Utilization of industrial and household waste. Waste-free and low-waste production

Disposal and recycling household waste- actual problem modern world. There are more and more landfills on earth, extensive littering threatens environmental catastrophe. The solution to the problem is the processing of solid waste at specialized waste processing plants. Following the conditions of objective reality, humanity needs to improve the methods of waste disposal in order to achieve the most efficient processing of solid waste at minimal cost.

3 Reasons Why Good Solid Waste Recycling Is Necessary

Waste can be divided into the following kinds:

• Household waste. This group includes human waste. The garbage that is thrown out of residential buildings and office buildings. Plastic products, food leftovers, paper, glass and other items. Many wastes are assigned to IV and V hazard classes.

Question about plastic waste should be solved as follows: the garbage is subject to mechanical grinding, followed by chemical treatment with solutions, as a result of such manipulations, a mass is formed from which polymer products can be made again. Paper and food leftovers can turn into compost, rot and benefit the agricultural sector of the economy.

• biological waste. This type of waste is produced species(man and animals). A large number of such materials are produced by veterinary clinics, hospitals, sanitary and hygienic organizations, catering enterprises and other similar institutions. Biological waste is destroyed by incineration. All materials of organic origin can be disposed of in this way.
• Industrial waste. Such wastes are the result of manufacturing processes. Construction, operation of industrial equipment, installation and finishing works - all this leaves behind a huge amount of wood, paints and varnishes, heat-insulating materials, some of which can also be burned. For example, wood releases energy during combustion, which can also be used for social purposes.
• radioactive waste. It is not uncommon for biomaterials and other wastes to contain radioactive substances that pose a hazard. This group also includes gases and solutions - that is, those wastes that cannot be used in the future. Some of this garbage can be destroyed by burning, but the rest can only be buried.
• Medical waste. This is the garbage of medical institutions, 80% of which is non-hazardous household waste, and the remaining 20% ​​poses a risk to the human body. Like recycling radioactive waste, the destruction of this type of garbage has many restrictions and prohibitions in Russian legislation. The methods of its burning and burial are described in detail. For medical waste, as well as for radioactive waste, special burial grounds are created. Some destroy medical waste like this: they put it in bags and burn it. But many drugs belong to hazard classes I and II, so this disposal method is clearly not for them.

All wastes are classified according to the degree of their danger to the environment. There are four hazard classes in total. The first class is garbage, which poses the most serious threat to the planet and all organisms living on it. If you do not process first class MSW in the manner prescribed by law, the damage to the ecological system may be irreparable. Waste of the first hazard class: mercury, lead salts, plutonium, polonium, etc.

Waste of the second hazard class can also greatly harm the environment. The consequences of such damage will continue to impact for a long time. The planet will recover within 30 years of being polluted by such waste. These include arsenic, selenium, chlorine, phosphates, etc.

After waste of the third class of danger, the ecosystem is able to recover in a decade. Of course, recovery is possible only after the processing of MSW, otherwise the waste will not stop harming the environment. The third class includes zinc, ethyl alcohol, chromium, etc.

The fourth hazard class is low-hazard waste (simazine, sulfates, chlorides). After they are removed from the infected object, the ecosystem needs to recover for three years.

But waste of the fifth class is completely safe.

Consider, why is it necessary correct processing of solid waste:

1. Waste pollutes the environment, which is already oversaturated with emissions from factories and vehicle emissions.
2. Resources that are extracted from nature or created industrially are seriously limited, so it is advisable to recycle and reuse them.
3. It turns out to be cheaper to use recycled raw materials, so the processing of MSW is economically beneficial.

The most common methods of processing MSW

Method 1Waste disposal.

Landfills are created specifically in order to carry out the processing of solid waste on their territory. The flow of garbage enters these areas (up to 95%), and then the organic part decomposes spontaneously. In the area of ​​the landfill, special conditions are formed for an intensive biochemical process of dissociation. The resulting anaerobic environment promotes recycling enhanced by methanogenic microorganisms that form biogas (otherwise called "landfill gas"). What is the disadvantage of such polygons? Landfill gas toxins enter the atmospheric air and spread in the direction of the wind over long distances. And if they are mixed with industrial emissions, then the environment is even more dangerous.

Given the accumulation of microorganisms that enhance the flow of chemical reactions, local fires can occur due to excessive overheating. At the same time, polyaromatic hydrocarbons are released into the environment, causing oncological diseases. Such emissions are thousands of times higher than the permissible concentrations of such substances in the air. Aqueous solutions formed in the air fall out in the form of precipitation, during the evaporation of which, as in the combustion of polymeric substances, dioxins are released. So through precipitation harmful chemical elements get into ground and surface waters.

Since it is impossible to arrange such landfills within the city, plots outside large settlements are allocated for them. If we calculate the cost of allocating territories, their arrangement in accordance with all the rules, transportation costs for transporting garbage to such a landfill for processing solid waste, we get a rather impressive figure. Add to this the air pollution associated with the release of combustion products of motor fuel, the deterioration of suburban roads. The picture is not rosy.

Due to the fact that the qualified arrangement of landfills for the processing of solid waste is associated with high costs, some people prefer to organize unauthorized dumps. In such places of unauthorized storage, there is no sealing, liquid waste directly enters the environment without passing through the neutralization stage, creating a high danger to the population. And these dumps only multiply and grow.

Thus, it is very dangerous to store unrecycled waste at landfills, and therefore this method of disposal should be prohibited at the legislative level. And there are many reasons for this:

• lack of bacteriological and epidemiological safety;
• rapid spread of dangerous human body substances over large areas (penetration into air, water, soil);
• release of dioxins during fire;
• the high cost of land and landfill facilities, as well as the need for subsequent reclamation of the site;
• a contradiction to the "Basics of the state policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030".

Method 2Garbage composting.

This method of processing MSW is based on the fact that some of the garbage can be disposed of independently - through biodegradation. So, organic waste is able to be composted. Nowadays, there are special technologies for composting food waste and unseparated garbage.

Mass composting is not widespread in our country, but is used by that part of the population that has private houses or summer cottages. However, in general, it is possible to organize the process of garbage composting centrally, by allocating special sites for this. The resulting compost can later be successfully used in the agricultural industry.

Method 3Thermal processing of waste (MSW).

Organics can also be easily destroyed thermally. Thermal processing of MSW is a consistent procedure for the effect of heat on waste in order to reduce their mass and volume, as well as neutralization. Such processing of MSW can be accompanied by the production of inert materials and energy carriers.

Advantages thermal processing:

• Effectiveness in terms of neutralization (destroys pathogenic microflora).
• Significantly reduces the volume of garbage (up to ten times).
• Use of the energy potential of waste of organic origin.

The most common method of thermal processing of MSW is incineration. This easy way there are many advantages:

• It has been tested many times.
• Combustion equipment is available and commercially available, has a long service life.
• Automated process, does not require the involvement of labor resources.

If earlier garbage was simply burned, then modern technologies make it possible to use this process more efficiently, simultaneously extracting the fuel fraction from it. As a result of such techniques, the incineration procedure turns not only into the elimination of garbage, but also into the production of additional energy - electrical or thermal. The most promising at the moment is the plasma combustion technology, which provides a higher combustion temperature. As a result, useful energy is released, and the result is a completely harmless vitrified product.

Method 4Plasma recycling of waste (MSW).

Processing of MSW by the plasma method is a process of turning garbage into gas. This gas is subsequently used to generate steam and electricity. Non-pyrolyzable solid waste residues are one of the elements of plasma processing.

The advantage of high-temperature pyrolysis is that this process destroys a wide variety of wastes without any preliminary preparation, without harming the environment. From an economic point of view, this is a very profitable technology, since no additional costs are required for drying, sorting and other procedures for preparing waste for disposal.

The output is slag, which does not harm the environment and can even be reused.

What equipment is used for the processing of solid waste

The industrial world does not stand still, more and more equipment and waste disposal plants are becoming. The most common types of equipment for such enterprises include:

1. Presses.

Without pressing waste, it is impossible to imagine any plant for the disposal and processing of solid waste. After pressing, the waste is more convenient to store and transport. The presses can have different dimensions: from the most gigantic to relatively small ones that can fit in the territory of an ordinary store. In Russia, two types of presses are used:

• Packing presses.
• Briquetting presses.

According to the method of loading the press are:

• Vertical (front loading).
• Horizontal (capable of compressing debris more tightly).

