sustainable tourism. Sustainable development One of the most important problems of sustainable development is the use of biological resources

The conceptual foundations of sustainable development were started by our compatriot. IN AND. Vernadsky, who considered the theory of sustainable development as a doctrine of the noosphere - "the stage of evolution of the biosphere. The Earth, on which, as a result of those victories of the collective human mind, the harmonious development of both man as an individual, and a united society, and accordingly changed by man environment"An important role in the development and implementation of the concept of sustainable development was played by the United Nations Conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992), at which the "Agenda for the 21st Century" was adopted, and the Johannesburg Summit was held in 2002 in the PA. R. Internationally ratified documents define sustainable development as socio-economic development modern generation, does not threaten the activities of their future generations. Unfortunately, the answer to the question "how can you make processes permanent and so that they continue?" or balanced) development. AT general view the process of transition to sustainable development can be seen as a movement from a certain state of instability to some ideal state, which is called "sustainable development" (Fig. 31). The impossibility of harmonizing the development of mankind and the idea of ​​what it should be is due to the fact that: 1) ideal values ​​are an abstraction that is used in all sciences as one of the methodological approaches for research, but is not observed in Everyday life, 2) does not yet have clear parameters for measuring "ideal sustainable development", therefore, the existing "gap" of instability cannot be determined or calculated, 8) the development of mankind will certainly lead to changes in technology, level, living conditions and other components of development, will change vision of sustainable development; 4) the development of mankind about the dozhuvatim impact on the environment natural environment, 5) many of these changes are irreversible and cannot be predicted, which also causes a gap between the real development and its desired development of the gap between the real development of that yoga bazhanim camp.

Figure 31 . Trajectory towards sustainable development

Considering the possibilities of implementing the postulates of sustainable development, they talk about the parameters for achieving sustainability, but sometimes it is easier to identify and define indicators of the "instability" of the situation1. If it is assumed that processes are considered to be non-stationary when they reduce the environmental, social and productive resources on which the processes at the chosen level directly depend, then this will be the primary unsustainability; if processes at other levels depend on them - secondary instability (Fig. 32b (Fig. 3.2).

Figure 32 . Levels of unsustainable development

The concept of "sustainable development of tourism" and its basic principles defined. World Tourism Organization in the late 1980s

In the process of considering a holistic approach to the development of tourism (from the English whole - whole), the needs of other industries should be taken into account, ensuring their interconnection and interdependence. Despite the rather long time of development of this concept, researchers have not come to a consensus on the definition of sustainable tourism. Today, the most common of them are:

1) sustainable tourism development is all forms of tourism development and management that do not contradict the natural, social, economic unity and well-being of established societies in an indefinite period (World Federation of Natural and National Parks, 1992)

2) the sustainable development of tourism is ensured within the limits of environmental sustainability, allows you to effectively restore the productivity of natural resources, takes into account the contribution of local communities to the recreation of tourists; rebalancing the rights of the local population to the economic benefits of tourism; puts the wishes and needs of the receptive side first (Tourist Concern

3) the sustainable development of tourism allows the modern inhabitants of the planet to satisfy their own needs for recreation and recreation without the threat of loss of this opportunity by future generations (UNDP, Production and consumption branch, 1998.

According to the "Order of the Day for the 21st Century", the principles of sustainable tourism development are as follows:

1) assistance in the approval of a full and healthy lifestyle human life in harmony with nature;

2) contribution to the conservation, protection and restoration of ecosystems. Earth;

3) development and application of sustainable production and consumption patterns as a basis for travel and tourism;

4) cooperation of peoples in the field of an open economic system;

5) the abolition of protectionist tendencies in the provision of tourism services;

6) mandatory environmental protection as an integral part of the tourism development process, respect for relevant laws;

7) the participation of citizens of the country in solving problems related to the development of tourism, including those directly related to them;

8) ensuring the local nature of decision-making on the planning of tourism activities;

9) exchange of experience and introduction of effective tourism technologies;

10) taking into account the interests of the local population

On the present stage the essence of the sustainable development of tourism is considered as the most important factor in the sustainable development of society as a whole. This position is clearly stated in Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, adopted. STO in 1999. It proclaims the obligation of all participants in the tourism process to preserve the natural environment for sustainable and balanced development. An important place belongs to the role of the body of its central, regional and local authorities which should support the most favorable forms of tourism for the natural environment. In order to change the negative impact of large tourist flows, measures should be taken to evenly distribute tourists and visitors, thus reducing the effect of the seasonality factor. The planning of new tourist infrastructure facilities should be carried out taking into account the peculiarities of the area, to ensure the preservation of the habitual way of life of the population. The sustainable development of territories involved in tourism activities is ensured by creating tourism infrastructure facilities, organizing new jobs, and attracting the local population to new activities in the field of tourism services. As a result, the standard of living of the inhabitants of the peripheral regions rises. Gion, there is their fixing in the historical territory of residence. The environmental nature of tourism background lies in the obligation to preserve the biodiversity of recreational areas and centers. For this, environmental technologies, practical developments, recommendations of fundamental and applied sciences are used. Importance in the protection and restoration of recreational territories, they also have schemes for financing and lending to environmental activities within their boundaries.

