At present, the human environment is changing rapidly and at an increasing rate. The task of mankind is to maintain nature on the globe in a condition necessary for life, health and well-being. It is also necessary to preserve, as far as possible, at least the most unique places in nature, which are of special value from a scientific point of view, areas constituting the ranges of valuable or endangered species of plants and animals. There are many unique places in nature, the disappearance of which would be an irreparable loss not only for the country in which they are located, but for all mankind as a whole.In most countries of the world, networks of so-called "specially protected natural areas" (SPNA) have been created for these purposes. These include the following natural objects:

Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserve, Leningrad Region

Reserves are created with the aim of preserving or restoring some or all of the components of nature and to maintain the overall ecological balance. Some species are restricted in these areas. economic activity.

Gladyshevsky reserve, Leningrad region

Monuments of nature - small areas, including valuable in nature objects: caves, rocks, waterfalls, groves of rare tree species, river valleys, lakes, etc.

Natural monument "Hawk Lake", Leningrad region

Natural parks serve to protect natural complexes having ecological, historical and aesthetic value. They are staffed with special staff.

Veppsky Forest Nature Park, Leningrad Region

B Have you ever visited one of the protected areas? What do you remember about this place?

In these territories, people preserve both rare, unique and typical areas of forests, swamps, meadows, reservoirs and other natural ecosystems, rare and mass species plants and animals in their natural environment habitats, bird flight paths, fish spawning routes and other natural objects and processes.

All the nature of our planet is priceless and unique. Of course, it is difficult to single out some of the most outstanding and valuable corners of nature of “exceptional importance” from the natural areas subject to special protection, which are vitally important to preserve for the present and future generations. This is the subject of a special program of UNESCO, which is the so-called List world heritage.

The UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage entered into force in 1975. Its main goal is to attract the forces of the world community to preserve unique objects of culture and nature. By mid-2012, the total number of countries participating in the Convention had already reached 189. Among the international programs of UNESCO, this program is the most representative. In order to improve the efficiency of the work of the Convention, the Committee and the World Heritage Fund were formed in 1976.

World natural heritage is made up of mountains, volcanoes, lakes, rivers, islands, forests, caves, reefs, national parks, nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries.

Of course, being on a par with the universally recognized world pearls of nature and culture is honorable and prestigious, but at the same time it is a great responsibility. To receive World Heritage status, a property must be of Outstanding Human Value, undergo a rigorous expert assessment. At the same time, the nominated natural object must meet at least one of the following four criteria:

Include unique natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic value;

Present outstanding examples of the main stages of the history of the Earth, including traces of ancient life, serious geological processes that continue to occur in the development of the forms of the earth's surface, significant geomorphological or physiographic features of the relief;

Present outstanding examples of important ongoing ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals;

Include natural areas of great importance for their conservation of biological diversity, including areas of endangered species that are of outstanding scientific or conservation value.

The status of a world natural heritage site provides additional guarantees for the safety and integrity of unique natural complexes, increases the prestige of territories, promotes the popularization of objects and the development of alternative types of nature management, and ensures priority in attracting financial resources.

The first cultural and natural sites were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List two years after the creation of the program. Of the natural areas, the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), the national parks Yellowstone (USA), Nahanni (Canada) and Seamen (Ethiopia) received heritage status. Over the past years, the List has become very representative both in terms of the regions of the planet represented and in terms of the number of objects: by mid-2012, it already included 188 natural objects. Most of them are located in the USA and Australia (more than 10 objects in each country). Under the protection of the Convention are such worldwide famous monuments nature like the Great Barrier Reef, Hawaiian Islands, Grand Canyon, Mount Kilimanjaro. Video 62.

In Russia, the initiator of the inclusion of natural objects in the World Heritage List is primarily Greenpeace. By joining this UNESCO program, a new page was opened in the field of nature protection in Russia.

Russian World Natural Heritage Sites

There are inaccuracies on the map, since at the moment 11 objects are already included in the list, including the Putorana Plateau and the Lena Pillars Natural Park. The first in our country to receive the status of a world natural heritage site in 1995 was a natural complex called "Virgin Komi Forests".

The territory of this object is the largest of the remaining massifs of primary forests in Europe, the appearance of which is almost not changed by human influence. Video 63.

The virgin forests of Komi are a real taiga treasury. There are more than 40 species of mammals here (including Brown bear, sable, elk), 204 species of birds (including the white-tailed eagle and osprey listed in the Red Book of Russia), 16 species of fish, the most valuable of which are considered glacial relics - palia char and Siberian grayling.

This territory is stretched along the western slope of the Subpolar and Northern Urals more than 300 km. The Ural mountain system has a significant impact on the climate. In places, natural complexes form a complex mosaic: along narrow river valleys, taiga vegetation rises high into the mountains.

Main tree species- spruce and fir - accompanies Siberian cedar. Here it originates and receives the crystal clear tributaries of the Pechora. Now the territory of the World Heritage Site "Virgin Komi Forests" is in danger due to illegal gold mining unfolding here (1).Greenpeace Russia and other non-governmental organizations will fight to stop any nature-destroying activity on its territory.

Lake Baikal

Baikal is one of the greatest lakes on the planet, the lake " superlatives": the deepest (1637 meters), the oldest (about 25 million years), with the most diverse flora and fauna among fresh water oem. Video 64.

