Bilateral agreements. Basic principles of international law In the declaration on the principles of cooperation

Concept and distinctive features the basic principles of international law are described in the chapter "Rules of international law".

The presentation of the content of each of the principles is based on the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and is given in this chapter in accordance with their official specification, which is carried out in the Declaration on Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the UN Charter of October 24, 1970 and in final act Conferences on Security and Cooperation in Europe of August 1, 1975 (section "Declaration of principles by which the participating states will be guided in mutual relations").

The interconnection of principles is noted in the 1970 Declaration:

"Each principle must be considered in the context of all other principles."

Sovereign equality of states

The principle of sovereign equality of states was formed and consolidated in the documents mentioned above as a synthesis of traditional legal postulates - respect for state sovereignty and equality of states. Accordingly, it is characterized as a complex, dual principle. The very combination of these two elements gives rise to a new international legal phenomenon - the sovereign equality of states.

As such, it was enshrined in the UN Charter: "The organization is based on the principle of sovereign equality of all its members" (clause 1, article 2).

According to the 1970 Declaration and the 1975 Final Act, states have the same (equal) rights and obligations, i.e. they are legally equal. At the same time, according to the Declaration, all states "are equal members of the international community, regardless of differences in economic, social, political or other nature."

Each state enjoys the rights inherent in full sovereignty, and at the same time is obliged to respect the legal personality of other states and their respective rights, including the right to determine and exercise at its discretion mutual relations on the basis of international law. Specific to the Final Act is the wording regarding the right of states "to belong or not to belong to international organizations, to be or not to be parties to bilateral or multilateral treaties ...".

The “equal sovereignty” of states is characterized by the fact that “each state is sovereign within the system of states, the international community, i.e., in the conditions of interaction and interdependence of states. The sovereignty of one state is associated with the sovereignty of another state and, as a result, must be coordinated with it within the framework of the current international law (the phrase "agreed sovereignty" is found in the literature). The functions of international law include the normative provision of such coordination, a kind of streamlining of the implementation of international legal personality based on state sovereignty.

Non-intervention in internal affairs

The modern understanding of the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of states is generally fixed in the UN Charter and specified in the indicated international legal documents, as well as in the 1965 UN Declaration on the inadmissibility of interference in the internal affairs of states, on the protection of their independence and sovereignty.

According to the UN Charter, the Organization does not have the right to intervene in matters that are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state.

The 1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples confirmed the anti-colonial orientation of the principle and at the same time legally secured the right of all peoples to freely determine their political status, to carry out economic, social and cultural development, to freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources. The International Covenants on Human Rights of 1966 fixed the right to self-determination in a contractual form, binding on the participating states. The 1970 Declaration on the Principles of International Law, as a codifying act, specified its content and determined that the means of exercising the right to self-determination are the creation of a sovereign state, joining a state or uniting with it, establishing any other political status freely chosen by the people.

According to the formulation of this principle in the Final Act of the CSCE as equality and the right of peoples to decide their own destiny, "all peoples always have the right, in conditions of complete freedom, to determine, when and how they wish, their internal and external political status without outside interference and to exercise their own political, economic, social and cultural development".

The other side of the principle, which ensures the protection of sovereign states from separatist movements, arbitrary actions aimed at splitting a sovereign state, is also acquiring particular relevance in modern conditions. Nothing in the principle under consideration, the 1970 Declaration says, should be interpreted as authorizing or encouraging any action that would lead to the dismemberment or violation of the territorial integrity and political unity of sovereign states that respect the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples. Thus, this principle must be applied taking into account another basic principle of international law - the territorial integrity of states.

Non-use of force or threat of force

The formation of this principle is associated with such international legal acts as the Convention on the Peaceful Settlement of International Conflicts (1899) and the Convention on the Limitation of the Use of Force in the Recovery of Debt Obligations (1907).

Certain legal restrictions on the use of force were contained in the Statute of the League of Nations. In particular, art. 12 obligated states not to resort to war until certain peaceful means had been used.

Of particular importance in condemning and refusing to resort to war was the Treaty of Paris (Briand-Kellogg Pact) of August 27, 1928. According to its Art. 1 "The High Contracting Parties solemnly declare, in the name of their respective peoples, that they condemn the resort to war to settle international disputes and renounce it in their mutual relations as an instrument of national policy." Article 2 provided for the settlement of disputes or conflicts by peaceful means. This approach, in fact, consolidated the principle of the prohibition of aggressive war, which was later specified and developed in the Charters of the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals and their sentences.

