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(68-65 million years ago)
Its sense of smell was better developed than most other dinosaurs, and its eyesight was so sharp that even a hawk could not be compared with it. Plus, it was binocular, he could look into different sides, and the picture was reunited into one whole, which made it possible to determine the distance to the victim with sufficient accuracy, which the larger giganotosaurus did not have.
Tyrannosaurus rex is perhaps the most famous of all the carnivorous predators of the Cretaceous. He was one of the largest land predators, his mouth with a powerful jaw and strong teeth was considered the main weapon.
What did they eat and what kind of life did they lead?
There were several opinions about how and what this huge lizard ate, only carrion or still attacked other dinosaurs and reptiles. Most scientists agreed that he hunted smaller representatives of the animal world, although he did not disdain to profit from carrion. This was decided only after tyrannosaurus rex bite marks were found on the skeletons of other dinosaurs. They were so bloodthirsty that they did not hesitate to attack their own kind. It was later revealed that it was not uncommon for tyrannosaurs to fight for territory with other large carnivores. Also, eye sockets testify to its predation.Details about the structure of the body
The skin was scaly, like a lizard's. The posture was slightly tilted, but even so, this bloodthirsty giant could easily look into the window of today's three-story house.
Dimensions
It could reach 13m in length, on average -12mHeight 5-5.5m
Body weight: was quite large - from 6 to 7 tons
Head
The largest skull in length reached 1m 53cm. The shape of the skull: wide at the back, and tapering in front, when viewed from above, it resembles the letter U together with the jaws. The brain is small in size, could be compared with a crocodile in quick wit.
The teeth were very sharp and long (15-30 cm long, the longest of any existing saur). The bite was very powerful, the pressure of several tons exceeded the force of a lion's bite by 15 times. With the help of jaws, he could crush any bones and even skulls, his enemies almost never survived after a bite.
limbs
There were four limbs, but he moved only on 2 hind limbs, the two front ones were small and completely undeveloped, unlike spinosaurus. The usual speed of movement is up to 20 km / h, if necessary, the tyrannosaurus could reach speeds of up to 60 km / h. The tail helped to maintain balance, it could also be a murder weapon - with its help it was easy to break the spine or cervical vertebrae. The hind legs were also very powerful, they had 4 fingers. 3 of them were supporting, and the last one did not even touch the ground.Video about tyrannosaurs №1.
Video #2.
Fight with King - Kong (from the movie King - Kong).
Tyrannosaur fight.
For many years, humanity has been interested in the origin and study of the most - dinosaurs. Huge, powerful, but at the same time amazing creatures inspire horror and respect for any of us. There is about the origin of dinosaurs.
Tyrannosaurus: carnivorous dinosaur
The most famous among predators is the tyrannosaurus rex, better known to us from films and books. It is a symbol of paleontology and an image of primordial power and strength.
According to the scientific classification, the tyrannosaurus and several other species similar to it in anthropological features form the so-called group of tyrannosaurids. Of all the species that are included in this group, the most similar to a tyrannosaurus is the Tarbosaurus.
Scientists claim that tyrannosaurs lived in the territory North America approximately 65-67 million years ago, that is, at the end Cretaceous. Paleontologists put forward their theory that tyrannosaurs are the prototype of their ancestors - the raptorex, which lived on the territory of the Raptorex reached a height of 3 meters and weighed about 80 kg, but they are associated with tyrannosaurs by the general structure of the body and skull.
There are several predators that lived on planet Earth even before the Cretaceous period and are superior to tyrannosaurs in size and power.
These dinosaurs are usually referred to in the following sequence:
- Spinosaurus.
- Carcharodontosaurus.
- Gigantosaurus.
They are the most dangerous and powerful predators among their own kind.
Power and Characteristics
Tyrannosaurs ate mainly fish, but due to their speed and strength, they could pursue their prey for some distance, moving like ostriches. This is evidenced by the found paw prints. Tyrannosaurs are characterized by powerful cheekbones and jaws, but the front paws were very small. They moved with the help of massive hind legs and a tail, which helped to maintain balance. The front paws had two toes, and the hind paws had 4.
It is unfortunate that historians put forward only hypotheses. It's very unique and interesting creatures and their study requires great effort and perseverance.
Gigantosaurus
Remains ancient dinosaur were discovered in 1995, and according to the measurements of scientists, the Gigantosaurus is one of the ancestors of the Tyrannosaurus. The animal had small front paws, a massive neck and jaw. The way of movement was small jumps on the hind legs.