While vertical presses are compact enough, horizontal presses are usually installed only in large factories, since they are difficult to fit in a normal room.

According to the purpose of the press, there are universal (for all types of waste) and specialized (for only one type).

2. Compactors.

Compactors are considered very close to presses. From the name it is clear that they also make the garbage more compressed. Basically, this type of equipment compacts PET bottles, polyethylene films, aluminum cans, as well as paper and cardboard. For shopping malls, this type of equipment is indispensable, because there is always a need to compress a large amount of garbage.

Waste transportation companies unanimously claim that transportation and storage costs are significantly reduced by compacting waste with compactors. At the same time, it does not matter at all whether this compactor is mobile or stationary.

Fixed and mobile equipment have their pros and cons. If mobile compactors are monoblocks, then stationary compactors contain a press and a replaceable container, which allows you to load much more waste than in a single monoblock. The continuous cycle of work also significantly distinguishes the stationary compactor from other waste equipment. Just have time to change containers.

But the mobile compactor can be used in different places, while it does not need to be mounted and dismantled again every time. This is a hermetically sealed design, which allows it to work even with wet waste.

3. Shredders.

Shredders have a completely different type of work than presses and compactors. They help in the disposal of garbage by crushing it or crushing it. That is why Russian-speaking users call shredders crushers. Not a single solid waste processing plant can do without them. Shredders are designed for grinding:

• glass;
• tree;
• plastics;
• paper;
• rubber;
• metal;
• organic and mixed waste;
• dangerous substances.

Some shredders only handle one type of waste, such as glass. But there are many models that are designed to grind a wide variety of garbage.

4. Containers.

We deal with this type of equipment every day. These are our usual waste containers, which we regularly use. The material from which the containers are made is usually plastic, although sometimes metal is also found. Containers can be used for separate storage of garbage or for mixed waste. Not so long ago, containers were stationary, now more and more often we see containers on wheels. From containers equipped with wheels, it is more convenient to transfer garbage to garbage trucks.

5. Sorting lines.

It is much easier and more efficient to process MSW in sorted form. As we have already said, for different kind garbage has its own ways of disposal, and therefore it is so important to first separate one type of waste from others. To this end, waste sorting lines are now mandatory installed at waste processing plants. Sorting lines are designed to separate municipal solid waste into fractions for the purpose of their subsequent pressing, compaction and transformation into secondary raw materials, which can then be sold. Sorting lines have become an integral part of the waste recycling process.

How a solid waste processing plant is completed

A set of equipment for any plant is selected taking into account its specialization. There are enterprises of a wide profile that carry out the processing of various types of solid waste. But small plants usually deal only with a specific type of waste. It can be construction waste, tires and other rubber products, household waste, and so on.

It is safest to invest in functional and powerful equipment that can serve a large area, working without interruptions and breakdowns.

An example of such a complex is the waste incineration mini-plant MPZ-5000 (manufactured by Sifania (Russia)). It is designed to process a huge amount of municipal solid waste, for example, it will perfectly cope with five thousand tons of garbage per year. A mini-factory implies a set of equipment for burning garbage. The example we are considering is suitable for serving a small area with a population of about 25 thousand people. The set of equipment includes not only a waste incinerator, but also units for:

• waste sorting;
• shredding plastic bottles;
• waste paper seals;
• pyrolization of non-decomposable materials.

The cost of the equipment is quite high. Its simplest standard equipment will cost the company ten million rubles.

But this example is suitable for a small scale organization. For larger production, you can purchase a sorting station capable of passing through itself up to ten tons per hour. The productivity of such equipment is much higher than that of a mini-factory. This station is capable of separating 16 types of MSW from a mixed stream. Station maintenance requires at least 40 people. A good option for such equipment is the JSSORT complex. It has impressive dimensions. To install the entire station, you will need an area 40 meters wide and 80 meters long. Such equipment is capable of serving about 15 garbage trucks in one eight-hour working day.

Such a set of equipment will cost three times more than a mini-factory. Its cost is about 30 million rubles. This includes the cost of building a suitable space for the station.

A very profitable option for making money on waste disposal is a plant for processing rubber products (car tires) into small crumbs. After the operation of specialized equipment, only rubber powder remains, crushed into granules, which is perfectly suitable for recycling.

It is in demand in the production of:

• asphalt;
• road speed limiters;
• materials for soundproofing;
• mastic with anti-corrosion properties and other products of the construction industry.

A set of equipment for rubber processing is capable of processing up to three tons of waste per hour. An imported mini-factory of this type costs about 25 million rubles.

It should be noted that all processing enterprises have approximately the same set of components. The differences are mainly in the degree of their power and the level of process automation. The MSW processing plant includes the following equipment:

• receiving conveyor;
• inclined belt conveyor;
• sorting line;
• press machine for packing;
• pyrolysis plant;
• shredder for plastic;
• glass container.

Sometimes this set is complemented by a receiving shop with magnetic equipment for separating scrap metal.

Consider the scheme of operation of a mini-plant for the processing of solid waste:

• first of all, the waste stream goes through a magnetic receiver to sort the metal;
• the vertical conveyor transports raw materials to the sorting line;
• sorting complexes can be automated and separate waste using optical devices or semi-automated and use manual labor;
• all waste paper is sorted and sent to packaging;
• plastic products enter the grinding device;
• glass waste is sent to a collection container;
• all other waste goes to the receiving hopper, from where it subsequently enters the press for compaction. The further fate of such garbage is burial.

If recyclables are packaged, they can be sold or recycled, depending on which direction is provided by the plant itself. For example, one of the divisions of the enterprise may be a workshop for the production of toilet paper.

The main problems of MSW processing

Problem 1.Lack of funds.

Currently, waste is removed mainly at the expense of the population. But the tariffs for the neutralization of household waste established by regulatory enactments are prohibitively low. So much so that they are not able to compensate even for the transportation of garbage, not to mention its processing and disposal.

Of course, the funds collected from the population are not enough, so the rest of the resources are allocated by the state. But for unknown reasons, the housing and communal services never have the opportunity to develop and modernize the waste disposal system. We still do not have separate collection, as is customary throughout Europe. Yes, and at the material level there is no incentive to sort. If you throw out all the garbage in one container or separate the waste by type, you still pay the same tariff for the processing of solid waste.

Problem 2Secondary importance.

MSW recycling is currently carried out by organizations whose main activity is the provision of various utilities.

Only if specialized enterprises take over the collection and processing of waste, they will be able to carry out planning for more efficient waste collection, improve the equipment used, optimize income and costs for the processing of solid waste.

Problem 3.The absence of responsible persons.

All activities related to the disposal of household waste are dispersed among various departments. A single structure of hierarchy and responsibility in this matter has not been built. In European countries, things are different. There, the issue of household waste management is controlled by the Environmental Protection Agency. In our country, there is a similar authority - the Ministry of Natural Resources, however, the issue of MSW processing has not been transferred to the jurisdiction of this body.

As a result, the existing ministries and departments deal with this area to varying degrees, but shift responsibility to each other, and the process of issuing draft laws in this area is delayed due to the lengthy approval procedure.

Problem 4.Concentration in the hands of state bodies.

Government agencies zealously hold on to the recycling of solid waste, although, as we have seen, they do not have enough funds, desire and understanding to organize the process at the proper level. European states show the effectiveness of involving private companies in this issue. In Europe, organizations have long collaborated with municipalities on waste collection and disposal. Perhaps, sometime in the future, our authorities will reach a similar level of cooperation, but for now, landfills are accumulating and continue to poison the environment.

Foreign experience shows that private companies are very enthusiastic about solving this problem, as it is directly related to commercial gain. So, they are looking for the most efficient and cost-effective ways to process MSW. By building large factories and attracting foreign investment, commercial organizations work with great returns, and the result of their activities is evident.

Problem 5.No community outreach.

The fact that the population practically does not understand the benefits of separate waste collection is a sad flaw in the domestic management of this issue. After all, if citizens are informed about the problems of MSW processing, they may increase their awareness and desire to correct the situation, including on their own. After all, this planet is our home, where we live and plan to inhabit it for a long time to come.

Problem 6.Lack of fixtures.

The abundance of open access data allows many conscious citizens, despite the lack of centralized information, to come to an understanding of the problem of waste disposal. But even if people have a desire to throw garbage into separate containers, they are not given such an opportunity. The only equipment for collecting waste is an ordinary garbage chute. There is only one way out of the situation: weld all existing garbage chutes and establish a waste sorting system.