The lake has a unique fresh water supply in terms of volume and quality - more than 20% of the world's reserves). The Baikal depression is the central link of the Baikal rift zone, one of the largest ancient fault systems on Earth. The lake, together with its entire basin, is a peculiar and very fragile natural ecosystem that provides a natural process of formation purest waters. For Siberia, the climate of the Baikal coasts is comparatively mild. For example, the amount sunny days per year is higher than in many Black Sea resorts.One of the richest and most unusual freshwater fauna in the world, which is of exceptional value for studying evolutionary processes, has formed in the isolated Baikal depression since ancient times.

Of the more than 2,630 species and subspecies of animals and plants found so far in the lake, more than 80% are found nowhere else in the world. Who has not heard of the famous Baikal omul or Baikal sturgeon? Two unique species of viviparous fish, representatives of the family endemic (2) for Baikal, the big and small golomyanka, are known to ichthyologists all over the world. The pyramid of the lake ecosystem is crowned by a mammal of typically marine origin - the seal, or the Baikal seal.

Unfortunately, the unique nature of Baikal is under threat (3).

FROM Have you heard about the actions that the public is taking to protect Lake Baikal from pollution by the pulp and paper mill?

Another danger for Lake Baikal is created by the planned development of deposits, illegal logging, Forest fires, poaching, oil spills.

Volcanoes of Kamchatka

The Kamchatka Peninsula is located at the junction of tectonic plates in a zone of active volcanism, where modern natural processes and the history of our planet are inseparable. Video 65.

Here, in a limited area, 30 active and about 300 extinct volcanoes are concentrated, as well as more than 150 groups of thermal and mineral springs. Dozens of geysers, hot springs, fumaroles (4), cascades of waterfalls, sharp peaks of ridges, mud pots and turquoise lakes, carpets of colorful algae give a fabulous look to the famous Valley of Geysers

The richest life is represented in the seas washing the coast of Kamchatka. Here are the growth zones of king crab larvae, spawning places salmon fish and rolling their young into the sea. From summer to the beginning of winter, on the rivers of the peninsula, you can observe amazing phenomenon nature: millions of salmon in a solid mass move along the rivers against the current to their spawning grounds.

Golden Mountains of Altai

The nature of this mountainous territory, located at the junction of Central Asia and Siberia, is distinguished by its bright originality. There are few places in the world with such a contrasting combination of different landscapes in such a small space. Video 66.

The flora and fauna of the region are diverse and in many ways unique. Here, the most significant subalpine and alpine meadows in terms of area in the mountains of Siberia. The color of the vegetation of the Southern Altai, where semi-deserts, steppes and tundra coexist, is also unique. The diversity of landscapes contributed to the emergence and preservation of endemics in Altai, often occupying very small areas. Among the rare species of mammals, it is worth highlighting snow leopard, this is one of the most beautiful cats of the world fauna. Very few of these animals have survived in Altai.

The geological history of the region is unique, “recorded” in the rocks of different ages that make it up and imprinted in unusual landforms. Such, for example, are the high terraces of the Katun River, striking in their grandeur. The grandiose Mount Belukha is the highest peak in Siberia (4506 meters). The Altai river valleys are narrow deep canyons.

The diversity of nature has left its mark on the culture and religion of the indigenous population of this territory - the Altaians. The achievements of the Altai traditional medicine. As the outstanding philosopher, writer, traveler H.K. Roerich, "many peoples passed through Altai and left traces: Scythians, Huns, Turks." Gorny Altai is called an open-air museum.

Western Caucasus

The western part of the Greater Caucasus in terms of the diversity of flora and fauna, their preservation is unparalleled not only in the Caucasus region, but also among other mountainous regions of Europe and Western Asia. Video 67.

This is an area where a large number of endangered rare, endemic and relict species of plants and animals are concentrated. It is especially important that the little-modified habitat of the most vulnerable animals has been preserved here. large mammals: bison, caucasian red deer, West Caucasian tour, chamois, Caucasian subspecies of brown bear, wolf and others.

The Caucasian reserve is practically the only habitat of the mountain bison in the world; outside this territory, it is almost completely exterminated by poachers.

The territory is rich in picturesque objects: powerful waterfalls, spiky mountain peaks(up to 3360 meters), stormy mountain rivers with clear water, clear mountain lakes, huge trees (majestic firs up to 85 meters high and more than 2 meters in diameter), rare plants(orchids, etc.) and many others. An invaluable unique natural complex has been preserved in the Western Caucasus.

curonian spit

The relief of this territory, located in the Kaliningrad region, is unique. A continuous strip of sand dunes 0.3 - 1 km wide, some of which are close to the highest in the world (up to 68 m), stretches along the peninsula for 70 km. Video 68.

Thanks to his geographic location and orientation from the northeast to the southwest, the spit serves as a "guiding line" for many bird species migrating from the northwestern regions of Russia, Finland and the Baltic countries to the countries of Central and Southern Europe. Every year in spring and autumn 10 - 20 million birds fly over the spit, a significant part of which stops here for rest and feeding. Among the birds flying here are many rare and endangered species listed in the Red Books of Russia, Europe and the world.

It is especially interesting that the spit is rich in objects cultural heritage. These are defensive structures unique in their scale, extremely valuable from the point of view of history, science and art; fishermen's settlements harmoniously integrated into the landscape; archaeological sites and monuments of religious architecture. The many-sided dune relief of the Curonian Spit in combination with the greenery of forests, white sandy beaches and boundless blue Baltic Sea has a high aesthetic value.