Power and dimensions
Giganotosaurs ate mainly fish and meat, as well as carrion. According to dinosaur age data, they lived side by side with a huge number of sauropods. Some of them had bone plates on their backs that provided them with protection from attacks from above.
If we compare the size and power, the tyrannosaurus against the gigantosaurus would have been defeated, since its ancestor was more developed and adapted to environment. Since the Giganotosaurus lived before its neighbors were no less powerful creatures that had to be fought for a place under the sun.
In 1995, the discovery of a Gigantosaurus was announced to the world, and this news made a real sensation. For many years, paleontologists believed that the largest and most massive dinosaur was considered to be a tyrannosaurus rex. The find immediately refuted these versions. Tyrannosaurus versus Gigantosaurus was inferior in size and length of the skeleton. Paleontologists from Argentina have provided the world with information that the length of the Giganotosaurus skeleton is much larger than that of its predecessor.
Based on the fact that the remains were found nearby, historians have put forward the theory that the animals moved and fed in groups. In early 2000, scientists and paleontologists from Argentina and Canada announced the discovery of an early relative of Giganotosaurus. In 2006, it received a new name - Mapusaurus - and was several times larger than Tyrannosaurus and Giganotosaurus.
To the question: "Who is bigger - a tyrannosaurus or a giganotosaurus?" - it is safe to answer that the Gigantosaurus. First of all, based on the data of scientists, it is the gigantosaurus that is the ancestor of the tyrannosaurus, as it lived on our planet even before the Cretaceous period.
So, who's going to have the advantage when T-Rex takes on Giganotosaurus? These dinosaurs are very similar in structure and shape of the skull, however, the length of the Gigantosaurus skeleton is 13.5 meters, while that of the Tyrannosaurus Rex is 12.5 meters.
In late 1905, newspapermen were writing excitedly about the bones of a prehistoric monster that paleontologists had unearthed in the badlands of Montana. The New York Times presented the "tyrant lizard" as the most formidable fighting animal in history. More than a hundred years have passed and Tyrannosaurus rex still excites the imagination of the public and paleontologists.
More than 12 meters from muzzle to tail, dozens of pointed teeth the size of a rail crutch: a Tyrannosaurus rex that lived 66 million years ago is not just one of the prehistoric predators, but an icon of ancient horror. He is so charismatic that the routine paleontological discussion can be inflated to ugly proportions.
This happened last year when a group of paleontologists presented their views on the fact that T. rex was not so much a hunter as a scavenger. The media presented it as a sensation, which infuriated paleontologists. In fact, the issue has long been resolved: enough evidence has been collected that suggests that the dinosaur not only ran after prey, but also did not disdain carrion.
It is only discussed what role living and dead animals played in his diet. What is especially annoying, this one is not the most important problem hid other, more interesting aspects from the public.
For example, the origin of dinosaurs remains a mystery. Researchers have not yet been able to determine how tiny dinosaurs jurassic(201-145 million years ago) the kings of the Cretaceous period (145-66 million years ago) grew up. What T. rex looked like as a youth is heavily debated: it is suspected that some specimens described decades ago as separate species are in fact juveniles of other species.
Even the appearance of the Tyrannosaurus rex remains controversial: many argue that the giant body was covered with fluff and feathers, and not scales. The controversial question of why the animal had such a massive head and legs, but tiny forelimbs, has not gone anywhere.
Fortunately, there is enough material. “Fossils abound,” reports Stephen Brusatte of the University of Edinburgh (UK). “It is rare that so many good specimens remain from one species. With T. rex, we may wonder how it grew, what it ate, how it moved; many other dinosaurs we can't ask that."
In the first decades after Henry Fairfield Osborne named and described the rex rex, paleontologists saw it as the culmination of the growth of land carnivores. Therefore, T. rex was considered a descendant of the Allosaurus, a 9-meter predator that lived more than 80 million years earlier. Both of them, along with other carnivorous giants, were united in the taxon Carnosauria, with T. rex considered as the last and largest member of the ferocious family.
But in the 1990s, a more rigorous research method, cladistic analysis, began to be applied, and the evolutionary relationships between groups of dinosaurs were revised. It turned out that the ancestors of T. rex "a were small furry creatures that lived in the shadow of the allosaurus and other predators of the Jurassic period.
