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International cooperation. Interethnic relations have always been distinguished by their contradictory nature - the inclination towards cooperation and periodic explosions of conflict. The modern division of labor also has national connotations. (Thus, some peoples succeed better in trade affairs, others in the production of high-tech products.) It would seem that there is nothing reprehensible in this, but in certain situations it provokes interethnic conflicts. For example, in economic crisis-ridden Indonesia, residents of Jakarta set fire to and looted the shops of the Chinese, who monopolized the trading environment in that country. At the same time, there is a process of interpenetration and mutual enrichment of cultures different peoples. However, constructive interethnic cooperation is hampered by differences between nations, ignorance and misunderstanding of foreign cultures and traditions, and ethnocentric attitudes. It is the understanding of the culture and traditions of another national group that is the source of constructive civilized interethnic cooperation. Researchers of the problem of interethnic contacts have developed a code of ethics that promotes communication between different cultures. 1. Treat a foreign culture with the same respect that you treat your own. 2. Don't judge the values, beliefs, and customs of other cultures based on your own values. Each culture has its own value system, and the same values are of varying degrees of importance (see Table 5.2). It is necessary not only to know this, but to take it into account when communicating with people of other nationalities. 3. Never proceed from the superiority of your religion over someone else's. 4. Communicating with representatives of another religion, try to understand and respect it. 5. Strive to understand the cooking and eating habits of other peoples, influenced by their specific needs and resources. 6. Respect other cultures' ways of dressing. 7. Do not show aversion to unfamiliar smells if they can be perceived as pleasant by people of other cultures. 8. Remember that every culture, no matter how small, has something to offer the world, but there are no cultures that would have a monopoly on all aspects. 9. Always remember that no scientific evidence supports the superiority of one ethnic group over another. Values Primary Secondary Tertiary Non-Essential Personality 3 H W M Motherhood h,v M,3 - - Hierarchy 3, B, M, A H - - Masculinity H, M, B, 3, A - - - Power B, A m, h 3 - World V h 3, A m Money 3, A, Ch m V - Modesty V Ch, A, M - 3 Punctuality 3 Ch m, V A Rescue 3 M - V, Ch, M Karma V - - M, 3.4, A Superiority 3 h - V, A, M Aggressiveness 3.4 m A, B - Collective responsibility B, A, M h - 3 Respect for the elders V, A, M h - 3 Respect for the youth 3 M, A, N, V - - Hospitality V, A H - 3 Inherited property B - M, A, C, C - Preservation of the environment C C, A 3 m Skin color C, 3.4 M - A Sanctity of arable land C A - 4, M, 3 Equality of women 3 c, h A m Human dignity 3.4 V, A, M - - Efficiency 3 P V, M - Patriotism P, M, A, V 3 - - Table 5.2 Continuation of Table. 5.2 Values Primary Secondary Tertiary Minor Religion 3, C, M, A, B - - - Authoritarianism C, M, A s, h - - Education 3.4 C, A, M - - Immediacy 3 C, C, M, A - - Source: See: Sitaram, K., Cogdell, G. Decree. op. S. 116. In the table. 5.2 are marked: 3 - Western cultures; B - oriental cultures; H - black cultures of America; A - African cultures; M - Muslim cultures. International conflicts. Social, including national, contradictions are an ineradicable feature of our being. Ethnic conflicts are also inevitable. Subjects ethnic conflicts are: ethnic groups, national communities (including indigenous peoples and national minorities), international formations, nation states, various national organizations. National movements are really involved in the conflict - organized groups united by the national idea and mobilizing their supporters to fight for defending their interests. The nationalism of the participants in these movements is often caused by the infringement of the rights of their peoples, which makes it understandable. In this case, an interethnic conflict can restore justice. The conflict becomes destructive in cases when national movements develop into nationalist ones, which aim to assert the superiority of one nation over another. The limit of this superiority is the desire to satisfy one's own national interests at the expense of other nations. The extreme form of nationalism is fascism, in which the interests of "inferior" races are sacrificed to the interests of one superior race. The practice and results of the actions of the Nazis are notorious. Almost all corners of the world are covered by ethnic conflicts - Africa, Europe (for example, Northern Ireland, Spain, Serbia, Cyprus), North America(Canada), Asia (China, Indonesia, India), etc. There are many hotbeds of interethnic conflicts in the territory former USSR and present-day Russia(Karabakh, Transnistria, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Chechnya, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia, North Ossetia- Alania, etc.). The causes of interethnic conflicts are due to the socio-economic problems of the development of nations. The process of regulation and resolution of a specific interethnic conflict is, as a rule, complex, lengthy, intense, multi-stage and unique. Interethnic conflicts on domestic grounds “do not have clear stages of development and resolution; they are of a spontaneous nature, and their process can be regulated by general activities for the international education of the population and the democratization of society”1. An important direction in the prevention of destructive interethnic conflicts is the prevention of nationalist sentiments by giving national claims and aspirations traits that are acceptable to the surrounding nations. Keywords and concepts of interethnic cooperation. Code of Ethics. International conflicts. Subjects of interethnic conflicts. Regulation of interethnic conflicts. Control questions and tasks 1. What prevents constructive interethnic cooperation in modern world? 2. What role does the code of ethics play in the organization of interethnic cooperation? 3. What are the types of ethnic conflicts? 4. Compare national and nationalist movements. 5. Prove that understanding of foreign culture and respect for cultural differences is the basis of interethnic cooperation. 9.