Central Sikhote-Alin

This territory, located in the south of the Far East within Russia, is one of the largest and least human-modified centers of preservation of communities of ancient coniferous-broad-leaved and deciduous forests. Video 69.

It presents a lot of rare and endangered animal species, a significant part of which is preserved only within its boundaries. The mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin is the last large integral territory in the world inhabited Amur tiger. Many other rare and endangered plant and animal species endemic to the region also need protection.

Picturesque landforms, full-flowing rivers, combined with an exceptional variety of flora and fauna, the presence of exotic plants and animals reminiscent of the tropics, give the nature of Sikhote-Alin completely unique features. There are many objects of aesthetic and recreational significance here: rock massifs, picturesquely standing out among the taiga, waterfalls, lakes and rapids, reefs, sandy bays on the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan.

Ubsunur basin

The Ubsunur basin, located on the territory of Mongolia and Russia, is one of the most original and unusual places Central Asia. Video 70.

This region has preserved a unique complex of neighboring, closely interacting, extremely contrasting ecosystems - from the taiga to the desert. Glaciers, snowfields, mountain tundra of the alpine belt and subalpine meadows turn into a vast mountain taiga belt, which gives way to forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert and even loose sandy ridges, creating a natural phenomenon of exceptional beauty and diversity. It is impossible to see such diverse landscapes in such close proximity anywhere else in Eurasia. This area has an unusually high temperate latitudes species richness

Relative sparsely populated territory, the absence of industrial facilities make it possible to preserve the basin as a natural laboratory for the study of biospheric processes

However, the value of the territory lies not only in unique nature Ubsunur basin. Great value have cultural heritage sites located here - archaeological sites, many of which have not been studied so far. Nowhere else in Central Asia are barrows found in such a concentration as here (according to a rough estimate, there are up to 20 thousand of them); most of them are older than the Egyptian pyramids. Thousands of rock paintings and stone sculptures, the remains of medieval settlements and Buddhist chapels form a unique natural and cultural landscape.

The natural system of the reserve "Wrangel Island"»

The Wrangel Island Reserve is located on the border of the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas on the Wrangel and Herald Islands with a 12-mile sea area adjacent to them. Video 71.

The 180th meridian passes through Wrangel Island, so that the island lies in both the Western and Eastern hemispheres. The relief is predominantly mountainous, strongly dissected, with coastal lowlands in the north and south. There are 1400 rivers and streams on the island, about 900 small lakes. A unique combination of natural-historical and landscape-climatic conditions, as well as inaccessibility, led to the islands big number endemic, rare and relict plant species. On the islands, as parts of the ancient land that once united the Eurasian and North American continents, both Euro-Asian and American species of flora and fauna are widely represented.

Putorana Plateau

The plateau is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It is a large basaltic plateau, located on the northern limit of the taiga and almost completely unaffected by human economic activity. Video 72. Unusual and extremely interesting are the trap relief forms (5), crossed by huge canyons. The scale and number of waterfalls are impressive (the highest concentration in Russia). Here is a 108 m high waterfall - one of the highest in our country. There are many lakes on the plateau with depths up to 400 m, lake fjords are very picturesque.More than 1300 plant species have been recorded on the Putorana Plateau. Here is the northern limit of the distribution of flying squirrel, lynx, sable, stone capercaillie. Through the territory of the plateau runs the migration route of the world's largest population of wild reindeer- Taimyr. A little-studied, extremely interesting local form of the bighorn sheep also lives here.

Lena Pillars

The Lena Pillars Natural Park is located in Central Yakutia, in the middle reaches of the Lena River. Video 73.

The park got its name because of the unique ridge of rocks - fabulous stone sculptures in the form of pillars and towers stretch along the banks of the Lena for tens of kilometers. Some are up to 100 meters high. This natural monument is composed of Cambrian limestones - a rock that was formed more than 500 million years ago.

In addition, in the park there are small areas of the desert landscape - unique permafrost ecosystems, as well as fluttering tukulan sands - isolated and independently developing sandy ridges with slopes practically not fixed by vegetation. In the area of ​​the Lena Pillars, scientists discovered burials of bone remains of ancient fauna: mammoth, bison, Lena horse, woolly rhinoceros.

21 species of rare and endangered "Red Book" plants grow in the park. In the basin of the middle reaches of the Lena River, the fish fauna includes 31 species. Nesting of 101 species of birds has been established in the park. Animals such as sable, brown bear, squirrel, elk, red deer, chipmunk, musk deer, mountain-forest form of wild reindeer are common here.

Work to continue the inclusion of new areas in the World Heritage List continues. According to the rules, nominations for consideration by the World Heritage Committee must first be included in the national Tentative List. They are presented on the World Natural Heritage map of Russia (see above).

Obviously, the effective protection of such territories is impossible without the active involvement of public organizations how can more citizens of the country. Let us remember that we have an individual and collective responsibility for the preservation of natural complexes.

Read the resolution of the International NGO Forum on World Heritage Sites (6).

What can we, the people of Russia, do to support the conservation and development of specially protected natural areas?

Each of these places is unique in its own way, and all together they function, making up the unity and integrity of the life support system on the Planet. They create its unique, still far from fully unraveled and known appearance.

A2. Which continent is the highest?

1) Antarctica 2) Eurasia 3) Africa 4) North America

A3. Which continent has no active volcanoes?

1) in Africa 2) in Australia 3) in South America 4) in Antarctica

A4. Indicate the error in the combination "continent - animal".