According to the new view, T. rex and its closest relatives (Tyrannosauridae) represent the top branch on a large evolutionary "bush" called Tyrannosauroidea, which arose about 165 million years ago. Among the earliest members of this group is Stokesosaurus clevelandi, a 2-3 m long bipedal predator that lived about 150 million years ago.
Little is known about this creature, but other early tyrannosauroids attest: Stokesosaurus, most likely, had a long low skull and thin forelimbs. In the Jurassic size hierarchy, early tyrannosauroids were at the very bottom. “By today's standards, they were at the level of lapdogs,” Mr. Brusatte jokes.
How did it happen that, over time, tyrannosaurs ended up at the top of the food chain in North America and Asia? So far, history is silent on this. A very small number of rocks aged 90-145 million years were found (it was during this period that tyrannosaurs crushed competitors), so the biodiversity of those times was reconstructed very fragmentarily. Nothing can be said about changes in sea level and climate in general, which could lead to the dominance of this particular group.
AT recent times the main attention of paleontologists studying this time interval is riveted to China. In 2009, Peter Makowitzky of the Field Museum in Chicago (USA) and his colleagues described a long-snouted Tyrannosaurus Rex called Xiongguanlong baimoensis, which was found in western China in rocks formed 100-125 million years ago.
In length, the animal reached almost four meters - a solid step forward compared to the tyrannosaurs of the Jurassic period. And in 2012, Xu Xing from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (China) and colleagues described a 9-meter tyrannosaurus named Yutyrannus huali, which belongs to the same era.
This may have been a crucial time interval when tyrannosaurs and allosaurs fought to the death for the same ecological niches. In the rocks from the north of China, Mr. Brusatte and his colleagues found the allosaurus Shaochilong maortuensis, 5-6 m long, which lived about 90 million years ago, that is, the sizes of competitors approximately coincided. But exactly when and why the tyrannosaurs won remains unknown.
It's just not interesting to portray our hero. He must be fighting someone! (Fig. ameeeeba.)
A similar situation with how T. rex looked in his youth. At the center of the discussion is Nanotyrannus lancensis, found in the same North American deposits as T. rex, and possibly growing in length over 6 m. At first it was considered separate view, but some researchers see him as a juvenile T. rex "a.
According to Thomas Holtz, Jr. of the University of Maryland at College Park (USA), the differences between N. lancensis and T. rex resemble those between juveniles and adults of other tyrannosaur species. It should be noted that all samples of nanotyranus seem to him "minor".
Lawrence Whitmer of Ohio University (USA) does not think so. In 2010, he and his colleague Ryan Ridgeley, following a CT scan of a skull from the Cleveland Museum natural history(Holotype H. lancensis) found unusual depressions in the skull and paranasal sinuses nose at the back of the skull, where the air sacs were located during the life of the dinosaur. With these formations, this specimen is very different from T. rex "a, which makes it possible to attribute the specimen to another species.
In addition to what was said, Peter Larson, president of the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research (USA), argues that the teeth of nanotyranus have too small serrations and are too densely packed. He also points out the differences in the anatomy of the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the openings in the skull.
However, critics have noted that some of this information was gleaned from the analysis of fossils that have not yet been described in the scientific literature. Moreover, scientists may even lose one of the key samples of nanotyranus, because in November it will be sold at auction in New York.
The hype has done its job: the specimen is estimated to fetch the owner $9 million. Most paleontologists simply refuse to consider fossils that are not freely available in a reputable museum. Does some private trader have the audacity to rob science?
“In the current situation, there is only one thing left - to advise again in a tired voice to look for other samples,” says Mr. Whitmer. For the nanotyrannus to be finally recognized as a separate species, either a young T. rex "a, more like an adult than a nanotyrannus, or the remains of an animal that was undoubtedly an adult nanotyrannus and clearly different from T. rex "and must be found. But Mr. Whitmer is pessimistic about the chances of stopping the discussion: "I don't know how much data is needed to convince everyone." T. rex is too charismatic, and views on it have already developed, so paleontologists will not simply abandon the usual opinion.
Another example of this is the debate about appearance our hero. For generations, it has been depicted as being covered in scales like modern reptiles, although they are very distant relatives. But in the past two decades, specimens from many groups of dinosaurs with feathers and down have been discovered in China. Some of them are species closely related to T. rex.