Interethnic (interethnic) relations - relations between ethnic groups (peoples), covering all spheres of public life.
Politics
Remember:
what is an ethnic community? What is the influence of ethnic diversity on the current situation in the country and in the world? What is the essence of social conflict?
The main scientific problem is to determine, based on the ideas of humanism, the analysis of historical experience, the best ways to regulate interethnic relations. The problem is multifaceted, includes issues of history and modern everyday life, spiritual world personality, culture, education, sociology, psychology, economic, political, legal relations; therefore, scientists use the methods of a number of humanities. From the middle of the XIX century. explores the problem in depth ethnology- a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, the forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, the interaction of the individual and the social environment.
Ethnology identifies two levels of interethnic relations. One level - the interaction of peoples in different areas public life: politics, culture, production, science, art, etc. Another level is the interpersonal relations of people of different ethnicity in different forms communication - labor, family, household, educational, informal types of relationships.
Interethnic relations find their expression in human actions and largely depend on individual behavior and its motivation, which is based on personal experience, mastering cultural norms, the influence of the family, the immediate environment.
The ethnic processes of modernity are characterized by two trends: integration- cooperation, unification of different ethno-state communities, rapprochement of all aspects of the life of peoples; differentiation- the aspirations of peoples for national independence.
Interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful, or, conversely, conflict, hostile.
Spontaneous cooperation has been known to mankind for many centuries, consisting of a huge number of communities, representing in the aggregate an ethnically mixed environment, where productive cooperation often operates in the production of material goods, in Everyday life; the creation and preservation of national cultural values is combined with the knowledge of other cultures.
In the XX century. there is an increase integration trends dual direction:
Economic, political integration leading to
the formation of unions of states;
Integration of national entities within the multi
national country. This may be of interest to
clans living in a single state, to promote the
strengthening this unity.
The domestic experience of interethnic cooperation is significant. In all branches of the economy and culture of the USSR, multinational collectives worked fruitfully. The cohesion of peoples was clearly manifested in battles, work, everyday life during the years of the Great Patriotic War, in the post-war revival of the country.
Cooperation in the cultural sphere ensured the eradication of illiteracy, the creation of a written language for 50 ethnic groups, the flourishing of the bright, original art of small peoples. Scientists note that in the Soviet Union in the XX century. not a single minor culture has disappeared and, in fact, the entire ethnic mosaic of a huge state has been preserved, while hundreds of minor cultures have disappeared in other regions of the world. At the same time, the mistakes and crimes of the totalitarian authorities led to grave tragedies for many people and entire nations. Centuries-old national ties were disrupted due to ill-conceived administrative-territorial division, the ecological situation in the regions inhabited by indigenous small ethnic groups worsened. The forcible resettlement of peoples, undeservedly accused of complicity with the German occupiers, inflicted great damage on the dignity of hundreds of thousands of people and had a heavy impact on their destinies. It took a long time to restore the violated rights of the peoples of our country.
In Europe, other parts of the world in the last third of the XX century. integration in the economic sphere, and then in politics, was widely developed. This is due to the process of globalization, the formation of a post-industrial, information society, as well as the need for unity in the fight against international terrorism.
