"People's Commissariat of the Navy of the USSR (NK VMF)".

Moscow. 1937-...

F. r-1678, 309 items, 1938-1941

The fund contains: reports and memorandums on the construction and logistics of the Navy; information about the laying of ships and ships that entered service; a list of ship accidents, materials of the government commission on the results of the investigation into the circumstances and causes of the sinking of the destroyer Reshitelny on November 08, 1938 near Cape Kabarga in the Sea of ​​Japan; Yumashev's report on the campaign of the Moskva leader to Turkey for the funeral of President Kemal Ataturk; reports of the commanders of the RKKF - participants in the Spanish Civil War on the organization and operations of the Spanish Republican Navy; telegrams on the war with Finland (1939-1940); correspondence on the design and improvement of torpedo boats, the construction of monitors for the Amur Red Banner military flotilla, with the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League about the Komsomol recruitment in the Navy; reports of the People's Commissar of the Navy on the consequences of the earthquake in the area of ​​the coast of the Vladimir-Olga Naval Base, the eruption of two volcanoes on Bulpa Island (30 km from Baku); materials on the organization and state of archiving in the NK VMF, information on the archive of the Sevastopol port.

"CONTROL AND INSPECTION GROUP UNDER THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSIONER OF THE USSR NAVY".

Moscow. 1929-19??

• "Inspectorate of the Naval Forces of the Red Army". 1929-1939.
• "Control-Inspection Group under the People's Commissar of the Navy of the USSR". Moscow. 1939-19??

F. r-1498, 81 items, 1931-1940

Control and verification of the execution of orders and orders of the People's Commissar of the Navy, his deputies, decrees and decisions of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the government regarding the Navy. The fund contains: materials on the survey of the Kronstadt Marine Plant, inspection of naval educational institutions; protocols and acts of commissions for the acceptance of ships; report on the testing of airships on the Naval Forces of the Baltic and Black Seas in 1933

HEADQUARTERS

"MARITIME GENERAL STAFF (GENMOR)".

Petrograd, Moscow. 1917-1921

F. r-342, 1000 items, 1917-1921

The highest operational-strategic and administrative control body of the Soviet fleet. The fund contains: orders for Genmore; Genmore's Historical Journal, Correspondence on the Establishment of a Maritime Historical Commission; materials about the revolutionary events in Petrograd, in the fleets and flotillas; 3rd and 5th congresses of sailors of the Baltic Fleet; combat operations in the Baltic, Black and Azov Seas, on the Volga and the Caspian Sea, in the North, on the organization of the defense of Petrograd and Kronstadt during the civil war of 1918-1920, on the transition of ships and vessels of the Baltic Fleet from Helsingfors to Kronstadt in the spring of 1918. , the sinking of the ships of the Black Sea Fleet in Novorossiysk in June 1918; the formation of a battalion of skiers as part of the Baltic Fleet and the dispatch of sailors to the front to organize a partisan movement; negotiations with the German command on the conclusion of the Brest Peace and the establishment of a demarcation line; mutual exchange of ships with Germany; the protest of the Soviet government over the occupation of Bessarabia by Romanian troops; trade relations between Russia and Sweden; about the equipment of the hydrographic expedition of B. Vilkitsky (1918-1919); organization of fishing on the Murmansk coast (1918). Reports and certificates on the construction of the Svir and Volkhov power plants; a note on the construction of a waterway between Lake Onega and the White Sea and a plan for the construction of waterways drawn up by the Administration of Inland Waterways (1917); the shipbuilding program approved by the Provisional Government on October 11, 1917; information about the composition of the ship, the repair of ships and the losses of the fleet from 1914 to 1919. Personnel materials.

"HEADQUARTERS OF THE WORKERS' AND PEASANTS' RED FLEET".

Moscow. 1919-1926

• "The Headquarters of the Commander of all Naval Forces of the Republic (Comorsi Headquarters)". Petrograd. 1919-1920.
• "Headquarters of all Naval Forces (Shtamorsi)". Petrograd. 1920-1922.
• "Naval Headquarters of the Republic (Morshtaresp)". Moscow. 1922-1923.
• "Headquarters of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet". Moscow. 1923-1926.

F. r-1, 6289 items, 1915-1926

Development of questions of the general organization of service in the fleet - regulations, charters and rules of service. Drawing up draft laws on the fleet; development of measures for the organization of combat training. Management of the sea, lake and river forces of the country, coastal fortresses and fortified areas. Solving operational issues, directing the combat activities of the fleet during the civil war of 1918-1920. Organization of accounting and recruitment of the country's naval forces with personnel and ships. Provision of units, ships and ports with weapons, radio equipment, instruments and mechanisms. The fund contains: materials on the creation, reorganization and liquidation of the Volga-Caspian, West Dvina, Dnieper, Amur, Siberian, Ladoga, Onega, North Dvina flotillas; work international conferences, commissions on the issue of concluding peace treaties, determining the regime of navigation in territorial and neutral waters; activities of diplomatic representatives abroad; the return of ships taken abroad during the civil war and foreign military intervention; materials of the central and local commissions for helping the starving in the Volga region (1921-1922); personnel information.

"MAIN STAFF (GMSH)".

Moscow. 1938-...

F. R-1877, 831 items, 1937-1941

Organization and coordination of all departments of the Navy, management of the combat training of fleets and flotillas. The fund contains: orders of the chief of the Main Staff for personnel; staffs of institutions and units, ship equipment tables; correspondence on the dispatch of the cruiser Krasny Kavkaz to Sydney to participate in the celebration of the 150th anniversary of Australia's accession to England (1938); reports of the head of the Main Staff on the acquisition of auxiliary vessels in Sweden (1940) and the commander of the Caspian military flotilla on the work of the commission to survey the island formed as a result of an eruption near the Kumani bank (08.11.1939); hydrological forecast and actual data of the average monthly water level at the water-measuring station of the city of Baku-Bail Cape (1939).

"MARITIME SPECIALIST AT THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE WORKERS' AND PEASANTS' RED ARMY".

Moscow. 1918-1923

• "Naval Operational Branch of the Field Headquarters of the Revolutionary Council of the Republic". Serpukhov. 1918-1921.
• "Marine specialist at the Headquarters of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army". Moscow. 1921-1923.

Fund r-55, 124 items, 1918-1923

Collection and processing of information necessary for the combat training of the fleet; informing and consulting the leadership of the Headquarters on naval issues; compilation of general fleet operational reports, communication of the Headquarters of the Commander of the Naval Forces of the Republic with the Headquarters of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army. The fund contains: materials on the organization of the Naval Forces of the Republic, the formation, reorganization and liquidation of formations and parts of fleets and flotillas, the combat operations of parts of the fleet; journal of meetings of the naval department of the RVSR (1918-1919); brief information about the combat operations of the fleet in the Caspian Sea from September 1918 to May 1920; materials about the explosion of an Italian destroyer in the Black Sea (June 1920); lists of ships of fleets and flotillas (1919).

MANAGEMENT

"MANAGEMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARY FOR MARINE AFFAIRS".

Moscow. 1918-1924

• "People's Commissariat for Maritime Affairs". Moscow. 1918-1920.
• "Administration of the affairs of the commander of all naval forces of the Republic." Moscow. 1920.
• Administration of the People's Commissariat for Maritime Affairs. Moscow. 1920-1924.

F. R-5, 846 items, 1917-1924

Management of the organization and disbandment of central and local naval institutions, units and divisions; preliminary consideration of legislative submissions submitted by institutions and individual parts to higher authorities; preparation of general annual reports on the activities of the institutions of the maritime commissariat. The fund contains: orders for the fleet and the People's Commissariat for Maritime Affairs; minutes of meetings of the board of the morcom; regulations on the People's Commissariat for Maritime Affairs and the naval headquarters of the Republic; materials on the transfer of Morvedic institutions from Petrograd to Moscow; Ice passage of ships and vessels of the Baltic Fleet from Helsingfors to Kronstadt in the spring of 1918; foreign military intervention in the Soviet North; the fight against counter-revolution in Finland; construction of hydroelectric stations on the Svir and Volkhov rivers; equipping a hydrographic expedition to the Arctic Ocean; the activities of the commissions for the inspection of the Black Sea Fleet (1922), for the development of a special program for the repair and armament of the ships of the Baltic Fleet (1923-1924); reports and information on the state of ships, units and institutions of the Caspian Fleet; letters from N.L. Klado to the manager of the affairs of the Morkom on the issue of financing the Naval Academy (1919); personnel information.

"DEPARTMENT OF THE MARITIME FORCES OF THE WORKERS' AND PEASANTS' RED ARMY".

Moscow. 1924-1937

• "Management of the Naval Forces of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army". Moscow. 1924-1934.
• "Office of Naval Forces of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army". Moscow. 1934-1937.

F. r-1483, 982 items, 1922-1939

Development of plans for the development of the Naval Forces of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army in relation to shipbuilding, weapons, the development of naval aviation, and training; placing orders in the industry for shipbuilding, coastal and base construction facilities; acceptance of finished orders from the industry; management of operational-tactical training of commanding and commanding staff; drawing up plans and calculations for the recruitment of the fleet, coastal defense and naval aviation with personnel; management of training, education of command and command staff, training of specialists for private and junior command staff; planning and direct implementation of measures related to the supply of naval forces; development and publication of manuals, instructions and program and methodological documents on operational-tactical and special training of naval forces; development and preparation of materials on international legal and maritime issues for conferences and maritime agreements. The fund contains: orders of the People's Commissar of Defense and the Chief of the Naval Forces of the Red Army; materials about the organization and conduct of various voyages of ships, orders for equipment abroad. Reports from naval attachés. Estimated expenses of the Navy of the Red Army for construction and ship repair work. Checklists of reports of heads of departments and commanders of fleets; report on the campaign of the battleship "Marat" in the Baltic republics (1937); the Anglo-Soviet Naval Agreement of July 17, 1937; materials on the development of projects for the White Sea-Baltic Waterway; historical reference of the battleship "Marat" (1936); materials on the construction of torpedo boats of the "G-5" type; acceptance of sea orders in Italy (30s); programs of naval shipbuilding and the development of naval aviation for 1933-1937. Information on personnel.

"DEPARTMENT OF AVIATION OF THE NAVY FLEET".

Moscow. 1917-1941

• "Department of Naval Aviation and Aeronautics of the People's Commissariat for Maritime Affairs". Moscow, Petrograd. 1917-1918.
• "Aviation Department of the Main Directorate of Shipbuilding". Petrograd. 1918-1920.
• "Department of Naval Aviation of the Directorate of the Naval Forces of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army". Moscow. 1935-1937.
• Naval Aviation Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet. Moscow. 1938-1939.
• "Department of Aviation of the Navy". Moscow. 1939-1941.

F. r-61, 1841 items, 1916-1941

Development of air defense issues; organization of units and institutions of naval aviation; review and development technical issues, projects, drawings, estimates, inventions; management of aviation schools; scientific development of issues related to naval aviation. The fund contains: orders; plans and reports on scientific research and experimental shipbuilding; contracts for the design, testing, construction of aircraft; reports on state tests of experimental seaplanes; drawings of aircraft, instruments, installations; information about the state of fleet airfields, the invention of new types of aircraft, and personnel.

"DEPARTMENT OF NAVY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARY OF THE NAVY".

Leningrad. 1917-1940

• "Office of Naval Educational Institutions (UVMUZ)". Petrograd. 1917-1918.
• "Training Department of the Naval General Staff". Petrograd. 1918-1920.
• "Management of Training Detachments and Naval Educational Institutions". Moscow, Petrograd. 1920-1921.
• "Department of Training Detachments and Schools of Combat Command of the Naval Headquarters of the Republic". Petrograd. 1921-1922.
• "Training Department of the Naval Staff of the Republic". Petrograd. 1922-1923.
• "Office of Naval Educational Institutions (UVMUZ)". Petrograd. 1923-1924.
• "Training Department of the Headquarters of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet". Leningrad. 1924-1926.
• "Management of Naval Educational Institutions of the People's Commissariat of the Navy". Leningrad. 1938-1940.

F. R-7, 1542 items, 1917-1940

Development of a project for the reorganization of naval educational institutions and its implementation. Management of educational institutions of the fleet and training of specialists for the fleet. The fund contains: orders, states, regulations and annual reports on the activities of the department. Programs, curricula of naval educational institutions and reports on their inspection. Information, reports, reports and programs on the training of specialist engineers; training swimming. Certifications, characteristics, questionnaires of students of educational institutions, teaching staff and management.

"HYDROGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY".

Leningrad. 1917-...

• "Main Hydrographic Department". Petrograd. 1917-1921.
• "Hydrographic Department of the Main Directorate of Navigation". Petrograd. 1921-1922.
• "Main Hydrographic Department". Petrograd. 1922-1924.
• "Hydrographic Department". Leningrad. 1924-1926.
• "Hydrographic Directorate of the Directorate of the Naval Forces of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (4th Directorate)". Leningrad. 1926- 1932.
• "Hydrographic Directorate of the Directorate of the Naval Forces of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (6th Directorate)". Leningrad. 1932-1934.
• "Hydrographic department of the Directorate of the Naval Forces of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (7th department)". Leningrad. 1935.
• "Hydrographic Department of the Office of the Naval Forces of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (8th Department)". Leningrad. 1935-1938.
• "Hydrographic Department of the People's Commissariat of the Navy". Leningrad. 1938-1940.
• "Hydrographic Department of the Navy". Leningrad. 1940-...

F. r-180, 1811 items, 1917-1941

Ensuring the safety of navigation; development of scientific programs and methods for the study of seas and oceans; processing and publication of nautical charts, hydrographic survey of waters, physical and geographical study of maritime theaters; research work in the field of hydrography and navigation. The fund contains: management orders; work plans and reports; regulation on the Committee of the Northern Sea Route under the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade; correspondence about the survey of the Norilsk coal deposit; minutes of the meetings of the commission chaired by Yu.M. Shokalsky on the reorganization of the hydrographic service in the Republic; materials on the organization of hydrographic expeditions; a note by Yu.M. Shokalsky on the need to create new maps of the seas (1922); personnel information.

"CARTOGRAPHY OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY".

Leningrad. 1917-...

• "Cartographic workshops and printing house of the Hydrographic Directorate of the Directorate of the Naval Forces of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army". Leningrad. 1917-1929.
• "Cartotypography of the Hydrographic Department of the Navy". Leningrad. 1929-1939.
• "Cartography of the Hydrographic Department of the Navy". Leningrad. 1939-...

F. r-632, 437 items, 1917-1940

Making maps for the needs of the fleet. The fund contains: regulation on cartographic workshops; minutes of meetings of workers and employees, meetings of the technical commission of workshops; production programs and workshop activity reports; orders of the heads of the workshops, the printing house, the head of the cartographic printing house; an album of photographs, diagrams and diagrams about production capacity, product growth, equipment, staff work force, working conditions and work of the party and Komsomol organizations of the workshop for 1918-1933; personnel information.

"MAIN DEPARTMENT OF NAVIGATION UNDER THE MARITIME HEADQUARTERS OF THE REPUBLIC (HUMOR)".