A significant role in this context is played by the formation of the ecological worldview of both the population of recreational regions and tourists. First, to realize the recreational attractiveness of the natural landscape, its ecological and aesthetic value, which can bring economic benefits, and therefore the need for protection and careful attitude to recreational resources The understanding of the local population that the predatory use of resources will lead to the circumstance that their territory will remain outside the scope of recreational use can be a significant incentive for the careful and rational use of resources. As for tourists, they should also understand the need to accept the rules dictated by nature, that is, to comply with resource restrictions. This means ensuring an appropriate level of awareness of the conditions of stay. Tourists are required to: agree to give up a certain amount of their comfort; preference for products produced in this region; interest in and respect for local habits, traditions and the accepted way of life; consent to use only public transport; enthusiasm for active protection environment, minimizing the negative effects of recreational activities, increasing the time spent on the responsibly chink by reducing the frequency of travel. So, for the sustainable development of tourism, all recreational resources are used and directed in such a way as to satisfy economic, social and aesthetic needs while maintaining cultural identity, ecological balance, biological diversity and life support systems of the recreation region.

Ukraine, although it has ratified international documents on issues of environmental safety, but does not have significant achievements in the field of practical application of the principles of sustainable development. In our opinion, first of all, it is necessary to apply the following measures to intensify work in this direction:

1) approval at the state level of the provisions of sustainable development, in particular for tourism;

2) cooperation and exchange of experience with the international community on the theory and practice of sustainable development, adaptation of their methods and tools for Ukraine;

3) raising the level of environmental consciousness of the population, dissemination of information about the quality of the environment and methods of its protection;

4) economic and legal support for environmental activities;

5) stimulation of environmental initiatives of the population by supporting non-governmental organizations

The projected pace of development of the tourism sector and the growing importance of this sector for many developing countries, including small island developing States, as an economic sector that employs a large part of the population and makes a major contribution to economic development at the local, national, subregional and regional levels, require focusing on the relationship between conservation and tourism development.

In this regard, special consideration should be given to the efforts that developing countries are making for development, along with traditional tourism, cultural tourism and ecotourism, and the assistance that the international community, including international financial institutions, is providing in this regard.

Consideration needs to be continued on the importance of tourism in the context of Agenda 21. Like other economic sectors, tourism consumes resources, creates waste, generating environmental, cultural and social costs and benefits.

In order to ensure sustainable patterns of consumption and production within the tourism sector, it is necessary to strengthen national capacity for policy development in areas such as planning in-kind, impact assessment and implementation of economic and regulatory measures in the areas of information exchange, education and marketing.

Of particular concern is the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of vulnerable ecosystems such as coral reefs, mountains, coastal regions and wetlands. The sustainable development of tourism can ultimately lead to the sustainable development of the entire territory, while carrying out the protection of nature, the protection of culture, social and economic development. (Fig. 6)

Rice. 6

Policy development and implementation should be carried out in collaboration with all stakeholders, especially the private sector, local and indigenous communities, an action-oriented international program of work on sustainable tourism should be developed and prepared in collaboration with the World Tourism Organization, the United Nations, UNEP.

By all measures, tourism causes much less damage to the environment than other sectors of the economy. However, its sustainable development for the benefit of the natural and cultural environment remains a priority for industry leaders.

Initial efforts to implement sustainable development should minimize the negative environmental impacts of tourism. This task is of particular relevance in light of the rapid development of the industry, which is expected in the coming years, and the increase in its burden on the environment, if appropriate measures are not taken. After all, in the end, the industry will be able to develop only with the sustainable use of natural resources. Therefore, in the future, transport and hotel services, catering, waste disposal and other types of guest services must be organized with much more cost-effectiveness and environmental soundness than in the past.

Today, staying in a hotel is not at all what it used to be. You will be provided with clean towels daily only if you specifically request it. Hot water is likely to be heated by solar energy, while dirty drains from bathtubs, showers and washing machines are likely to be treated and recycled back into the water supply. A plastic card - the key to the electronic lock of your room - completely de-energizes the room when you leave, so that an accidentally turned off electrical appliance does not waste energy. And all this is done for the sake of conserving the resources of the environment.

The greening of the hospitality industry is currently taking place largely thanks to organizations such as the International Hotel and Restaurant Association (IAHO), the International Hotel Environmental Quality Initiative, the UNEP Division of Industry and Environment, the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), as well as the efforts of a number of leading hotels.

Now hotels have a double task. Firstly, their environmentally friendly operation makes the environment sustainable, attractive and does not bode unpleasant surprises for the local population. Secondly, such exploitation can have practical implications: IRDA and its partners actively educate the public about the state of the environment and self-regulation measures in their industry, and also support hotels and restaurants around the world that voluntarily implement their own initiatives. As a result, hotel managers around the world are becoming increasingly aware of the benefits that resource conservation and recycling can bring.

IAOR's own environmental awards program was launched in 1990 with the financial assistance of American Express to recognize outstanding examples of the combination of hospitality with conservation planning and implementation. More than 280 applications have been received over the years from hotels in all corners of the world, from Australia and India to Canada and Colombia, showing a significant degree of personal and corporate commitment to environmental protection.

Prizes are awarded taking into account all innovative and creative ideas. New system supply of biologically treated water, which was installed in the Alda Club Hotel in Turkey, allows to reduce the amount of water used for watering lawns and green spaces by 55%, which gives an annual saving of 35.5 thousand am. dollars. A nursery has been set up on the rooftop of the InterContinental Hotel in Sydney to breed seedlings as part of local greening programs, and Canadian Pacific Hotels has complemented its comprehensive conservation program by starting to help beluga whales living in the St. Lawrence Delta and adjacent waters, where this species is endangered.