The states of Europe have always attached particular importance to the inviolability of borders, evaluating this factor as one of the main conditions for ensuring European security. The provision on the inviolability of the borders of the states of Europe found normative reflection in the treaties of the USSR, Poland, the GDR and Czechoslovakia with the FRG in 1970-1973.

The Treaty between the USSR and the FRG of August 12, 1970 stated that "peace in Europe can be preserved only if no one encroaches on modern borders." The parties stated that "they do not have any territorial claims against anyone and will not put forward such claims in the future." They will "strictly observe the territorial integrity of all states in Europe within their present borders."

In the Final Act of the CSCE of August 1, 1975, the norms on the inviolability of borders are singled out as an independent principle of relations between states.

The participating States of the CSCE regard all borders of each other and the borders of all states in Europe as inviolable. They undertake to refrain now and in the future from any encroachment on these frontiers, as well as from any demand or action aimed at the seizure and usurpation of part or all of the territory of any participating State.

The principle of inviolability of borders, among other principles, is the basis of relationships Russian Federation with other states, which is confirmed by its treaties with them.

In the Commonwealth Agreement Independent States of December 8, 1991 and the Alma-Ata Declaration of December 21, 1991 reaffirm the recognition and respect for the inviolability of existing borders.

The agreement between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Poland on friendly and good-neighbourly cooperation dated May 22, 1992 includes the following provision: "The Parties recognize the existing border between them as inviolable and confirm that they have no territorial claims against each other, and will not put forward such claims in future".

Commitment to the principle of inviolability of borders is also expressed in the Treaty between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on friendship, cooperation and partnership of May 31, 1997, in the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Azerbaijan on friendship, cooperation and security of July 3, 1997, etc.

It is significant that this principle, among others, is included in the Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between the Russian Federation and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization of May 27, 1997.

Territorial integrity of states

In accordance with this principle, the content of which is revealed in the Final Act of the CSCE, the following obligations are imposed on the states: to respect the territorial integrity of each of the states; refrain from any action inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, against territorial integrity, political independence or the unity of any State Party;

refrain from making each other's territory an object of military occupation or an object of acquisition through the use of force or the threat of force.

The above provisions of the content of the principle of territorial integrity testify to its close connection with other basic principles of international law, especially such as the principle of the non-use of force and the threat of force, the inviolability of borders, equality and self-determination of peoples.

The Declaration on the Principles of International Law of 1970 states that the content of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples should not be interpreted as authorizing or encouraging any action that would lead to the dismemberment or partial or complete violation of the territorial integrity or political unity of sovereign and independent states that have governments , representing all the people belonging to the given territory. The principle of equality and self-determination of peoples obliges states to refrain from any action aimed at partial or complete violation of national unity and the territorial integrity of any other state.

On April 15, 1994, the leaders of the CIS countries adopted the Declaration on Observance of the Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity and Inviolability of the Borders of the CIS Member States.

According to Art. 4 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the sovereignty of the Russian Federation extends to its entire territory; it ensures the integrity and inviolability of its territory.

Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms

The formation of the obligation of states to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms as one of the principles of international law is associated with a longer process of normative regulation than those principles that were directly proclaimed in Art. 2 of the UN Charter and specified in the 1970 Declaration.

The Charter itself, when defining the goals of the UN, refers to the implementation of international cooperation "in the promotion and development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all ..." (paragraph 3 of article 1). According to Art. 55, the UN promotes "universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all...". And if we resort to a comprehensive assessment, we can conclude that the UN Charter imposes on states the obligation not just to respect, but to universal respect for the rights and fundamental freedoms, and not only their respect, but also observance.

The normative content of the principle was developed gradually within the UN, through the proclamation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and the adoption of two international covenants - on economic, social and cultural rights and on civil and political rights (1966), as well as other declarations and conventions.

In parallel, the legal regulation of the obligations of states in the field of human rights and freedoms at the regional level was carried out (American, European, later African conventions, and now within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States).

In the 1975 CSCE Final Act, normative prescriptions for respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms were for the first time formulated as components of an independent international principle by which the participating States have undertaken to be guided in their mutual relations.

In accordance with the text of the act, the participating States "will encourage and develop the effective exercise of civil, political, economic, social, cultural and other rights and freedoms, all of which derive from the inherent dignity of the human person and are essential for his free and full development" . In developing this formula, states in the CSCE Vienna Outcome Document (1989) recognized that all rights and freedoms are of paramount importance and must be fully exercised by all appropriate means. The statement of the equal value of all rights and freedoms determines the content of the relevant provisions of the national legislation. In this regard, we note the wording of paragraph 1 of Art. 17 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: "In the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen are recognized and guaranteed in accordance with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law and in accordance with this Constitution."