Petrograd. 1921-1922

F. R-11, 71 items, 1920-1922

Management and supervision of ensuring the safety of navigation on all the seas and bays of the Republic and the organization of lighthouse, pilotage and pilot services related to this, minesweeping and clearing water spaces from them, the surveillance and communication service on the country's sea coasts and communication with ships at sea ; information about the movement and location of ships. The fund contains: regulation on the Main Department of Navigation; orders of the head of the GUMOR; magazines of commissions under the Main Department of Navigation on the organization of pilotage service on the seas of the Republic; regulation on the Baltic Sea Icebreaking Bureau and the Merchant Shipping Council; materials on minesweeping operations in the Baltic and Black Seas; personnel information.

"ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY".

Moscow. 1938-1941

F. r-920, 241 items, 1937-1941

Preparation and equipment of marine theaters in engineering terms on the instructions of the Main Naval Staff. General supervision of the progress of construction; preparation of projects and estimates; construction financing, acceptance and operation of completed facilities; issuance of orders to the Construction Department of the Navy. The fund contains: historical management materials, plans and annual reports, reports on coastal construction, tactical and technical assignments, estimates, plans, technical projects, drawings.

"APARTMENT AND OPERATIONAL DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY".

1939-19??

F. r-947, 24 items, 1939-1941

Reported directly to the Deputy People's Commissar of the Navy; management of accounting, technical operation, repair, supply of special and non-defensive structures of the fleet (naval and air bases, power plants, railway lines, storage facilities, barracks, residential buildings, service buildings, etc.), apartment maintenance departments and parts of fleets and flotillas, central administrations, educational institutions of the National Navy. The fund contains: management orders, plans and reports, materials on personnel.

"DEPARTMENT OF PERSONNEL OF THE FLEET (ULISO)".

Moscow. 1918-1920

• "Main Directorate for Fleet Personnel Affairs (GULISO)". Petrograd, Moscow. 1918.
• "Department of Personnel and Fleet Records at the Naval General Staff". Moscow. 1918-1920.
• "Fleet Personnel Administration (ULISO)". Moscow. 1920.

F. r-187, 358 items, 1917-1920

Drawing up draft states and regulations on personnel; moving, hiring and dismissal of fleet personnel; drawing up plans for mobilization, statistical reports on changes in the personnel of the fleet. The fund contains: instructions on the procedure for the demobilization of officers of the old fleet; information on the strength, staffing, movement and demobilization of military sailors; materials on the political mood of the personnel of ships and units and on the organization of democratic institutions in the fleets; a report on the reorganization of the administration and preparations for its evacuation from Petrograd; personnel information.

"EDUCATIONAL AND CONTROL DEPARTMENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY FORCES OF THE WORKERS' AND PEASANTS' RED ARMY".

Moscow. 1926-1932

F. r-910, 2397 items, 1925-1932

Consideration and management of issues of education, special and combat training, training of services, recruitment of units and service by personnel, arrangements for everyday life, and physical training of personnel. The fund contains: materials on the organization of foreign trips of ships of the Naval Forces of the Baltic and Black Seas (including the cruiser "Aurora" to Norway and Denmark); reconnaissance of the Pripyat River; development of international legislation on navigation in territorial waters; about sending a representative to a conference on lighthouse business in London, holding a Soviet-Finnish conference on navigational issues; providing meteorological assistance to the Nobile expedition, participating in the search for the expedition; the beginning of tests in Sevastopol of the Tupolev torpedo boat of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI); lists of fleet ships taken abroad during the civil war and intervention, confiscated in foreign ports, and also remaining in the ports of Estonia and Finland; rules and instructions for the protection of fur seals; materials on the transfer to the TsGVMA of documents from the archives of the Maritime Academy; management reports on the staffing of the Naval Forces.

"COMMAND OFFICE OF THE NAVY".

Moscow. 1932-19??

• "Personnel Directorate of the Directorate of the Naval Forces of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army". Moscow. 1932-1935.
• "Personnel Department of the Directorate of the Naval Forces of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army". Moscow. 1935-1938.
• "Command Directorate of the Navy". Moscow. 1937-1938.
• "Management for Command and Commanding Staff of the Navy". Moscow. 1939.
• "Management of the commanding staff of the Navy". Moscow. 1939-1940.
• "Department for the commanding staff of the Navy (as part of the Main Directorate of the Navy)". Moscow. 1940-1941.
• "Command Directorate of the Navy". Moscow. 1941-19??

F. r-1713, 220 items, 1931-1941

Manning the fleet; accounting and provision of personnel with all types of allowances; accounting and training of reserve personnel; selection and appointment of the commanding and commanding staff of the fleet. The fund contains: orders of the head of department; correspondence on the establishment of uniforms for the personnel of the Navy of the Red Army, conferring the title of "Honorary Sailor" to the members of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League; materials on awarding orders and medals to participants in the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940; personnel information.

"ORGANIZATIONAL AND COMMANDMENT DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY".

Moscow. 1940-...

• "Main Directorate of the Navy". Moscow. 1940-1941.
• "Organizational and Combat Directorate of the Navy". Moscow. 1941-...

F. r-2046, 84 items, 1939-1941

Fleet assembly. The fund contains: orders of the head of the personnel department; reports and correspondence on the organization and improvement of the garrison and guard service, the strengthening of discipline in the Navy, the celebration of the Day of the Navy, the participation of naval units in festive parades and celebrations.

"DEPARTMENT OF SHIPBUILDING OF THE NAVY (1 DEPARTMENT)".

Moscow. 1932-1941

• "Department of Shipbuilding of the Directorate of the Naval Forces of the Red Army (3rd Directorate)". Moscow. 1932-1935.
• "Department of Shipbuilding of the Directorate of Naval Forces of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Department 6)". Moscow. 1935-1937.
• "Department of shipbuilding of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet (1 department)". Moscow. 1937-1940.
• "Department of shipbuilding of the Navy (1 department)". Moscow. 1940-1941.

F. r-441, 5468 items, 1914-1941

Solving the issues of design, construction, modernization, repair of warships, ship devices and mechanisms. The fund contains: contracts for the construction of ships and equipment; proposals of inventors; materials for overhaul; orders of the control and reception apparatus of the personnel management.

"MINE AND TORPEDO DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY".

Moscow. 1938-...

F. r-1255, 644 items, 1938-1941

Leading the development of samples of mine-torpedo weapons, providing the fleet with torpedo and mine weapons and weapons; organization of storage and repair of these weapons and armaments; creation of emergency reserves; the work of the Research Mine-Torpedo Institute. The fund contains: orders of the head of department; tactical and technical specifications, descriptions, reports, instructions, drawings for the design, manufacture and testing of mines, torpedoes, torpedo tubes, nets, booms, trawls. Descriptions, diagrams and drawings of mines and torpedoes of foreign designs - English, American, German, Finnish; personnel information.

"MAIN DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL PROPAGANDA OF THE USSR NAVY".

Moscow. 1937-1941

• "Political Administration of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet". Moscow. 1937-1940.
• "Main Directorate of Political Propaganda of the Navy of the USSR". Moscow. 1940-1941.

F. r-1549, 1952 item, 1938-1941

Management of party-political work in the Navy as the Naval Department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks; organization of political classes with the Red Navy, junior commanding staff and Marxist-Leninist training of command, commanding and cadet staff; training, selection, study and distribution of political personnel; party-political control over publishing work in the fleet and leadership of the Red Navy press; supply of ships, units and formations with political information media. The fund contains: orders and directives of the Political Directorate, minutes of meetings on issues of agitation and propaganda, reviews of the work of Komsomol organizations during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939-1940; personnel information.

"DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY PUBLISHING HOUSE OF THE NAVY FLEET".

Leningrad. 1938-1941

F. r-900, 37 items, 1938-1941

Preparation for the publication of charters, instructions, regulations prepared by the departments of the People's Commissariat of the Navy, textbooks and manuals for all categories of military personnel; military-political literature; party-political and mass-artistic brochures; military history literature; publication of periodicals; conclusion of agreements with bookselling organizations for the sale of book and magazine products in the fleet and in the country. The fund contains: orders of the head of department; annual reports; Correspondence on issues of preparation for the publication of the history of the fleet; publishing house thematic plan for 1941

"THE MAIN OFFICE OF PORTS OF THE NAVY".

Moscow. 1932-1940

• "Management of ports of the Office of the Naval Forces of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army". Moscow. 1932-1934.
• "Department of ports of the Directorate of the Naval Forces of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army". Moscow. 1935-1937.
• "Main Directorate of Ports of the Navy". Moscow. 1939-1940.

F. r-1547, 590 items, 1932-1941

Management of the organization of special and non-defensive construction of facilities and their repair; organizing the naval economy and supplying the Naval Forces with inventory, consumables and fuel; management of industrial enterprises of naval ports; general financing and preparation of consolidated financial plans; conclusion of contracts for the manufacture of orders, drawing up time sheets and supply standards. The fund contains: cost estimates and annual reports on their implementation; schemes for organizing the supply of the fleet. Information about the construction, expansion, reconstruction and equipment of ports and harbors; specifications of hydraulic structures of military ports. Reports on the survey of the activity of oil refineries in Western Ukraine.

"CHIEF MILITARY PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE OF THE NAVY".

1939-19??

F. r-2153, 13 items, 1938-1940

"MANAGEMENT OF THE SANITARY PART OF THE FLEET".

Petrograd. 1917-1922

F. r-588, 334 items, 1917-1920

Organization of medical and sanitary service in the fleets; the arrangement of medical institutions of the fleet and their staffing; management of the supply of medical equipment and medicines; registration of the medical staff of the fleet; designing new types of medical equipment. The fund contains: regulations, orders on measures to improve the sanitary condition and fight against infectious diseases; materials on the construction of medical institutions; lists of medical institutions, reports of sanitary inspectors and correspondence with medical institutions on the supply of medicines and equipment, on the organization of medical and sanitary supervision, measures to combat diseases and the accommodation of patients; report on the activities of the hospital ship "Tovarishch" for 1916-1918; personnel information; materials on measures to combat the plague in Trebizond (1917-1918).

"OFFICE OF THE AUTHORIZED RUSSIAN RED CROSS SOCIETY IN PETROGRAD".

Petrograd. 1918-192?

• "Board for Management of the Baltic Hospital Flotilla of the Russian Red Cross Society (Baltocrest)". Petrograd. 1918-1919.
• "Department for the management of hospital ships of the Baltic Sea of ​​the Petrograd District Administration of the Russian Red Cross Society". Petrograd. 1919-1921.
• "Office of the authorized Russian Red Cross Society in Petrograd". Petrograd. 1921-192?

Fund r-46, 115 items, 1918-1923

Organization of the transportation of prisoners of war from Germany after the conclusion of the Brest Peace in March 1918, rendering assistance to the starving population of the Volga region in 1921-1923 "; creation of outpatient clinics, hospitals, orphanages, county offices of the Russian Red Cross Society in the Petrograd province; organization of unloading of foreign ships The fund contains: management orders, materials on the organization of a hospital flotilla, on the activities of the department, the formation of two medical and nutritional detachments in Petrograd to assist the starving people of the Volga region in 1921-1923, correspondence with the French Red Cross about assistance to the population of the Volga region.

"HEALTH DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY".

Moscow. 1938-...

• "Sanitary Department of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet". Moscow. 1938.
• "Sanitary Administration of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet". Moscow. 1938-1939.
• "Sanitary Department of the Navy". Moscow. 1939 - 1940.
• "Medical and Sanitary Directorate of the Navy". Moscow. 1940-...

F. r-1701, 87 items, 1938-1940

Organization of sanitary service on ships and in parts of the Navy. Compilation of statistical reviews of the sanitary condition and activities of medical institutions. Provision of medical equipment for fleets and flotillas. Carrying out inspections and exercises of the sanitary service of the fleets. Organization of retraining of the medical staff of the fleet. The fund contains: orders of the head of department; reports on the organization and actions of the sanitary service during the events on Lake Khasan (1939); reports and reports of the heads of departments, sanitary departments of fleets and flotillas on the organization, condition and measures to improve the sanitary service on ships and in parts of the fleet; personnel information.

"COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY".

Moscow. 1938-...

• "Communication Department of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet". Moscow. 1938.
• "Communication Department of the Navy". Moscow. 1938-...

F. r-864, 693 items, 1920-1941

Work to provide the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet with all means and types of communications; development of tactical and technical specifications for the construction of communication facilities; management of combat training, research work on communications in the fleet, management of the Research Institute of Communications. The fund contains: materials of predecessor institutions of the communications department of the Navy; description, diagrams, drawings, photographs of telemechanical and special equipment, installations, devices; test materials for various communication equipment.

"DEPARTMENT OF SPECIAL SUPPLY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVAL FORCES OF THE RKKA".

1926-1932

F. r-913, 127 items, 1925-1932

Implementation of the supply of personnel special-technical property; warehouse management (with the exception of ammunition depots); drawing up instructions, regulations and guidelines for maintaining (accounting and reporting) ship and port facilities; participation in the establishment of norms for food, clothing and monetary allowances; management of the sale of unusable property (with the exception of the crew) and the appropriate use of the proceeds. The fund contains: work plans, financial reports of ports; report of the commander of the main military port of the Naval Forces of the Baltic Sea on the work of the port for 1932

"MANAGEMENT OF THE MARINE CONSTRUCTION PART OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARY FOR MARINE AFFAIRS.

Moscow. 1918-1919

F. r-1676, 8 items, 1918-1919

Management of the construction work of the maritime department. The fund has preserved: minutes of meetings of the board of the People's Commissariat for Maritime Affairs; reports on management activities; regulation on the production of construction works in the Belomorsky and Murmansk regions; orders of the builder of hydroelectric stations of the maritime department for personnel.

"MAIN DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY CONSTRUCTION WORKS OF THE MARITIME COMMISSARY (GLAVSTROMOR)".

Petrograd. 1920-1922

F. R-14, 52 items, 1920-1922

Management of the construction and repair of military ports, sea fortresses, bases, factories, lighthouses, warehouses, communications facilities, commercial ports. The fund contains: estimates, drawings and correspondence about construction work in the Kronstadt and Shlisselburg fortresses, in the Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Kemsk and Solovetsky ports, at the Krasnoflotsky fort; project of reconstruction of the quay "Lisiy Nos"; technical estimates for the construction and repair of buildings, wharves, warehouses of the Nikolaev military port; statements of work of the construction department of the Rostov-on-Don port; regulations on the Nizhny Novgorod Port Committee; materials on the construction of mine and artillery depots in Tver; personnel information.

"CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY".

Moscow. 1938-1941

F. r-1358, 101 items, 1937-1941

Management of special and non-defensive construction. The fund contains: regulations on the Construction and Engineering Directorates of the Navy; schemes for organizing management and construction departments of the fleets; annual reports of construction departments of fleets; a draft regulation on the working conditions of civilian employees of construction organizations of the Construction Department of the RKKF; personnel information.

"TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY FORCES OF THE WORKERS' AND PEASANTS' RED ARMY".