One example of integration is the activities of the European Union (EU), which unites (2005) 25 states with
population of 450 million people speaking 40 languages. The EU introduced a single citizenship, a single currency - the euro. Supranational authorities have been created: the European Parliament, the EU Council, the European Court. The EU Constitution has been developed. However, it can enter into force only after it is approved by all EU countries (by a decision of the parliament or by a popular referendum). Russia does not remain aloof from the integration processes of the 21st century. This manifests itself in particular:
In caring for the formation of a common economic, gum
nitarian legal space with several countries,
members of the Commonwealth created after the collapse of the USSR
Independent States;
In negotiations with the European Union on cooperation in the areas of
economy, justice, security, science, education,
culture. A large place in the documents on partnership
leno joint action to comply with the principle of non-
discrimination, including opposition to any form of
intolerance and racism, respect for human rights.
Along with the trend towards international integration, there is also a trend towards differentiation. It manifests itself in various forms. Mostly in a peaceful form, the formation of independent post-Soviet states, the division of Czechoslovakia into two states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Armed actions accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia.
I“The more enlightened the states, the more they
i share ideas with each other and the more the si- increases.
I la and the activity of the universal mind. 1
\: C. Helvetia i
Interethnic relations ... This term in recent times quite often comes from the radio and television screens, and those who are interested in hot news can also find it on the pages of modern periodicals or popular Internet resources. Sometimes in a good context, but more often, you will agree, nevertheless in a sad or disturbing one. Unfortunately…
In my article, I propose to consider this term in more detail, define it, look into history and give some typical examples.
International relations. Concept definition
Interethnic relations are a set of individually experienced relations between people who either belong to different nationalities, or are representatives of different This concept studied at once by two general psychology and ethnopsychology.
How do these relationships arise?
Yes, as a matter of fact, they develop gradually, in the process of labor or also arise from family, life, friendship and any other informal communication.
Depending on the historical past of a particular country, the socio-political situation, economic, cultural and living conditions, the nature of such relationships can change and take on friendly, neutral or (at the very least) negative forms. In addition, it can be significantly influenced by personal interest in communication.
International relations. Their varieties and forms
Such relations can arise between representatives of different nationalities at the level of one state, and, of course, they can also develop between different states or nations.
Scientists managed to identify two main forms of interethnic relations:
ethnic or national conflict;
peaceful cooperation, which includes several subspecies at once:
Ethnic mix. It occurs when various groups, spontaneously mixing with each other, after a certain number of years begin to form one nation. As a rule, this happens through. If you delve into history, you can find out that it was in this way that Latin Americans once appeared, in whose traditions to this day the customs of Spaniards, Portuguese, African slaves, and local Aborigines are mixed.
Ethnic assimilation or absorption. It happens when one people is almost completely dissolved in another or even several at the same time. This can happen both in peacetime and in wartime. For example, without bloodshed and enslavement, the United States managed to form. But in ancient times, everything was much tougher, and as an example, we can cite the conflict between Assyria and Rome.
If the assimilation scenario is violent, then the larger and stronger nation forbids the second, for example, to use their own language or adhere to their own customs and traditions.
Ways to resolve conflicts
According to modern sociologists and political scientists, if relations between nations have reached an impasse and any attempts to get out of this situation, in the end, led to its even greater aggravation, there are several real ways affect this conflict.
Recognize the existence of transnational problems and solve them with the help of national policy methods.
At the level of the nation, to realize the unacceptability of violence and the mastery of the culture of another people. Allow any nationality to exercise its freedoms and rights, respect its identity, language and customs, without showing any hostility or distrust.
To normalize the ethno-political situation, use various levers of the economy.
To create in those regions that are characterized by a mixed national composition, various kinds of cultural infrastructure. For example, national centers, schools with the opportunity to attend lessons in their native language, as well as give the opportunity to observe all national traditions and customs.
Organize special international commissions, councils or other structures that will deal with the peaceful resolution of all emerging national disputes.
The problem of interethnic relations arises, first of all, where people do not hear each other and do not even want to try to negotiate peacefully.
Interethnic relations are a multifaceted phenomenon. They are divided into two main areas - these are relations between nationalities within the same state and relations between different nation-states. In Russian terms and are similar in meaning, therefore interethnic relations often also referred to as inter-ethnic relations.
According to the forms of interaction between ethnic groups, peaceful cooperation and ethnic conflict are distinguished.
The main forms of peace include ethnic mixing and ethnic absorption. With ethical mixing, various ethnic groups spontaneously mix with each other over many years, the result is the formation of a single ethnic group. Often this happens through interethnic marriages (for example, this is how many Latin American peoples were formed).
As a result of ethnic absorption (assimilation), one people dissolves into another. Assimilation can be peaceful or violent.