In the Final Act of the CSCE, respect for rights and freedoms is characterized as an essential factor of peace, justice and well-being in interstate friendly relations. It should be borne in mind that in both international covenants human rights and freedoms are regulated taking into account the right of peoples to self-determination. And in the Final Act of the CSCE, there is a provision on respect for the rights and protection of the legitimate interests of persons belonging to national minorities.

Among the newest documents that apply the principle under consideration to the situation that has developed after the demise of the USSR are the Declaration of the Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States on International Obligations in the Field of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (September 24, 1993) and the CIS Convention on the Rights and Fundamental Human Freedoms (May 26, 1995).

The principle of respect for rights and fundamental freedoms can be described as the legal basis for the formation and improvement of international humanitarian law as a branch of international law in its modern sense (see Chapter 13). The content of this principle determines the nature of the interaction between international legal and domestic norms in the field of humanitarian cooperation in an environment where international law not only influences national human rights legislation, not only establishes generally accepted standards that states should be guided by, not only puts into effect international means of protecting human rights from mass encroachments, but also becomes a direct regulator and guarantor of certain elements of the legal status of the individual, provided, along with the national, international legal mechanism.

State cooperation

The cooperation of states as a legal principle was first recognized and enshrined in the UN Charter as a result of the fruitful interaction of the powers of the anti-Hitler coalition in World War II and as a criterion for interstate communication in the future. At the same time, a qualitatively new, higher level of interaction was implied than the traditional maintenance of relations between countries.

One of the goals of the UN, according to paragraph 3 of Art. 1, is the implementation of international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, cultural and humanitarian nature and in promoting and developing respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion. The principle of cooperation pervades many provisions of the Charter. Among the functions of the General Assembly is the organization of studies and the development of recommendations in order to promote international cooperation in the political field and encourage the progressive development of international law in the fields of economic, social, culture, education, health and the promotion of human rights (Article 13). Chapter IX deals specifically with international economic and social cooperation.

The 1970 Declaration on Principles of International Law emphasizes that cooperation is the duty of states: "States have an obligation, regardless of differences in their political, economic and social systems, to cooperate with each other in various fields international relations with the aim of maintaining international peace and security and promoting international economic stability and progress, the general well-being of peoples ... ". The Declaration outlines the main areas of cooperation, orienting states towards cooperation both with each other and with the United Nations.

The principle of cooperation was further developed and concretized in relation to pan-European affairs in the Final Act of the CSCE of 1975, according to which the participating states "will develop their cooperation with each other, as with all states, in all fields in accordance with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter ". At the same time, the desire, on its basis, to promote mutual understanding and trust, friendly and good-neighbourly relations, security and justice is especially emphasized.

In modern conditions, achieving the universality of the principle of cooperation is of paramount importance.

Conscientious fulfillment of international obligations

The principle under consideration, as if completing the presentation of the basic principles of international law, originated and for a long time acted as the principle of compliance with international treaties - pacta sunt servanda ("treaties must be respected").

AT modern period from a customary legal norm, it turned into a contractual norm, and its content has significantly changed and enriched.

The preamble of the UN Charter refers to the determination of peoples "to create conditions under which justice and respect for obligations arising from treaties and others can be observed", and in paragraph 2 of Art. 2, the obligation of the members of the UN to conscientiously fulfill the obligations assumed under the Charter is fixed, "in order to ensure to all of them in the aggregate the rights and advantages arising from membership in the membership of the Organization."

An important step in the contractual consolidation of this principle was the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969. It notes that "the principle of free consent and good faith and the rule of pacta sunt servanda have received universal recognition." In Art. 26 establishes: "Each valid agreement is binding on its participants and must be fulfilled by them in good faith."

This principle was described in detail in the Declaration on Principles of International Law of 1970, in the Final Act of the CSCE in 1975 and in other documents.

The meaning of this principle lies in the fact that it is a universal and cardinal norm recognized by all states, expressing the legal obligation of states and other entities to comply with and fulfill the obligations assumed in accordance with the UN Charter, arising from the generally recognized principles and norms of international law and their corresponding international treaties. and other sources of international law.

The principle of conscientious fulfillment of international obligations serves as a criterion for the legitimacy of the activities of states in international and domestic relations. It acts as a condition for stability, the effectiveness of the international legal order, consistent with the legal order of all states.