Moscow. 1917-1932

• "Main Department of Shipbuilding". Petrograd, Moscow. 1917-1919.
• "Main Marine Technical Directorate (Glamortech)". Moscow, Petrograd. 1919-1921.
• "Technical Directorate of the Directorate of the Naval Forces of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army". Moscow. 1926-1932.

F. r-360, 1754 items, 1917-1932

Management of the construction, modernization, overhaul and armament of warships; work on the technical equipment of military ports and coastal service, surveillance and communications services; drawing up and reviewing, together with the Military Construction Directorate, plans and projects for work on special naval construction, as well as the construction of barracks and warehouses, inspecting these works, compiling and issuing technical specifications, rules for acceptance and descriptions of ships; consideration of structural and working drawings, specifications and their approval; participation in military tests of prototypes of various equipment; drawing up special instructions for the storage of ship hulls, devices, mechanisms, ammunition and special-technical equipment on warships, floating craft in ports and central warehouses; inspection of the state of the material part on ships and in ports; issuing orders to industry and concluding contracts. The fund contains: orders for the Main Directorate of Shipbuilding, the Main Technical Directorate; position, states, reports on the work of Glamortech and its departments. Programs, protocols, journals of technical meetings on shipbuilding; correspondence about the construction of ships, floating docks, fortresses, ports. Personnel materials.

"TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARY OF THE NAVY".

Moscow. 1938-...

F. r-918, 265 items, 1937-1941

Organization and planning of repair and operation of the mechanisms of warships, auxiliary vessels and means of coastal installations of the fleet; management of the activities of the production enterprises of the fleet; procurement and distribution of technical equipment and spare parts to ensure the repair and operation of ships and vessels. The fund contains: materials on the construction, reconstruction and expansion of ship repair bases of the fleets. Information about the ship-repair enterprises of the USSR. Projects and drawings of ships.

"MAIN MARINE ECONOMIC DEPARTMENT OF THE STAFF OF THE MARITIME FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC (GLAMORHOZ)".

Petrograd. 1918-1921

F. r-314, 1971 item, 1916-1922

Managing the economic, financial, accounting and accounting parts of the maritime department. The fund contains: regulations and correspondence on the reorganization of the Main Maritime Economic Administration, the creation of the Central Cooperative and cooperatives in ports; decree on the nationalization of the merchant fleet; annual plans and reports; materials on the fight against employee sabotage and profiteering; organization of peat mining and testing of peat extracted by hydraulic method; procurement and release of food and fuel for fleets and flotillas.

"CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF MARINE COOPERATIVES OF SAILORS OF THE MILITARY FLEET OF THE MAIN MARINE ECONOMIC DEPARTMENT (TSENUMOR COOP)".

Moscow, 1918-1920

• "Central Directorate of Maritime Cooperatives of Navy Sailors (Tsenumorkoop)". Moscow. 1918-1919.
• "Central Directorate of Maritime Cooperatives of Sailors of the Navy of the Main Maritime Economic Directorate (Tsenumorkoop)". Moscow. 1919-1920.

F. r-20, 106 items, 1918-1920

Management of the procurement and food departments of the fleet. Providing personnel with food and uniforms. The fund contains: management reports; correspondence about the procurement of food and the supply of food to the Astrakhan-Caspian, Volga, Dnieper and North Dvina military flotillas, the Kronstadt and Shlisselburg fortresses; materials on the liquidation of the management of maritime cooperatives and the organization of maritime quartermaster bases.

"MAIN DEPARTMENT OF THE RED SIGN EXPEDITION OF UNDERWATER WORK ON THE SEA AND RIVERS OF THE USSR (EPRON)".

1923-...

• "Special Purpose Underwater Expedition under the OGPU (EPRON)". 1923-1927.
• "Management of the Expedition of Underwater Works for Special Purposes". 1927-1931.
• "Main Directorate of the Expedition of Underwater Works on the Seas and Rivers of the USSR (EPRON)". Moscow. 1931-1933.
• "Main Directorate of the Red Banner Expedition for underwater work on the seas and rivers of the USSR (EPRON)". Moscow. 1933-...

F. r-1495, 2138 items, 1923-1941

Organization of ship lifting, rescue, diving and experimental underwater work in the country; since 1929 rescue of ships in distress. The fund contains: lists of ships raised by EPRON in 1923-1934, 1937. Materials on the history of shipbuilding in the USSR, information about the Stakhanov movement of the personnel of EPRON and its subdivisions.

DEPARTMENTS

"ADMINISTRATIVE AND ECONOMIC DEPARTMENT OF THE CENTRAL DEPARTMENTS OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARY OF THE USSR NAVY".

Moscow. 1939-19??

• "Economic Department of the Central Administrations of the People's Commissariat of the Navy of the USSR". Moscow. 1939.
• "Administrative and Economic Department of the Central Administrations of the People's Commissariat of the Navy of the USSR". Moscow. 1939-19??

F. r-1486, 2 items, 1939-1940

Management of the activities of the economic bodies of the Navy. The fund has preserved: orders of the head of the personnel department; financial estimate for 1940

"ARTILLERY DEPARTMENT OF THE WORKERS' AND PEASANTS' RED FLEET".

Moscow. 1937-1941

• "Department of armaments and supply of ammunition of the Workers' and Peasants' Navy". Moscow. 193?-1939.
• "Artillery Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Navy". Moscow. 1939-1940.
• Artillery Department of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet. Moscow. 1940-1941.

F. r-840, 4788 items, 1930-1941

Management of armament, technical supply and storage facilities of the fleet; development and integration of plans for research, inventive and design work; management of work on the construction of warehouses, bases and workshops of technical property, the organizational structure of warehouses; control and monitoring of the state of material and technical property in units and warehouses. The fund contains: materials on the design, manufacture and testing of experimental and prototype artillery weapons for ships and coastal batteries of the Navy; correspondence on the modernization and repair of artillery weapons.

"DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN ORDERS OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARY OF THE NAVY".

Moscow. 1940-19??

F. R-1876, 25 items, 1939-1940

Technical and operational management of the implementation of import orders of the People's Commissariat of the Navy. The fund contains: materials on the formation of the department; the procedure for receiving and paying for import orders, the transportation of goods across the border, the purchase of auxiliary vessels and floating workshops abroad; an agreement with the firm "Krupp" for the manufacture and supply of 6 pieces of 38-cm ship's two-gun turrets, ammunition and materials for it (11/30/40).

"THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT UNDER THE BOARD OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARY FOR MARINE AFFAIRS".

Petrograd. 1918-1919

F. r-6, 28 items, 1917-1919

Carrying out a recruitment of volunteers in the Navy on the recommendation of party and democratic public organizations; distribution of volunteers and sending them to warships. Management of coastal detachments of military sailors to carry out guard duty and escort cargo of the People's Commissariat. The fund contains: information about the activities of the Black Sea Transport Flotilla, the work of the Helsingfors Cultural and Educational Circle and cultural and educational work among sailors; deployment in Petrograd of units evacuated from Revel and Helsingfors; personnel information.

"DEPARTMENT OF INVENTIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARY OF THE NAVY".

19??-19??

F. r-2044, 6 items, 1939

The fund has preserved: correspondence on various proposals submitted to the industry.

"HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE GENERAL MARINE STAFF".

Leningrad. 1939-...

F. r-1529, 689 items, 1871-1950

Unification and coordination of all historical work in the fleet; identification, systematization, scientific processing of materials and preparation of monographs on the history of the fleet; study of the participation of the Russian fleet in World War I 1914-1918. The fund contains: plans for operations in the Baltic and Black Sea theaters in the period 1906-1914; a brief historical outline of the course of the war in the Northern theater and the creation of naval bases on it in the period 1914-1918; materials on the participation of naval units in March 1915 in the Memel operation, in 1917 in the Moonsund operation, on the state of the fleet after the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905, on the formation of the Riga and Chudsk military flotillas; materials on the participation of the Astrakhan-Caspian military flotilla in the civil war of 1918-1920, the history of the construction of the Volga-Caspian Canal; historical sketch of the Volga-Caspian military flotilla; information about the Odessa naval port for 1915-1921; documents on the history of the aviation of the Russian fleet (1866-1914); a collection of documents on the Ice crossing of ships and vessels of the Baltic Fleet in 1918; historical information about the Dnieper military flotilla during the civil war; materials on the combat operations of river fleets on the Volga, Kama and Belaya rivers in 1918-1919; materials about the military operations of the Far Eastern military flotilla in the campaign of 1929; documents relating to the combat operations of units and ships of the Pacific Fleet during the Khasan events of 1938; materials on the history of the Spanish Republican Navy and the participation of Soviet naval specialists in the Spanish Civil War; materials on the history of the submarines "Shch-324", "Shch-311", "S-1", the cruiser "Kirov", the battleship "October Revolution", the destroyer "Karl Liebknecht" and their participation in the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939 -1940s

"MARITIME DEPARTMENT OF THE POLITICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE REVOLUTIONARY MILITARY COUNCIL OF THE REPUBLIC".

Moscow. 1922-19??

F. r-897, 69 items, 1919-1926

Management of political, party and political-educational work in the Red Navy; inspection survey of the political agencies of the fleets. The fund contains: regulations on the political departments of fleets and flotillas; reports, summaries of the political departments of the fleets and flotillas on party political enlightenment work and the political and moral state of the personnel; minutes and verbatim records of the conference of communist sailors.

"DEPARTMENT OF AIR DEFENSE OF THE WORKERS' AND PEASANTS' NAVY".

Moscow. 1939-19??

F. R-1879, 22 items, 1939-1940

"EDITORIAL AND PUBLISHING DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY FORCES OF THE USSR".

Leningrad. 1922-1927

• "Editorial and Publishing Department of the Naval Staff of the Republic". Petrograd. 1922.
• "Editorial and Publishing Department of the People's Commissariat for Maritime Affairs". Petrograd. 1922-1923.
• "Editorial and Publishing Department of the Naval Forces of the USSR". Leningrad. 1923-1927.

Fund r-16, 617 items, 1917-1927

Publication of materials on the scientific, educational, political and technical activities of naval institutions, dissemination of naval knowledge among the personnel of the fleet and the population of the country. The fund contains: brief historical information about naval publishing institutions for 1917-1922; department orders; materials on the state of military publishing in the USSR for 1925-1926; anniversary collection of articles dedicated to the 5th anniversary of the Red Fleet; manuscripts and typewritten texts of plays, articles and essays; personal file of the editor of the department of the writer VV Vishnevsky; photographs on the history of the revolutionary movement in the navy, senior officials of the Navy and ships of the military river fleets that took part in the civil war; personnel information.

"SUPPLY DEPARTMENT OF THE CENTRAL ESTABLISHMENTS OF THE MARITIME COMMISSARY".

Moscow. 19??-19??

F. r-590, 28 items, 1922-1923

"ARKHANGELSK CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY".

Arkhangelsk. 19??-19??

F. r-57, 3 items, 1940-1941

The fund has preserved: materials of the party organization.

"LENINGRAD CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT OF THE WORKERS' AND PEASANTS' NAVY".

Leningrad. 1939-1940

• "Construction of N 112 of the Construction Department of the Workers' and Peasants' Navy". Leningrad. 1939.
• "Leningrad Construction Department of the Construction Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Navy". Leningrad. 1939-1940.

F. r-2076, 11 items, 1939-1941

"NIZHNY NOVGOROD TRANSPORT AND LOGGING DEPARTMENT OF THE MAIN MARITIME TECHNICAL ECONOMIC DEPARTMENT".

Nizhny Novgorod. 1919-1922

• "Main Administration of the Military Ports of the Volga River and the Caspian Sea, Supply of the Volga-Caspian Military Flotilla (Glavuprapor)". Nizhny Novgorod. 1919-1920.
• "Commission for the procurement and delivery of firewood for the Volga-Caspian military flotilla (Nizhdrovmor)". Nizhny Novgorod. 1920.
• "Management of logging and water transport of the military fleet of the seas of the Caspian, Azov, Black and Volga regions (Upravlesmorkom)". Nizhny Novgorod. 1920-1921.
• "Nizhny Novgorod tree-logging department of the Petrovsky military port". Nizhny Novgorod. 1921.
• "Nizhny Novgorod Transport and Logging Department of the Main Marine Technical Economic Administration". Nizhny Novgorod. 1921-1922.

F. r-147, 148 items, 1918-1922

Harvesting firewood and timber, supplying them to institutions of the maritime department, ports of the Volga-Caspian basin. The fund contains: orders for the department; personnel information.

"FINANCIAL DEPARTMENT UNDER THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARIATE OF THE NAVY".

Moscow. 1933-19??

F. r-916, 339 items, 1933-1941

Drawing up the annual budget of the People's Commissariat and submitting an annual report on it; making payments on centralized orders of departments and departments; development of tariffs and provision of monetary allowances to the personnel of the fleet; preparation of annual and quarterly financial and cash plans of the Commissariat; checking estimates of departments and departments of the People's Commissariat and monitoring their use; control over the spending of funds in units and institutions of the fleet; development and implementation of a system of accounting and reporting on the funds of the fleet. The fund contains: orders of the head of the department; correspondence on the reorganization of financial bodies; personnel materials.

DEPUTY

"DEPUTY COMMANDER OF THE MARITIME FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC FOR TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PART".

Petrograd. 1918-1921

• "Authorized by the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic in Petrograd for the supply of the fleet." Petrograd. 1918-1919.
• "Manager of the technical and economic part of the maritime department." Petrograd. 1919.
• "Assistant manager of affairs of the People's Commissariat for Maritime Affairs for the technical and economic part (Pomorkom)". Petrograd. 1919-1920.
• "Deputy Commander of all Naval Forces of the Republic for the technical and economic part." Petrograd. 1920-1921.

F. R-2, 209 items, 1918-1921

Organization of work on the construction, repair and armament of ships, the supply of personnel with weapons, food and uniforms. Management of the activities of the main departments of shipbuilding, marine economic, hydrographic, marine technical. The fund contains: a program for the restoration of the fleet; materials on the liquidation of the Dnieper and West Dvina fleets and some ports of the Republic, on the construction of the Svir hydroelectric power station; reorganization of the economic and financial parts of the maritime commissariat; lists of former officers of the Black Sea Fleet (1920); personnel information.

ASSISTANTS

"AN ASSISTANT OF THE EXTRAORDINARY AUTHORIZED COUNCIL OF WORKERS' AND PEASANTS' DEFENSE FOR THE SUPPLY OF THE RED ARMY AND FLEET FOR THE MARINE PART".

Moscow. 1920-1921

F. r-1531, 84 items, 1920-1921

Management of the provision of the fleet with all military supplies and materials for the construction, repair and armament of ships, naval fortifications and structures. The fund contains: orders of the Assistant Commissioner for Supply; minutes of meetings on the distribution of metals and liquidation of the Dnieper flotilla; a plan for supplying the fleet with clothing allowances for 1921; personnel information.

"OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT CHIEF OF THE NAVY FORCES FOR THE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PART".

Moscow. 1921-1926

• "Marine technical and economic management". Petrograd. 1921.
• "Main Marine Technical and Economic Department". Petrograd. Moscow. 1921-1924.
• "Department of the Assistant Chief of the Naval Forces for the technical and economic part". Moscow. 1924-1926.