It is more expedient to design new houses without garbage chutes, since in general this will not only provide the possibility of separate waste collection, but also increase cleanliness in the entrances.

Problem 7.Recycling has not been arranged.

In Russia, there are organizations that are engaged in the processing of solid waste. There are not as many of them as we would like, but even these units often experience problems with the disposal of secondary raw materials. And this is sad, because in fact, the use of scrap allows you to get significant economic benefits.

To motivate the use of recyclable materials in production is again a state task. And we are talking not only about establishing obligations for enterprises, but also about developing a system of incentives, benefits, and incentives that could encourage business representatives to establish markets for the sale of waste and its use.

Thus, in the implementation of public procurement in European countries, benefits are often provided for organizations that manufacture products from recycled materials.

Problem 8.Lack of planning.

In order for the processing of solid waste and the use of recyclable materials not to become local and episodic phenomena, it is necessary to draw up detailed plans aimed at achieving the desired results. Thus, this plan for the use of waste should cover a long period during which the necessary measures are provided, as well as the timing of their implementation, sources of funding, goals and persons responsible for the implementation of such actions.

All of the above problems actually arise due to the same factor: the task of competent processing of solid waste is not among the priorities at the state level. In addition, we still have not come to realize the most rational use of available resources. Therefore, environmental protection issues have not yet been resolved, and an effective waste disposal system has not been built.

What are the prospects for the processing of solid waste in Russia

In Russia, the idea of ​​rational use of waste has not yet been developed. AT recent times this direction is given a little more attention. But only the smallest. A number of waste processing enterprises have been created in our country, but their functioning has not yet been put on wide leg. The process is not adjusted, there is no competent interaction of such organizations with the state. In general, while such companies operate mainly in the central regions of the country - Moscow, St. Petersburg. But ideally, such activities should be carried out everywhere.

The fact is that in large cities there are much more earning opportunities for waste processing enterprises. The waste disposal business is very profitable where there is an abundance of it, and there are sorely lacking areas for storage and slow destruction of waste. Not so on the periphery. Most often, garbage is taken out to lands that are located on the outskirts of cities and towns. This method harms the environment and is also economically unprofitable. While the recycling of ordinary household waste is profitable business, and in a given period of time in the domestic economy, this niche is free.

It should be noted that until the municipalities begin to perceive this problem as an urgent one, it is unlikely that anything will change dramatically. Foreign experience shows that a significant part of waste disposal issues can be solved by a simple action - the installation of containers for separate waste collection. This step will greatly simplify the processing of MSW.

The criticism of this assumption is the judgment about the inertia and laziness of Russians who do not want to sort their waste at home. But polls public opinion this idea is not supported. For example, half of Moscow residents are already ready for separate waste collection. And this is without any propaganda and work with the population on the part of those in power. It is easy to guess that, subject to the actions of the state in this direction, a quick and effective transition to modern technologies for waste processing and the use of secondary raw materials is possible in our country.

Expert opinion

Solving the problems of MSW processing with the help of integrated management

L.Ya. Shubov,

Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor, member of the community of Russian experts on environmental management

HE. Borisova,

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of RSUTS

I.G. Doronkin,

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of RSUTS

MSW recycling management consists of the following elements:

• garbage collection;
• export;
• processing (preliminary preparation);
• actual processing;
• disposal;
• burial.

All these components are connected into a single system and are interconnected.

To ensure the solution of the tasks of MSW processing, it is necessary to be guided by modern requirements for resource conservation and environmental management:

• recycling of waste as sources of raw materials and energy;
• reducing the cost of cleaning settlements;
• transition from the MSW disposal method to industrial recycling;
• ensuring environmental safety.

Changes are not so easy to achieve, because they are associated not only with the establishment of an effective system of garbage collection and processing, but also with the improvement of the sanitary and hygienic state of the city, and this is already a matter of reforming the housing and communal services. At the moment, there are a number of tasks, among which the creation of a service market and the development of competition in the field of solid waste processing are not the last. Implementing all these innovations is not easy.

At the moment, there is a serious shortage of specialists in the processing of solid waste. Universities annually issue diplomas to broad-profile environmentalists who do not yet own the technologies for the efficient processing of technogenic raw materials, it is difficult for them to find a solution to the problem with solid waste overnight.

Some foreign organizations are rushing to the Russian market, offering a way out of the difficult situation with solid waste with the help of advanced technologies. But often it is only about burning garbage. A well-thought-out waste disposal system still does not arise. At best, industrial facilities appear chaotically, dealing with only one technology in the complex of measures necessary for the systematic destruction of waste. This is the road to nowhere.

It is impossible to solve the problem of MSW recycling by building waste incineration plants. While one is being built, he is finishing his life cycle another. Therefore, unsystematic construction has already proved its inefficiency. In this direction, one cannot rely on one single method of processing - incineration.

Practice shows that such a policy does not lead to a solution to the problem, but only contributes to increased environmental pollution.

It is necessary to take an example from the European states. Here is what they have achieved so far in terms of MSW management:

• Developed a recycling industry based on separate waste collection with the selection of usable elements.
• We organized and continue to develop a system of specialized sorting facilities, enterprises for thermal and biothermal waste processing.
• Developed a recycling system.

Burning all garbage is simply unacceptable. The waste fraction that has already been freed from both hazardous and resource-valuable components is used for thermal processing. Such production can be called environmentally friendly.

In our country, all MSW processing points are built haphazardly, out of touch with each other. The entire waste stream is sent there without prior sorting. Such actions create the threat of an emergency situation.

If the issue of solid waste is resolved, then the problem of environmental security of the country as a whole will be partially resolved.

There is an urgent need to build a system for processing solid waste for the Moscow region and the cities of the resort area. Until public policy in this matter will not be normalized, crime and corruption will continue to flourish. That is why the development of a science-based strategy for the processing of MSW is task No. 1.

The strategy for optimizing the integrated management of solid waste is needed, first of all, to create an advanced efficient waste management system and the use of secondary raw materials. The task of such a program is to develop ways to introduce waste into industrial processing, plan a sequence of actions to massively reduce the flow of garbage that is currently being disposed of, reduce environmental risks and waste disposal costs. The strategy should look like a single document with understandable and clear terminology, containing a real model for optimizing the use of waste.

The modern world does not stand still. Every year, production volumes increase, population growth and urban expansion continue. At the same time, the problem of waste disposal has ripened. On the ground, special landfills for waste products are present in limited quantities. At the same time, the volumes entering them exceed their capacity, so the garbage mountains increase every day. Untreated heaps of waste negatively affect the ecological state of the planet. That is why there was a need to create high-quality waste processing plants. At these facilities, it is necessary to apply only modern methods of waste processing and disposal. It is worth noting that the garbage generated by mankind belongs to various hazard groups. In order for waste recycling to be effective, for each individual type it is necessary to choose its own disposal method. But first they need to be sorted.

Waste household

This number includes the remains of products associated with the life of people. It can be plastic, paper, food and other similar waste that was thrown out of institutions and homes of the population. The rubbish that we used to get rid of is found at every step. Many garbage is assigned the fifth and fourth degree of danger.

Recycling of household waste from plastic should not be done without mechanical action, i.e. grinding. Further, they are necessarily treated with chemical solutions. Often, after such a procedure, new polymeric substances are made, which are used again to create new products. Household waste such as paper or food waste can be composted and then putrefied. Subsequently, the resulting composition is suitable for use in agricultural business.

Biological decay

Biological species in nature are humans and animals. These two groups also generate a large amount of waste. A lot of this rubbish comes from veterinary clinics, sanitation organizations, catering establishments and similar businesses. Processing of biological waste is reduced to their incineration. Substances of liquid consistency are transported on special vehicles. Incineration is also used for organic waste.

Industrial waste

This type of waste is generated as a result of the functioning of production and technological activities. This includes all construction garbage. It appears in the process of installation, facing, finishing and other works. For example, this category of waste includes paint and varnish residues, heat-insulating substances, wood and other industrial “trash”. Processing of industrial waste is often incinerated. Wooden remains are suitable for obtaining a certain amount of energy.

radioactive waste

Such wastes include solutions and gases that are not suitable for use. First of all, these are biological materials and objects containing radioactive components in large quantities (above the permissible norm). The degree of danger depends on the level of radiation in such waste. Such garbage is disposed of by burial, some is simply burned. A similar method of processing applies to the next group of residues of activity.

medical waste

This list contains all substances that are produced by medical institutions. Approximately 80% of waste is ordinary household waste. He is harmless. But the remaining 20% ​​are capable of causing damage to health in one way or another. In Russia, the disposal and processing of radioactive and medical waste has many prohibitions and conventions. Also, the country carefully spelled out the necessary conditions for handling this group of garbage, methods for their burial or incineration. Special repositories for liquid and solid radioactive components were created. If it is necessary to get rid of medical waste, it is put in special bags and set on fire. But this method, unfortunately, is also unsafe, especially if the drugs belong to the first or second hazard group.