In 2004, Mr. Xu described a small early Tyrannosaurus rex, Dilong paradoxus, with filament impressions around the tail, jaw, and other parts of the body. Is it a fluffy coat? The giant Y. huali was also feathered. The feathers of tyrannosaurus rexes were not like those of modern birds, but their primitive predecessors. According to Mr. Xu, they were primarily used for decoration, and later they were used for thermal insulation. It is possible that T. rex also proudly wore some kind of proto-feathers.
No, no one wants to say that T. rex looked like a chicken. We are talking about thin fibers, a kind of hairs - for example, on the muzzle.
Since not a single T. rex skin print has been found, all these are just assumptions, which is what skeptics use. Thomas Carr from Carthage College (USA) refers to skin prints of species close to T. rex that have not yet been described in the scientific literature. y, on which the scales are supposedly clearly visible. Well, it's entirely possible that early tyrannosauroids had feathers, but the subgroup of tyrannosaurids that includes T. rex evolved to abandon them in favor of scales.
The issue of feathers is very important not only for artists who no longer know how to depict the ancient miracle Yudo. If there were feathers, then we can assume some kind of mating games and talk about how the tyrannosaurus regulated body temperature.
Another secret is the giant's small hands. They are so short that you can't even reach your mouth with them. Paleontologists are all right with fantasy, and for a hundred years the most exotic hypotheses have been expressed: they say, it was so convenient to hug a partner during mating or climb steep slopes. Gradually, the opinion was established that the forelimbs are a rudiment. Countless cartoonists to this day depict tyrannosaurs, which on this basis are pursued by one embarrassment after another.
But Sarah Birch from Ohio University (USA) believes that such jokes are unfair. She studied the musculature of crocodiles and the only living descendants of dinosaurs, birds. If the arms of T. rex were indeed useless vestiges, they did not have any significant muscles, but the fossils retained signs that very significant muscles were attached to the bones.
So T. rex used his handles. But for what? Grabbed and held certain objects (for example, prey), as did all the other theropods?
Mr. Holz has a different idea. Estimates of muscle strength suggest that these short arms were still relatively weak tools. And since specimens were found with healed fractures of the forelimbs, the scientist concludes that they did not play a vital role. One thing remains: short arms could come in handy during mating games. Who knows, what if they were wrapped in multi-colored feathers? ..
Tyrannosaur Cretaceous Dinosaur. Tyrannosaur- a representative of theropod lizard dinosaurs, the infraorder of tyrannosaurids. Tyrannosaur was one of the largest land predatory lizards that ever existed on our planet. Tyrannosaur is a member of the tyrannosaurid family. Among the predators of its time, the tyrannosaurus was the largest. calling card tyrannosaurus rex is the power of his jaws. Tyrannosaur was not the largest of the theropods mesozoic era, but in terms of bite strength he had no equal.
Thanks to numerous films, tyrannosaur gained wide popularity. Maybe, tyrannosaur the most famous of the dinosaurs. His image can be seen on the advertisements of some companies or products.
Limbs and body structure of a tyrannosaurus rex:
Spine tyrannosaurus rex consists of 10 cervical, 12 thoracic, five sacral and about 40 tail vertebrae. The tail of a dinosaur is thick and heavy. With his help tyrannosaur keep balance while running. Also, the tail helped during the turn. Some of the bones of the skeleton were hollow inside, which made it possible to slightly reduce body weight without reducing the strength of the skeleton as a whole.
| Tyrannosaur moved on powerful hind legs. Paws had 4 toes with sharp claws. Three fingers were facing forward and one back. They were fastened together for stability. The fourth finger was back side paws and never touched the ground. Perhaps he served to rip open the victim's flesh or to hold it. Paws tyrannosaurus rex were well developed and held the entire weight of a multi-ton predator. Until now, there are disputes about the speed with which he moved tyrannosaur. According to one version tyrannosaur could not reach speeds of more than 5-7 km / h. According to another version, tyrannosaur could reach speeds of up to 40 km / h, but could not sharply change direction. Same way tyrannosaurus rex although he moved at a decent speed, but because of his size, he probably could not run for a long time. |
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tyrannosaurus rex paw |
tyrannosaurus rex structure
Tyrannosaurus rex nutrition:
tyrannosaurus rex was a carnivorous predatory dinosaur, but the study of its fossilized remains does not give a clear answer about the method of obtaining food. Despite the frightening appearance, the version that tyrannosaur was a ruthless killer overtaking anything and everything. As already mentioned, his main weapon was a powerful jaw studded with large and razor-sharp teeth. But at the same time, his forelimbs were extremely poorly developed, and his body was very massive.