F. r-12, 1363 items, 1920-1926

Technical and economic management of the construction and repair of ships of the fleet, ports and facilities of the People's Commissariat for Maritime Affairs; inspection of technical work in ports, institutions and ships of the fleet; management of the economy in ports and on ships of the fleet; resolving issues of supplying materiel and personnel; drawing up a general financial estimate of the maritime commissariat. The fund contains: materials on the organization of ship-lifting and rescue operations on the Baltic Sea in 1921; lists of ships of the Dnieper military flotilla with indication of tactical and technical data. The fund deposited: memoirs of the Assistant Commander of the Naval Forces of the Republic for the technical and economic part of P.I. Kurkov about M.V. Frunze and his attitude to the fleet.

REPRESENTATIVES

"REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MAIN DEPARTMENT OF SHIPBUILDING FOR RESHIPMENT OF CARGO OF THE MARINE DEPARTMENT IN ARKHANGELSK".

19??-19??

F. r-542, 11 items, 1917-1918

COMMISSIONS

"CENTRAL DEPARTMENTAL COMMISSION OF THE PEOPLE'S COMISSARIATE FOR MARINE AFFAIRS FOR THE FIGHT AGAINST BRIBERY".

Moscow. 1922-19??

F. r-1544, 29 items, 1922-1923

General leadership in the fight against bribery; consideration of complaints about cases of bribery taking place in subcommittees and central institutions of the maritime commissariat; drawing up reports to the legislative department of the Department of Affairs of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic on all cases of detection of bribery. The fund contains: minutes of meetings of the Central and local naval commissions.

"MARITIME HISTORICAL COMMISSION UNDER THE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT OF THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE WORKERS' AND PEASANTS' RED FLEET".

1918-1926

• "Naval Historical Commission for compiling the history of the war at sea 1914-1918 at the Naval Academy". Petrograd. 1918.
• "Naval Historical Commission for the Study and Use of the Experience of World War I 1914-1918 at the Naval Academy". Petrograd. 1918-1923.
• "Naval Historical Commission for the study of the experience of world and civil wars". Petrograd. 1923.
• "Naval Department of the Military Historical Commission". Petrograd. 1923-1924.
• "Marine Historical Commission under the Historical Department of the Operational Directorate of the Headquarters of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet". 1924-1926.

F. R-29, 553 items, 1907-1926

Compilation of the history of World War I 1914-1918. at sea and a comprehensive scientific study of her experience; study of the revolutionary movement in the navy in I world war 1914-1918 and the time preceding it, the participation of the fleet in the civil war. The fund contains: materials on the revolutionary movement in the navy before the October Revolution and the political situation in the country on the eve of the revolution; on the actions of the fleet in World War I 1914-1918. and the civil war of 1918-1920; about organization and work Central Committee the Baltic Fleet; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th congresses of sailors of the Baltic Fleet, 1st and 2nd Regional congresses of the army, navy and workers of Finland; information about the transfer of the library of the head of the academy N.L. Klado to the Maritime Academy; information on the personnel of the Moriscombe.

"PERMANENT ADMISSION COMMISSION UNDER THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSIONER OF THE USSR NAVY (PPK VMF)".

Leningrad. 1927-1941

F. r-890, 468 items, 1927-1941

The commission worked on the rights of the Central Directorate of the National Navy and reported directly to the people's commissar. Organization and conduct of state acceptance tests of newly built, overhauled and modernized combat and large auxiliary ships on all seas and rivers Soviet Union. The fund contains: orders, reports, regulations, states and correspondence about the organization of the Commission, reports on its work. Materials on the acceptance of the cruisers Profintern, Krasny Kavkaz, Voroshilov, destroyers Dzerzhinsky, Karl Liebknecht, Rykov, Yakov Sverdlov, Nezamozhnik, Angry, battleships"Paris Commune" and "October Revolution", submarines "Revolutionary", "Spartakovets", "Yakobinets", "Decembrist", "Metallist", patrol ships "Hurricane", "Typhoon", "Cyclone", "Shkval", "Storm", mine layer "Kolkhoznik".

"SUPREME MARITIME INVESTIGATION COMMISSION".

Petrograd. 1917-1918

F. r-1734, 38 items, 1917-1918

Conducting investigative cases on issues of abuse of power, violation of guard duty, investigation of cases of theft, murder, embezzlement of public money and abuses committed by sailors, officers and employees of units and institutions of the fleet. The fund contains: investigative files on the attempt to blow up the cruiser "Aurora" in March 1918; purchase, sailing and death of the cruiser "Peresvet"; fire and explosion in the Marine Central Aeronautical Warehouse on the Gutuevskaya dam on December 18, 1917; minutes of general meetings of commission employees.

"CENTRAL COMMISSION OF THE MARINE DEPARTMENT FOR DETERMINATION OF FLOOD LOSSES".

Leningrad. 1924

F. r-651, 8 items, 1924

Adoption of flood protection measures for the institutions of the maritime commissariat; drawing up estimates for losses caused to the Main Naval Port of the Baltic Sea, units and institutions of the maritime commissariat. The fund has preserved: reports and protocols, estimates, reports on measures taken to ensure the institutions of the maritime commissariat from flooding.

SUBCOMMISSIONS

"SUBCOMMISSION OF THE EVACUATION COMMISSION OF THE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE OF THE REPUBLIC FOR THE UNLOADING OF PETROGRAD".

Petrograd. 1918-1919

• "Commission of the Marine Commissariat for the evacuation of the Petrograd region". Petrograd. 1918-1919.
• "Subcommittee of the Evacuation Commission of the Defense Council of the Republic for the unloading of Petrograd". Petrograd. 1919.

F. r-298, 45 items, 1917-1920

Evacuation of personnel, institutions, property of the maritime commissariat located in the Petrograd region and sent through it. The fund contains: minutes of the meetings of the Commission; materials on the preparation and evacuation of military ports, factories and institutions of the maritime department, transportation and inspection of evacuated property.

"MARITIME SUB-COMMITTEE FOR THE RESTORATION OF THE MILITARY INDUSTRY".

Petrograd. 1921-1922

Fund r-26, 68 items, 1921-1922

Development of measures to restore the military industry, tactical and technical specifications for the drafting of new military ships, coastal artillery installations, minefields, new port equipment, naval bases and factories. The fund contains: reports of the chairman of the subcommittee, A.V. a list of ships of the Naval Forces of the Baltic, Northern, Black, Caspian Seas and the Turkestan Flotilla; estimates for the overhaul of the battleships "Gangut", "Poltava", "Marat", "Paris Commune" and the cruisers "Svetlana", "Izmail" in 1922-1923. at the Baltic Shipbuilding and Mechanical Plant; estimates for the movement of tower installations from the ships "Andrew the First-Called", "John Chrysostom", "Evstafiy" and "Panteleimon" to coastal fortifications; information about the state of the Baltic shipbuilding and mechanical factory and about the construction of submarines on it; personnel materials.

COMMITTEES

"CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF FACTORIES AND PORTS OF THE MARITIME OFFICE".

Petrograd. 1917-1918

F. r-1403, 8 items, 1917-1918

Management and control over the activities of factories and ports; protection of the economic and political rights of workers and employees. The fund has preserved: minutes of the meetings of the Committee; correspondence on wage increases for workers and employees; personnel materials.

"CENTRAL PEOPLE'S INDUSTRIAL COMMITTEE, (MARITIME DEPARTMENT)".

Petrograd. 1917-1919

Fund r-25, 70 items, 1917-1919

Accounting and participation in the selection of property unnecessary to the maritime department; accepting it under the jurisdiction of the People's Industrial Committee; transportation inside the country of the property of the maritime department subject to evacuation; development of issues related to proposals for the reconstruction of the navy; development and drafting of projects for the reorganization of naval ports, shipbuilding and other factories serving the fleet; convening meetings to discuss and resolve various issues, both technical and economic, in connection with the use of the property of the maritime department; organizing the storage of property transferred to the Central People's Industrial Committee; collection of information about the needs of industrial and transport enterprises, which can be satisfied at the expense of the property of the maritime department. The fund contains: journals of the meetings of the Committee, minutes of meetings, reports on the demobilization and evacuation of property. Lists and information about the courts involved in military service.

"SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COMMITTEE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY FORCES".

Leningrad. 1923-1932

F. r-303, 1170 items, 1923-1932

Supervision and control of the technical projects of warships; monitoring the development by design organizations of tactical and technical specifications for the construction of new types of warships and the modernization of old ones; ensuring timely resolution of fundamental technical issues of new shipbuilding, pilotage of warships in ice conditions; management of design and research organizations on the development and programs of experimental and research work on the construction and commissioning of ships; solution of technical issues of operation of the material part of the ships. The fund contains: materials on the design, manufacture and testing of various types of naval weapons, radio installations, radio and electrical appliances; work plans and estimates of the NTC, work reports; journals of plenary sessions; personnel information.

"SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COMMITTEE OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSARY OF THE NAVY".

Leningrad. 1938-...

F. r-2040, 236 items, 1938-1941

Supervision and control of the technical projects of warships; management of design and research organizations on the development of plans and programs for experimental and research work on the construction and commissioning of ships. The fund contains: correspondence on tactical and technical assignments, clarifications of projects commissioned by the NTK; feedback on inventions and proposals; information on the personnel of the NTC.

MEETINGS

"SPECIAL INTERDEPARTMENTAL LIQUIDATION MEETING OF THE MARINE DEPARTMENT".

Petrograd. 1918-1919

• "Conference on the liquidation of orders of the maritime department at the Main Directorate of Shipbuilding". Petrograd. 1918-1919.
• "Special interdepartmental liquidation meeting of the maritime department". Petrograd. 1919.

F. r-337, 709 items, 1912-1919

Revision of contracts, contract prices and the liquidation of orders from the maritime department for the construction of ships, the production of artillery and mine weapons, fortification and coastal construction. Solving issues related to the end of the war and the demobilization of the fleet, the liquidation of cases, works and orders of the maritime department and the identification of claims against it for property obligations and for payment of personal labor. The fund contains: contracts, agreements, certificates, statements from 1912.

The purpose and nature of the activities of the Navy require the presence in its composition of various branches of forces capable of solving both offensive and defensive tasks in remote and coastal areas.

The Navy consists of two components: naval strategic nuclear forces (NSNF), naval forces general purpose(MSON), as well as from the support forces, special troops and fleet services.

The Navy includes four types of forces: submarine forces; surface forces; naval aviation; coastal troops of the Navy.

Type of force - an integral part of the type of the Armed Forces, including units and formations that have their own combat means, weapons and equipment. Each type of forces has its own combat properties, uses its own tactics and is intended to solve operational, tactical, operational-tactical tasks. Kinds of forces, as a rule, operate in a certain geographical environment and are able to lead fighting independently and jointly with other forces.

In modern conditions, the main branches of the forces of the Navy, capable of most successfully solving the main offensive tasks of the fleet using conventional and missile nuclear weapons, are submarine forces and naval aviation.

Naval strategic nuclear forces are an integral part of the country's strategic nuclear forces. They are represented by missile submarines strategic purpose(rplSN) and are used in the operations of strategic nuclear forces according to the plan of the Supreme High Command.

Maritime forces general purpose include all branches of the forces of the Navy, are used to solve operational and tactical tasks, to conduct systematic combat operations.

The Coastal Forces, as a branch of the Navy, unites formations and units of the Marine Corps, Coastal Rocket and Artillery Troops (BRAV), and in certain regions of the Russian Federation, groups of coastal troops (Coastal Defense Troops).

Support forces, special troops and services of the fleet include the air defense forces of the fleet, formations and units of special troops and services (reconnaissance, marine engineering, chemical, communications, radio engineering, electronic warfare, missile technical, technical support, search and rescue, hydrographic), formations, units and institutions of the rear. The composition of the Russian Navy is shown in fig. 2.

Organizationally, the Navy of the Russian Federation consists of associations, naval bases, separate formations, units and institutions.

The Russian Navy is headed by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, who is one of the Deputy Ministers of Defense. The supreme body of the Navy, the Main Headquarters of the Navy and the Directorate of the Navy, is subordinate to him.

An association is a large organizational formation, consisting of formations and units of various branches of the forces of the Navy, capable of solving operational (sometimes strategic) tasks independently or in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces. Depending on the composition and scale of the tasks to be solved, formations can be operational-strategic, operational and operational-tactical.

The regionally deployed operational-strategic formations of the Russian Navy include: Northern, Pacific, Baltic and Black Sea Fleets, as well as the Caspian Flotilla. The basis of the Northern and Pacific Fleets are strategic missile submarines and multi-purpose nuclear submarines, aircraft-carrying, landing and multi-purpose surface ships, mine-sweeping ships and boats, diesel submarines, coastal missile and artillery troops and attack aircraft. The basis of the Baltic, Black Sea Fleets and the Caspian Flotilla is multi-purpose surface ships, mine-sweeping ships and boats, diesel submarines, coastal missile and artillery troops and attack aircraft.

The operational formations of the Navy include fleets(a flotilla of heterogeneous forces, a flotilla of rpl SN, a flotilla of multi-purpose submarines) and naval air force.

The operational-tactical formations of the Navy include squadrons (operational squadron, squadron of diverse forces, squadron of multi-purpose submarines, squadron of amphibious assault forces).

The regional deployment of the Navy requires the maintenance and development of independent basing infrastructures, shipbuilding and ship repair, all types of support, the basis of which is the historically established system of cities - naval bases in Russia.

A naval base (Naval Base) is a well-equipped and defended area of ​​the coast with the water area adjacent to it, which provides basing, comprehensive support, deployment and return of fleet forces. It includes, as a rule, several base points, as well as forces and means to maintain a favorable operational regime in the designated 8MB operational area of ​​responsibility.

The composition of formations and naval bases is not permanent. It is determined depending on the purpose, the nature of the tasks performed, the areas and directions in which they operate, as well as the conditions of the theater of operations.

A connection is a permanent organizational formation of ships and units, capable of independently deciding tactical tasks and participate in problem solving. The composition of compounds is determined by their regular structure. Designed for purposeful combat training and ease of control. The division is the main tactical formation. Brigade and division ships - tactical formations.

A division (brigade) of submarines, as a rule, consists of submarines of the same class (subclass). For example: a division of strategic missile submarines, a division (brigade) of torpedo submarines. Divisions (brigades) of surface ships consist of one or more classes (subclasses) of ships. For example: a division of rocket-but-artillery ships. A battalion as a tactical unit is a formation of rank 111 and IV ships. For example: a division of minesweepers, a division of missile boats, etc.

tactical part- This is a military formation capable of independently solving tactical tasks. Parts are: ships of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranks, groups of ships of the 4th rank, regiment (in naval aviation, marines, BRAV).

The part, in turn, consists of military units- small military formations. Typical divisions: warhead(service), ship of the 4th rank, squadron, air unit, battalion, company, platoon, etc.