But while all of the above sounds very optimistic, there is still a lot to be done. The hospitality industry faces big challenges. Hotel directors, in particular, need to be more aware of how hotels should be located on the ground, what layout should be in order to fit into the landscape as much as possible.

One must be able to assess the impact of hotel facilities on the environment and conduct inspections of such impact. In ongoing activities, it is necessary to constantly take into account environmental factors, improve environmental monitoring methods and actively disseminate information about environmental and resource-saving activities among hotel guests and other interested parties.

The travel and tourism industry creates jobs much more easily and faster than any other sector of the economy, which is extremely important for industrialized countries with high unemployment rates. Rural "tourism is able to breathe new life into many regions of the world where, for one reason or another, agriculture is becoming obsolete.

Ecotourism opens up opportunities that did not exist before for small villages in Central America, India and Africa, and the so-called cultural tourism, which aims to get acquainted with the everyday and socio-cultural characteristics of the peoples of the world, helps to maintain local crafts and handicrafts where there has not yet been a reliable base for industrial development.

Per last decade there has been a marked shift in the work of travel companies and their agents towards greater compliance with the imperatives voiced in Rio de Janeiro. Significant initiatives have been taken by transport workers to reduce emissions and reduce noise levels; hotel owners who have decided to revise the layout of their hotel complexes and reduce energy and water consumption; employees of travel agencies and bureaus who have begun the transition to a "paperless society"; cruise liners seeking to reduce the amount of waste they produce.

The need for the development of tourism is highly obvious: the benefits that it gives both to individuals and the economies of some countries and entire regions are beyond doubt. No one from the government or the tourism industry will also challenge the need to protect the environment on which the very existence of this sector is based. However, the main task is to combine the development of tourism and the protection of the natural environment.

Putting tourism on a reliable track of sustainable functioning is the most important task that requires partnership and cooperation both within the tourism industry itself and between it, the state and the tourists themselves.

Individual companies can exemplify self-regulation by voluntarily implementing pollution abatement activities, developing and complying with production standards, and through educational activities. Similarly, industry associations should continue to develop, adopt and implement codes of conduct and progressive production standards, introduce environmental management practices and provide their members with the information to carry out all these activities.

The role of the state is also important, since only it is able to develop the much-needed strategic framework for planning the tourism industry. Only the state can ensure the identification of valuable and especially vulnerabilities habitats, carry out basic research and monitoring, and assess overall infrastructure needs and their impacts. And only it is able to establish emission limits, as well as requirements for the placement and design of tourist facilities. To the extent possible, it is necessary to assess the impact on the environment, study the potential intensity of the use of certain areas and establish their capacity in terms of receiving and accommodating tourists, without allowing excessive pressure on natural ecosystems.

Recently, the WTTC introduced a major new building block, the Sustainable Tourism Alliance, into the program to increase the transparency of its activities and improve the quality of its work. This step requires all public and private travel and tourism organizations to enter information about their Agenda 21 activities on the central site of the computer communication system (information server), and also commit to cooperate with all other partners.

At the same time, for the provision of technical support, it is proposed to use the ECONETT information system, owned by the WTTC and operating on the Internet, which was developed with the assistance of the European Union.

Globalization and increasing incomes of the population have created favorable conditions for the rapid growth of the tourism sector. In the light of the new 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, great attention is being paid to the development of tourism, which contributes to the realization of all three pillars of sustainable development.

Starting from world conference on sustainable tourism in Lanzarote in 1995, the concepts of "sustainable tourism development" and "sustainable tourism" have continuously appeared on the political agenda of the United Nations and the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), resulting in significant declarations, guiding documents and initiatives and becoming, in essence, a priority for the UNWTO. At the same time, in UNWTO documents, the mentioned concepts often began to be used as synonyms.

In general, recommendations for the development of sustainable tourism and sustainable development management practices are applicable to all forms of tourism in all types of tourist destinations, including various segments of tourism, including mass tourism. The principles of sustainability relate to environmental, economic and sociocultural aspects tourism development, and to ensure long-term sustainability, a balance must be struck between these three dimensions.

Thus, sustainable tourism should:

1) ensure the optimal use of natural resources, which are the main element of tourism development, supporting essential ecological processes and helping to preserve natural resources and biodiversity;

2) respect the socio-cultural characteristics of the host communities, preserve their cultural heritage and traditional values ​​and promote intercultural understanding and tolerance;

3) Guarantee sustainable, long-term economic operations by providing and equitably distributing social and economic benefits for all participants - sustainable employment and income opportunities, social security in host communities, thereby contributing to poverty reduction.

The development of sustainable tourism requires both the informed participation of all relevant stakeholders and strong political leadership to expand participation and build consensus. Ensuring sustainable development

tourism is a continuous process and requires constant monitoring of its impacts in order to take preventive and/or corrective measures whenever necessary.

sustainable tourism should also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction and ensure that they gain a meaningful experience by raising awareness of sustainability issues and promoting sustainable tourism practices.

The Twelve Goals of Sustainable Tourism (UNWTO)

UNWTO has formulated the following priority goals sustainable development of tourism.

1. Economic viability - to ensure the viability and competitiveness of tourism destinations and businesses so that they are able to continue to thrive and generate profit in the long term.

2. Local prosperity - to maximize the contribution of tourism to the prosperity of destinations, including maintaining the proportions of the tourist load on the region.