1) Africa - cheetah

2) Australia - wombat

3) South America- cougar

A5. Specify the correct answer. In Africa - wadi, and in Australia:

1) puna 2) screams 3) simum 4) koala

A6. Where is the Takla Makan Desert located?

1) in Africa 2) in South America 3) in Eurasia 4) in Australia

A7. Name the tallest and most common tree in Australia.

1) sequoia 2) ceiba 3) hevea 4) eucalyptus

A8. Which plant is native to Africa?

1) coffee 2) rubber 3) cocoa 4) tea

A9. Indicate the continent on which the zone of tropical deserts occupies the largest area.

1) North America 2) Africa 3) South America 4) Australia

A10. The richest and most varied animal world savannah:

1) Africa 2) Eurasia 3) Australia 4) South America

A11. What bay North America Sailors call "ice bag"?

1) Mexican

2) Alaskan

3) Hudson

4) Californian

A12. Indicate the mainland on which the "copper" mountains are located.

1) Eurasia 2) Africa 3) South America 4) Australia

A13. Where there are no earthquakes?

1) in Africa 2) in Australia 3) in Antarctica 4) in Eurasia

A14. What plot earth's crust lies at the base of the continents?

1) folded area

2) young platform

3) ancient platform

4) plate of the lithosphere

B1. Identify the natural complex according to its description.

This lava plateau is located in the northeast of the mainland. The city located on it is called the "city eternal spring". This highland is the birthplace of coffee.

IN 2. Which plant is called the "pump tree"? Its bark slides off the trunk and hangs in tatters, and medicinal oil is obtained from the leaves.

C1. Why is the relief of North America compared to a pipe?

How does it affect the climate of the mainland?

C2. What is "dry rain" and where can this phenomenon be observed?

Final control on the course of geography grade 7

Option 2

3) Australia - Madagascar

4) North America - Taiwan

A11. Indicate the correct combination of soils and natural area,

in which they are formed.

1) hylaea - red-yellow ferralitic

2) savanna - podzolic

3) desert - black soil

4) steppe - red-brown

A12. Indicate the erroneous combination "mainland - river".

1) Africa - Zambezi

2) Australia - Murray

3) South America - Orinoco

4) North America - Parana

A13. Indicate the continent on which the smallest bird and the longest snake live

1) Eurasia 2) South America 3) Australia 4) Africa

A14. What is the uniqueness of the animal world of Australia?

1) live very large animals

2) the most ancient mammals live

3) many predators

4) there are no reptiles

B1. What are the female birds of Australia that lay their eggs in piles of rotten leaves?

IN 2. What natural objects have the following names:

Ngorongoro, Kruger, Serengeti?

C1. Explain the lines of the poet's poem about Australia: "... Saves the south from the northern heat, the capital has no population ..."

C2. Why is there a lot of precipitation in the equatorial zone, and little in tropical latitudes?

Answers to part A

Answers to part B

Answers to part C

Option 1

C1. In the west and east of North America there are mountains (Cordillera and Appalachia), and in the center - plains (Great and Central). Tropical air masses from the south and arctic air masses from the north often penetrate into the center of the mainland, which causes frequent weather changes, snow melt, and flooding on rivers (Mississippi). When cold and hot air collide, tornadoes form.

C2. The phenomenon of "dry rain" is observed in deserts (Sahara): with very dry and hot air, raindrops do not reach the surface of the earth, evaporating in the air.

Option 2.

C1. Australia is the mainland of the Southern Hemisphere, so the further south, the farther from the equator, the colder.

The capital of Canberra is a young small city, unlike the giant city, the former capital -.

C2. In the equatorial belt, ascending currents predominate, and there is also an influx of moist oceanic air masses with trade winds. In the tropical zone, the air masses are very dry. At an altitude of 10-12 km, the air, flowing from the equator, already contains little moisture. And as it descends, it heats up and becomes even drier.

Work is underway to include the following natural objects in the List: Volga Delta, Lena Delta, Green Belt of Fennoscandia, Kurile Islands, Valdai - Great Watershed, Western Sayan, Beringia and the Solovetsky Islands.