Special troops and services designed to support the combat activities of the Navy and solve their special tasks are organizationally reduced to formations, units, subunits and institutions that are part of associations, formations and units of the Navy, and are also under central subordination. For example: a division of reconnaissance ships, a military construction detachment, a chemical protection battalion, a communications center, an electronic company, an electronic warfare squadron, an arsenal, bases and warehouses, a shipyard, a rescue ship brigade, a hydrographic detachment, an automobile company, a group of naval support vessels, etc. .

The organizational structure of the Russian Navy is shown in fig. 3.

The qualitative and quantitative composition of troops (forces) of fleets (flotillas) must correspond to the level and nature of threats national security Russian Federation in a particular region.

The variety of tasks solved by the fleet necessitates the specialization of ships, i.e. the construction of ships with certain qualities, which led to the need for their classification.

All ships and vessels in the Navy are divided into groups. The criterion for division is purpose. Five groups are distinguished: warships, combat boats, special-purpose ships, naval support vessels, raid vessels and support boats.

Warships and combat boats, i.e. the first and second groups determine the combat composition of the Navy and are designed to solve precisely combat missions.

The group of special-purpose ships includes special-purpose submarines, control ships, training ships, reconnaissance ships.

The group of offshore support vessels includes vessels for combat training, medical support, radiation safety and chemical protection, transport, rescue, navigational and hydrographic support.

The group of offshore support vessels includes vessels designed to support the activities of the fleet in the roads and harbors. To them from-; basic rescue vessels, self-propelled and non-self-propelled vessels are carried Maintenance, basic dry-cargo and tankers, tugs, raid boats, etc.

Within the groups, ships and ships of the Navy are divided into classes. The criteria for dividing into classes are the tasks to be solved and the main weapon. So, for example, submarines are divided into two classes, and surface ships into five classes.

Inside ship classes combat strength and special purpose ships are divided into subclasses. The criteria for dividing into subclasses are displacement, type of power plant, narrower specialization, cruising range.

Depending on the tactical and technical elements and purpose, as well as to determine the seniority of commanders, the legal status of the officers and the standards of logistics, warships are divided into ranks. The Russian Navy has four ranks of ships. The first is the highest. The division into classes and ranks is determined by the Regulations on the Classification of Ships and Vessels of the Navy.

6 depending on the design features of the ships of one and of the same subclass differ in types and designs.

The classification of the ship composition in different states has its own characteristics and is not constant. As the fleet develops, with a change in its tasks and armament of ships, new classes (subclasses) appear, and obsolete ones are excluded from the composition of the fleet. Thus, after the Second World War, in most states, the class of battleships and subclasses of escort aircraft carriers were excluded from the fleet, and the subclass of patrol ships was excluded from the US Navy. With the equipping of the fleet with rocket weapons, a class of rocket ships appeared.

the future of the fleet lies in multi-purpose, versatile ships capable of effective fight with air, surface, underwater and coastal targets. Therefore, the number of ship classes will be reduced. At the same time, there are specific tasks that require the use of special materials and design solutions in the construction of ships, for example, mine-ladder, landing ships, some special-purpose ships, the universalization of which is impractical.

– What tasks are being solved by the Naval Technical Directorate today?
- The main one is to ensure the technical readiness of the Navy ships. However, this is a whole range of tasks. These include maintaining and restoring the serviceable condition of ship equipment, power systems, hulls, providing ships with military equipment, ship repair materials, ship equipment, and many others.
Special attention The directorate pays attention to the technical combat readiness of nuclear submarines, the fight against accidents and the prevention of accidents in equipment on ships. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of ensuring the nuclear safety of ships with a nuclear power plant (NPP) throughout the entire life cycle of a ship - from the moment it is handed over to the fleet to complete disposal. Moreover, in the Ministry of Defense, our department is the only organization dealing with the problems of dismantling nuclear ships.
What are the problems management faces?
- First of all, this is a common problem for all the Russian Armed Forces - insufficient funding. About half of the ships in our fleet have extended overhaul periods and are operated with various restrictions. For some ships, the overhaul periods can no longer be extended due to their technical condition; they are objectively subject to exclusion from the Navy.
The extension of resource indicators has become one of the primary tasks. To solve it, bureaus are involved - ship designers, shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises. We are looking for ways and methods that allow us to save the maximum number of ships capable of performing tasks without restrictions on performance characteristics.
The lack of funding for ship repair leads to an increase in its duration and, accordingly, an increase in cost.
When providing ships with military-technical equipment, ship repair materials, ship equipment, we also face difficulties due to incomplete funding.
To date, the provision of the fleet with the main types of weapons and military equipment is about 89 percent of the required amount, and the level of purchases and maintenance of repairs does not ensure the replacement of the natural loss of material resources.
How do you think these problems can be solved?
- We develop and implement relevant measures in practice.
I will name the most significant of them.
This is primarily the organization of effective control over the technical condition of the ship. Timely reliable information makes it possible to rationally redistribute appropriations according to the priorities set by the Navy command. Methods of in-place diagnostics are being introduced, allowing timely detection of possible faults and prevent them at the level of the element base of machines and mechanisms, which gives a tangible economic effect. The same methods make it possible to switch to a system of maintenance of ship equipment according to its actual condition, which also gives serious money savings.
Management specialists are developing a mechanism for the transition to the supply of fleet ships with military-technical equipment as needed, make a reasonable adjustment of prices for ordered products, which achieves significant budget savings.
- And what about the technical support of the heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov"?
- This ship is unique for the Russian fleet. Only he is able to carry on board and ensure the use of fighter and attack ship aviation.
The experience of technical support of this type of ships began to take shape in the mid-seventies, when the lead ship of this project, the TAKR "Kyiv", was accepted into the USSR Navy, and accumulated during the operation of it and all subsequent ships of the series.
The commissioning of the Kuznetsov historically coincided with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent prolonged underfunding of the technical support of both the entire Navy and this ship in particular. For this reason, and due to the fact that domestic aircraft carriers were built in Ukraine in Nikolaev, and a large number of design organizations and factories throughout the USSR participated in the design and manufacture of equipment and armament of the ship, many problems arose related to the repair of both the entire ship and and its individual equipment. The solution of these problems required significant financial outlays, the combined efforts of the military administration of the Navy and the Northern Fleet, design organizations, ship repair enterprises and industrial plants in Russia.
Now it's all behind. The ship is again technically sound, capable of performing any tasks anywhere in the oceans.
An aircraft carrier is an expensive, but the most durable ship. With skillful maintenance and competent operation, timely and high-quality repairs, it is able to serve the country for decades, protecting its vital interests ...
– What is the Technical Directorate of the Navy now? Who works here, serves?
- First of all, our management is a team of professional specialists, the most experienced and qualified mechanical engineers. They served on submarines and surface ships, shipyards and reactor recharging plants of the Navy, in the technical departments of the fleets and in the electromechanical services of the formations and associations of ships. Despite material and social difficulties, each of them fulfills his duties with honor. More than half of the officers are graduates of the Naval Academy.
The pride of management is its best, most experienced specialists. Among them are Rear Admiral Andrey Vladimirovich Stepanov, captains 1st rank Oleg Alexandrovich Glushkov and Valery Leonidovich Lyubimtsev, employees Tamara Ivanovna Bukina, Tamara Grigorievna Kochetkova, Tamara Vasilievna Shikalova, Nina Nikolaevna Ozhereleva.
However, we also have a personnel problem - officers who have extensive experience in serving on ships and vessels of the fleets do not show a desire to be transferred to Moscow. The reasons are obvious: the absence of any housing, the inevitable expectation of it for several years, low (compared to commercial structures and structures staffed by civil servants) monetary allowance, high prices in the capital ... It is even more difficult with civilian personnel. Even unskilled housing and communal services workers in Moscow do not have such modest salaries as those of management employees. But work in the central body of military command requires special qualifications and experience. Therefore, staffing the Technical Directorate of the Navy is a task that has to be solved literally every day, and every officer and employee is cherished.
– Nikolai Dmitrievich, the various transformations that took place in our country also affected the Russian fleet. How did the perestroika of the 1980s affect the department you lead? What were the nineties like for him?
- We can say with confidence that by the mid-80s the GTU was a full-fledged central body of the Navy with high authority in the center and in the fleets and with good traditions. However, the following years became a time for a thorough reorganization of the bodies and control system of the electromechanical service of the Navy both in the center and in the fleets. First of all, the Department of Ship Equipment of the GTU of the Navy was reorganized into the Logistics Support Service with a noticeable and completely unreasonable reduction in staffing. Then the GTU of the Navy itself was reorganized into the Main Directorate for Operation and Repair (GUER) of the Navy. It was based on the previously existing structure of the GTU of the Navy with some reduction in numbers. They included in the GUER the services of rocket-artillery, mine-torpedo and radio-technical weapons, removing them from the corresponding departments subordinate to the head of shipbuilding and weapons of the Navy.
All this was done in order to improve the organization of the complex repair and technical support of the Navy ships. However, the GUER could not really become a single body responsible in the complex for the technical support of the ships. It was not in charge of issues of navigational weapons, means of communication and chemical economy, which remained under the jurisdiction of the relevant departments. The rocket-artillery, mine-torpedo and radio-technical services turned out to be divorced from the ordering departments. Other unfortunate phenomena also emerged.
In 1993, the MTO service was again reorganized into a department, but not of ship equipment, but with a different name (MTO). The GUER itself was again transformed into the Main Technical Directorate of the Navy. It included: the Technical Directorate of the Navy; Logistics Department; organizational planning and financial departments; secret department.
On October 1, 1992, the post of Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy - Head of the Main Directorate of the Navy was abolished, which removed the Main Directorate of the Navy (and therefore the GTU of the Navy) from direct subordination to the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. On December 1, 1994, the Naval Technical Directorate was renamed the Operations and Repair Directorate, and the Logistics Directorate again became the Ship Equipment and Materials Directorate. And on December 1, 2006, the Main Technical Directorate of the Navy was reorganized into the Technical Directorate of the Navy.
Of course, with all the regular and structural transformations that could not be painless, the responsibility of our specialists for the readiness of ships to solve problems in the name of the Fatherland's security remained unchanged. They always cheered for the fleet and did everything in their power to make it worthy of Russia, a great maritime power.

Dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the test site on Novaya Zemlya.
under the general editorship of the scientific director of the RFNC VNIIEF, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.N. Mikhailova
Institute for Strategic Stability Federal Atomic Energy Agency (Rosatom).
Federal Office of Biomedical and Extreme Problems under the Ministry of Health and social development Russian Federation

Institute for Strategic Stability, 2004
This publication may not be reproduced, transmitted, distributed or used for commercial purposes in any way.

PART 1

DEPARTMENT UNDER THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE NAVY

To create a domestic nuclear fleet, it was necessary to solve many complex scientific, technical and organizational problems. The essay is devoted to the organizational and technical measures taken in the Navy in 1949 - 1954 to find ways to implement the achievements of nuclear physics in naval armaments and ship power engineering.

Test of the first atomic bomb in the USSR took place on August 29, 1949. Ten days later, on September 8, the Minister of the Armed Forces Marshal of the Soviet Union A. M. Vasilevsky ordered the fleet to start developing new weapons. To do this, it was prescribed to form a special department under the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. The department was assigned the number 6 and it reported directly to the Commander-in-Chief, and with the formation of the Naval Ministry - from February 22, 1950 to March 15, 1953 - to the Naval Minister. The department was literally attached to the minister, occupying 4 rooms and the office of one of his deputies. This emphasized the importance of the department, whose activities were regulated by a special regime of secrecy.

The department was created to ensure the development of atomic weapons for the fleet, methods of their use in combat operations at sea, as well as the protection of fleet facilities from enemy atomic weapons. In the course of his activity, the personnel of the department had to deal with other issues. When formed, the department consisted of twenty officers and four employees. Captain 1st rank Pyotr Fomich Fomin, who previously worked as deputy head of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Navy, was appointed head.

The staffing structure of the department included the following areas:

ship - head captain 2nd rank A. V. Selyanin;

armament - chief captain 1st rank N.P. Dashkov;

scientific and technical - head captain 2nd rank A.N. Voshchinin;

fortification - head Colonel E.N. Barkovsky;

operational-tactical - chief captain 2nd rank S.S. Satunin;

chemical-radiation - chief major V. G. Markovsky;

Aviation - Head Colonel B. M. Burashev;

medical - head colonel V.V. Chumakov.

Initially, Captain 1st Rank M.A. Moryakhin was engaged in the selection of personnel, and from January 1951, Major A.V. Kazakov. As the tasks expanded, the structure and staffing of the department changed. Four years later, by the time the department was reorganized into management, its number had tripled.

The status of the 6th department was determined by the Regulation, which was approved on July 3, 1950 by the Minister of the Navy, Admiral I.S. Yumashev. It was written in it: “The 6th department under the Naval Minister is on the rights of the Directorate of the Naval General Staff.”

The initial period of the department's work was difficult, since none of the officers and employees of the department had either a special education in atomic and nuclear physics or work experience in these areas. No information about the device and operation nuclear charges there was no, except for scanty information about explosions at the Semipalatinsk test site, which was conditionally called Training Ground No. 2. There was also no developed concept of what kind of nuclear weapons our fleet needs. It was not clear how to defend against this formidable weapon. Only on submarines could a recommendation be given - to dive to a depth, that is, to hide under the water column. And here an important role was played by the high general engineering and military training naval officers and skillful recruitment.

Service in the 6th Department under the Minister of the Navy (6th Department of the Navy) required special responsibility, burdened with high secrecy. The officers in the shortest possible time had to master a large amount of physical and technical knowledge in the field of the use of nuclear energy, participate in complex experiments and tests. In addition, the employees of the department had to be healthy and young, able to work for a long time together with the creators of nuclear weapons, participate in its testing and operation in the fleets.

All candidates selected for positions to work in the 6th department agreed on admission with the relevant department of the USSR State Security Committee, and after agreement they signed a non-disclosure agreement on military and state secrets that would become known to them in the course of work.

Giving preference to qualified young people, graduates of higher educational institutions were appointed to serve in the Department. For example, lieutenants V. L. Serebrenikov, Yu. S. Pivovarov, L. A. Kashnikov arrived from the Higher Engineering and Technical School, and O. G. Kasimov, A. A. Kurmaev, L. L. Kolesov. But most of all there were officers who graduated from the Naval Academy of Shipbuilding and Armament. A. N. Krylova. These are captains of the 3rd rank B.M. Abramov, E.A. Nikolaev, N.N. Zhukov, Lieutenant Commander V. A. Timofeev. I also ended up in the Department of the VMAKV them. A.N. Krylov.

Many of these officers subsequently became candidates of technical sciences, and captain 2nd rank Yu. S. Yakovlev defended his doctoral dissertation without interruption from service.

The high business qualities and professionalism of the officers selected at that time to work in the field of nuclear weapons are evidenced by their promotion, as well as the assignment of high military ranks. So, in the process of further service, P.F. Fomin, A.N. Voshchinin, Yu.S. Yakovlev, N.G. Kutuzov, E.A. Shitikov, lieutenant general - E. N. Barkovsky, rear admirals - I. G. Ivanov, V. V. Rakhmanov, B. A. Kokovikhin.

