When the ground is covered with snow surrounding. Snow ground

"Unification of Russian lands" - To prove that by the 14th century the prerequisites for the unification of Russian lands had developed. What were the political prerequisites? Were there other options in the past? Tasks. Conclusions. Were there any unifying forces in the Russian lands after the collapse of Russia? The growth of national consciousness. Highlight the prerequisites for the unification of Russian lands: political socio-economic ethnic.

"Discovery of the Earth" - Explored South and East Africa. Development of knowledge about the Earth. Magellan visited the Marianas and Philippine Islands(where he died in a skirmish with the natives). Lesson results. The climate presents us with many surprises that baffle humanity. F. Nansen. Give examples of the connection between physical and economic geography?

"Russian land" - could not attend veche, acquire estates on the outskirts of the Novgorod land. Daniel of Galicia (1221-1264). Icon. Boyar Republic, the invitation and expulsion of princes, the most important role of trade. Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky: "Who with the sword ...". Ancient Russia IX - XIII centuries. Kurultai 1206 Verv - community. From 1148 Archbishop.

"Snow and Ice" - Draw a conclusion. Put a piece of ice in one glass, a lump of snow in another. Experience 1. Check. Ice is colorless. What are you watching? Snow is white. Ice is transparent. Compare the color of snow and ice with pieces of colored paper. properties of snow and ice. Snow and ice melt under the influence of heat, turn into water. Squeeze some snow in one hand and a piece of ice in the other.

"The Origin of the Earth" - Formation of smaller clouds. The problem of the thermodynamic barrier on the way of the emergence of protobiopolymers in the process of polycondensation. Very high pressure. The division of a single universe into parts. The Big Bang Theory". Development of science. The formation of a planetary system from the remaining gases and dust at the periphery of the protostellar disk.

"Form of the Earth" - Magellan (navigator). This means that there is some kind of bend on Earth that is imperceptible to the human eye. sides of the horizon. (The world around - grade 3). Aristotle. Earth in the form of a disk. Stills from the film "Old Man Hottabych". Horizon. The rest of the horizon is easy to find. Sides of the horizon: Only a round object can give such a shadow.

Winter is a fierce time, especially in the north of the planet. Sometimes her appearance does not coincide with calendar time. The signs of winter can show up sooner. Muddy weather turns to frost, water bodies freeze, and the ground is covered with a white blanket of snow. The days during this period are short and the nights are cold.

The first signs of winter. Snow

nature calendar

Frost and snow appear in different ways. Nature has its own calendar, so the signs of winter are noticeable at different times of the year.

The timing of the annual seasons changes every year. Therefore, spring can come early or, conversely, late. This also happens in winter. Every year there may be a different amount of precipitation, there may be more clear or cloudy days, and the temperature can also present its own surprises.

It is important for many people to follow the fluctuations in nature. Gardeners, landowners, fishermen, hunters pay attention to them. Depends on weather conditions such industries:

• poultry farming;
• Agriculture;
• fishing;
• animal husbandry;
• sericulture;
• beekeeping.

End of winter

Winter doesn't last forever, it eventually comes to an end. The first thawed patches appear, the earth is visible. Previously, they can be seen on the slopes, and then - in the fields. But in the north, in the forests, snow can stay for a long time.

Migratory birds are starting to return home. The first to be seen are the rooks. But there are also places of their residence, from which they do not fly away, since there are no severe winters.

Beginning of winter in wildlife

There are signs of winter in wildlife. You can see the following changes:

1. Trees and bushes shed their leaves. This happens due to the fact that there is little light in winter, so they do not need this part. Only coniferous trees do not lose leaves, they fall out gradually so that new ones grow. These needles of Christmas trees, pines are covered with a coating that protects them from severe frosts.
2. In winter, there is little food. For this reason, animals, such as bears, hibernate. Those who continue to lead an active life are overgrown with a warm coat. Such changes will not allow them to freeze. By the way, the hare turns white for the winter, and the hedgehog finds a cozy place and sleeps there, curled up in a ball, until spring.
3. The number of birds decreases in winter, as migratory birds fly to regions where it is warmer. Only those who have adapted to eat various types of food remain. And many insects disappear in winter, so it becomes more difficult for birds to find food.

Such signs of winter in wildlife.

What is snow made of?

Snowflakes come in various sizes, but no more than 5 mm. And openwork weaving differs from each other, surprising with its uniqueness. There are different signs of winter, but snow is considered the most basic. Snowflakes are symmetrical, have clear geometric edges, connected in a hexagon. The water molecule has a hexagonal shape. Because of this, she, freezing in the clouds, reincarnates into small crystals. Formation occurs with the capture of neighboring molecules. Thus, a chain of frozen molecules is obtained.