3. Quality of employment - to increase the quantity and quality of local jobs created and supported by tourism, including the level of wages, conditions of service and accessibility to all without discrimination based on gender, race, disability or other reasons.

4. Social equity - to promote the principle of sharing the economic and social benefits of tourism throughout the host community, including improved opportunities, income and services available to the poor.

5. Accessible tourism - to provide safe and comfortable tourism for all visitors regardless of gender, race, physical abilities, etc.

6. Local control - involve local communities in planning and empower them to make decisions about the management and future development of tourism in the area (after consultation with other stakeholders).

7. Community well-being - to maintain and improve the quality of life in local communities, including social structures and access to resources, amenities and life support systems, avoiding any form of social degradation or exploitation.

8. Cultural wealth - to respect and enhance the historical heritage, authentic culture, traditions and characteristics of the host communities.

9. Physical integrity - to preserve and improve both urban and natural landscapes, to prevent their visual or physical destruction.

10. Biodiversity - support the conservation of natural areas, habitats and wildlife and minimize the damage they cause.

11. Resource efficiency - to minimize the use of scarce and non-renewable resources in tourism development and tourism activities.

12. Ecological cleanliness - to minimize the production of waste and pollution of air, water and land by tourism enterprises and visitors.

These goals allow us to formulate the problem and the subject of research and development, to take the necessary measures for the sustainable development of tourism. They also help to maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction and sustainability awareness. The goals are a confirmation that the main objective of sustainable tourism is to achieve a balance between the host, the tourist and the environment. However, finding a balance to protect and conserve resources, taking into account the needs of all actors (current and future) is a complex task.

Economic importance of tourism

Unlike few other sectors, tourism has experienced continuous expansion and diversification over the past six decades, growing into one of the largest and fastest growing economic sectors in the world. Over the past seven years, the tourism sector has grown by an average of 4%. International tourist arrivals are increasing from year to year: in 2016 their increase was about 46 million, which is 4% more than in 2015. If in 2012 the number of international tourist arrivals was 1.035 billion, then in 2016 this figure reached 1.235 billion. According to UNWTO forecasts, 1.8 billion international tourist arrivals are expected by 2030. As of 2015, France (84.5 million tourists), USA (77.5 million), Spain (68.5 million), China (56.9 million) and Italy (50.7 million) are the most popular among international travelers. million). After Europe, the most visited region is the Asia-Pacific region, which received 303 million international tourists last year. By 2030, their number, according to UNWTO forecasts, will increase to 535 million.

In the period 2010–2030 arrivals to emerging destinations (+4.4% p.a. growth) are expected to double the rate of growth in the advanced economy (+2.2% p.a.). By 2030, Northeast Asia will be the most visited region in the world. In line with significant growth in arrivals, international tourism revenues have steadily increased over the past decades, making it the fourth most important export sector worldwide (after fuels, chemicals and automotive products) with a value of $1 trillion a year. Thus, tourism accounts for 30% of the world's exports of commercial services, or 7% of exports in general. Taking into account all direct, indirect and caused effects, the tourism economy represents 10% of global GDP. This contributes to the achievement of 8.7% of full employment (261 million employees). It is believed that one workplace in the core tourism sector creates approximately one and a half additional or indirect jobs in the tourism-related economy.

The growth of tourism is of great economic importance for the least developed countries. In about half of these countries, tourism accounts for more than 40% of GDP and is the most important source of foreign exchange. In addition to providing foreign exchange for destinations and job creation, the tourism sector has other positive direct and indirect impacts on world economy such as providing incentives for trade of small, medium and micro enterprises, income growth and entrepreneurship (especially in the service sector). This activity also causes the creation of new public infrastructure, preserves and finances the conservation of natural and cultural heritage. Practical flagship projects around the world demonstrate the positive change that can be achieved through sustainable tourism practices, making tourism a model sector for a green economy. The greening of the tourism sector strengthens its employment potential with increased hiring of local staff and increased opportunities in tourism focused on local culture and the natural environment.

Impact of tourism

In addition to the positive aspects of tourism growth, there are significant risks in terms of deteriorating the socio-cultural, economic and environmental assets of destinations around the world. Tourism development and tourism activities have contributed to the depletion of natural resources in several regions, resulting in water scarcity, biodiversity loss, land degradation and pollution, among other impacts. The contribution of tourism to global warming estimated at 5% of total global carbon dioxide emissions.

In addition, some host countries have suffered from culture clashes, overexploitation, crime or human rights violations associated with the tourism sector. In the economic realm, tourism may also be responsible for price increases, economic instability or dependency, and may lead to excessive leakage from host economies.

Trends and projections indicate that with the continued expansion of the sector, these possible negative effects will only increase in the coming years. Emerging destinations may also be affected by direct and indirect environmental impacts.

Business as usual (without emission reductions) by 2050 tourism growth will imply an increase in energy consumption (154%), greenhouse gas emissions (131%), water consumption (152%) and recycling solid waste(251%). Changes in tourism practices and policies may, however, reduce these negative impacts and lead to benefits by stimulating change towards greater sustainability within the tourism supply chain and in other sectors. On the other hand, according to the report Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, tourism is one of the most promising growth engines for the global economy.

With the right investment, it can continue to grow steadily in the coming decades, contributing to much-needed economic growth, employment and development.

10YFP Sustainable Tourism Program

At the UN Conference on Sustainable Development "RIO+20" in June 2012, heads of state recognized that "well-planned and managed tourism activities can make a significant contribution to all three pillars of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental), closely linked to other sectors and can create decent jobs and trade opportunities.”