The officers who arrived at the department for service independently studied all the material available at that time on atomic topics. First of all, they studied the book by M. I. Korsunsky “The Atomic Nucleus”, studied material from the American magazine “Nucleonics” and scanty intelligence reports on US nuclear weapons. We selectively studied reports on tests of naval equipment at the Semipalatinsk test site, as well as the report of Captain 2nd Rank A. M. Khokhlov, who was present at American tests of atomic weapons and ships in the waters of Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean in 1946.

Some strokes of the activity of that period cause a smile today. While studying, they often wrote down in top secret notebooks various information from open textbooks on atomic physics, popular brochures telling about the principles of the atomic bomb.

The period of self-training for officers lasted about a year. After that, a period of teaching others and establishing contacts with the scientific world and designers began.

P.F. Fomin sought and strengthened ties with prominent scientists of the country M. A. Lavrentiev, M. A. Sadovsky, A. P. Aleksandrov, N. N. Semenov, E. K. Fedorov and others. The officers of the department established contacts with researchers from institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Thus, business ties were established between the Navy and research institutes and design bureaus.

The acquired knowledge was brought to the attention of the officers of the Naval General Staff and the central directorates of the Navy, within the limits of the permissible. The 6th department organized and conducted a large series of lectures for admirals and officers of the central office on physical principles and the design of nuclear charges, the features of their operation and combat use. Particular attention was paid to the damaging factors of nuclear explosions. Separately, a number of lectures were prepared and conducted by officers of the department for the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy and his deputies. These classes with a small group of honored combat admirals took place in a simple business atmosphere and aroused great interest in them, the speakers were asked many questions. Most of the classes were conducted by physicists O. G. Kasimov, A. A. Rakov, L. L. Kolesov. Screenings of films shot during full-scale tests at the Semipalatinsk test site were organized. A sector of naval weapons was created at this training ground, it was led by Captain 2nd Rank A.P. Novikov. For all tests, the personnel of the sector exhibited ship weapons and marine equipment on the experimental field to test for explosion resistance.

Naval equipment was tested at different distances from the center of the battlefield and was subjected to damage of varying degrees. Many samples were installed on the field during the tests of the first atomic bomb in August 1949 and hydrogen bomb in August 1953. They tested ship artillery mounts, command and rangefinder posts, torpedo tubes, anti-submarine bombers, sea anchor mines, mine defenders and other equipment. Based on the test results, a general report was compiled (by hand, for reasons of secrecy) and private reports for each type of equipment. Based on the reports, recommendations were made to the developers of ships and weapons - to improve their anti-nuclear protection (PAZ); builders - to increase the security of naval bases (Naval Base); physicians - to develop measures for the prevention of radiation sickness. The employees of the department A. N. Voshchinin, E. N. Barkovsky, A. V. Selyanin, Yu. S. Yakovlev, A. A. Enkov, I. G. Ivanov, N. P. Dashkov, A. A. Puchkov, I. I. Voronin, S. D. Ivoninsky, V. L. Serebrenikov, V. G. Markovsky.

Already at the stage of land tests, the uneven strength of ship elements was revealed under the influence of various damaging factors atomic explosion. Together with the operators, they developed anti-nuclear warrants so that two large ships would not be hit by one medium-power atomic bomb. Realizing that the calculations were made with great approximation, the distances between the ships in the warrant were determined with a margin.

To train the personnel of the ships in actions in the conditions of the use of nuclear weapons, the senior officer of the department, Captain 2nd Rank V. I. Bushkin, designed an explosion simulator and received a copyright certificate. The time has come for a more purposeful influence on the combat training of the fleets in the conditions of the use of nuclear weapons by a potential adversary.

As a matter of priority, it was necessary to transfer all available information on nuclear weapons to the personnel of the fleets and future officers of the fleet. For this purpose, we have developed Required documents on the organization of special training for cadets of naval schools, they were approved by the command of the Navy.

Thus, under the leadership of the 6th Department of the Navy, a system was organized to train personnel on the basics of nuclear weapons, questions of their use in combat operations at sea, and methods of protection against the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

It became clear that shipboard nuclear weapons were needed. First of all, attention was paid to naval artillery surface ships, torpedo weapons of submarines, missile weapons of the Navy and Navy aviation.

For torpedo weapons, they prepared a TTZ for a nuclear munition for a torpedo being developed and issued a TTZ for the warhead of an anti-ship aviation cruise missile.

The 6th Department of the Navy also oversaw the development of the Strela cruise missile for coastal installations designed to protect naval bases. However, in October 1953, the Minister of Defense of the USSR freed the 6th department from work related to aviation cruise missiles, since a department of atomic weapons was formed in the office of the commander of the aviation of the Navy and the post of assistant commander of the aviation of the Navy for special weapons was introduced. It was occupied by Lieutenant General P.N. Lemeshko

Seriously the problem of nuclear warheads cruise missiles took up later, when V.N. Chalomey began to create cruise missiles for the Navy. The first studies on the most cruise missile for a submarine began in 1954. In the future, cruise missiles received wide application in the domestic fleet.

In September 1952, a new era began in Soviet shipbuilding. At the initiative of A.P. Alexandrova, I.V. Kurchatov and N.A. Dollezhal Stalin signed the decision to create a nuclear submarine. Work on it was carried out in strict secrecy, their financing was carried out through the MSM. This did not allow the fleet to make any demands on the boat during the design process, i.e. for more than a year, the fleet specialists did not actually participate in the work on the first nuclear submarine. Navy specialists - officers of the 6th department of the Navy - were involved in the design of a nuclear submarine by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of July 28, 1953. The general leadership was assigned to P.F. Fomin. Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Admiral of the Fleet N.G. On January 15, 1954, Kuznetsov ordered "the organization and management of all work on object 627 to be entrusted to the 6th department." The staffing of the submarine under construction was entrusted to P.F. Fomin. The appropriate officers were selected by shipbuilding specialists in the fleets. So, Boris Petrovich Akulov was appointed the first mechanical engineer for the experimental submarine K-3 with a nuclear reactor. Other specialists were also selected, among whom was the future Hero of the Soviet Union, assistant boat commander Lev Mikhailovich Zhiltsov.

In July 1954, the development of the technical design of the nuclear submarine was completed. Commander N.G. Kuznetsov decided to consider it by an expert commission of fleet specialists. The commission was headed by Rear Admiral A.E. Eagle, who later commanded the Northern and Baltic fleets. The commission included a group of specialists from the 6th Department of the Navy. They reviewed the design of a control, protection and heat control system for a nuclear power plant (NPP). The officers of the department I.D. worked in the commission. Dorofeev, B.M. Abramov and Yu.P. Babin.

The 6th department organized and staffed the control and receiving apparatus at all enterprises of the Soviet Union that participated in the creation of nuclear power for the submarine. The department formed two crews (except commanders) of this boat and organized special training for officers of the electromechanical warhead (BCH-5).

The last generalized documents on the nuclear boat, which are stored in the archives of the 6th department, refer to the period of preparation of the draft government decree on the technical design of the boat. The department was firmly of the opinion that instead of one large torpedo tube, it was necessary to place traditional tubes with a significant increase in the number of torpedoes. A. A. Enkov, Yu. K. Simonov, V. I. Koshkin, B. M. Abramov, S. I. Krylov worked in the shipbuilding direction of the 6th department during this period.

After the approval of the technical project 627, the nuclear specialists of the fleet were left with questions of dosimetric control in the compartments of the submarine. F. A. Kurmaev was engaged in them.

On August 9, 1957, the Project 627 submarine was launched, and on January 17, 1959, the fleet was accepted into trial operation. In the creation of the first nuclear boat, there is a certain contribution from the officers of the 6th department of the Navy.

The second important area of ​​activity of the department in the field of shipbuilding was the anti-nuclear protection (PAZ) of ships. The department prepared the "Temporary basic requirements for anti-nuclear protection in the design of surface ships of the Navy", put into effect by order of the Commander-in-Chief of July 17, 1954. Officers of the 6th Department of the Navy Yu. S. Yakovlev, V. V. Rakhmanov, V. A. Timofeev took an active part in their development.

The Ministry of the Shipbuilding Industry has sent out "Temporary Basic Requirements..." to all the Central Design Bureaus and research institutes of the industry to guide the design of new ships.

A new 10-year plan for military shipbuilding was being prepared, but there was no clarity in the combat stability of ships, especially surface ships, in the conditions of an atomic war. It was necessary to speed up the testing of ships with an atomic explosion.

The 6th Department of the Navy began preparations for testing ships of various classes for the impact of damaging factors of a full-scale underwater atomic explosion. It included organizational measures, scientific and methodological developments and hardware.

A special place in the activities of the department was occupied by military radioactive substances (WRM). In the late 1940s and early 1950s, information appeared about work in the United States on the use of radioactive substances to defeat enemy personnel in combat, including on ships. Research work on the BRV has also begun in our country. Waste from nuclear production and fuel elements could be used as a BRW. A mixture of these radioactive materials with a binder in the form of sticky formulations received a code name - the drug "SK".

In pursuance of the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of July 29, 1950, they planned research and development work on the “SK” problem. In the Medical Research Institute of the Navy (No. 17) and the Chemical Research Institute of the Navy (No. 10), special units were created - the 1st direction and the 15th direction, which in a special respect were subordinate to the head of the 6th department under the Commander-in-Chief. These areas were respectively headed by Doctors of Medical Sciences S.S. Zhikharev, and then by G.A. Zadgenidze, and Doctor of Chemical Sciences V.V. Kesarev.

Thematic plans for the special areas of NII-10 and NII-17 were developed with the participation of specialists from the 1st Main Directorate under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, which was headed by B. L. Vannikov.

The Council of Ministers of the USSR, by a decree of July 1, 1952, entrusted the Naval Ministry with carrying out special ground tests.

The tests were carried out in order to determine the degree of impact of the BRV on the personnel (experimental animals were used), the scale and duration of radioactive contamination of the external surfaces and internal spaces of the ship, weapons and equipment. Their main task was to develop measures to protect against BRW, including methods of decontamination. Despite the lack of experience with a significant amount of radioactive substances, the tests were carefully prepared and passed with all precautions. For each section of the tests, research methods, measurements of radiation levels and the density of radioactive contamination were developed. Medical research was carried out in a specially built radiation-biological laboratory and on a dedicated ship. The undermining of these products was led by P.F. Fomin.

In the event of the use of BRV by a potential enemy, recommendations were developed on the means of group and individual protection of personnel and methods for decontaminating contaminated surfaces. At the same time, tests have shown that it is not advisable to create weapons with BRV for the fleet. Officers of the 6th Department of the Navy G.A. took an active part in the events with the BRV. Stetsenko, O.G. Kasimov, A.A. Rakov, L.A. Kashnikov and others. Research work in the 6th department of the Navy on the subject of the BRV was headed by A.N. Voshchinin.

Participant of work with the BRV G.A. Stetsenko spoke about an attempt to use them in aviation: “In the 15th direction of Institute No. 10 of the Navy, a simple device was made with an active cobalt bar, placed for transportation in a lead container. They took him to the airport. Remotely installed this source in the cargo compartment of a prototype of the Tu-104 aircraft and “enlightened” it. We measured the radiation doses at the crew accommodations. Then we calculated the weights and dimensions of the radiation protection devices. And gasped! ... Difficult, heavy, cumbersome, and the combat effectiveness is small. As they say, more expensive. G.G. participated in these tests with me. Sergienko. An analysis of the research carried out in the Navy, including full-scale tests of the BRV, showed that it is not advisable to create weapons on their basis, but it is necessary to work out methods and means of combating radioactive contamination.”

In December 1956, the new Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Admiral S.G. Gorshkov, decided to completely stop work in the field of airborne missiles at the institutes of the Navy.

In the autumn of 1953, important events took place in the combat training of the army and navy. The order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR of November 5 "On the preparation of the Armed Forces for actions in the conditions of the use of nuclear weapons" was issued. The Commander-in-Chief of the Navy ordered the head of the 6th department to organize the development of guidelines, and this work "begin immediately."

For the further development of naval weapons and shipbuilding, the Navy needed to have a specialized research institute and a testing ground for testing naval nuclear weapons, as well as ships for the effects of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

In December 1952, Admiral N. E. Basisty, First Deputy Minister of the Navy, submitted a report to N. A. Bulganin, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, with a draft resolution on the establishment of such a research institute. To begin with, the Central Research Laboratory No. 14 of the Navy was created. In 1955, Institute No. 16 of the Navy was created on the basis of TsNIIL-14. The organizer of these scientific institutions and research in them was Yu.S. Yakovlev. In the same period, in 1954, on Novaya Zemlya, they began to create a testing ground for testing nuclear weapons and ships for the impact of the damaging factors of these weapons. During the creation of the test site, the first chiefs of its Experimental and Scientific Department were also officers of the 6th department V.P. Akhapkin, S.N. Sablukov, V.V. Rakhmanov, O.G. Kasimov. Through its alumni, the department pursued a unified scientific and technical policy on the nuclear weapons of the fleet.

Assessing the activities of the 6th Department of the Navy in the period 1949-1954, it should be noted that he was the initiator of revolutionary changes in the domestic fleet, as a result of which the fleet later became nuclear. Therefore, if we determine the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution in the fleet, the first milestone is the date of the formation of the 6th department under the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy.

Summing up the results of the activities of the 6th Department of the Navy, one cannot fail to say a few words about its creator, captain of the first rank, engineer P.F. Fomina. He was born on 01/05/1904. in the village of Terekhovo, Tver region. The family was peasant, with many children. Started working early. The thirst for knowledge of life led a fourteen-year-old boy to study in Petrograd. He fell by chance into a professorial family. In the future, this family taught him, gave him a higher education and a ticket to a great life. In the formidable 1919, a fifteen-year-old youth cannot imagine himself outside the turbulent events of the revolution and goes to civil war. Was wounded and demobilized.

Fomin came to the fleet voluntarily during the first Komsomol mobilization in 1922. Further study was multi-stage. The first stage ended with a secondment to the Naval Preparatory School in Leningrad to prepare for admission to the higher educational institution of the fleet. They became the Naval Engineering School and its shipbuilding department. Five intense years of study at the school laid a rich foundation for his knowledge and were the basis for comprehending a complex profession.

After graduating from college, a brilliant graduation, for two years P.F. Fomin worked as a junior military representative in the Commission for Supervision of the Construction and Repair of Ships of the Black Sea Fleet in Nikolaev. In Sevastopol, he became a senior military representative - a promising commander of a growing fleet.

As already an experienced specialist, P. F. Fomin was transferred to Moscow in March 1931, to the Naval Shipbuilding Department, where he became an assistant to the head of the shipbuilding department, while being at one time a senior military representative for a group of Moscow factories and TsAGI, fulfilling fleet orders.

A creative nature, Fomin, although burdened with considerable official duties, worked through the elements of ships at night. One of the projects was approved as an invention, and for it the author, on the orders of the Deputy People's Commissar of the Navy, received a reward of 10,000 rubles. The money was considerable at that time, and they helped the young family to settle down and settle down in the capital.

