italy and Cyprus, where the sun shines for about 320 days a year! The record holders were, of course, the most southern ones, like Nicosia in Cyprus and Malaga in Spain. BUT the sunniest city in Europe - the Italian Foggia(region of Apulia).

All these cities have at least 9 hours of clear weather per day. Southern Spain, namely Andalusia, is famous for the fact that here about 10 months of the year the bright sun shines, and the weather is warm or hot all year round. An additional delight is the beautiful nature.

The sunniest countries in Europe are also Greece(Thessaloniki, Athens, Alexandroupolis) and (Haifa, Tel Aviv). Here the quantity clear days approaches 310 per year.

America's sunniest cities

It is on the American continent that sunniest city in the world - Yuma, Arizona. This is an official record listed in the Guinness Book. Here in the year there are as many as 325 sunny days (or 4050 hours, which is 93%) with a temperature of + 32 ° C, precipitation is extremely rare, and daylight hours are 11 hours.

Along with Yuma, its neighbor, the city of Phoenix, as well as Las Vegas, in Nevada. Duration daylight hours here more than 10 hours a day, and the climate is very dry.

Of the American continents, one can still distinguish the central part, namely Caribs. For example, in Jamaica the sun shines almost all year round, the weather is always warm and friendly. The city also stands out from the general background Istapa, in .

Sunny cities of Africa

Of the African countries, Egypt can boast, especially its south, the city Aswan. It is located near the border with Sudan, daylight here also lasts more than 10 hours, the number of sunny days in a year is more than 90 percent. Since the climate in southern Egypt is very dry, vegetation is found only along the Nile River, which contributes to the absence of fumes and clouds.

Summer temperature in Aswan fluctuates between 40-50 degrees during the day, and in winter it does not fall below +25. southern part Egypt and all of Sudan can be considered one of the most arid zones on our planet.. The lack of fertile soil, lack of water and year-round heat make these places very difficult to live in.

Sunny cities of Asia

The Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East, of course, is also a well-known sunny place on the planet. and Saudi Arabia can boast that they have practically whole year clear skies, except for a couple of days.

The Far East, namely, is proud that they have more than 300 days a year of bright sunshine, the weather is almost always hot or warm. This exotic corner of the planet, with its beaches and blue skies, forever conquers the hearts of tourists who dream of living, or at least relaxing, not in a hot desert, but in a sunny country with beautiful green nature.

Near Indonesia, you can bask in the sun in Singapore. This amazing eastern country with modern technology and fast-growing progress, it attracts a huge number of tourists who are crazy about the weather. You don't have to worry about prolonged downpours or overcast skies, Singapore is another country of eternal summer.

Australia, a continent that is 75 percent desert, can't boast as many hot and sunny days as its African desert brethren, as it receives high rainfall. However, there is also plenty of sun in this side of the world.

The cloudiest cities in the world

There are other places on the planet where the sun is a rare guest. Cloudy and rainy cities are also found on all continents. London or St. Petersburg almost always cloudy, good weather is not expected here, but it can be worse.

Colombia's Buenaventura has been named the rainiest city in the world. It rains almost constantly there. Residents are accustomed to constant water around and, at best, partly cloudy. Cloudy skies are almost always observed by residents of the tropics, many oceanic islands and countries such as Liberia, Samoa, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea. The inhabitants of these countries, and especially some cities, not only do not see the sun, but also suffer from constant floods.

Of course, there are very few clear hours in the Nordic countries. Even if on far north there is a polar day, which can last for months, there is little sense in this, since the weather is very cold.

For those who love very much good weather and tired of waiting for his summer, you definitely need to arrange a holiday for yourself in the form of a trip to the sunny and warm country, where you can forget about rains, clouds and gray depression. And there are a lot of such places on our planet.

Humidity in Antalya

Many scares high humidity in Antalya. Relative humidity in the Mediterranean resorts of Antalya is in the range of 48-73%.