Division into classes

All waste is divided depending on its state of aggregation. So, they are solid, liquid or gaseous. In addition, all garbage is classified according to the degree of danger. There are four classes in total. Garbage belonging to the first degree of danger poses the strongest threat to the planet and living organisms, including humans. These wastes can spoil the ecological system, which will lead to a catastrophe. These include the following substances: mercury, polonium, lead salts, plutonium, etc.

The second class includes residues that can cause an ecological failure that will not be able to recover for a long period (about 30 years). These are chlorine, various phosphates, arsenic, selenium and other substances. The third hazard group includes those wastes, after the impact of which the system will be able to recover in ten years. But only if the garbage no longer affects the infected object. Among them, chromium, zinc, ethyl alcohol and so on are distinguished.

Low-hazard waste - sulfates, chlorides and simazine - is assigned the fourth class. But this does not mean that they practically do not affect humans and the ecosystem. If the source is removed, the organism or nature will be able to recover only after three years. There is fifth grade trash. This means that the waste is completely safe for the environment.

The Importance of Recycling

There are several reasons why competent recycling is necessary:

1. Getting into the environment, most substances and materials turn into pollutants (it is worth considering that our planet is already suffocating every day from the emissions of cars and factories).
2. Many of the resources from which certain materials are created are exhausted. Their stocks are too limited, so the way out is recycling waste.
3. In some cases, objects that have fulfilled their purpose turn out to be a source of substances. Moreover, they are cheaper than natural materials.

More about recycling

Recycling is a change in waste materials until they completely disappear or change the structure so that it is not possible to reuse them. But this word can have another meaning. For example, it is often used in a figurative sense.

Today, a large amount of waste is reused for different purposes. All garbage that is disposed of today is divided into two main groups:

1. Solid household waste (glass, paper, plastic, food waste).
2. Industrial waste (biological, medical, radioactive, construction waste, as well as waste from the transport complex).

Disposal can be carried out in one of several ways, which are also divided into groups. For example, the main methods include heat treatment, composting, which is natural method decomposition, and waste disposal at special landfills. Some of these recycling methods allow you to get secondary raw materials.

Recycled materials

Usually, all the waste that remains after human production and activities is called "recyclable". But this view is not entirely correct. The fact is that not all waste should be recycled or sent to other needs. There is also a group of waste that is reused only as an energy source (after special treatment), therefore it is also not classified as a secondary raw material. Those substances that, after processing, give out energy, are called "secondary energy raw materials."

This group includes only those materials that, after a certain impact, can become suitable in national economy. A good example is a canned food can. It can no longer be used to store food, but after being melted down, it is used to make a new food container or other metal objects. It becomes obvious: secondary raw materials are items that, after being used for their intended purpose, are resources that will be useful for further use. To get a new product or raw material, waste processing is necessary. Today, several methods are used for this, which are described below.

Natural processing

Back in the 20th century, in most cases, the processing of household waste was carried out by composting. Garbage, in particular organic, was dumped into specially dug pits and sprinkled with earth. Over time, the waste decomposed, rotted and was used as fertilizer in agriculture. But relatively recently, this method has been slightly modified. Scientists have developed hermetic installations for heating composted waste. Organic residues in this case begin to decompose faster, which results in the formation of methane, which is biogas. It was he who began to be used to create biofuels.

Specialized companies have appeared that build mobile stations for waste processing. They are used in small villages or on a farm. It has been estimated that such stations large size, intended for cities, it is unprofitable to maintain. It takes a lot of time to get a decomposing product, and the resulting fertilizers still remain unused, and they also need to be disposed of somehow. In addition, there are other wastes that have nowhere to go, so they will accumulate. For example, it is plastic, construction residues, polyethylene and so on. And it is economically unprofitable for the authorities to create a specialized plant where the processing of municipal solid waste would be carried out.

Thermal disposal

Thermal processing refers to the burning of solid household waste. The process is used to reduce the amount of organic matter and render it harmless. Further, the resulting residues are disposed of or disposed of. After burning, the garbage is significantly reduced in volume, all bacteria are exterminated, and the resulting energy is able to generate electricity or heat water for the heating system. Such plants are usually arranged near large city dumps so that the processing of solid waste takes place on a conveyor. There are also nearby landfills intended for the disposal of processed residues.

It can be noted that waste incineration is divided into direct and pyrolysis. With the first method, only thermal energy can be obtained. At the same time, pyrolysis combustion makes it possible to produce liquid and gaseous fuels. But regardless of the method of thermal disposal, harmful substances are released into the atmosphere during combustion. It harms our ecology. Some people install filters. Their purpose is to retain solid volatile substances. But as practice shows, even they are not able to stop pollution.

If we talk about the technology for processing medical waste, several special furnaces have already been installed in Russia. They are equipped with gas cleaning devices. In addition, microwave, steam-thermal treatment and autoclaving have appeared in the country. These are all alternative methods of incinerating medical and other suitable waste. Residues containing mercury are processed by special thermochemical or hydrometallurgical methods.

Plasma Utilization

This method is currently the most modern way of disposal. Its action takes place in two stages:

1. Waste is crushed and compressed under pressure. If necessary, the garbage is dried to achieve a granular structure.
2. The resulting substances are sent to the reactor. There, the plasma flow transfers so much energy to them that they acquire a gaseous state.

To avoid ignition is obtained with the help of a special oxidizing agent. The resulting gas is similar in composition to ordinary natural gas, but it contains less energy. The finished product is sealed in containers and sent for later use. Such gas is suitable for turbines, boilers, diesel generators.

Similar processing of production waste and household waste has been used for some time in Canada and the United States. In these countries, the remains of human life are effectively disposed of, and the final product is used for good as fuel. In the West, they are already preparing to introduce this technology on an even larger scale. But since such equipment is quite expensive, it cannot be purchased by the CIS countries.

Is it possible to solve the problem of waste disposal?

Of course, for the processing of solid waste and hazardous waste to be carried out at the highest level, a lot of financial investments are required. Political circles should also be interested in this. But for now, we have to make do with obsolete equipment for recycling. According to the authorities, the existing factories cope with the problem, so there is no need to reconstruct and re-equip them. Only an ecological catastrophe can serve as an impetus for this.

Although the problem is vast, it is still possible to solve or reduce its size. The situation requires an integrated approach on the part of society and the authorities. It is good if everyone thinks about what he personally can do. The simplest thing a person can do is start sorting the garbage that he generates. After all, the one who throws away waste knows where he has plastic, paper, glass or food. If it becomes a habit to sort the remains of life, then such garbage will become easier and faster to process.

A person needs to be regularly reminded of the importance proper disposal waste, its sorting and respect for the natural resources it owns. If the authorities do not take measures, conduct motivational campaigns, simple enthusiasm will not be enough. Therefore, the problem of waste disposal will remain in our country at a “primitive” level.

Today, the problem of disposal of household and industrial waste is particularly acute. Not many start-up businessmen want to start their own waste recycling business. And absolutely in vain, you can make good money on it! The main thing is to choose the right cell for business.

Types of waste and method of their disposal.

There are two main types of waste:

1. Organic (bone, leather, wood, food);

2. Inorganic (rubber, glass, plastic, paper, metal).

The following methods of disposal of food and industrial waste are used:

1. Processing for secondary raw materials;

2. Waste incineration (chamber, stratified, fluidized bed);

3. Burial in specially designated areas;

4. Briquetting (consists in packing homogeneous waste into special briquettes);

5. Composting (secondary use of organic waste as a fertilizer, after processing their microorganism).

Waste recycling.

Natural and organic waste is processed into compost to obtain a special fertilizer for plants. After the processing of toxic materials, using the method of burial or incineration, building or industrial materials are obtained. Non-ferrous metals and industrial glass are obtained from electronic waste (old TVs, tape recorders and other equipment) after technical transformation. Refrigeration equipment, having previously sucked out the refrigerant and oil, separates the floor into parts and carries out technical processing.