In 1935, a restless young specialist seeks admission to the faculty of military shipbuilding of the Naval Academy. K.E. Voroshilov, who trained specialists in mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and shipbuilders proper. The training of shipbuilders was carried out under the leadership of Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov. If after school P.F. Fomin received the title - ship engineer, then after graduating from the academy - shipbuilding engineer. The group in which he studied consisted of only a few people, so Academician Krylov knew all his students well.

When the second wave of mass arrests was transferred to Leningrad in 1938 from Moscow, A. N. Krylov tried to quickly distribute his pupils among factories and institutions without an official graduation ceremony from the academy. At his suggestion, Fomin was sent as a Commissioner of the Naval Shipbuilding Department to Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Pyotr Fomich came to the plant when it had not yet been completed, but was already building submarines, leaders, destroyers, and the hulls of two light cruisers were laid on it. The Pacific Fleet was commanded by the young flagship Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov, the future People's Commissar of the Navy, who played a significant role in Fomin's fate.

The officers who served at that time in Komsomolsk later admitted that they went through a real school with Fomin not only in shipbuilding, but also in the ability to get out of the most seemingly unsolvable situations from an engineering point of view.

In 1944, Fomin was offered to move to the apparatus of the Central Committee of the party and supervise military shipbuilding from Moscow. To the surprise and disappointment of the family, who lived in Komsomolsk in difficult housing and living conditions, he refused this job.

Instead of Moscow, Fomin was appointed Commissioner of the Shipbuilding Department in Nikolaev, liberated in March 1944, where he began his officer service. On the way from the Far East to a new duty station, the family stops in Moscow. For two months, Fomin has been discussing in all instances the problems of restoring military shipbuilding in the south of the country, carefully examining the documents saved before the surrender of Nikolaev to the Germans, and preparing draft decisions on Nikolaev plants.

He reported on the deplorable state of enterprises to the Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR A. N. Kosygin. The task was to quickly restore the Nikolaev plants named after. A. Marty and them. 61 Communards. Unfinished ships transferred to the eastern ports of the Black Sea during the war - 2 cruisers, 2 leaders, 4 minesweepers, a destroyer and a submarine - were to be returned for completion to the city of their laying.

At the beginning of the implementation of the post-war 10-year plan for military shipbuilding (1946 - 1955), the question arose sharply: to build ships according to projects previously mastered in production with the introduction of partial changes, or according to qualitatively new ones. The positions of the fleet and industry diverged sharply. The fleet, of course, was in favor of building ships according to new designs that fully took into account the experience of the past war. The industry considered such a program unrealistic. During the most heated debate, in March 1946, Admiral of the Fleet N.G. Kuznetsov decided to transfer the experienced practitioner P.F. Fomin to Moscow as a member of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Navy. Soon he became the head of the Shipbuilding Section, and then the deputy head of the NTK.

When the Shipbuilding Department of the Navy exhausted its arguments and possibilities in a protracted dispute with shipbuilders, the Commander-in-Chief sent P.F. Fomin to Leningrad with broad powers to resolve the issues of building ships according to new projects, in particular, patrol ships (SKR).

Acting extremely assertively, P. F. Fomin assembled an expert commission to review the project of the patrol ship 29bis, which included well-known shipbuilders: Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Yu. A. Shimansky, Professor V. G. Vlasov, Professor I. G. Khanovich and other specialists. Although the experts did not have a consensus, Fomin convinced the members of the commission to sign a conclusion: “Project 29bis does not meet ... the requirements for this type of patrol ships in terms of stability, unsinkability, seaworthiness and strength.” Such a conclusion, of course, required a transition to a new project.

The Ministry of the Shipbuilding Industry creates its own commission, which supports the project 29bis. P. F. Fomin organizes the conclusions of the research institutes and the central administrations of the fleet about the unsuitability of this project for mass construction. The commanders of the fleets also give a conclusion about the low seaworthiness of the operated patrol boats. The new Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Admiral I. S. Yumashev, submits all materials to the government.

Fomin's persistence in holding the line of the fleet and defending his interests before the shipbuilders knew no bounds. This question reached Stalin. It was here that Fomin made many enemies as a “obstinate shipbuilder”. In the end, the watchtowers under the 29bis project were not built.

In September 1945, the Navy's proposals for post-war shipbuilding were considered at a meeting with Stalin. It was attended by members of the Politburo of the CPSU (b) L. P. Beria, G. M. Malenkov and N. A. Bulganin. The shipbuilding industry was represented by People's Commissar I. I. Nosenko and his deputy A. M. Redkin, and the Navy was represented by People's Commissar N. G. Kuznetsov, his deputy L. M. Galler and the head of the Department of the Naval Academy S. P. Stavitsky . Of interest is the attitude of I.V. Stalin to the fleet after the appearance of nuclear weapons.

And here, for the first time, Stalin expressed his attitude towards battleships: “The British have serious bases overseas. The loss of these bases is tantamount to death, and they need to be kept in required quantities battleships. On the contrary, we have all the raw material bases within the country... This is our great advantage. Therefore, we do not need to copy England ... Another thing is, if you are going to “go to America”, then you need to have this ratio.”

But still, Stalin could not completely abandon the battleships, since he did not think of having a “squadron without a battleship”. Considerations of prestige also played an important role. Therefore, the Secretary General nevertheless proposed to build three battleships - one laid down since the pre-war period in Molotovsk (now Severodvinsk), and in three or four years to start building two more battleships.

With regard to aircraft carriers, Stalin's position is often distorted, presenting him as a principled opponent of this class of ships. Actually it is not. The Secretary General did not object to aircraft carriers, but did not include them in the number of ships of priority construction. In this regard, the dialogue between Stalin and Kuznetsov is typical when discussing post-war shipbuilding. The People's Commissar of the Navy, moving away from the original request, asked to build 4 large and 4 small aircraft carriers. Stalin replied: "Let's wait with both." Kuznetsov argued that "we have the weakest sector with aircraft carriers." To this, Stalin stated his position: “At this stage, we can do without them, since they are not needed at all in the Black and Baltic Seas, but on Far East we now have the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin.” True, in the future, Stalin, apparently having in mind the need for aircraft carriers of the Northern Fleet, asked the question: “Maybe we will build two pieces of small ones for now? - and after a short discussion he summarized: - Let's build two pieces of small ones.

And yet the commission of the Politburo (it included L. P. Beria, N. A. Voznesensky, N. G. Kuznetsov, I. I. Nosenko, A. I. Antonov, I. F. Tevosyan, D. F. Ustinov and A. M. Redkin), who prepared the final text of the decree on the ten-year plan for the construction of the Navy, did not include aircraft carriers in it. The leaders of Sudprom insisted on this, believing that the country was not yet ready to build such fundamentally new ships. Characteristically, in disputes between sailors and shipbuilders, before the war and during it, Stalin invariably supported the military, and after the war, industry.

Compared with the previous methods of compiling shipbuilding programs, I.V. Stalin after the war began to take more into account the production and economic capabilities of the country. This is one of the reasons for the reduction of the ten-year plan for the construction of the Navy. Aircraft carriers were not included in it - the leaders of Sudprom insisted on this - the country is not yet ready to build such fundamentally new ships.

When the Personnel Department presented a list of candidates for the post of head of the new department of the Navy, conditionally named the sixth, Fomin was not on it. Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Admiral I.S. Yumashev himself entered his last name and ordered to coordinate his candidacy with General V.A. Bolyatko, who was in charge of atomic affairs in the Ministry of the Armed Forces of the USSR. He had no objections. So Fomin became the head of the atomic department at the Civil Code of the Navy.

P.F. Fomin knew how to select people, idlers did not stay with him, he tried to encourage the hardworking more often. He brought up independence in subordinates, explaining that everyone should solve most of the issues in their specialty at the level of the head of the department. A man outwardly strict, stern, who loved clarity and clarity in everything, he was obligatory in a military way, he was a demanding leader, but at the same time he had a sense of humor and was comradely accessible to his subordinates. As a rule, he was surrounded by many friends - both of his age, and especially of the youth that he gathered around him. He found the most talented, original thinking, highly educated in the navy, in schools, in physical and technical institutes. Wherever Fomin worked, his team was well-coordinated, disciplined and as efficient as possible. Among ourselves, we called him affectionately and respectfully - “Fomich”.

Although the 6th Department of the Navy turned out to be extremely diverse in terms of the composition of specialists, service experience, and marital status, Fomin managed to put together a team whose cohesion was confirmed both by deed and by time.

An interesting detail was noted by Colonel S.L. Davydov in the behavior of the officers of our team at the Semipalatinsk training ground: “Ahead, like a flagship, was a dense, short stature, then captain of the first rank Pyotr Fomich Fomin, walked firmly with his head held high, not turning either to the left or to the right, and behind him so his subordinates, employees of the 6th Directorate of the Navy, strictly paced.

P.F. Fomin prepared carefully, worried and smoked a lot until the justifications for new proposals were polished, and then he went ahead. When I assumed the post of head of department, Pyotr Fomich recommended trying to report to the Commander-in-Chief one on one and explained why: in such an environment, S.G. Gorshkov often consults before making a decision, and sometimes he corrects the document himself. He rarely does this in front of strangers.

In his new position, in the department under the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Fomin immediately developed good relations with prominent scientists. The academics quickly recognized Pyotr Fomich and this created his authority among the nuclear scientists. The closest contacts were established with the developers of nuclear weapons N. L. Dukhov and K. I. Shchelkin. On tests of nuclear charges on Novaya Zemlya, he dealt with N. I. Pavlov, Yu. B. Khariton, E. A. Negin. Especially close relations were with G. A. Tsyrkov. In 1951, Fomin was awarded the rank of Rear Admiral.

With the transformation of the department into a directorate in 1954, he became the first head of the 6th Directorate of the Navy.

The Council of Ministers of the USSR, by a decree of April 13, 1955, ordered the Navy to test nuclear charges and ships on Novaya Zemlya. Responsibility for preparing for the tests was assigned to Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N. G. Kuznetsov and Rear Admiral P. F. Fomin. But Nikolai Gerasimovich soon had a heart attack, and all responsibility fell on Pyotr Fomich. He began to be assisted by the First Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Admiral N.E. Bassist, who flew in advance to Novaya Zemlya.

A lot depended on these tests, including the prospects for the fleet: the intensive development of nuclear weapons gave rise to doubts among the country's leadership about the advisability of building surface ships.

As you know, the fleet successfully coped with the first nuclear tests in sea conditions. The scientific and technical results of testing the target ships were summarized by a commission headed by P.F. Fomin. It included V. I. Pershin, M. V. Egorov, B. G. Chilikin, V. F. Bezukladov from industry, and A. K. Popov, A. I. Larionov, V. A. Sychev from the fleet. For these tests, Fomin was awarded the second Order of Lenin.

In April 1956, he led the Special Northern Expedition to select and equip the combat field on Novaya Zemlya for testing super-powerful nuclear charges, as well as low-power charges (they proposed to transfer them from the Semipalatinsk test site to Novaya Zemlya). The expedition landed on the uninhabited coast of the northern island of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago and did a lot of work in the Arctic to survey the territory and create a new battlefield for air tests, including the most powerful charges. Six years later, Fomin shared his experience of landing personnel and heavy equipment on an unequipped shore in stormy conditions in a note addressed to N.D. Sergeyev.

The highest density of tests of nuclear charges occurred in October 1958 (17 explosions), September - November 1961 (26 explosions) and August - December 1962 (36 explosions).

P.F. Fomin took part in all critical tests, including the detonation of the most powerful 50-megaton bomb in the world, live firing of ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and several types of torpedoes. As a rule, P.F. Fomin was the first deputy chairman of the State Commission, responsible for all landfill affairs, including the safety of testing.

P.F. Fomin paid much attention to the scientific and technical activities of the Novaya Zemlya test site, which was headed by combat commanders. Under him, methods for conducting air, underwater, surface and underground tests were mastered. On Novaya Zemlya, only one ground explosion of medium power took place, in which the radioactive contamination of the area was the largest compared to other types of explosions.

During this period, we basically achieved qualitative parity in nuclear weapons with the United States. For a series of tests P.F. Fomin was awarded the third Order of Lenin.

Thus, the shipbuilder P.F. Fomin led the nuclear armament of the fleet due to the ability to defend the interests of the fleet, great independence in work, constant striving for a new, impeccable biography from the point of view of the Soviet authorities, as well as the ability to work with people. Of no small importance was the fact that his business qualities were known to the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy N.G. Kuznetsov, I.S. Yumashev and S.G. Gorshkov.

The objective factors include the interconnection and mutual influence of shipbuilding and nuclear weapons. In shipbuilding, the complex problem of building ships according to new projects, taking into account their anti-nuclear protection, has arisen, and in charge building, the creation of small nuclear weapons for ship models of torpedo, anti-submarine and missile weapons.

The name of Pyotr Fomich Fomin will worthily go down in the history of military shipbuilding and in the history of the creation of the country's nuclear weapons.

It was necessary to equip the fleet with nuclear weapons and prepare its forces for combat operations in the conditions of the use of nuclear weapons by the enemy. New tasks were set for the department, partially functional responsibilities changed. It was necessary to organize the operation of nuclear weapons at all stages of their life cycle, ensuring their safety and security.

In accordance with the directive of the General Staff of April 5, 1954, the 6th Division was reorganized into the 6th Directorate, reporting not to the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, but to his first deputy. The activities of the 6th Division and the 6th Directorate of the Navy at different times were led by prominent naval commanders and shipbuilders: Admiral I.S. Yumashev (1949 - 1953), Admiral of the Fleet N.G. Kuznetsov (1953 - 1954), N. E. Basisty (1954 - 1956), Admiral A. G. Golovko (1956 - 1960), Admiral N. V. Isachenkov (1960 - 1965), Admiral P.G. Kotov (1965 - 1986). The head of the 6th Directorate of the Navy was subordinate to them.

Since 1956, the most important issues on nuclear weapons were decided by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union S.G. Gorshkov. Among the chiefs of the Main Staff of the Navy, Admirals of the Fleet N.D. Sergeev, G.M. Egorov, V.N. Chernavin.

The heads of the 6th Directorate of the Navy were Vice Admirals P.F. Fomin (1954 - 1966) and A.N. Voshchinin (1966 - 1975). I took over from A.N. Voshchinin in February 1975. Vice Admiral G.E. Zolotukhin took office as head of the Department on December 1, 1982. Deputy Head of Department in different years were Rear Admiral A.N. Voshchinin, Major General E.N. Barkovsky, Lieutenant General P.N. Lemeshko, Rear Admiral A.I. Kisov, Rear Admiral S.S. Andreev, captain 1st rank E.T. Nikitin. The maximum in the system of the 6th Directorate was 12 admiral posts: three - in Moscow, four - in the fleets, four - at the Novaya Zemlya training ground and one at the Institute in Leningrad.

During its formation, the 6th Directorate was the central body of the Navy for the development of new types of nuclear weapons, the solution of operational-tactical and technical issues related to its use, as well as the protection of naval facilities from it.