Many people think that Antalya has a very humid and unhealthy climate. This is not true. Compare yourself. average annual temperature and relative humidity air in Moscow, and the same indicators, but for Antalya.

As you can see the humidity in Antalya and Moscow is different not much but the climate of Antalya is much healthier than in Moscow. And if we take into account the absence of harmful emissions in the atmosphere and the presence of an everyday sea breeze, the climate of Antalya is more beneficial than Moscow, and even more so St. Petersburg.

What influences climate humidity?

Evaporating water, the body loses heat and cools. If the air is dry and the relative humidity is low, evaporation, and hence cooling, occurs quickly. But if the air is humid, as in our case, and the relative humidity is high, then evaporation occurs very slowly, so there is little cooling. In other words, high relative humidity prevents surface cooling through evaporation, and vice versa.

In countries with very humid climate the surface is practically not cooled, because virtually no evaporation. That is why it is very hot there, and the humidity is high. The daily course of vapor pressure over the sea and in coastal areas is parallel daily course air temperature: the moisture content increases during the day with an increase in evaporation. This is the same diurnal variation in the central regions of the continents during the cold season. The diurnal variation of relative humidity is inverse to the diurnal variation of temperature: in the daytime, with an increase in temperature and, consequently, with an increase in saturation elasticity, relative humidity decreases. The annual course of vapor pressure is parallel to the annual course of air temperature; Relative humidity changes with the annual course inversely to temperature.

What is air humidity- this is the partial pressure of water vapor (p) - the pressure that water vapor would have, which is part of atmospheric air if it alone occupied a volume equal to the volume of air at the same temperature. Due to the constant evaporation of water from the surface of the seas, soil and vegetation, as well as the respiration of humans and animals, the atmosphere always contains water vapor. Therefore, atmospheric pressure is the sum of the pressure of dry air and the water vapor in it. The water vapor pressure will be maximum when the air is saturated with steam.

Air humidity 40% 60% 80% what do these numbers mean? In order to understand what it is and where it comes from, let's remember the basics of molecular physics and introduce three parameters:

The water in the atmosphere is in the form of molecules.(steam), droplets and ice crystals. At the same time, the relative humidity r is characterized by the ratio of the actual air humidity to its maximum possible humidity, relative humidity shows how much more moisture is not enough to under given conditions environment condensation has started. More "scientific" is the following formulation: relative humidity is a value defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor (p) to the saturation vapor pressure at a given temperature, expressed as a percentage.

Air temperature- this is the temperature at which the water vapor in the air saturates it and condensation begins, called the dew point Tp (frost). At the dew point temperature, the partial pressure of vapor saturated with respect to water is equal to the partial pressure of water vapor in the gas. Practical value The dew point is that it shows what is the maximum amount of moisture that can be contained in the air at a given temperature.

Evaporation- vaporization occurring at any temperature from the free surface of the liquid. The uneven distribution of the kinetic energy of molecules during thermal motion leads to the fact that at any temperature the kinetic energy of some molecules of a liquid or solid body can exceed the potential energy of their bond with other molecules. Molecules with a high speed have greater kinetic energy, and the body temperature depends on the speed of movement of its molecules, therefore, evaporation is accompanied by cooling of the liquid. Evaporation rate depends on: open surface area, temperature, concentration of molecules near the liquid.

Dew point is the most convenient technical parameter. Knowing the value of the dew point, we can safely say that the amount of moisture in a given volume of air will not exceed a certain value. Let's take a closer look at the evaporation process. Water vapor enters the atmosphere as a result of the process of evaporation from the surface of the earth and seas. Evaporation depends on the temperature of the evaporating surface and on the relative humidity of the air. Saturated air cannot hold more vapor unless the temperature rises. When the temperature rises, it moves away from saturation, when it decreases, on the contrary, condensation can begin in it.