About 80% of the parts of refrigeration equipment can be reused for the manufacture of refrigerators. Cars are taken apart and serviceable parts are sold at a reduced cost. Waste paper, after processing, is used to make toilet paper or paper of lower grades.

Room rental.

For the disposal of household waste, it is necessary to rent a room of at least 500 m2. About half of the area will be occupied by industrial premises. It must be an industrial area. At the same time, 100 m2 will be used as storage facilities, 50 m2 - an administrative area. The sanitary zone of the site is at least 500 m. The site must have a convenient entrance for trucks and a separate entrance for personnel. The room must have a water supply line, local and central heating, sewerage. The premises must have fire protection and a security system. The cost of renting such premises is $1.6 thousand per month.

Equipment.

To organize the disposal of industrial and domestic waste, you need to buy the following equipment:

1. Line for sorting - 21 thousand $;

2. Crusher - $15 thousand;

3. Bunker for the accumulation of garbage - $ 8 thousand;

4. Press - 20 thousand $;

5. Magnet - $3,000.

The cost of such equipment is about $70,000.

At the same time, according to experts, it is not worth investing in expensive imported equipment. Analogs from the domestic manufacturer do not differ in reliability and performance.

Staff.

A feature of this type of production is manual labor. All operations on the production line are carried out only manually: sorting, grinding and rejection. That is why, even a small business may need a staff of about 40 people. This company works in shifts. During one shift will perform work from 12 to 15 people. These are sorters, specialists and an electrician on duty. The salary of the workers is about $5,000 per month.

Materials.

For waste disposal, it is necessary to collect household and industrial waste. This raw material is available and free. The main thing is to pre-register all the necessary documentation and obtain the appropriate permission for waste disposal.

Documentation.

Before starting a business for the disposal of household and industrial waste, it is necessary to obtain mandatory documentation. First of all, it is necessary to pass an environmental impact assessment. The document is given for life. The next step is to apply to the municipal utility and water management, fire and sanitary service to obtain the appropriate permits. And only after that, with all the documents received, you can apply to the Ministry of Ecology and natural resources to obtain a waste disposal license. The procedure takes about 2-4 months. Its cost is about $90.

Like any other activity, waste disposal requires advertising. Be sure to have your own website, which can be accessed by potential customers. You can also place an advertisement in magazines and newspapers. Additionally, it is important to take part in seminars on this topic. Additionally, you can make outdoor advertising in industrial areas of the city. All these actions will have a positive impact on the search for potential customers. The cost of advertising is about $150.

Basic costs.

To open your own business for the disposal of household and industrial waste, you must consider the following basic costs:

1. Rent of premises - 1.6 thousand $;

2. Equipment - $70 thousand;

3. Personnel - 5 thousand $;

In total, to open a waste disposal business, an amount of $ 77 thousand is required.

Profit and payback period.

About 8 tons of waste paper, 1 ton of polymers, 200 kg of aluminum cans and plastic bottles can be sorted out of waste every month. In total, monthly from 1 ton of waste paper you can make a profit of $ 170, polymers for $ 125 and aluminum cans for $ 200 and more. In total, the monthly profit of the enterprise can be about $9,000. This business has a high profitability - up to 50%. The payback period for the initial investment is 2 years.

Sales market and direction development.

You can sell the received materials in the following areas:

1. Industrial enterprises;

2. Plants for the production of cardboard;

3. Paper mills;

4. Manufacturing enterprises using recycled materials.

You can develop a business through the manufacture of goods from recycled materials. If there is a desire to achieve maximum profitability of the business, in this case, you can do the deepest processing of waste.

Recently, in many countries, there has been a growing interest in waste as a valuable type of raw material, and this applies not only to those places where raw materials are limited. Reusing materials in the industrial production process typically requires less energy, hence the tangible economic benefits of recycling, so an increasing share of the world's garbage is sent for recycling. Will we also join the advanced countries in terms of waste management?

Somewhere in Sweden, for example, it was possible to bring this share to a record 95%. Of course, one should not think that all waste there is recycled, after all, many materials can be used in commercial production only once, and this figure includes all possible types of waste processing, including incineration and pyrolysis decomposition. But some materials that are very common in everyday life can circulate in production almost forever. Take, for example, newspapers. News becomes obsolete faster than the font of the column is typed, there is no need to hem it, tea, not Pravda, and the use of old newspapers for packaging, kindling and ersatz toilet paper is not developed abroad. So the scheme: “bought-read-handed over” works flawlessly there. The development of electronic media is steadily reducing the circulation of their paper versions, which makes it possible to print new newspapers on recycled materials alone. The circulation of newsprint, like packaging board, is important not only because of the preservation of living trees, but also because the production of paper from wood is a labor-intensive and relatively environmentally dirty process.

Another "eternal" material is plastics belonging to the group of thermoplastics. Their fundamental property is that they can be repeatedly melted to give the desired shape, while they do not lose their properties. Such, for example, is polyethylene terephthalate, known to everyone from PET bottles. Producing a new polymer from raw materials is much more expensive than blowing new ones out of old bottles. Moreover, this material is the most inert among household plastics, not exposed to UV rays, like polyethylene, and blowing equipment is widely distributed and, as they say, is on site.

Another widely used material for the production of bottles and other utensils is glass. This is really an eternal product without any quotes, although it sinks in water, it does not burn in fire. To obtain it, in addition to energy, selective river sand is required, a resource in a certain sense is limited, since road and housing construction is constantly growing and the use of cullet as a recyclable material is becoming more profitable. Of course, the glassware circulation system that existed in Soviet times was not recycling, but it allowed the enterprises of a large country pouring food liquids to reduce costs by using universal containers.

And finally, metals. The tinplate and aluminum used to make cans can be remelted countless times, and their reuse brings tangible benefits to the economy due to the fact that it takes an enormous amount of energy to first extract iron and aluminum from ore. But the use of recyclable materials not only reduces production costs, it also reduces the volume of garbage removed from households to landfills and, accordingly, reduces the size of the areas allocated for these landfills.

These four types of materials, according to various estimates, account for up to 40% of the contents of an average bag of solid waste. Note, however, that most of them are nothing more than packaging of food or industrial goods purchased in supermarkets, easy to sort, not requiring pre-treatment, such as washing, disassembling, etc. And, to For example, it will not be so easy to return a valuable steel pan with plastic handles to industrial circulation. But statistics are created by volumes, so they are the main focus.

Any recycling begins with collection, and it will be better and more complete, the more a trash can looks like a shopping cart. That's right, before we all got used to packing solid waste in special bags, it's time to return to forgotten buckets. Go out with such a bucket into the yard, and newspapers out of it in one container, plastic bottles in another, glass in the third, cans in the fourth. Only non-recyclable waste is all in one bag and, accordingly, in the fifth container, and then return the bucket home. Nothing to say, an occupation worthy of pensioners and schoolchildren, hastily throwing a bag on the way to work will no longer work, and whatever one may say, additional space in the apartment for “recyclable” waste will be required.

The conscience of the townspeople alone may not be enough for this, and there is nothing to motivate them financially. With an average price of waste paper 2 rubles. for 1 kg, the collection points that were available in the recent past "have died for a long time", and 50 kopecks. for 1 kg of cullet or 25 kopecks. for an aluminum can, all the more, they will not inspire anyone. But reducing the cost of MSW removal through municipal support for residents participating in the separate collection program can be a good incentive. It is also important to simplify the collection of sorted waste as much as possible, for example, to collect all recyclable waste in one container, then there will be no need for a “palisade” of multi-colored tanks in the yards, but only two types; hurried working people will be able to recycle everything in one package, as before. Abroad, when serving the private sector, they do just that: they put two 120-liter containers at each house: one for recyclables, the other for non-recyclable solid waste. In houses with garbage chutes, they can be taken away for secondary resources, and “smelling” bags can be taken outside by hand, it will be even more hygienic.

Well important point- Responsibility for your garbage. There will be no order, even if all the vandals suddenly turn into respectable citizens, where residents of various HOAs and management companies bring garbage to a common municipal solid waste collection site, and even nearby shops throw their waste. General - it is actually a draw, we have already gone through this. The collected secondary raw materials "mixed" can then be sorted on special lines with partial use of manual labor. Such work will not be fundamentally different from any industrial conveyor. It is quite another to pull out metals from MSW mixed with organic waste. You won't even need a special garbage truck to take out garbage from the yards, one truck will pick up recyclables in the first half of the day, and the rest of the non-recyclable garbage in the second. Today, many contractors already make two trips a day to keep the sites clean.