With the help of this principle, the subjects of international law receive a legal basis to mutually demand from other participants in international communication the fulfillment of the conditions associated with the use of certain rights and the performance of relevant duties. This principle makes it possible to distinguish lawful activity from illegal, prohibited. In this aspect, it is clearly manifested as a peremptory norm of international law. This principle, as it were, warns the states about the inadmissibility of deviation in the treaties they conclude from the cardinal provisions of international law, expressing the fundamental interests of the entire international community, and emphasizes the preventive function of the norms of jus cogens. The principle of conscientious observance of international obligations, linking peremptory norms into a single system of international legal prescriptions, is their integral part. However, if individual norms of jus cogens can be replaced by others on the basis of an agreement between states, then such a replacement is impossible in relation to this principle: its abolition would mean the elimination of all international law.

In developing this principle, it was envisaged that in exercising their sovereign rights, including the right to determine their own laws and regulations, participating States would be consistent with their legal obligations under international law.

The essential features of the principle of conscientious fulfillment of international obligations are the inadmissibility of arbitrary unilateral renunciation of the undertaken obligations and legal liability for violation of international obligations, which occurs in the event of refusal to fulfill them or other actions (or inaction) of a party to the contract that are illegal. Violation of international obligations raises the question of responsibility not only for deviation from the agreement, but also for infringement on the very principle of conscientious fulfillment of international obligations.

Now that the dawn of a new era is dawning on Europe, we are determined to expand and strengthen friendly relations and cooperation between the nations of Europe, the United States of America and Canada, and to promote friendship between our peoples.

In order to maintain and strengthen democracy, peace and unity in Europe, we solemnly proclaim our full commitment to the ten principles of the Helsinki Final Act. We reaffirm the enduring value of these ten principles and our determination to put them into practice. All principles apply equally and rigorously when interpreting each in light of the others. They form the basis of our relationship.

In accordance with our obligations under the Charter of the United Nations and our obligations under the Helsinki Final Act, we renew our assurances that we will refrain from the use of force or the threat of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State and from any other action inconsistent with the principles and purposes of these documents. We recall that non-compliance with obligations under the Charter of the United Nations is a violation of international law.

We reaffirm our commitment to settling disputes by peaceful means. We decide to create mechanisms to prevent and resolve conflicts between participating States.

With the end of the division of Europe, we will strive to give a new quality to our relations in the field of security, with full respect for everyone's freedom of choice in this area. Security is indivisible, and the security of each participating State is inextricably linked to the security of all others. We therefore commit ourselves to cooperate in building confidence and security between us and in promoting arms control and disarmament.

We welcome the Joint Declaration of twenty-two states to improve their relations.

Our relationship will be based on our shared commitment to democratic values ​​as well as human rights and fundamental freedoms. We are convinced that the development of democracy and the respect and effective exercise of human rights are absolutely essential to strengthening the peace and security of our nations. We reaffirm the equality of peoples and their right to decide their own destiny in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and relevant rules of international law, including those relating to the territorial integrity of states.

We are determined to intensify political consultations and expand cooperation in addressing economic, social, environmental, cultural and humanitarian issues. This joint resolve and our growing interdependence will help overcome decades of mistrust, increase stability and build a united Europe.

We want Europe to serve as a source of peace, be open to dialogue and cooperation with other countries, welcome exchanges and participate in the search for joint answers to the challenges of the future.

Safety

The strengthening of democracy and the strengthening of security will have a favorable effect on the friendly relations between us.

We welcome the signing of the Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe by twenty-two participating States, which will lead to a reduction in the levels of armed forces. We endorse the adoption of a set of significant new confidence- and security-building measures that will lead to greater transparency and confidence among all participating States. These are important steps towards strengthening stability and security in Europe.

The unprecedented reduction in military forces that will result from the Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe, combined with new approaches to security and cooperation within the CSCE process, will lead to a new understanding of security in Europe and give a new quality to our relations. In this context, we fully recognize the freedom of States to choose how they ensure their own security.

Unity

A united and free Europe calls for a new beginning. We invite our peoples to take part in this great cause.

We note with great satisfaction the Treaty on the Final Settlement with regard to Germany, signed in Moscow on September 12, 1990, and sincerely welcome the fact that the German people are united in one state in accordance with the principles of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and in full agreement with their neighbors. Achieving the national unity of Germany - important contribution to the establishment of a just and lasting peace order in a united democratic Europe, conscious of its responsibility for ensuring stability, peace and cooperation.