During this Conference, UN member countries adopted the “10 Year Framework Program for Sustainable Consumption and Production” (10 Year Framework Program - 10YFP). 10YFP is a global framework for action programs to enhance international cooperation to accelerate change towards better sustainable consumption and production (SCP) practices in both developed and developing countries.

Due to the increasing economic importance of tourism to developing and developed countries, sustainable tourism (including eco-tourism) has been recognized by world leaders as a key enabler for sustainable development and has been identified by UNWTO and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) as one of the five initial programs in the 10YFP structure. As noted above, in addition to positive economic effects, tourism can also play an important role in enhancing and funding the conservation of natural and cultural heritage, as well as in promoting the socio-economic development of tourist destinations. However, despite its positive potential, the growth of the sector can often have negative impacts on the natural, socio-cultural and economic environment of destinations. The essential dependence of tourism on an intact social, cultural and environmental environment has generated a strong strategic interest in promoting sustainable development in a holistic way.

Over the past 20 years, there has been a significant increase in the overall interest and commitment of key player groups in sustainable tourism policies and practices. Now there is a large number of studies, methods, tools, recommendations for sustainable tourism. The main focus of the 10YFP Sustainable Tourism Program is to harness the high potential of tourism to contribute to sustainable development by accelerating the adoption of sustainable patterns of consumption and production within the sector. The main objective is to achieve change by increasing the net profit from the sector at the global, regional and national levels within 10 years and reducing social and environmental impacts.

The contribution of tourism to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals

One of the most important global events in 2015 was the adoption General Assembly UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and approval of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets to achieve them. The development of tourism is indicated in three SDGs: promoting steady, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all (SDG 8); ensuring rational patterns of consumption and production (SDG No. 12); conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development (SDG 14). However, the contribution of tourism is not limited to these three goals, as it can directly or indirectly contribute to the achievement of all other SDGs.

At the same time, it should be taken into account that the contribution of tourism to the economic development of countries, the creation of jobs and the strengthening of institutional capacity is not automatic, but depends on many factors, including:

Degrees of integration of the tourism sector into the national economy through direct and feedback links with other industries, as well as in regional and global value chains;

The extent to which tourism revenues are used to finance infrastructure development, support local businesses, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, and develop the skills and institutions needed to build a vibrant local economy;

Policies and strategies adopted by national governments and how they encourage domestic and foreign investment in tourism, transfer of technology and know-how, promote labour-intensive activities and support areas where the poor live and work;

National efforts to ensure the development of sustainable tourism.

Governments need to consider these linkages in order to maximize the potential of the tourism sector for economic growth and poverty reduction. Special attention should be given, in particular, to the creation of new jobs, including in rural areas and trade in services, the construction of roads, port and airport facilities.

The overview of the goals, objectives and prospects for the sustainable development of tourism in modern conditions, based on the materials of UNWTO and UNCTAD, clearly demonstrates the importance of this priority direction. The tourism sector can contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and should be effectively used to drive economic growth and reduce poverty. At the same time, it is necessary to minimize the adverse impact of tourism, including on the environment and cultural heritage.

Alexey Seselkin - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor of the Russian State Social University

The concept of " sustainable tourism development”and its basic principles were determined by the World Tourism Organization in the late 1980s.

In the process of considering a holistic approach to the development of tourism (from the English. Whole - whole), the needs of other industries should be taken into account, ensuring their interconnection and interdependence. Despite the rather long time for the development of this concept, researchers have not come to a consensus on the definition of sustainable tourism. Today the most common of them are:

1) sustainable tourism development- these are all forms of tourism development and management that do not contradict the natural, social, economic unity and well-being of established societies in an indefinite period (World Federation of Natural and National Parks, 1992);

2) sustainable development of tourism is ensured within environmental sustainability, allows you to effectively restore the productivity of natural resources takes into account the contribution of local communities to the recreation of tourists; provides for the equality of the rights of the local population to the economic benefits from tourism; prioritizes the wishes and needs of the receptive side (Tourist Concern & Wild World Fund, 1992);

3) sustainable development of tourism allows modern inhabitants of the planet to satisfy their own needs in recreation and recreation without the threat of losing this opportunity to future generations (UNDP, Production and consumption branch, 1998).

According to the “Order of the Day for the 21st Century”, the principles of sustainable tourism development are as follows:

1) promoting the establishment of a full and healthy lifestyle of a person in harmony with nature;

2) contribution to the conservation, protection and restoration of the Earth's ecosystems;

3) development and application of sustainable production and consumption patterns as a basis for travel and tourism;

4) cooperation of peoples in the field of an open economic system;

5) the abolition of protectionist tendencies in the provision of tourism services;

6) mandatory environmental protection as an integral part of the tourism development process, respect for relevant laws;

7) participation of citizens of the country in solving problems related to the development of tourism “including those directly related to them;

8) ensuring the local nature of decision-making on the planning of tourism activities;

9) exchange of experience and introduction of effective tourism technologies;

10) taking into account the interests of the local population.