The most civilized way to unite peoples is a multinational state in which the rights and freedoms of each nation are respected. In such states, several languages at once are state languages and not a single national minority is dissolved in common culture. The concept of cultural pluralism is closely related to the multinational state. It reflects the successful adaptation of one culture without compromising another.
Today, most states are multinational. The share of states in which the main ethnic community is the absolute majority is less than 19%. Thus, in most cases, different nationalities have to coexist on the same territory. True, they do not always manage to do it peacefully.
Interethnic conflict is a form of socio-political conflict between groups of people belonging to different ethnic groups. Its main features include ethnic separation of conflicting groups, politicization based on ethical factors. Such ethno-conflicts are not of value and occur around group interests. New participants in ethnic conflicts unite based on a common ethnic identity, even if they do not share the position of the group.
Trends in the development of interethnic relations
In the modern world, a number of trends in the development of nations can be traced, which may even contradict each other. Among them are:
Interethnic differentiation is the separation or even opposition of various nations; it can take the form
self-isolation, manifestations of nationalism, religious fanaticism;
Interethnic integration is the opposite process, involving the unification of nations through various spheres of public life;
Globalization is a historical process of interethnic integration, as a result of which traditional borders are gradually erased; This process is evidenced by various interethnic economic and political unions (for example, the EU), TNCs, and cultural centers.
At all times, people have worked to create mechanisms for cooperation and unleashing conflicts. These methods are used in many areas of human life and society to achieve the goals of a particular person or group of people. Often, it is the joint activities of organizations, states, enterprises that bring an effective result in a particular area.
What is cooperation?
Cooperation is an activity of several parties, thanks to which all participants receive some benefit. Known today various forms economic, political, military, environmental interaction. Nowadays, issues of cooperation related to financial support, use of natural resources, military-political associations, security environment, space exploration, business development, communication networks.
About the essence of cooperation
In fact, cooperation is a process in which the interacting parties, without the use of violence, seek ways to satisfy common interests. The circumstances in which one of the parties can achieve its goals only if the other party to the agreement can achieve the same can be called mutually beneficial cooperation. In other words, the goals of the partners must be linked.
The essence of cooperation is to achieve the common goals of partners, expecting specific benefits from the implementation of agreements, mutual benefit. These three points are fundamental to any joint venture agreement.
About international cooperation
There is an inaccurate understanding of the expression " the international cooperation". Sometimes this term means the absence of conflict or getting rid of its extreme forms.
Cooperation is an indicator of the interdependence of states and organizations. The development of international relations has built political, economic, environmental, cultural and religious systems of interaction. For example, unresolved issues related to the global problems of mankind have been exacerbating recently. In this area, it is extremely objective to expand international activities contributing to the solution of world problems.
The elements of the development of business relations include diplomatic means, coordination of efforts to ensure security, plans to resolve military conflicts.
Why international relations are intensively developing?
There are a number of reasons for improving the formation of mutually beneficial relationships. Here is some of them:
- Uneven economic development in some countries. Each state forms its own structure Agriculture, development certain types industry, infrastructure, education. If a certain state is known for producing a particular product with high quality, then this specialization will stimulate the development of foreign trade.
- Inequality in financial, raw materials and human resources. About 25 million people migrate to another country every year to find work. Some countries in Asia and Africa have huge labor resources, while in America and Europe there are not enough workers. The extraction of minerals and the availability of other types of raw materials contribute to the development of mutually beneficial ties between countries that enter into a cooperation agreement. For example, some states lend and invest in various organizations in other countries.
- Inequality in the field of scientific and technological progress. If countries exchange scientists, conduct joint research, develop new technologies and enter into contracts in this area, this will also benefit both parties.
- Specificity political relations. This factor greatly affects the volume of trade turnover. A friendly foreign policy increases foreign trade turnover, while a belligerent one contributes to breaking economic ties.
The cooperation agreement includes active actions partner states for mutual coordination in the field of economics and politics that do not harm or negative consequences one or the other party to the agreement.
conclusions
Search and development international relations contribute to the opening of access for one or another partner state to the world economy, increase the economic potential, and provide the resource needs of the nation. So, what is meant by cooperation today?
Cooperation is a complex of relations developing on the basis of mutual exchange. In the conditions of modern reality international relationships look like a process of establishing a dialogue, comparing interests, reaching consensus, mechanisms of adaptation in cases of mismatch of values and in conflict situations between regions, countries and organizations.