Table. Determination of the dew point depending on the temperature and relative humidity of the air

From the values ​​in the table it follows that the higher the air temperature, the more water vapor it can contain, the higher the dew point. For example, for the conditions of Turkey, corresponding to the average temperature of +32 0С and the corresponding dew point of +26.7 0С, we determine the air humidity equal to approximately 77%. It turns out that at the specified temperature, 77% of moisture can be contained in the air.

In fact, the actual amount of water, which can be held in a constant volume of air, depends not only on temperature, but also on the wind, which increases evaporation, and on the position of the terrain relative to sea level. Humidity decreases rapidly with altitude, and vice versa, with decreasing altitude, it increases. At a height of 1.5-2 km, the vapor pressure is on average half that at the earth's surface, and vice versa, with a decrease in height, the vapor pressure increases proportionally. The troposphere accounts for 99% of the atmospheric water vapor. On average, over every square meter of the earth's surface, the air contains about 28.5 kg of water vapor.

Relative humidity in Turkey on average higher in the Black Sea region. Most wet air in August in Batumi (Georgia) 81%. The values ​​of relative air humidity in Poti (80%) and Sochi (78%) are close to this. In general, on the Caucasian coast of the Black Sea, the air is the most humid in comparison with all other parts of the Black Sea-Mediterranean region. Within 71-75% relative humidity in Odessa, Constanta, Varna, 65-70% - in Evpatoria, Mariupol, Anapa. The driest air among the Black Sea resorts is in Yalta (61%).

Relative humidity in Antalya and in the Mediterranean resorts is in the range of 48-73%. The most humid air (73%) is in Mersin (Turkey). 71% humidity is observed in Civitavecchia (Italy), Palma (Mallorca Island, Spain), Sfax (Tunisia). Low relative humidity in the range of 61-70% is typical for the coast of Israel (Haifa), Kerkyra Island (Greece), some Italian (Trieste, Venice, Naples, Genoa), most Spanish (Valencia, Alicante, Cartagena, Mahon on about .Menorca) resorts and for Tunisia (Tunisia).

As you can see the humidity in Antalya and Moscow is not much different, but the climate of Antalya is much healthier than in Moscow. And if we take into account the absence of harmful emissions in the atmosphere and the presence of an everyday sea breeze, the climate of Antalya is more beneficial than Moscow, and even more so St. Petersburg.

The climate is normal for seasonal travel. The weather in Moscow varies from month to month. it is very far from the equator. The cool average annual ambient temperature is +9.3°C during the day and +2.3°C at night. The city is the capital of the state of Russia and it is very visited among tourists. Below is information about the climate and weather in Moscow in winter and summer.

The best months to travel

High season in Moscow in June, August, May with excellent weather +19.0°C...+24.6°C. During this period, in the capital, this popular city has the least rainfall, about 4 days a month, from 32.2 to 53.6 mm of precipitation falls. The number of clear days is from 15 to 21 days. Climate by months and temperature in Moscow are calculated based on recent years.

Air temperature in Moscow by months

The most warm weather in Moscow by months and in general in Russia it is up to 26.7°C in June, August, July. At the same time, the lowest ambient temperatures are observed in January, December, February down to -8.8°C. For lovers of night walks, the figures range from -11.8°C to 15.5°C.

Number of rainy days and precipitation

The rainiest periods are June, May, July when bad weather 6 days, up to 60.1 mm of precipitation falls. For those who do not like humidity, we recommend November, January, December during this period it rains on average only 0 days per month and the monthly rainfall is 17.8mm.

Comfort Rating

The rating of climate and weather in Moscow is calculated by months, taking into account average temperature air, rainfall and other indicators. For a year in Moscow, the rating ranges from 2.5 in December to 4.9 in August, out of five possible.

Climate Summary

Number of sunny days

The greatest number of sunny days is noted in June, July, August, when there are 21 clear days. During these months Nice weather in Moscow for walks and excursions. The sun is least in December, January, February when the minimum number of clear days is 0.