Another option is the use of garbage trucks with a separate body and two press chambers, which will allow picking up both types of waste in one trip. The disadvantage of these garbage trucks is that the body is not divided in half and the smaller compartment works only with small containers, and if euro containers with a volume of 1.1 m 3 are used for collection, such machines will not be suitable for them. In this case, the so-called "overloaded" garbage trucks will help out the public utilities workers. They are built on medium-tonnage chassis and offer bodies from 5 to 8 m 3 . Their receiving chamber is designed in such a way that they can lift Euro-containers of all standard sizes and can be unloaded into a rear-loading garbage truck on a heavy road chassis. A large garbage truck does not participate in the collection of solid waste, it remains at the base and does not burn fuel in vain, maneuvering in cramped yards or standing idle in traffic jams. Instead, all the “dirty” work is done by “little” medium-duty trucks, and after filling up its body, it is sent to the landfill or to the sorting and processing line, depending on the cargo.

ISKUB LLC is the official representative in the Russian Federation and the CIS of one of the world industry leaders - the Italian DULEVO International and supplies special Dulevo 5000 Compatto urban garbage trucks on a self-propelled chassis of its own design. They are also categorized as "overloadable". The body with a volume of 10 m 3 is equipped with pressing equipment with a compaction ratio of 5:1. These machines differ from analogues on automobile chassis primarily due to their compact size and high maneuverability due to the continuously variable hydrostatic transmission and fully steerable wheels with a turning radius of less than 9 m. A significant plus is the low-floor cab - this reduces operator fatigue and makes it easier to maneuver in an urban environment, for example, in yards and on the streets where there are a lot of parked cars. Hydraulic adjustment of the height of the suspension allows you to reload the garbage in any large-capacity garbage truck without the use of auxiliary devices.

As for public places, streets, squares, recreation areas, it is possible to sort waste to the fullest, they are directly formed there, you don’t need to pre-store them like at home, it’s only important to choose the right bin separately for glass bottles and separately for cans from aluminum. Particularly conscientious citizens can even be taught to sort printed publications separately by type of paper, and a glass bottle by color. Litter bins and small "Euro-buckets" with sorted waste are unloaded manually into special garbage trucks "Kerbsiders". Their body is divided into several sections without pressing equipment, compartments are loaded using buckets placed on the side of the machine for models on large road chassis. For medium-tonnage vehicles, the compartments are filled through the side doors. The most outlandish models of "kerbsiders" look like cabinets with wheels, removable compartments-drawers on both sides of the machine are filled manually and unloaded using a forklift or simply removed and sent to another mode of transport for recycling.

Alas, in order to increase the degree of recycling, the means of collection must be like the means of delivery of goods, and the handling of recyclables must be appropriate. The mechanization of selective collection of MSW in public places is made possible by large containers modernized to collect one type of waste, and bins “with a secret” or a double bottom, in which, like icebergs, a small part rises above the surface of the sidewalk, and the main bin is hidden underground. Garbage trucks equipped with a special crane-manipulator, and ground and underground containers adapted to work with them can completely free workers from manual labor during selective collection. Unlike in-depth polypropylene "stockings", there are no slinging works here. On the upper part of the container or underground bin there are two loops: one for lifting the bunker, the second for opening the bottom flaps for unloading. On the boom of the manipulator there is a corresponding hitch with two clamps for loops. He brought the arrow to the container, hooked it, lifted it, put it over the receiving chamber, unloaded it, put it in place. All operations are carried out, as the “cinema” chief said, without noise and dust, however, glass bottles, of course, with noise.

However, there are underground urns, inside of which are hidden ordinary Euro-containers with a volume of 1.1 m 3. When unloading, the "false sidewalk" with the urn is raised, and the container is rolled out manually and unloaded into a conventional garbage truck. Not only garbage trucks can be used for separate collection of waste, but also trucks equipped with a “multi-lift” system due to special interchangeable bodies. First of all, it is a press compactor. With a little modification, it will be possible to unload any European-type garbage containers from 0.12 to 1.1 m 3 into the chamber. Where is it in demand? Many places: exhibitions, markets, shopping malls, territories of various organizations. Waste there can be selectively collected in Euro-containers, then their workers, as they are filled, will unload them into a press compactor standing aside. Tin cans in the fresh air, as you know, do not deteriorate, when the hopper presses recyclable materials to failure, you can order the export. Thus, organizations will not only minimize their waste management costs, but will also be able to receive additional income from the sale of recyclables.

An important difference between the conditional package of a European city dweller and our home-grown one is the absence of organic waste in it. And it's not about the development of fast food there. It’s just that abroad, all “organic matter” safely goes into the sewer network through a chopper installed in the drain of the sink. With us, this is still exotic, and more items are sent to the sewer for which it is not intended at all. Meanwhile, the release of garbage containers from organic residues is not only a reduction in the volume of exported solid waste, but also a way to deal with a specific garbage "flavor". In addition, organic waste, then collected in the sludge, can be composted to produce methane, for example, which is also, in fact, waste processing. And it is easier and cheaper to organize it than to collect organics selectively through the system of solid waste removal.

ZAO Kominvest-AKMT this year, setting a trend for the market, it presented one of the most discussed novelties of its own production - a heavy-duty rear-loading garbage truck T1S-10 on an Iveco chassis with FARID attachments, which has no analogues on the Russian market. Garbage truck is designed for mechanized and manual collection of municipal solid waste.

The advantages of the model are a frame body made of square pipes, inside the tubular frame a spherical body is built-in, made of solid sheets of high-quality steel resistant to deformation, and a loading hopper floor made of wear-resistant Hardox steel 8 mm thick. A body with a rounded shape with a capacity of 10 m 3 allows you to evenly distribute the pressing force around the entire perimeter, excluding deformation processes. The floor material of the body is made of steel with a hardness of 140 HB and a thickness of 4 mm.

The design of the receiving hopper with a capacity of 1.3 m 3 with a floor made of 450 Hardox steel 8 mm thick is supplemented with a folding side to facilitate manual loading of solid waste. Packing plate cylinders are located outside the feed hopper and are protected by hinged panels to keep small debris out of the rods and increase structural integrity. Debris compaction ratio 6:1. Two drain cocks exclude spillage of the filtrate on the container platforms. Unloading of waste is carried out by a pushing plate. In the process of unloading, the plate in its extreme extended position in the lower part extends 100–150 mm beyond the body for easy cleaning of the body.

The garbage truck is equipped with a universal tilter that allows you to work with all types of euro containers with a volume of 120 to 1100 liters. Thanks to electronic and manual control of compaction cycles, the operation of the garbage truck is as comfortable and efficient as possible. At the request of the customer, the model can be equipped with GPS navigation, a rear-view camera and a weighing system for loaded waste, for example, a mobile device with the function of printing checks based on the weight of loaded waste. A high performance hydraulic system with a working pressure of 210 bar ensures fast operation of the units and fast unloading / unloading. The T1S-10 rear-loading garbage truck on an Iveco chassis with FARID attachments has embodied all the innovative ideas that combine modern and functional design, reliability and excellent performance.

Of great importance for the environment are hazardous waste, which is abundant in our everyday life. Household chemicals, varnishes, paints, gasolines, oils, acids and alkalis, batteries, mercury-containing lamps and thermometers - today, when all this without a twinge of conscience is sent straight to garbage cans by the vast majority of our citizens, the selective collection of hazardous waste is becoming real way preserve the health of nature, and therefore of man.

However, even with the exception of hazardous organic and recyclable waste, the weighted average package with MSW will decrease by half at best. How to deal with the remaining, let's call it "unclaimed" garbage? There are three main methods for its disposal. Storage (deposit) at the landfill, incineration and pyrolysis decomposition. The latter option is becoming more and more popular in the West. Its essence is that the waste is destroyed under the action of high temperature in an oxygen-free environment. The method makes it possible to obtain energy, collect volatile hydrocarbons, and remove metals from the resulting “porridge” from the waste. Most of the hazardous substances remain in the "melt", the volume of waste to be disposed of is reduced. It's time for us to be more actively interested in pyrolysis, especially in large cities, where a lot of solid waste is formed, and the ecological situation is tense. The efficiency of pyrolysis is clearly demonstrated by the transformation of car tires into mineral oil and carbon black (soot). You can’t make new tires out of this, but you can find application in production.