At the present stage, the essence of the sustainable development of tourism is considered as the most important factor in the sustainable development of society as a whole. This provision is clearly stated in the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, adopted by the CTO in 1999. It proclaims the obligations of all participants in the tourism process to preserve the natural environment for the purpose of sustainable and balanced development. An important place belongs to the role of central, regional and local authorities, should support the most favorable forms of tourism for the environment. In order to change the negative impact of large tourist flows, measures should be taken to evenly distribute tourists and visitors, thus reducing the effect of the seasonality factor. The planning of new tourist infrastructure facilities should be carried out taking into account the characteristics of the area, to ensure the preservation of the habitual way of life of the population. The sustainable development of territories involved in tourism activities is ensured by creating tourism infrastructure facilities, organizing new jobs, and attracting the local population to typical activities in the field of tourism services. As a result, the standard of living of the inhabitants of peripheral regions rises, and they are consolidated in the historical territory of residence. The environmental nature of tourism instead lies in the obligation to preserve the biodiversity of recreational areas and centers. For this, environmental technologies, practical developments, recommendations of fundamental and applied sciences are used. An important role in the protection and restoration of recreational areas should also be schemes for financing and lending to environmental activities within them.

A significant role in this context is played by the formation of an ecological worldview of both the population of recreational regions and tourists. First of all, to realize the recreational attractiveness of the natural landscape, its ecological and aesthetic value, can bring economic benefits, and therefore the need for protection and respect for recreational resources. Understanding by the local population that the predatory use of resources will lead to circumstances that the territory will remain outside the scope of recreational use can be a significant incentive for the careful and rational use of resources. As for tourists, they should also understand the need to accept the rules dictated by nature, that is, to comply with resource restrictions. This means ensuring an appropriate level of awareness of the conditions of stay. Tourists are required to: agree to give up a certain amount of their comfort; preference for products produced in the region; interest in and respect for local habits, traditions and accepted way of life; consent to use only public transport; enthusiasm for the active protection of the environment, minimizing the negative effects of recreational activities, increasing the time spent on vacation by reducing the frequency of travel. So, according to the sustainable development of tourism, all recreational resources are used and directed in such a way as to satisfy economic, social and aesthetic needs while maintaining cultural identity, ecological balance, biological diversity and life support systems of the recreation region.

First of all, it is necessary to apply the following measures to intensify work in this direction:

1) approval at the state level of the provisions of sustainable development, in particular for tourism;

2) cooperation and exchange of experience with the international community on the theory and practice of sustainable development, adaptation of their methods and tools;

3) raising the level of environmental consciousness of the population, dissemination of information about the quality of the environment and methods of its protection;

4) economic and legal support for environmental activities;

5) stimulation of environmental initiatives of the population through the support of non-governmental organizations.

sustainable tourism

Sustainable tourism implies greater social responsibility, fulfillment of obligations in relation to nature, as well as the involvement of the local population in all processes related to the management of tourism activities. World Tourism Organization (WTO), World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) and European Union

Defined sustainable tourism:

Sustainable tourism development meets the current needs of tourists and host regions while safeguarding and enhancing opportunities for the future. All resources must be managed in such a way as to meet economic, social and aesthetic needs while preserving cultural integrity, important ecological processes, biodiversity and life support systems. Sustainable tourism products are products that exist in harmony with the local environment, society, culture in such a way that it benefits and does not harm tourism development.

Responsible tourism, soft tourism, nature-based tourism and alternative tourism - all of these terms have a similar meaning to the concept of Sustainable Tourism, and are grouped under the term "Sustainable Tourism" in this module.

There are factors that stimulate the tourism industry to develop in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. These factors are:

Increasing regulatory pressure

Increasing awareness of cost savings while judicious use of resources

Organizations providing tourism services are aware that environmental quality is a necessary indicator of competitiveness

· The competence of the government and organizations that the development of tourism has a negative impact on the environment.

· Increasing public awareness of the possibilities of influencing tourism policy

Principles of sustainable tourism development

Scientific, technical and socio-economic progress has led to the accelerated development of tourism. Because of this, in places massively visited by tourists, there are serious problems in the field of ecology, culture and social development. The uncontrolled growth of tourism, driven by the desire to quickly make a profit, often leads to negative consequences - damage to the environment and local communities. This forces humanity to take care of the preservation of natural, historical and cultural values. The principles of protecting the biosphere on a global scale were enshrined in 1992 by the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, which was attended by government delegations from 179 countries of the world, numerous international and non-governmental organizations. The conference approved the program document "Agenda 21" ("Agenda 21") and adopted the Declaration on Environment and Development.

The adoption of this document was the beginning of the introduction of a radical innovation in the field of tourism - the principle of sustainable tourism development, which was proposed by the UNWTO. This radical innovation makes workers tourism and tourists to change their views on tourism, on the relationship of its participants.

In 1995, the joint efforts of the World Tourism Organization, the World Travel and Tourism Council and the Earth Council developed the document "Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry" (Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry).

This paper analyzes the strategic and economic importance tourism, there are numerous reports of over-tourism, some resorts losing their former glory, destruction of local culture, traffic problems and growing resistance from the local population to the influx of tourists.

The document outlined a specific program of action for government departments, national tourism administrations (NTA), industry organizations and tourism companies for the sustainable development of tourism. The following priority areas have been identified for government departments:

Assessment of the existing regulatory, economic and voluntary framework in terms of sustainable tourism;
- evaluation of economic, social, cultural and environmental activities national organization;
- training, education and public awareness; sustainable tourism planning;
- promoting the exchange of information, experience and technology; ensuring the participation of all public sectors in the development of sustainable tourism;
- development of new tourism products; cooperation for the development of sustainable tourism.