One of the fundamental characteristics of the CSCE is the participation in it of both North American and European states; it underpins its past achievements and is essential to the future of the CSCE process. An unwavering commitment to the values ​​we share and our common heritage are the bonds that bind us to each other. With all the rich diversity of our countries, we are united in our commitment to expanding cooperation in all areas. The complex tasks before us can only be solved through joint action, cooperation and solidarity.

CSCE and the world

The fate of our countries is connected with the fate of all other countries. We fully support the United Nations and the enhancement of its role in promoting international peace, security and justice. We reaffirm our commitment to the principles and purposes of the United Nations, as enshrined in its Charter, and condemn any violation of those principles. We note with satisfaction the growing role of the United Nations in world affairs and its increasing effectiveness, which is facilitated by the improvement of relations between our states.

Conscious of the urgent needs of a large part of the world, we pledge to show solidarity towards all other countries. Therefore, we are addressing today from Paris with an appeal to all countries of the world. We are ready to join forces with all states and with any of them for the joint defense and promotion of the totality of fundamental human values.

Directions for the future

Based on our firm commitment to full compliance with all the principles and provisions of the CSCE, we now decide to give new impetus to the balanced and comprehensive development of our cooperation in order to meet the needs and aspirations of our peoples.

CONTRACT
about friendly relations and cooperation
between the Russian Federation and Mongolia*

Ratified
Decree of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation
dated June 3, 1993 N 5100-1

Russian Federation and Mongolia,

proceeding from the traditions of friendly relations, mutual trust and multifaceted cooperation between the peoples of the two countries,

striving to expand and deepen equitable and mutually beneficial cooperation between the Russian Federation and Mongolia and to this end to strengthen its legal basis in line with current realities and trends international life,

Reaffirming commitment to the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations,

desiring to contribute to the preservation and strengthening of peace and security of peoples, the establishment of an atmosphere of mutual understanding and cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region,

Noting that the Agreement between the Government of the RSFSR and the People's Government of Mongolia of November 5, 1921 played a significant role in the development of good neighborly relations and cooperation between the two countries,

based on the provisions of the Declaration of Friendship and Good Neighborly Cooperation between the RSFSR and the MPR of February 12, 1991,

agreed on the following:

Article 1

The parties treat each other as friendly states and will be guided in their relations by the principles of respect for sovereignty and independence, sovereign equality, non-use of force or threat of force, inviolability of borders, territorial integrity, non-interference in internal affairs, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, equality and the right of peoples to control their own destiny, conscientious fulfillment of obligations , good neighborliness, partnership and cooperation.

Article 2

The parties will develop, on a stable and long-term basis, equal and mutually beneficial cooperation in the fields of politics, economics, culture, art, education, science and technology, healthcare, defense, security, ecology, transport and communications, information, humanitarian relations and others.

Article 3

The parties will regularly exchange views at various levels on the development and deepening bilateral relations and cooperation, as well as on issues of international relations of mutual interest.

The parties will promote the development of ties and contacts between the parliaments and other elected authorities of the two countries.

Article 4

The Parties will not participate in any military-political alliances directed against each other, and undertake not to conclude any treaties and agreements with third countries that are contrary to the interests of the sovereignty and independence of the other Party.

Neither Party will allow its territory to be used by a third state for the purpose of aggression or other violent actions against the other Party.

The Russian Federation will respect Mongolia's policy aimed at preventing the stationing and transit of foreign troops, nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction on its territory.

Article 5

In the event of situations that, in the opinion of one of the Parties, will pose a threat to international peace and security and may entail international complications, the Parties will inform each other about possible ways to resolve them.

At the request of a Party that considers that its security interests may be threatened, consultations shall be held without delay.

Article 6

The parties will develop cooperation between the two states within the framework of the UN and other international organizations in the interests of solving urgent international problems of peace and security, ensuring sustainable economic development, environmental protection and other problems at the global and regional levels.

Article 7

The Parties will do their best to strengthen stability, establish an atmosphere of trust and a spirit of interaction in the Asia-Pacific region and cooperate on a bilateral and multilateral basis in the interests of promoting the development of ties in the economic, cultural, humanitarian and other fields between the states of the region.

Article 8

The parties will pursue an open economic policy towards each other and develop equal and mutually beneficial cooperation. To this end, they undertake to mutually grant most favored nation treatment to state and non-state enterprises, individuals and other entities involved in commercial, industrial and financial activities. The Parties will encourage investment cooperation, including with the participation of partners from third countries.