Incineration is the oldest way of getting rid of waste, which arose immediately after the development of fire by man. This method allows you to minimize the volume of solid waste, depending on the material, up to 10 times. A large amount of heat is released, from which electricity can be obtained; in terms of heat production, MSW is comparable to peat or brown coal. It is convenient to extract valuable raw materials from ash, and especially enterprising citizens strive to attach the ash itself with profit, so to speak, to establish waste-free production. It should be noted that it is difficult to frighten our people with anything, they themselves are ready to live in houses built of bricks with ash from incinerators. At the very least, bonfires were banned in the cities, but look at any gardening cooperative, what kind of training grounds are arranged right at the main gate. Not only do they burn trimmings and tops - they do not hesitate to throw batteries, and the remains of pesticides, and even mercury thermometers into the fire. What can you do, the clothes on these people are different, but their mentality is still Soviet. Abroad, not a single cut branch is lost: either it goes to the production of fuel pellets, or to generate electricity at thermal power plants.

In terms of environmental impact, wood is a clean fuel, only natural gas is cleaner. In our country, cut-down city poplars are thrown into ravines as whole trees, to say nothing about branches! In the process of constant housing repairs, so many wooden structures are released: window frames, doors, partitions, and all this is dumped to rot at the landfill. Under socialism, we lived as if we had discovered the secret of absolute energy, because the state provided energy resources at a gratuitous price, and now we are reaping the benefits in the form of a complete lack of motivation among people, both to protect nature and save energy. And it would be nice to attach modules for burning all kinds of wood waste in every city at the CHP.

But division by division, and at least a third of our population lives in settlements where there is no demand even for an aluminum can. And in big cities, garbage will always accumulate, and it will be unrealistic to find a use for it. The same technological progress contributes to this. How, for example, to recycle old TVs or monitors? Meanwhile, many household waste materials are inert, practically do not interact with the environment, and when they are deposited at landfills, they are only mechanical pollutants. But they, in fact, are both roads and residential buildings - all this is the land taken away from green plants. But in the case of a properly organized landfill, after its reclamation, grass and trees return to their place.

But the way to modernize the deposition of garbage at the landfill, allowing to reduce its volume and the need for land allocation, will be the preliminary crushing of solid waste. The garbage passed through crushing plants will be easier to compact into the ground, and crushed hard grade polymers can even be used in the household for backfilling pits, preparing the roadway, etc.

The main thing is that everyone more people shared the idea of ​​separate collection and processing of MSW.

For improvement environmental situation modern waste disposal technologies in waste storage sites suggest using shredders and compactors for solid waste. The use of a specialized SDW shredder will allow you to get rid of bulky waste (furniture, trees, tires, construction waste, plastic, etc.). Shredded waste can be used for filling the landfill, preparing access roads.

The seal will reduce the amount of airborne debris and achieve high density waste, reduce voids, reduce the risk of fires; save the soil used to cover the landfill due to the leveled surface; reduce the risk of damage to the chassis Vehicle who bring garbage; increase the life of the landfill by 25–40 years: a larger amount of waste is placed on a smaller area due to an increase in their density.

ISP Group (CJSC Infrastructural Project) offers TANA compactors for compacting waste at landfills (landfills) of MSW. The model range includes models: Е260-26 t, Е320-32 t, Е380-38 t, Е450-45 t, Е520-52 t. Machines provide compaction of waste 950–1200 kg/m 3 , compaction capacity – 80 t/h or 400 m 3 /h The crushing force of the rollers is from 127 kN to 255 kN, the pressure on the ground in motion during the first pass is from 49–68 kg/cm, during the third pass – from 108–152 kg/cm. For comparison: crawler tractors can generate pressure from 470 to 590 kg/m 3 and the TANA four-wheel packer from 700 to 900 kg/m 3 . A roller with solid drums compacts with a force of 950 to 1200 kg/m 3 .

This technique is already successfully used in Russia. It is able to solve the problems of old landfills (example: Arkhangelsk - a landfill of the 1970s. After the purchase of a compactor in 2008, the operation was extended, the landfill is practically within the city, fires have stopped, the issue of urgent construction of a new landfill has been removed). This equipment is purchased to equip new landfills under construction in many large cities of Russia and to extend the life of old landfills and solid waste landfills.

The complex of technical and technological solutions that accompany the processes of waste management from the moment of their formation to the disposal of non-disposable components is the basis for management in the waste management system.

The main methods of waste processing are:

 composting,

 biodegradation,

 incineration.

These methods are especially effective in the processing of MSW.

1. Composting.

Composting is considered a form of processing that targets raw organic waste matter. Composting is a biological method for the disposal of solid waste. Sometimes it is called biothermal method.

The essence of the process is as follows: various, mainly heat-loving microorganisms actively grow and develop in the thickness of the garbage, as a result of which it self-heats up to 60 0 C. At this temperature, pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms die. The decomposition of solid organic pollutants in household waste continues until a relatively stable material, similar to humus, is obtained.

The mechanism of the main composting reactions is the same as in the decomposition of any organic matter. When composting, more complex compounds decompose and turn into simpler ones.

The cost of composting methods increases with the use of specialized equipment and can reach significant values.

The scheme of work of the waste processing plant is as follows . The completed cycle of MSW neutralization consists of three technological stages:

 reception and preliminary preparation of garbage;

 actually biothermal process of neutralization and composting;

 compost processing.

Waste processing must necessarily be combined with the issuance of products that are safe and epidemiologically.

Waste disposal is provided primarily by the high temperature of aerobic fermentation. During the biothermal process, the majority of pathogenic microorganisms die.

However, the compost obtained as a result of biothermal disposal of MSW at waste processing plants should not be used in agriculture and forestry, because contains impurities of heavy metals, which through herbs, berries, vegetables or milk can harm human health.

2. Biodegradation organic waste

It is generally accepted that biological methods for the decomposition of organic pollutants are considered the most environmentally acceptable and cost-effective.

The technology of waste biodegradation process is different. For example: in bioponds - liquid waste, in bioreactors - liquid, pasty, solid, in biofilters - gaseous. There are other modifications of biotechnology.

Significant disadvantages of aerobic technologies, especially in the treatment of concentrated wastewater, are energy costs for aeration and problems associated with the processing and disposal of a large amount of excess sludge generated (up to 1–1.5 kg of microbial biomass for each kilogram of organic matter removed).

It helps to eliminate these shortcomings anaerobic wastewater treatment by methane digestion. At the same time, energy costs for aeration are not required, which plays an important role in the conditions of an energy crisis, the volume of sediment decreases and, in addition, valuable organic fuel, methane, is formed.

The list of substances biodegradable anaerobically includes organic compounds of various classes: alcohols; aldehydes; aliphatic and aromatic acids.

Sequential multistage destruction of molecules of organic substances is possible due to the unique abilities of certain groups of microorganisms to carry out catabolic process – breaking down complex molecules into simple ones and exist due to the energy of destruction of complex molecules, having no access to either oxygen or other energetically preferable electron acceptors (nitrate, sulfate, sulfur, etc.). Microorganisms use carbon from organic substances for this purpose. Consequently, in the process of reductive fission, complex organic molecules are broken down into methane and carbon dioxide.

3. waste incineration

Municipal solid waste is a heterogeneous mixture in which almost all chemical elements are present in the form of various compounds. The most common elements are carbon, which accounts for about 30% (by mass) and hydrogen 4% (by mass), which are part of organic compounds. The calorific value of waste is largely determined by these elements. In industrialized European regions, the calorific value of MSW is 1900–2400 kcal/kg, and in some cases it reaches 3300 kcal/kg, and a further increase in the calorific value of waste is predicted, which will affect the design features of the elements of thermal equipment.

MSW incineration is generally an oxidative process. Therefore, oxidative reactions also prevail in the combustion chamber. The main combustion products of carbon and hydrogen are CO 2 and H 2 O, respectively.

When incinerated, it must be taken into account that MSW contains potentially hazardous elements characterized by high toxicity, high volatility and content, such as various compounds of halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine), nitrogen, sulfur, heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium , tin, mercury).

There are two main ways of formation of dioxins and furans during the thermal processing of MSW:

 primary formation in the process of MSW incineration at a temperature of 300–600 ºС;

 secondary formation at the stage of cooling of flue gases containing HCl, copper (and iron) compounds and carbon-containing particles at a temperature of 250–450 ºС (reaction of heterogeneous oxychlorination of carbon particles).