The resulting shape is affected by air temperature, humidity. Snow in winter plays an important role, as it provides protection to the earth in cold weather, covering it with a blanket of snow. It allows you to keep warm, plants and small animals will not die in such conditions. If there is no snow, then winter crops will not produce a crop. Snow also retains moisture, which is needed in spring.

Games for kids to help recognize the start of winter

Many parents want their child to be able to quickly tell what signs of winter exist. You can teach him this by playing. At the same time, his mental capacity will develop and improve.

The first game is called "Homemade Lotto". It can be used for 3 year olds. Signs of winter for children will become clear, they will be able to talk about it. To do this, you need to make a lotto for every season. Pictures are collected on which signs of winter and other periods of the year are drawn. After that, you need to invite your child to choose from the drawings those that are associated with the winter period. The parent can take out pictures in turn, and the baby must determine the signs of the cold season. To make it interesting for the child, you can switch roles with him later. This will consolidate his knowledge. It is allowed to make mistakes so that the baby corrects his parent.

Like the previous game, you can write words on the cardboard: signs for the word "winter" and other seasons. The lesson is similar to the previous one, the child must collect words related to winter.

The game "What to wear" develops the baby's thoughts well. This will require clothing that should be worn at different times of the year. The child must choose from the pile only those things that are suitable for winter. The parent can also show one attribute of the wardrobe, and the children draw a conclusion regarding it. The same game can be played with shoes. If there is concern that things will get dirty, pictures can be used. They should be wearing different clothes. In order for a child to develop his logical thinking, you can ask why he chose a particular thing.

You can help recognize the signs of winter while walking. When the mother went for a walk with the baby outside, he can begin to talk about the changes that came with the advent of winter period. The parent can help the children by noticing that the dog's hair has become thicker, and smoke is visible from the cottages, as the stove is stoked there. The child will be aware that with the advent of winter it becomes cold, so these changes occur.

You can also play winter words. To do this, the participants alternately name the words associated with winter. For example, cold, snow, Santa Claus, Snowman and others. If someone does not know what word to say, he is out of the game. The last remaining participant becomes the winner.

So, there are many changes in the coming of winter. Each person should notice them, and children should be helped to see these signs.

December is the twelfth month of the calendar year. And here the direct translation of the word from Latin means "ten" (December, from decem - ten). The name of the month is taken from ancient rome, where according to the old calendar (before the reform of Julius Caesar) the month was the tenth in a row.
In Russia, until the end of the 10th century, December was the tenth month, since New Year started March 1st. From the end of the 10th century until 1700, December was the fourth month of the year, since the new year began on September 1st. And only since 1700 under Peter I, when the chronology was started from January 1, December became the twelfth month.
In the old days, our ancestors called this month jelly or jelly, since cold and frost are not uncommon at this time. According to historians, this is what December is called in our ancient calendars and calendars. In folk life, December was called very aptly and figuratively - wind chimes, chills, chills, fierce, freezing.
December is the first month of winter, when the earth is covered with snow, the rivers - with ice, when there are very coldy, icy winds. It is worth noting that astronomically winter begins on December 21-22, when the Earth flies by the place of its annual route, where it North Pole most deviated from the sun. This day is the shortest day and the longest night.
However, real winter with frost and snow comes in different years differently, now earlier, now later. So, in the Moscow region in 1917, the first day with snow was November 7, and in this year(in 2011) - October 15, when a little snow fell in the north-eastern part of the capital, which then turned into a real snowstorm. The weather in December is unstable, there are thaws.
The onset of winter leaves an imprint on life in our time, and not only on rural life. Mud, slush, and autumn mud are disappearing, transport conditions on country roads are improving, a sledge track is being established, and it is easier to deliver the necessary products and goods to the population.
In December are held winter holidays, especially in the countryside, the celebration of the New Year is carefully and everywhere prepared.

Winter has always occupied a large place in the work of poets. It is not difficult to select works on this topic, there are many works. Some of them - in whole or in excerpt - are given. In books and on the Internet, it is easy to find and revive songs and poems about this harsh, but peculiar and beautiful season.
***
Fedor TYUTCHEV
Enchantress Winter
Bewitched, the forest stands,
And under the snowy fringe,
Motionless, dumb
He shines with a wonderful life.

And he stands, bewitched,
Not dead and not alive -
Magically enchanted by sleep
All entangled, all bound
Light downy chain…

Is the winter sun mosque
On him his ray oblique -
Nothing trembles in it
He will flare up and shine
Dazzling beauty.