The Parties will promote in every possible way the development of border trade and cooperation.

Article 9

The Parties will encourage the development of cooperation in the field of rail, air, road and other types of transport communications. They will take measures to increase the capacity of their roads, improve the organization of transit traffic through their territory. Given that Mongolia has no access to the sea, the Russian Federation will contribute to the exercise of its right to access to the sea in accordance with international law.

Article 10

The Parties will develop cooperation in the field of environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety, joint prevention of environmental crises and elimination of their consequences. To this end, they will periodically exchange information and consult on matters of direct interest to one or both Parties.

Article 11

The parties will develop cooperation in the humanitarian field based on respect for the uniqueness of the history, cultures and customs of the two countries.

They will promote in every way the expansion of contacts between the citizens of both Parties. To this end, they will take measures aimed at streamlining administrative procedures and the practice of carrying out mutual trips of their citizens.

Article 12

The Parties will cooperate on a bilateral and multilateral basis in the fight against organized crime, terrorism, illegal acts against the security of civil aviation, drug trafficking, arms trafficking, smuggling, including the illegal movement of works of art and objects of cultural or historical value across the border.

The necessary conditions will also be created for the provision of mutual legal assistance in civil, family and criminal cases.

Article 13

The parties will give Special attention mutual creation of conditions for the implementation of joint programs and projects in order to use modern technological achievements, cooperation in the field of fundamental and applied research and the introduction of their results into the economy and production.

Article 14

The parties will expand and deepen ties in the fields of culture, art, science, historical heritage, education and information. They will contribute to the establishment of direct links between higher educational institutions and scientific research centers, cultural institutions, expanding the exchange of books, periodicals, movies, theatrical performances, television and radio programs and to encourage the study of the languages ​​of the Parties.

Article 15

The Parties will support the establishment and development of direct ties between the republics of the Russian Federation, the aimags of Mongolia, other administrative-territorial entities of all levels, as well as between state, mixed and private enterprises, institutions and organizations for the development of cooperation in the spirit and pursuance of this Treaty .

Article 16

In accordance with the principles enshrined in this Treaty, the Governments of both Parties and other competent authorities will conclude separate agreements between themselves on the issues specified in it and other issues.

Article 17

The parties will resolve disputes that may arise in relations between them through negotiations in good faith.

If it is impossible to resolve disputed issues in this way, the Parties may choose other means of peaceful settlement of disputed issues in accordance with the UN Charter.

Article 18

This Treaty does not affect obligations under existing bilateral and multilateral treaties and agreements concluded by the Parties with other states.

Article 19

This Treaty is concluded for a period of twenty years and will be automatically renewed for subsequent periods of five years, unless either Party notifies the other Party twelve months before the expiration of the relevant period of its intention to denounce it by written notification.

Article 20

This Treaty is subject to ratification and shall enter into force on the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification.

Done in Moscow on January 20, 1993 in duplicate, each in the Russian and Mongolian languages, both texts being equally authentic.

For the Russian Federation
B. Yeltsin

For Mongolia
P. Ocherbat

One of the basic principles of international law. In accordance with paragraph 3 of Art. 1 of the UN Charter, the organization pursues, in particular, the goal "to carry out international cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature." After the adoption of the UN Charter, P.s.m.g. was enshrined in the statutes of many international organizations, in international treaties, numerous resolutions and declarations. With the adoption of the UN Charter P.s.m.g. took its place among other principles that are mandatory for compliance with modern international law P.s.m.g. signifies the duty of states in principle to use the method of cooperation rather than confrontation to solve emerging problems. However, this principle does not in itself oblige the state to enter into specific negotiations or, even more so, into contractual relations with any other state at the request of the latter. Cooperation, as such, is the duty of all states only in the matter of maintaining international peace and security. 11 of the UN Charter). Contents P.s.m.g. formulated in the Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the UN Charter, adopted by the UN General Assembly on October 24, 1970, and so on. in the Final Act of the 1975 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. In accordance with P.s.m.g. states are obliged to cooperate with each other in various fields of international relations with a view to maintaining international peace and security and promoting international economic stability and progress, the general welfare of peoples and international cooperation free from discrimination. Such cooperation should be carried out by states, regardless of differences in their political, economic and social systems. P.s.m.g. is an integral integral part broader principle of international law-principle peaceful coexistence.

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"PRINCIPLE OF COOPERATION BETWEEN STATES" in books

Myth No. 36. Beria initiated close cooperation between the NKVD and the RSHA