Natural sites inscribed on the World Heritage List
	Square	State
Virgin forests of Komi	3.279 million ha	Inscribed on the World Heritage List (1995) Criteria - N ii, iii
1. State Biosphere Reserve "Pechora-Ilychsky"	721 322
2. National Park "Yugyd Va"	1 891 701
3. Reserve zone	666 000
Lake Baikal	8.8 million ha	Listed (1996) Criteria - N i, ii, iii, iv
1. Baikalsky State Biosphere Reserve	165 724
2. State Biosphere Reserve "Barguzinsky"	374 322
3. State Nature Reserve "Baikal-Lensky"	660 000
4. National Park "Pribaikalsky"	418 000
5. Zabaikalsky National Park	246 000
6. Reserve "Frolikhinsky"	910 200
7. Reserve "Kabansky"	18 000
8. Tunkinsky National Park (partially)
Volcanoes of Kamchatka	3.996 million ha	Included in the List (1996). Expanded in 2001 Criteria - N i, ii, iii, iv
1. State Biosphere Reserve "Kronotsky"	1 147 619,37
2. Natural park "Bystrinsky"	1 368 592
3. Natural park "Nalychevskiy"	286 025
4. Natural park "South Kamchatsky"	500 511
5. Reserve of federal importance "South Kamchatsky"	322 000
6. Natural park "Klyuchevskoy"	371 022
Golden Mountains of Altai	1.509 million ha	Listed (1998) Criterion - N iv
1. Altai State Biosphere Reserve	881 238
2. State Biosphere Reserve "Katunsky"	150 079
3. Belukha Mountain Natural Park	131 337
4. Natural park "Ukok"	252 904
5. Buffer zone "Teletskoe Lake"	93 753
Western Caucasus	0.301 million ha	Listed (1999) Criteria - N ii, iv
1. State Biosphere Reserve "Kavkazsky" with a buffer zone	288 200
2. Natural park "Big Thach"	3 700
3. Monument of nature "Upper reaches of the rivers Pshekha and Pshekhashkha"	5 776
4. Monument of nature "Upper reaches of the river Tsitsa"	1 913
5. Monument of nature "Ridge Buiny"	1 480
Curonian Spit(jointly with Lithuania)	0.031 million ha	Listed (2000) Criterion - Cv
1. Curonian Spit National Park (Russia)	6 600
2. National Park "Kursiu Nerijos" (Lithuania)	24 600
	1.567 million ha	Included in the List (2001). Expanded in 2018 Criterion - N iv
1. State Biosphere Reserve "Sikhote-Alinsky"	401 600
2. Bikin National Park	1 160 469
3. Reserve "Goralovy"	4 749
Ubsunur Hollow(shared with Mongolia)	0.883 million ha	Listed (2003) Criteria - N ii, iv
1. State Biosphere Reserve "Ubsunurskaya Kotlovina" (Russia)	73 529
2. Biosphere Reserve "Uvs Nuur" (Mongolia)	810 233,5
Wrangel Island	2.226 mln ha	Listed (2004) Criteria - N ii, iv
State Nature Reserve "Wrangel Island"
Putorana Plateau	1.887 million ha	Listed (2010) Criteria - vii, ix
State Nature Reserve "Putoransky"
Lena Pillars	1.387 million ha	Listed (2012) Criteria - viii
Natural Park of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) "Lena Pillars"
Landscapes of Dauria(shared with Mongolia)	0.913 million ha	Included in the List (2017) Criteria - (ix), (x)
1. State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Daursky"	49 765
2. Protected zone of the State Natural biosphere reserve"Daursky"	117 690
3. Reserve of federal significance "Valley of Dzeren"	111 568
Total area in the Russian Federation:	279 023
4. Strictly protected area "Mongol Daguur"	110 377
5. Buffer zone of the Mongol Daguur Strictly Protected Area	477 064
6. Nature reserve "Ugtam"	46 160
Total area in Mongolia:	633 601

Natural properties included in the Tentative List
Objects and their territories	Square	State
Valaam archipelago	0.026 million ha	Included in the Tentative List of the Russian Federation on May 15, 1996.
Natural Park "Valaam Archipelago"
Magadan Reserve	0.884 million ha	Nomination prepared
State natural reserve "Magadansky"
Commander Islands	3.649 million ha	Included in the Tentative List of the Russian Federation on February 7, 2005. Nomination prepared
State Natural Reserve "Komandorsky"
Big Vasyugan swamp	0.4 million ha
State complex reserve of the Tyumen region "Vasyugansky"
Krasnoyarsk pillars	0.047 million ha	Included in the Tentative List of the Russian Federation on March 6, 2007.
State Nature Reserve "Stolby"
Ilmensky mountains	0.034 million ha	Included in the Tentative List of the Russian Federation on August 11, 2008. Nomination prepared
State Natural Reserve of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Ilmensky"
Bashkir Ural	0.045 million ha	Included in the Tentative List of the Russian Federation on January 30, 2012.

Natural properties promising for inclusion on the Tentative List
Objects and their territories	Square	State
Beringia	2.911 million ha	Recommended by the IUCN for inclusion in the List
1. Beringia National Park (RF)	1,819,154 ha
2. national reserve Bering Land Bridge (USA)	1,091,595 ha
Volga Delta	0.068 million ha	criterion N iv. Nomination prepared
State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Astrakhansky"
Lena Delta	1.433 million ha	Recommended by the IUCN for inclusion in the List in accordance with criterion N iv. Nomination prepared
State Nature Reserve "Ust-Lensky"
Kurile Islands	0.295 million ha	Nomination prepared
1. Kurilsky State Nature Reserve and its buffer zone	65 365 and 41 475
2. Biological reserve "Small Kuriles"	45 000
3. Reserve of regional significance "Urup Island"	143 000
Green Belt of Fennoscandia(shared with Finland and Norway)	0.541 million ha	The Russian part of the nomination is ready
1. State Biosphere Reserve "Laplandsky"	278 436
2. State Nature Reserve "Kostomukshsky"	47 457
3. State Nature Reserve "Pasvik"	14 727
4. Paanajärvi National Park	104 354
5. Kalevalsky National Park	95 886
Valdai - Great Watershed	0.183 million ha	Nomination prepared
1. Valdaisky National Park	158 500
2. State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Central Forest"	24 447

Natural objects not included in the List
Objects and their territories	Square	State
Vodlozersky National Park	0.58 million ha
1. National Park "Vodlozersky"	404 700
2. Reserve "Kozhozersky"	178 600
Bashkir Ural	0.2 million ha	Not included in the List (1998)
1. Shulgan-Tash State Biosphere Reserve	22 531
2. State natural reserve "Bashkir"	49 609
3. National Park "Bashkiria" (strictly protected area)	32 740
4. Reserve "Altyn Solok"	93 580
Teberdinsky Reserve(expansion of the object "Western Caucasus")	0.085 million ha	Not included in the List (2004)
State Biosphere Reserve "Teberdinsky"

Russia, of course, is rich in unique and, which is very important, natural complexes not affected by economic activity. According to rough estimates of scientists, there are about 20 territories in our country worthy of the status of a World Natural Heritage Site. The list of the most promising territories was determined during joint project UNESCO and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) on boreal forests.