The temperature at which dioxins begin to decompose is –700 ºС, the lower temperature limit for the formation of dioxins is –250–350 ºС.

In order to reduce the content of dioxins and furans to the required standards (0.1 ng / m 3) during combustion at the gas cleaning stage, the so-called primary measures must be implemented, in particular, "two second rule" – the geometry of the furnace must ensure the residence time of the gases is not less than 2 seconds. in the furnace zone with a temperature of at least 850 ºС (at an oxygen concentration of at least 6%).

The desire to achieve the highest possible temperatures during combustion and the creation of any additional afterburning zones does not completely solve the problem of reducing the concentration of dioxins in exhaust gases, since it does not take into account the ability of dioxins in new synthesis with a decrease in temperature.

High temperatures lead to an increase in the yield of volatile components and an increase in emissions of hazardous metals.

Theoretically, there are two ways to suppress the formation of dioxins:

 binding of MSW formed during incineration HCl using soda, lime or potassium hydroxide;

 conversion of copper and iron ions into an inactive form, for example, the binding of copper into complexes with the help of amines.

Depending on the process temperature, all methods of thermal processing of MSW that have found industrial application or have undergone experimental testing can be divided into two large groups:

 processes at temperatures below the melting point of slag;

 Processes at temperatures above the melting point of the slag.

Layered MSW combustion is carried out on moving grates (grate and roller) and in rotating drum kilns.

3.1. Layer burning.

Burning on grates.

All grates are installed in a furnace, which is a combustion chamber, where waste and blast air are supplied as an oxidizer of organic substances.

Pusher screens with both direct and reverse material supply are a system consisting of movable and fixed grates for moving and mixing waste. Direct feed grates (translational-push grates) have a small angle of inclination (6–12.5 º) and push the material towards the slag discharge (in the direction of material movement). Reverse feed grates (reverse push grates) have a large angle of inclination (typically 21-25º) and push the material (lower waste layer) in the opposite direction to the slag discharge and waste transfer. In this case, part of the burning waste layer returns to the beginning of the grate, which intensifies the combustion process.

Burning on roll grates.

Layered combustion of MSW on roll grates is widely used in industrial practice. When using furnaces with roller grates, Borrowed from the practice of burning coal, the material is moved using rotating rolls (drums).

The operating experience of plants that implemented layered combustion of MSW in furnaces with roll grates made it possible to identify a number of shortcomings:

 unsatisfactory operation and negative environmental impact due to poor stabilization of the combustion process;

 often not achieved optimum temperature;

 large yield of underburnt;

 poor quality of slag;

 significant loss of ferrous metals;

 Operational complications when curb stone and large amounts of metal get into the furnace;

 the complexity of organizing effective gas cleaning in case of unstable combustion of waste, etc.

The mechanical introduction of European equipment designed for the direct combustion of unprepared municipal waste in Russia is unacceptable, since in the cities of the Russian Federation there is practically no waste collection.

Burning in drum kilns.

Rotary drum kilns for burning raw (unprepared) MSW are rarely used. Most often, these furnaces are used for burning special waste, including hospital waste, as well as liquid and pasty industrial waste that has an abrasive effect.

Drum ovens are installed with a slight inclination in the direction of waste movement. Furnace rotation speed from 0.05 to 2 rpm. Waste, air and fuel are supplied from the loading side. Slag and ash are discharged from the opposite end of the kiln. In the first part of the furnace, the waste is dried to a temperature of 400 ºС and then gasified and burned, usually at a temperature of 900–1000 ºС.

In the practice of waste incineration, drum kilns were previously often used as afterburner drums after grates.

The practice of using drum kilns as afterburner drums in waste incineration plants is considered obsolete and this technology is not included in the designs of new plants.

3.2. Burning in a fluidized bed.

Fluidized bed combustion is carried out by creating a two-phase pseudo-homogeneous "solid-gas" system due to the transformation of the waste layer into a "pseudo-liquid" under the action of an ascending gas flow sufficient to maintain solid particles in suspension.

The layer resembles a boiling liquid, and its behavior obeys the laws of hydrostatics.

It is believed that combustion in a fluidized bed in terms of environmental and economic parameters in some cases exceeds traditional layer combustion.

Furnaces for solid waste incineration in a fluidized bed provide the best mode of heat transfer and mixing of the material being processed, and these characteristics are superior to boilers with push grates. In addition, fluidized bed apparatuses do not have moving parts or mechanisms. However, the need to ensure the fluidization mode of the processed material imposes restrictions on its granulometric and morphological composition, as well as on the calorific value. In some cases, the process of combustion in a fluidized bed, especially in a circulating fluidized bed, is more expensive than layered combustion.

The productivity of furnaces for burning solid waste in a fluidized bed ranges from 3 to 25 t/h. The prevailing combustion temperature is 850–920 ºС.

Due to the fact that the temperature of solid waste combustion in a fluidized bed is 50–100 ºС lower than in layer combustion, the possibility of nitrogen oxide formation due to air nitrogen oxidation is significantly reduced, resulting in reduced NO emissions with exhaust gases.

The role of the coolant in fluidized bed systems usually performs fine-grained sand , the particle surface of which creates a large heating surface compared to traditional grate combustion.

After heating the sand with an ignition burner to a temperature of 750–800 ºС, the waste is fed into the fluidized bed, where it mixes with the sand and wears out during movement.

As a result of the good thermal conductivity of the sand, the waste begins to burn quickly and evenly. The heat released at the same time maintains the sand in a hot state, which allows you to work in autogenous mode without supplying additional fuel to maintain the combustion mode.

3.3. Burning at temperatures above the melting point of the slag.

Main disadvantages traditional methods of thermal processing of MSW are a large volume of exhaust gases (5000–6000 m 3 per 1 ton of waste) and the formation of significant amounts of slag (about 25% by weight or less than 10% by volume). In addition, slags have a high content of heavy metals and for this reason are only of limited use, mainly as bulk material in landfills.

To obtain a slag melt directly in the process of thermal processing of MSW, it is necessary to ensure that the temperature in the apparatus is higher than the slag melting temperature (about 1300 º C). This usually requires either the use of oxygen or the supply of additional energy. Replacing part of the blast air with oxygen at the same time reduces the amount of exhaust gases.

The most obvious way to increase the temperature of waste combustion is to reduce the content of the inert component (nitrogen) in the used oxidizer (air), the heating of which consumes a significant part of the released energy.

The second significant advantage of combustion in oxygen is the drastic reduction in the volume of flue gases and, consequently, the reduction in gas cleaning costs. In addition, the reduced concentration of nitrogen in the blast air makes it possible to reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides formed at high temperatures, the purification of which is a serious problem.

In the early 90s, Vanyukov metallurgical furnaces were proposed for the thermal processing of MSW at a temperature of 1350–1400 ºС. Combustion is carried out in a fluidized bed of bubbling slag melt, which is formed from CHPP ash and slag waste loaded into the furnace.

The mechanical transfer of this process for large-scale thermal processing of MSW cannot be carried out due to:

 the fact that the efficiency of the Vanyukov furnace is very low due to the high temperature of the exhaust gases (1400–1600 ºС);

 the fact that predominantly organic raw materials are processed for processing; MSW consists of 70–80% organic components. When heated, mineral substances pass into a liquid phase, and organic substances into a gaseous one,

 lack of large-scale testing of the process in relation to MSW, which does not allow working out: loading and unloading units; automation of the process, taking into account fluctuations in the composition of raw materials, the composition and volume of exhaust gases, etc.; autogeneity of the process in relation to the heat treatment of waste as a heterogeneous mixture of many components that differ in composition, size and calorific value. It should be noted that fluctuations in the composition of MSW are not comparable with fluctuations in the composition of powdered concentrates sent for smelting in the Vanyukov furnace. Careful averaging of fluctuations in the composition of concentrates makes it possible to achieve fluctuations within 0.5%, while the initial MSW is practically not amenable to averaging;

 high cost of the process and equipment.

Thus, it is most expedient to use combustion at temperatures above the slag melting temperature for processing not initial MSW, but for neutralizing slags or their enriched fractions formed in the thermal processes of MSW processing at temperatures below the slag melting temperature. The output of slag in these processes is 10–25% of the original MSW, which sharply reduces the required productivity of furnaces and allows periodically involving slag in processing.