The tasks of tourism companies are to develop and determine areas of activity for the development of sustainable tourism. Priority areas of activity should be the preservation and restoration of the environment: minimizing waste; involvement of staff, customers and the public in solving environmental issues. Consideration of economic, social, cultural criteria and environmental protection should be integral part all management decisions, including the inclusion of new elements in existing programs.

In 2004, the World Tourism Organization formulated the concept of sustainable tourism development (we quote):

"The norms and practices of managing sustainable tourism development can be applied to all types of tourism and to all types of destinations, including mass tourism and various niche tourism segments. The principles of sustainability refer to environmental protection, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development and between these three aspects an appropriate balance must be struck to ensure the long-term sustainability of tourism.Sustainable tourism must therefore:

1) ensure the optimal use of environmental resources, which are a key element in the development of tourism, supporting basic ecological processes and helping to preserve natural heritage and biological diversity;
2) respect the unique socio-cultural characteristics of the host communities, preserving their inherent created and established cultural heritage and traditional customs, and contribute to the mutual understanding of different cultures and tolerance for their perception;
3) to ensure the viability of long-term economic processes, taking into account their benefits to all stakeholders who disseminate them impartially, including permanent employment and opportunities for income generation and social services for host communities and a contribution to poverty reduction.

Sustainable tourism development needs the competent participation of all relevant stakeholders and equally strong political leadership in order to ensure broad participation and consensus building. Achieving sustainable tourism is a continuous process that requires constant monitoring of environmental impacts, introducing, if necessary, appropriate preventive and/or corrective measures.

Sustainable tourism must also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction by tapping into the multifaceted demands of tourists, raising their awareness of sustainable outcomes, and promoting sustainable tourism practices among them."

The main difference between the models of mass (traditional) and sustainable tourism (Table 9.1) is that part of the benefits received in the case of sustainable development of tourism is directed to the restoration of the resource base and the improvement of technologies for the production of services.

Table 9.1.

The main differences between sustainable tourism and mass (traditional) tourism

In 2000, well-known tour operators, together with UNEP (United Nations Environmental Protection Programme), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Commission (UNESCO) and the World Tourism Organization, created a voluntary non-profit partnership "Tour Operators Initiative for Sustainable Tourism Development" (TOI), open for all new members. Members of this partnership define sustainability as the core of their business activities and work together to promote practices and practices that are compatible with sustainable development. They strive to prevent environmental pollution; preserve plants, animals, ecological systems, biodiversity; protect and preserve the landscape, cultural and natural heritage, respect the integrity of local cultures and avoid negative impact on social structures; collaborate with local communities and peoples; use local products and the skills of local workers. In 2002, UNWTO, together with UNCTAD, developed the Sustainable Tourism for Poverty Eradication (ST-EP) programme.

Currently, a number of international programs are being implemented to introduce sustainable tourism. One of them is the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Program, which has the status of a code and is accepted by most European countries, is being intensively developed in America, and is relevant for Russia. The purpose of this program is to take into account the specific social and natural conditions of the sea coasts in the organization of life and management of coastal zones. The European Integrated Coastal Zone Management Training Program is funded by the European Union.

The Government of the Republic of Belarus adopted a decision (No. 573 dated May 30, 2005) to create 27 tourist zones in the country, creating favorable conditions for economic development and attract domestic and foreign investment in the tourism industry while maintaining and rational use natural potential and historical and cultural heritage.

The International Socio-Ecological Union (ISEU), established in Russia in 1998 and numbering more than 10 thousand people from 17 countries, in 2005 included in its program of activities the project "Development of sustainable tourism in the countries - members of the ISEU". In July 2006, ISEC held a special session in Irkutsk dedicated to the development of sustainable tourism in Baikal.

In 2005, a "Round table on tourism, environmental education and management of specially protected natural areas" was held, dedicated to the conservation of Kamchatka's bioresources.

The Charter for the Development of Sustainable Tourism has been adopted in the Kaliningrad Region. It provides for the implementation of 15 pilot projects, including the restoration of the old postal route on curonian spit, the revival of folk traditions and crafts at the Pineker estate, the organization of centers for the development of rural tourism in the Guryevsky and Nesterovsky districts on the basis of a peasant economy, etc.

In November 2005, under the auspices of UNESCO, an international conference "Innovative Policy in the Sphere of Cultural Heritage Preservation and Development of Cultural and Educational Tourism" was held in Moscow. The participants discussed the role of the state in creating an effective system of interaction between all interested parties (state, business, society), in the preservation of world cultural heritage sites and the development of cultural and educational tourism.

AT recent times began to develop the so-called non-traditional types of tourism - ecological, rural, extreme, adventure, socially responsible.

The philosophy of socially responsible tourism is to exchange cultural traditions, consolidate on the basis of national identity, getting acquainted with the life of local residents, their customs and customs. Here it is important that tourists behave like guests who have been kindly allowed to live in the house, and not like hosts who everyone around should serve. In the same time local residents tourists should not be treated as intrusive uninvited guests whose presence must be endured, they must understand that visitors contribute to the improvement of the economic and social situation in their homeland. The management scheme for socially responsible tourism is shown in fig. 9.1.

Rice. 9.1. Management scheme for socially responsible tourism

Socially responsible tourism recognizes the dominant role of local communities, their social responsibility for their own territory.