Nikolai Nekrasov
Snow flutters, spins,
It's white outside.
And the puddles turned
In cold glass

Where the finches sang in summer
Today - look! -
Like pink apples
On the branches of snowmen.

The snow is cut by skis,
Like chalk, creaky and dry,
And the red cat catches
Cheerful white flies.

Athanasius FET.
wonderful picture,
How are you related to me?
white plain,
Full moon,

the light of the heavens above,
And shining snow
And distant sleigh
Lonely run.

Ivan NIKITIN
Hello winter guest!
Please have mercy on us
Sing the songs of the north
Through forests and steppes.
We have an expanse -
Walk anywhere;
Build bridges across rivers
And lay out the carpets.
We can't get used to it,
Let your frost crackle:
Our Russian blood
Burning in the cold!

Alexander Blok
The evening is calm and cold.
Only there is no snow.
Outside the window turned on the stars,
The lights were turned off in the house.
A cloud came out from behind the forest
The house was quiet and silent
At night someone is barely audible
He knocked on the windows with his paws,
And in the morning in silver
Snow-white silence
Someone clean and fluffy
On my window lay.

Ivan Bunin
Under a leaden sky
Gloomy winter day fades,
And there is no end to the pine forests,
And far from the villages.

One mist is milky blue,
Like someone's mild sorrow,
Above this snowy desert
Softens the gloomy distance.

Sergey Yesenin
You are my fallen maple, icy maple,
Why are you standing bending under a white blizzard?
Or what did you see? Or what did you hear?
As if you went out for a walk in the village.
And, like a drunken watchman, going out onto the road,
He drowned in a snowdrift, froze his leg.

Evgeniy YEVTUSHENKO
northern surcharge
What is this northern allowance for?
Per -
depressed
blizzard
inside
eyes,
per -
frost such
that the skin on the faces
as if kirsa,
per -
breaking,
chipped torbaza,
per -
failing
into the ice
snake,
per -
empty backpack,
where only frozen sabza,
per -
cargo dropped from a helicopter,
where there are no books
except for two hundred and fifty copies
scientific brochure
"The poisonous reptile of our deserts -
gyurza..."

Vladimir Vysotsky

It's cold, it's sweeping around, I'm freezing even in my sleep,
Cold and with a woman in bed...
Will I meet friends - it's frosty for me,
Because everything is frozen.

Nikolay RUBTSOV
In this village the lights are not extinguished.
You do not prophesy me longing!
Delicately decorated with bright stars
Quiet winter night.

Quiet glow, wonderful glow,
The noise of the polynya is heard ...
My paths were difficult, difficult.
Where are you, my sorrows?

A modest girl smiles at me
I am smiling and happy!
Difficult, difficult - everything is forgotten,
Bright stars are burning!
(Winter song)

***
DECEMBER - proverbs, sayings, signs

December ends the year, winter begins.
The year ends and winter begins.
In the winter cold, everyone is young.
Two friends - frost and blizzard.
Hold on, Thomas, winter is coming!
Winter will ask what is in store for the summer.
Winter does not bring warmth.
Remember that winter is not summer.
The introduction came (December 4, hereinafter - according to the new article) - it brought the winter.
December 7 - the first sleigh ride. The toboggan path is being updated.
9th December. Here's your grandmother, and St. George's Day! (The old term for the transition of peasants from one master to another, forbidden by Boris Godunov).
The clerk called the peasant to sue on St. George's Day, and the peasant was like that.
December 14th. According to the old Russian tradition, from the day of Naum the Gramotnik (from December 1, according to the old style), they began to teach children to read and write, sent them to study. This day used to be considered Teacher's Day.
December 17th. Varyukha is cracking (Varvarin's day) - take care of your nose and ear!
Varvara bridges, Savva (December 18) sharpens nails, Nikola (December 19) nails.
The first frosts are Nikolsky.
Hoarfrost on Nikola - to the harvest.
On Nikolin's Day (December 19) there is beer in every house.
Dec 22. Autumn ends, winter begins. Wolves herd, gather in large packs.
At the conception of St. Anne, pregnant women fast.
December 25th. At Spiridon Solstice, the bear in the den turns to the other side.
After the Solstice, at least for a sparrow's lope, may the day come!
New Year, be businesslike, sewn from joys, covered with goodness, not broken by grief!

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Used by: Vladimir Ivanovich Dal. Dictionary living Great Russian language. T. 1-4, M., 1978-1980.
Vladimir Ivanovich Dal. Proverbs of the Russian people. In 2 volumes, M., 1984.
Church-folk calendar in Russia by I.P. Kalinsky. M., 1990.
Reference materials from the Internet.