Specially protected territories and natural objects

The idea of ​​creating protected areas - nature reserves - arose long ago. Since ancient times, there have been "sacred places" where hunting was prohibited, fishing, deforestation, where animals and birds could breed their offspring.

Later, in the countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, the rulers of states and churches began to create reserves where they protected certain types animals (for example, deer in France and England, beavers in Ancient Russia). At the end of the XIX century. the rapid impoverishment of flora and fauna began to disturb people.

Beavers, sables, moose and many other fur and game animals have become a rarity. The need for nature protection, the creation of protected areas has become obvious. The modern natural reserve fund of our country is formed by: state nature reserves

(including biospheric), state nature reserves. The regime of specially protected natural areas in our country, along with the Federal Law of 10.01.02 № 7-FZ "On protection of the environment” is established by Federal Laws dated

03/14/95 No. 33-FZ "On specially protected natural areas" and dated 02/23/95 No. 26-FZ "On natural healing resources, health-improving areas and resorts". The Government of the Russian Federation approved special provisions on the legal regime of certain specially protected natural areas - on state nature reserves,

national parks x, etc. Specially protected natural areas may have international, federal, regional or local significance.

State natural reserves. They solve the following tasks:

Conservation of biological diversity and maintenance

in the natural state of protected natural objects;

Organization and conduct of scientific research;

Environmental monitoring;

environmental education;

Participation in the state ecological expertise

projects and in the training of scientific personnel in the field of protection

natural environment.

On the territory of state natural reserves, the following are completely withdrawn from economic use: land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna; they are non-commercial

organizations and funded by

federal budget funds.

State natural biosphere reserve- a landscape unit allocated in accordance with the UNESCO program "Man and the Biosphere" in order to preserve it

and research. Reserves with biospheric status are included in international system biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring. Biosphere reserves are created on territories completely unaffected by economic activity or on territories little changed by human activity. It is important that not unique, but typical landscapes are chosen for the creation of biosphere reserves. In exceptional cases, a biosphere reserve can be organized on the territory of ancient human development. The territory of a biosphere reserve should practically not be affected by the surrounding territories developed by man.

The first reserve on the territory of Russia appeared

in 1882 in Kamchatka. After 1920 in the USSR, a branched

network of reserves. By 2000 in Russia there was

99 state natural reserves, their area

occupied approximately 1.6% of the country's territory. 21 The natural reserve of the Russian Federation has the status of a biosphere reserve (they have been issued the appropriate UNESCO certificates).

State natural reserves. These are areas within which certain types and forms of economic activity are prohibited in order to protect one or more

species of living beings, biogeocenoses, ecological components or general protected area.

The ban on managing can be established for a certain period or be indefinite. State natural reserves are divided into:

On complex or landscape, intended for

conservation and restoration of natural landscapes;

Biological, intended for conservation and restoration

rare and endangered plant species

and animals;

Paleontological, intended to preserve the places of finds of the remains of fossil animals and plants of particular scientific value;

Hydrological - swamp, lake, river, sea;

Geological, designed to preserve valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature.

State nature reserves may be of federal or regional subordination. Land plots of nature reserves may be used, owned by legal entities and individuals.

National parks. These are large areas, including specially protected natural (not subject to anthropogenic impact) landscapes, which, in addition to the main task of preserving natural complexes, are intended mainly for recreational purposes. The territory of the national park is usually zoned, that is, it is divided into zones with different modes of operation - reserved, economic and recreational (). Small ethnic communities may live in national parks. For them, a regime for the use of natural resources can be established that ensures the preservation of their traditional way of life. The total number of national parks in the world exceeds 2000. For Russia, national parks are a relatively young form of protected areas. The first national park was organized only in 1983 (National Park "Sochi"), and by 2000 there were 34 of them.

natural parks. They are recreational institutions, their territory can also be used for educational and recreational purposes. Territories or

The water areas of natural parks include complexes and objects of significant ecological and aesthetic value. A special regime is established in natural parks

protection and use, activities that could change the historical landscape, change the aesthetic or recreational quality are prohibited

parka. In a natural park, zones with different regimes can be distinguished - environmental, recreational, protection of historical and cultural complexes, agricultural and others.

The decision to create a natural park on the territory of the Russian Federation is taken by the subjects of the Federation. Issues of socio-economic activities are coordinated with natural parks legal entities located in the territories of parks, development projects near the located settlements.

Monuments of nature. A natural monument is a natural area or a natural area modified by man since ancient times, representing a large scientific, cultural or social value allocated as a specially protected area, or a separate natural unique object (complex). Natural monuments may have federal or regional significance. Natural monuments can be declared:

Scenic areas;

Reference plots untouched nature;

Sites with a predominance of the cultural landscape (old parks, alleys, etc.);

Habitats and growths of valuable, small,

rare and endangered species of animals and plants;

Unique landforms and associated natural landscapes (mountains, canyons, groups of caves, etc.);

Geological outcrops of special scientific value (outcrops of rare minerals, rocks, minerals, etc.);

Thermal and mineral water sources, location of therapeutic mud;

Separate objects of animate and inanimate nature, nesting places for birds, long-lived trees of historical and memorial significance, volcanoes, hills, etc.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens. They are collections of plants of wild flora, planted in large areas to preserve diversity, enrich flora, Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are created for scientific and educational purposes, used as recreational areas. The territory of dendrological parks and botanical gardens can be divided into zones with different modes of use.