Version 1 - scavenger:
There is an assumption that tyrannosaur- any character of fans of films about dinosaurs and the embodiment of uncontrollable rage, not only did not disdain the carcasses of dead dinosaurs, but also ate mainly them. This assumption is based on studies of fossilized remains. tyrannosaurus rex. American scientists who examined the remains came to the conclusion that a massive, multi-ton body hardly allowed tyrannosaurus to chase quickly fleeing prey like the lighter Allosaurus, and even more so Deinonychus and Utahraptor.Conclusions that tyrannosaur was more of a corpse eater than a hunter based on CT scan results. Research, recovered brain tyrannosaurus rex, more precisely, its forms make it possible to learn more about its functionality and about the structural features of the "inner ear", which is responsible not only for the auditory function. Inner ear research tyrannosaurus rex showed that its structure differed from the structure of a similar organ of "dexterous hunters".
The next argument in favor of tyrannosaur was a scavenger are the results of studies of the vertebrae of the pangolin. The conclusion states that tyrannosaur had restrictions in movement and for various maneuvers and sharp turns his body was not adapted. Also large dagger-shaped teeth tyrannosaurus rex more suitable for leisurely grinding bones. Such teeth are hardly necessary for a "cold-blooded killer" who eats fresh meat and goes on, leaving the carcass for a feast of carrion-eaters.
Modern and most likely prehistoric animals of large sizes are extremely slow. Wherein tyrannosaur due to its weight, it could severely damage or even break ribs and legs when falling. Small front paws with two fingers could hardly help in hunting. Therefore, it is very likely that the main food of the tyrannosaurus was the fallen dinosaurs.
Version 2 - hunter:
Despite the fact that the "scavenger" version has a fairly good justification, the "hunter" version is no less popular among paleontologists and is very "hyped" by the creators of films about dinosaurs. And don't forget that tyrannosaur the owner of the most powerful bite among land animals of all time. Not a single bone could withstand the bite of this giant.
Main prey tyrannosaurus rex were herbivores torosaurs ,
triceratops ,anatotitans and other dinosaurs. Considering the dimensions, it can be assumed that tyrannosaur could not follow fleeing dinosaurs for long, and he had to catch up with prey in one rush. It is known that tyrannosaur possessed binocular vision and could accurately estimate and calculate the distance to the victim. Most likely, tyrannosaur attacked a potential victim from an ambush. At the same time, most likely, he attacked cubs or old and weakened dinosaurs more often than adult and full of strength. After all, some herbivorous dinosaurs, such as Triceratops or ankylosaurus, could not only run away, but give a serious rebuff. Groups of dinosaurs were especially good at defending themselves. A modern confirmation of this opinion is a herd of buffaloes. Even formidable lions do not always attack such large and powerful herbivores.
tyrannosaurs were loners and each hunted in their own territory, which was measured in hundreds of square kilometers. Periodically, skirmishes arose between the lizards for the territory, in which one of them possibly died. At such a moment, the lizards did not disdain the meat of their relatives.
Most likely tyrannosaur, all the same, he was a hunter, but he could also eat a dead dinosaur. Also, given its size and power, tyrannosaur could take prey from other predators.
Reproduction of Tyrannosaurus Rex:
tyrannosaurs were loners, at least adults. Their hunting territories were measured in hundreds of square kilometres. The female, with a characteristic roar, called the wandering male. The process of courting a female, for a male, is not an easy task. females tyrannosaurs larger and more aggressive than males. Therefore, it took a lot of effort for the male to win her over. The best remedy for this there was a carcass of some kind of dinosaur as a treat. The mating process is not long. After that, the male leaves in search of food and other females, and the female prepares to become a mother and builds a nest in which she will lay her eggs.
A few months later, the female tyrannosaurus rex laid 10 - 15 eggs in a nest located directly on the ground. It was very risky. Small predators roamed everywhere, who were always willing to eat an egg. tyrannosaurus rex. Therefore, after the eggs were laid, the female did not leave the nest. For two months, the female tirelessly guarded the nest with eggs. Tyrnosaurus nest attracts small egg hunters, such as drommeosaurus. Two months later, small ones are born. tyrannosaurs. From the entire brood, 3-4 cubs are born.
During the Late Cretaceous period, the atmosphere is filled with gases that have a devastating effect on developing embryos. This is due to the great volcanic activity on earth in the late Cretaceous period. Tyrannosaurs, despite their greatness and power, are doomed to death.