Sustainable and ecological tourism.
The concept of "sustainable tourism" has emerged relatively recently in connection with the global concept of sustainable development of mankind. A major role in the creation of a new model of civilization belongs to International Commission United Nations Environment and Development (UCED). In 1987, she published the report "Our Common Future", which introduced the concept of "sustainable development". It is understood as the development of society on the basis of sustainable, environmentally sound management of nature, ensuring a high quality of life for people in the chain of generations (human health, long active life, favorable habitat, environmental safety etc.). Civilization will be able to survive if it changes the dominant economic philosophy, follows the ecological imperative and is in harmony with nature, without disturbing the balance existing in it, the ICED report stressed.
A significant milestone in the beginning of the conscious turn of mankind to new way development was the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992). The conference, held at the level of heads of state and government,
Mass tourism should be distinguished from popular tourism. The latter is a tourism activity that has gained wide recognition in society due to its attractiveness and accessibility. Unlike mass tourism-Ma, which contains a quantitative description of flows, it reflects the qualitative side of this phenomenon; it adopted several important documents by an overwhelming majority of votes. Among them is Agenda 21, which is a global program for the economic and social development of mankind.
The theory of sustainable development has not only attracted the attention of the scientific community in the last decade (hundreds of conferences, thousands of monographs, textbooks, etc.), but is quite "practical". Civilized countries have expressed their readiness to follow the set course, and state and international documents operate with the concept of "sustainable development" as an ideological basis.
In tourism, the principles of sustainability have been formulated by the WTO and the World Travel and Tourism Council. They boil down to environmental, cultural, economic sustainability, and sustainability for local communities. Sustainability in tourism means the inexhaustible use of natural and cultural potential based on a program-targeted approach to tourism development; transition of tourism enterprises to resource-saving technologies, reduction industrial waste; involvement of the local population in the decision-making process regarding the development of tourism through consultations; partnership in relations between the public and private sectors; promotion of tourism to the socio-economic rise of individual territories and entire states.
The World Travel and Tourism Council has drawn up a comprehensive Green Planet Action Plan for its members - about 500 hotel chains, travel agencies, airlines and other tourism industry enterprises. Within the framework of the program, experience is exchanged in solving specific environmental issues. The most active participants who have contributed to the protection of the environment are encouraged.
Many tourism companies are developing their own plans for the transition to sustainable development principles. They introduce environmental management systems, apply environmentally friendly technologies, and conduct environmental audits.
The management of the Inter-Continental Hotels and Resorts hotel chain provided staff with 300-page manuals on waste management, noise pollution, and more. The Hyatt Hotels International hotel chain is implementing a recycling program for industrial waste. In the American theme park "Disney World" part of the land is set aside for a natural reserve for those species of animals that live in the state of Florida and are endangered.
The spread of the principles of sustainable development in the practice of tourism activities is influenced by consumer demand. The awareness of the population about the state of the environment and the greening of people's consciousness lead to the fact that the ecological situation is one of the main criteria for choosing a place and form of recreation. This trend is manifested in the growing demand for alternative types of tourism, in particular eco-tourism.
The development of this relatively new type of tourism is based on three main principles: part of the income received from serving tourists remains in place and is directed to nature protection; compliance with environmental requirements is elevated to the rank of a fundamental law; a tourist trip is made for research purposes. This is probably why the circle of real ecotourists is much narrower compared to the results of sociological surveys, according to which 43 million people in the United States alone consider themselves ecotourists.
Ecotourism encompasses extremely diverse visitor flows. In the countries of Central America and southern Africa, observations of large predators and ungulates. Recently, tourists and volunteers are often involved in field work that does not require high qualifications. They willingly spend their holidays doing such exotic activities as counting the number of birds and mammals in remote corners of the planet. Some ecotourists are attracted by unique plant communities and biocenoses ( rainforests, blooming tundra in summer, desert in spring), objects inanimate nature(canyons, caves, etc.), as well as some anthropogenic landscapes.
Recently, orchid habitats have been discovered in Greece. Plants are under state protection. They are supervised by experts. Access to these areas of the country is closed to the general public. An exception is made for members of the Society of Orchid Lovers who have been notified of the find and, accompanied by a guide, can visit protected areas. They come from different countries to admire the plants in vivo. It is legitimate to classify such trips as ecological trips, and the travelers themselves can be classified as ecotourists.
Along with the diversification of ecotourism activities, there is a process of convergence of ecological with other types of tourism. The craving for nature is also present in the mass tourist movement. Bathing and beach holidays, cruises, business trips often include visits to national or natural-ethnographic parks. The boundaries of eco-tourism itself are becoming increasingly blurred, and its scale and socio-economic significance are difficult to describe.
At the next World Congress on ecological tourism, which took place in 1997 in Brazil, the following data were given. So far, only 12% of tourists in the world prefer "green" travel, but their number is growing at an extremely fast pace - by 30% per year. According to Western experts, in 1993 eco-tourism brought in 30 billion US dollars. dollars, or 10% of income from international tourism.
Almost every country has opportunities for organizing "green" travel. Today, the main ecotourist flows are directed to the USA, Canada, Australia, Nepal, Ecuador, Brazil, the Philippines, Kenya, South Africa and some other countries. Ecological tourism is one of the most promising and dynamic forms of tourism activity.
The classification of tourism has a great scientific and practical value. It allows you to streamline knowledge and better understand the essence of world tourism exchange. With the change in the requirements for the volume and quality of tourism services, and the emergence of new types and forms of tourism activities, it is constantly in the process of improvement and cannot be considered final.