Other specially protected areas. These include, for example, health-improving institutions and resorts, which are the national heritage of the peoples of Russia.

Recognition of a territory as a health-improving place or resort may be carried out by the Government of the Russian Federation, an executive authority of a constituent entity of the Federation, a municipal authority on the basis of hydrological, balneological

and other research.

The term "environment" is a generic term. It characterizes the ecological state of a certain area and other conditions. The environment, as a rule, is considered as part of the area interacting with living organisms. It contains various elements. As one of the main natural object and natural resource.

International issues

In the era of modernity, human activity covers almost the entire planet. Its scale is so great that it is compared with global processes. This, in turn, negatively affects the environment. One of the main ways out of the ecological crisis today is close international cooperation. It is generally recognized that the implementation of a strategy for overcoming problems is possible only with the unity of environmental actions on the part of all countries. Not a single state today can get out of the ecological crisis alone.

Relevance of the issue

Nature has no state boundaries, it is one and universal. In this regard, violations of the ecosystem of one country always cause a response from adjacent territories. For example, if industrial plants in England and Germany emit flue gases containing an unacceptably high percentage of harmful impurities into the atmosphere, this will negatively affect not only the ecological state of these particular states, but also the fauna and flora of neighboring Scandinavian countries.

Natural objects: general information, classification

These elements play a significant role in the ecosystem of any country. There are the following types of natural objects:

• international;
• domestic.

The latter include land, subsoil, water, fauna and flora that are present on the territory of the state. Any natural object and natural resource is at the free disposal of a particular country. These elements are managed in accordance with the State's own laws and in the interests of its people. Any natural and anthropogenic object located on the territory of the country is also of value.

These include, in particular, unique species of modified plants or domesticated animals, landscapes, and other things that may have protective and recreational value. Natural objects of the world are located either within the international space (space, ocean, atmospheric air, Antarctica), or move through the territories different countries(migratory animals). They are not under the jurisdiction of states. Master and protect such objects on the basis of international agreements, treaties, protocols, conventions. These documents reflect the joint action of the community of all participating States.

Special category

It includes objects of natural heritage. Their protection and management is carried out by each state in whose territory they are located. However, this activity of the countries is controlled at the international level. Natural cultural objects are of particular value for states and all mankind as a whole. These include:

Space

It is considered the property of all mankind. No country has the right to single-handedly dispose of it. This and other principles of space exploration are reflected in international treaties. In the documents, the world community recognizes the inadmissibility negative impact on this space and natural objects located in it, as well as the appropriation of its parts, including the Moon and other celestial bodies.

Ocean

It is a natural object under international protection. It contains a huge amount of energy, minerals, minerals and other essential elements. The development of the World Ocean is carried out in the interests of mankind. Many countries have tried to formalize national claims to this space. Issues related to the management and development of the Ocean were considered at several conferences and ended with the signing of the UN Convention. More than 120 countries took part in it.

Antarctica

This territory is called the mainland of international cooperation and peace. In 1959, an agreement was concluded between the USSR, Argentina, France, England, the USA and a number of other states. It reflected the principles of freedom research work, the use of the mainland exclusively in peaceful purposes, the international legal regime was determined.

Atmosphere

Community efforts are primarily focused on preventing and eliminating the transboundary movement of pollutants. The regulation of international relations is carried out by the 1797 Convention, the Vienna and Montreal agreements and other documents. A special place among the acts is occupied by the Moscow Treaty on the Ban on Nuclear Tests.

Natural objects of Russia

Our country is in 4th place after China, Australia and America in terms of their number. Specially protected natural objects are represented by:

• Virgin forests of Komi.
• Volcanoes of Kamchatka.
• Lake Baikal.
• Golden mountains of Altai.
• Western Caucasus.
• Ubsunur basin.
• Central Sikhote-Alin.
• Wrangel Island.
• Putorana Plateau.
• Lena pillars.

The Curonian Spit is included in the specially protected natural objects according to the C (v) criterion. In addition, a preliminary balanced list of the Russian Federation for the Ministry of Natural Resources was formed. It was proposed to include the following protected objects:

• Commander Islands.
• Ilmensky mountains.
• Steppes of Dauria.
• Magadan reserve.
• Krasnoyarsk pillars.
• Bashkir Ural.
• River valley Bikin.
• B. Vasyugan swamp.

These natural objects were selected on the basis of an assessment of their significance, carried out by public and scientific organizations. For specified territories executive bodies proposals were sent to the respective regions for their inclusion in the UNESCO list. In 1996, the Valaam archipelago was included in the preliminary list. The list is planned to include the following protected natural objects of the Russian Federation:

1972 convention

It acts as one of the effective mechanism through which the management and protection of natural objects is ensured. The Convention establishes certain criteria that they must meet. Natural objects should:

• Represent a visual reflection of the main historical stages of the Earth. These include, in particular, traces of ancient life, geological processes continuing in terrestrial processes, significant physiographic and geomorphological relief features.
• Include especially important areas in terms of the conservation of biological diversity in them. These include, among other things, areas where there are endangered species of outstanding international importance in terms of nature conservation and science.
• Provide a visual representation of the ongoing and important biological phenomena that occur in the development and evolution of marine, coastal, river, terrestrial ecosystems and communities of animals and plants.
• Include unique natural phenomena or areas of exceptional aesthetic value and beauty.

The list, which includes objects of the natural environment, is annually replenished by 30-35 units. Thus, as of January 1, 2001, 690 objects were included in the list. Most natural heritage sites are registered in Canada, Australia and the USA.

Characteristics of protected areas

Natural objects included in the list have different status and size. These include about 135 national parks, about 100 different reserves, and so on. In addition, the boundaries of objects include reserves, natural monuments, security protected areas, state forests, ethnographic reserves, ecological stations and others.

Geographic distribution

Due to the fact that different states are represented in the list in different ways, their overall picture is rather mixed. In large numbers, the list contains natural objects of the Western Black Sea and the Balkans, Canada, the mountainous "wild West" of America, Tibet and the Himalayas, subequatorial and equatorial territories of Africa and the tropical eastern Australian coast. At the same time, the object placement map includes the so-called "white spots". These include, in particular, the steppe and developed territories of Canada and the United States, most of the Sahara Desert and the Arabian Peninsula, Brazil, Mongolia, and some inland areas of Australia. The "white spots" of Russia are considered to be the regions of northern Siberia and almost the entire Far East(except for Kamchatka).

"Rank of importance"

As part of more than 130 objects of world importance, the list contains almost all the most famous natural phenomena. These include, in particular, Yellowstone Park, the Grand Canyon, the Hawaiian Islands, the Danube Delta, Mount Everest and Chomolungma, Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Krakatau volcano and Komodo Island, the Ngorongoro and Serengeti national parks, the Galapagos Islands and so on. . Undoubtedly, in this list there are also natural objects of Russia. These are, in particular, Lake Baikal, the Northern and Subpolar Urals, Kamchatka, the highlands of the Caucasus and Altai. There are no complete analogues of these objects in the List - we can only talk about partial similarity with certain localities.

Typological diversity

The list contains a wide variety of objects. These include a variety of ecological systems of the planet. In particular, the surviving massifs of virgin forest, mountainous countries, steppes, deserts, wetlands located in different parts Lands, woodlands and tundra, savannas and prairies, volcanoes and glaciers. The list also includes geological and geomorphological landmark formations. Among them are caves, karst reliefs, underground rivers and more. As natural protected objects are the locations of paleontological remains, dune complexes, waterfalls and reservoirs, mineral and thermal springs, mangrove communities and large river deltas, marine areas, reefs, atolls, fjords, and so on. As for domestic phenomena, their representation is relatively monotonous. This is due to the fact that the Russian objects are represented by mountainous regions located in various regions of the temperate zone.

Square

The objects that are present in the list have significant differences in size. Territories may have an area of ​​less than 1000 ha. For example, the reserve "Vallee de Mai" occupies only 19.5 hectares. The List also includes such large areas as a complex of reserves and parks on the border of the northwestern territory of Canada and Alaska, Lake. Baikal, marine national park B. barrier reef, Galapagos Islands. Russia is fully using its territorial potential. In particular, three of its five territories included in the list occupy an area of ​​more than 3 million hectares. Lake Baikal takes the second place in the List.

Spatial structure

Some World Heritage sites include several protected areas at once. For example, within the boundaries of the mountain forest area, which is located on the northeast Australian coast, there are 19 parks, 31 state forest sites, 5 forest and 1 ethnographic reserve. In the Russian Federation, in this sense, it is necessary to single out the zone of the lake. Baikal. It includes 2 national parks, three nature reserves, several reserves and other areas. However, despite such a mosaic, the territory of the lake remains an integral complex, which is limited in space according to a single principle. A very common phenomenon in the process of list formation is clustering. For example, one of the Australian properties located on the east coast includes approximately 45 protected areas. They are united in 8 blocks, and their total area is 370 thousand hectares. Among domestic objects in which clustering is noted, volcanoes in Kamchatka should be noted. On this territory there are 5 disparate areas, which are the most valuable ecological systems on the peninsula.

Cross-border

The list contains about ten territories, which consist of "parallel" protected areas. Among them, in particular, Bialowieza Forest, complexes of reserves and parks in Alaska, as well as Victoria Falls. In Russia, the border object is Altai - the Golden Mountains. This territory is located on the border between Mongolia, Kazakhstan and China.

Expansion of domestic representation in the List

It is advisable to carry out this activity according to a clear and unified plan. First of all, it is necessary to proceed from the criteria that are fixed by the above Convention. At the same time, according to a number of authors, these signs to a certain extent reflect the ideological position of UNESCO experts. Arguing from the point of view of a state party to the Convention and in an effort to adequately represent Russia on the list, domestic experts are in favor of:

Conclusion

It should be noted that today, when the process of introducing domestic natural objects of cultural and natural value has significantly intensified, great importance gets the debugging of the mechanism for the effective management of these areas. This mainly involves strengthening funding, protective measures, development and promotion of ecotourism. Equally important is the formation of information centers, advanced training of personnel. The legislative framework also plays an exceptional role in the matter. As a separate direction in this case will be the development of unified administrative regulations, especially for cross-border, cluster, vast areas. All this will contribute to a more reliable preservation of objects that are of planetary importance.