In the reorganization certificate prepared in March 1955, it was indicated that the 6th Directorate was in charge of development:

operational-tactical assignments and tactical and technical assignments for the design of naval samples of atomic weapons;

operational-tactical and technical issues of the use of nuclear weapons by the fleet;

organizational, technical and engineering measures for anti-nuclear protection of naval bases and ships;

measures for the combat training of the personnel of the fleet for actions in the conditions of the use of atomic weapons and their implementation through the bodies of the Main Staff of the Navy;

plans for research and development work on the use of nuclear weapons in the fleet and PAZ issues;

shipborne dosimetric equipment.

In addition, the Department was entrusted with the organization, preparation and testing of atomic weapons in sea conditions, as well as the continuation of tests of naval equipment at the land range of the Ministry of Defense.

In 1955, the 6th Directorate was subordinate to: Scientific Research Institute No. 16 (Leningrad), Scientific Testing Ground for Testing Weapon Samples (Priozersk), Marine Scientific Testing Ground for Testing Nuclear Weapons on Novaya Zemlya, Detachment of Ships special purpose, serving the MO range. Later there were reorganization measures.

Five years later, the system of the 6th Directorate of the Navy included the State Central Training Ground No. 6 of the Ministry of Defense, the Training Center of the Navy, bases in Moscow and Severodvinsk, and the Reserve Group of Assembly Brigades. He was also subordinated in a special respect to the sixth departments of the Combat Training Directorate of the Navy, the Main Directorate of Shipbuilding of the Navy and under the head of the Higher Educational Institutions, the departments of special weapons of the Northern, Pacific, Baltic, Black Sea fleets and the Kamchatka military flotilla, the Marine branch of the 12th Central Research Institute with a training ground at Lake Ladoga(only as a executor of orders on marine scientific topics), Department No. 6 of the Naval Academy, Department of Weapons of Naval Educational Institutions.

For security reasons, the departments in the 6th Directorate itself had no names, except for numbers. Due to multiple reorganizations, department numbers have changed. Therefore, it is advisable to highlight the actual areas of work, and not the numbers of departments. There were six such major areas: the development of nuclear weapons, the testing of nuclear charges, the nuclear-technical support of fleets, the combat use of nuclear weapons, capital construction, radiation and medical support, as well as personnel and regime work.

Legally, 6 the Naval Administration was not a customer of nuclear weapons, but actually played the role of a customer at the stage of nuclear warhead development: from conception (preparation of a draft government decree on the creation of a new nuclear warhead) to adoption (by government decree). These draft resolutions were prepared by the Navy. At the stage of the order and serial production, the 12th Main Directorate of the Ministry of Defense was the customer of the nuclear warhead.

By the time the 6th Directorate of the Navy was formed in April 1954, aircraft samples were tested in the USSR. nuclear bombs large medium and small calibers, which could be single-handedly allocated to the fleet for use in naval operations.

The problem was to create new types of charges that could be used in relatively small ship weapons.

The second problem was the choice of reliable and efficient nuclear charge carriers. By this time, the first developments of samples of ship-based missile weapons appeared. In all respects, they were suitable for nuclear equipment, but they required an increase in reliability, which was not high for the first samples. The exception was ship-based ballistic missiles, which were immediately developed with a nuclear warhead.

In the mid-1950s, when choosing the order of equipping naval weapons with nuclear munitions, a torpedo was put in first place, then a ballistic missile, and then a cruise missile for firing at coastal targets. In this order, they were adopted by the fleet.

Thanks to the perseverance of the sailors and the active work of the designers, the domestic model of a torpedo with a nuclear weapon was put into service before the American one. Chief designer torpedoes - G.I. Portnov, Chief Designer of the nuclear combat charging department - N.L. Spirits. The theoretical development of a charge for a torpedo was headed by E.I. Zababakhin and M.N. Nechaev, design - V.F. Grechishnikov.

The next year after the formation of the Directorate, by decree of the Government of July 19, 1955, intensive studies began in a new direction - on the warhead with a nuclear charge for a ship-based ballistic missile with a firing range of 150 km and research work on the warhead with the same nuclear charge , but with a range of more than 400 km.

In 1955, a binary design thermonuclear bomb was tested, which opened up new possibilities for designing powerful charges, including for naval weapons.

During the first five years of the functioning of the 6th Directorate of the Navy, three nuclear weapons were put into service with the fleet. In 1958, the fleet received a special combat charging compartment for a torpedo. At the beginning of 1959, a ballistic missile warhead was put into service. In the middle of the same year, a warhead for a cruise missile became part of the armament of the fleet. In addition, two samples were in the final stages of development. The load on the personnel of the weapons testing department increased.

After the transfer of supervision over the project 627 of the nuclear submarine to the Main Directorate of Shipbuilding of the Navy, work related to shipbuilding began to wane, and, conversely, the activities of the Directorate in the fleets increased. Then the department was headed by a specialist in combat training, captain 1st rank P. I. Abolishin, who during the war served as the flagship signalman of the torpedo boat brigade of the Baltic Fleet. The volume of work on weapons has increased dramatically. The division of functions between “developers” and “operators” was brewing.

Rear Admiral P. F. Fomin, in his report to the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy dated February 18, 1957 “On the activities of the 6th Directorate of the Navy in the period from 1950 to 1956 and tasks for the next 5-year period,” proposed the creation of a full-fledged department of special weapons in the Directorate. This petition in the part of the department of special weapons was granted only three years later. An independent department for the development of nuclear weapons began to function in 1960 (before that there was a direction). The Department of Nuclear Weapons was headed by Rear Admiral A. N. Voshchinin.

Alexander Nikolaevich Voshchinin in 1937 graduated with honors from the artillery department of the VVMU. M. V. Frunze. He served as a military representative at defense industry plants, including in Leningrad at the famous Bolshevik plant during the blockade of the city by German troops. In 1943 he was transferred to Moscow to the Artillery Directorate of the Navy as a senior officer, and in April 1949 he became a senior officer of the 6th Directorate of the Ministry of Defense with service in the naval equipment sector at the Semipalatinsk training ground. He participated in the first atomic bomb test on August 29, 1949. From May 1950, Voshchinin was a senior officer, and then head of the scientific and technical direction in the 6th department under the Minister of the Navy. A year before the formation of the 6th Directorate, an experienced and efficient captain of the 2nd rank rightly became the deputy of Rear Admiral Fomin. An analysis of archival documents of that time shows that the most important of them were executed personally by Voshchinin.

In 1960, the 6th Directorate was reorganized, air bases for nuclear weapons were transferred to its jurisdiction. Lieutenant-General P.N. is transferred to the department. Lemeshko. Came with him Chief Engineer on air bases of nuclear weapons P.F. Maikov. Since then, the air bases have been under the jurisdiction of the 6th Directorate of the Navy. In the same year, Fomin's deputy, Major General E. N. Barkovsky, was appointed deputy commander of the Northern Fleet for construction and the post of second deputy head of the 6th Directorate of the Navy was abolished.

Intensive orders for new types of nuclear weapons and their development by the Navy were accompanied by a constant increase in the volume of work and, as a result, the burden on the armed forces. The officers of the Directorate, who led the work on the creation of nuclear weapons, were almost constantly on the road, torn between commissions, meetings of chief designers and lengthy tests of weapons systems with nuclear warheads. This situation made it difficult to coordinate all the work to equip the fleet with nuclear weapons and caused delays. Therefore, it was necessary to involve all more specialists, of whom later began to organize and form working groups in the areas of ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, torpedo and anti-submarine weapons. The backbone of these groups consisted of officers from the Directorate, the Reserve Group of Assembly Brigades, TsNII-16, and the Central Operational and Technological Bureau (CETB).

The work of these groups was supervised and all activities for the creation of nuclear weapons were coordinated by experienced officers of the Directorate. Four - B.A. Sergienko, B.M. Abramova, A.G. Mokerov and me - were awarded the honorary title of laureate of the State Prize of the USSR.

As a result, the scope of duties and responsibilities was more clearly defined, contacts and interaction with the developers of combat weapons improved, primarily with research institutes, design bureaus and Central Design Bureau of Minsredmash, Minobshchemmash and Minsudprom. Life has confirmed the correctness of this organizational form.

In connection with the increase in the volume of work on the creation of shipboard nuclear weapons, the aforementioned reserve group of assembly teams was formed with the main task of ensuring testing of experimental and serial nuclear warheads. A group of assembly teams was successively led by captains of the 1st rank B.A. Sergienko, G.V. Smorodinov, Colonel A.K. Krapivkin. Excellent officers of the Office of A.G. came out of this unit. Mokerov, V.N. Bitkov, A.D. Sanin (subsequently all became heads of the department of the Administration, candidates of sciences), V.V. Zavialov, L.A. Nechin, B.S. Kalinin (Ph.D.), D.F. Dulnev, N.E. Kravchenko. The most experienced specialists were V.V. Krasnov, V.I. Zubko, V.T. Babochkin, E.P. Krikunov.

The Department of Testing Nuclear Charges of the Directorate worked together with the Experimental and Scientific Unit (ONCh), later renamed the Scientific Test Unit (NIT) of the Novaya Zemlya test site. In those years, only officers of the 6th Directorate of the Navy were appointed commanders of this unit. The scientific and testing activities of the test site were led by V.P. Akhapkin, A.V. Selyanin, O. G. Kasimov, V. V. Rakhmanov, A. A. Puchkov, S. N. Sablukov, A. F. Pozharitsky. Almost all of them at different times also headed a department in the 6th Directorate of the Navy. In this department, as in no other, there was a rotation of personnel between Moscow and Novaya Zemlya. Moreover, one of the departments of the NIC was transferred to the Directorate. It was headed by V. A. Timofeev.

Only during a full-scale test at the test site could the charge's performance be tested. We do not know of a military charge created without testing, without new measurement methods, depending on the purpose and design of the charges.

During full-scale tests, the military was primarily interested in the power of the charge, and then other characteristics and more subtle things. Simultaneously with the characteristics of the charge from the range, registration of all damaging factors at various distances from the epicenter of the explosion was required. In a number of tests, the explosion resistance of naval equipment and ships was tested in various types of nuclear explosions, including underwater ones. A special article is the testing of charges for nuclear safety.

Air and underwater tests on Novaya Zemlya were extremely uneven: 1955 - 1, 1957 - 4, 1958 - 22, 1961 and 1962. - 63. In 1956, 1959, 1960 and 1963. There were no tests at all. Since 1964, underground tests began at this test site, which, of course, were carried out more evenly due to the large amount of preparatory work.

The basis for the tests were the decrees of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the drafts of which were prepared by the 6th Directorate of the Navy and the 5th Main Directorate of Minsredmash. In particular, the Department prepared resolutions:

on the creation of a landfill dated 07/31/1954;

on ensuring the conduct of tests dated 13.04.1955;

on the testing of a special charge of a torpedo dated 25.08.1955;

on testing the most powerful product dated March 17, 1956;

on the preparation and conduct of a physical experiment and the final stage of state tests of a torpedo dated April 15, 1957 and others.

It was a lot of work, since many points of the draft resolutions, especially those related to material support, had to be coordinated with the relevant departments.

For each test, the Department compiled a program of physical measurements. Organizations of the Minsredmash and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR participated in this work. The next level of preparation for testing: measurement techniques and measuring equipment, which were often unique. Some of the methods were borrowed from the Semipalatinsk test site, but many were created using the scientific potential of the Central Research Institute-16 of the Navy. For the first test in 1955, equipment was brought from all over the country, then the test site began to manage mainly with its own equipment. At least, standard methods were guaranteed to be provided by polygon complexes.

In the history of the Novaya Zemlya test site, there was only one ground explosion, which gave a noticeable radioactive contamination of the area. Therefore, it can be argued that, from an environmental point of view, the 6th Directorate acted at the subordinate test site more prudently than other test sites in the world, where ground explosions were carried out with severe contamination of the area in the test area. For example, the most powerful American explosions were ground or driven (the charge was placed on a barge). Although, from the standpoint of today, something could have been done better at the Novaya Zemlya test site. In particular, to increase the height of the nuclear explosion in a number of tests.

Since the advent of nuclear weapons, several trends in relation to the power of charges can be seen. According to this criterion, the following stages can be distinguished: 1949 - 1951. - period of fixed capacities, 1952 - 1962 - a period of growth in the power of charges, 1963 - 1975. - period of relative power stabilization, 1976 - 1990 - a period of significant power limitation.

There was not a single test on Novaya Zemlya in which officers of the 6th Directorate of the Navy did not participate. According to government decrees, the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy and the Minister of Medium Machine Building were responsible for testing at the Novaya Zemlya test site. In fact, during the tests, the Commander-in-Chief was represented by the head of the 6th Directorate of the Navy, and the Minister - by the head of the 5th Main Directorate of the MSM, who involved institutes of various departments in the tests. The head of the Department, organizing tests at the test site, primarily relied on his specialists from the department for testing nuclear charges.

At one time, almost only candidates of sciences A. A. Rakov, L. L. Kolesov, O. G. Kasimov, V. A. Timofeev, V. P. Kovalev, F. A. Kurmaev worked in this department, who defended themselves at the institutes of the Academy Sciences. This fact speaks of the high qualification of the officers of the Directorate. The scientific and technical policy of the test site was completely managed by the Department, relying on the employees and scientists of TsNII-16, which was led by the Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Vice Admiral Yu.S. Yakovlev, who made a great contribution to the development of applied hydrodynamics, to the creation of the theory of an underwater nuclear explosion, to the study of the effect of an underwater shock wave on naval facilities. His erudition allowed him to lead research in related areas related to naval armaments. Yu.S. Yakovlev managed to educate and educate many scientists, to create his own scientific school. Its peculiarity consisted in the wide mathematization of research and in the widespread practice of using model tests. For scientific activity Yu.S. Yakovlev was awarded the State Prize of the USSR, he was awarded two Orders of Lenin and other awards.

If at the Semipalatinsk test site the role of the scientific supervisor for a long time was performed by Academician M.A. Sadovsky, there was no such person at the Novaya Zemlya test site, with the exception of the tests of 1955, when academician N.N. Semenov. To some extent, these duties were performed by Professor Yu.S. Yakovlev. As we have already mentioned, Yu.S. Yakovlev was once the first head of the nuclear tests department in the 6th Directorate of the Navy.

Of the employees of TsNII-16, the greatest scientific contribution to the formation and development of nuclear weapons of the fleet was made by B.V. Zamyshlyaev (later a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences), N.N. Suntsov, A.K. Pertsev, V.I. N. Zherdin, G.K. Eltyshev, E.L. Peshkur, K.P. Weiner and others.

The fact that at the very first nuclear test the Administration, the Institute and the test sites introduced a lot of new things into the methodology and instrumentation of tests is evidenced by the submission of their works for the Stalin Prize, signed in 1955 by Academician N.N. Semenov and Admiral S.G. Gorshkov. Prizes were not awarded, but a significant group of test participants were awarded. I was then awarded the Order of the Red Star.

The 6th Directorate of the Navy systematically issued information bulletins about the testing of ships and naval weapons at the Novaya Zemlya test site. They came out of two types: describing specific tests or dedicated to individual damaging factors of a nuclear explosion based on the results of a series of tests. Bulletins were sent to interested organizations of industry and the fleet. Only in the Ministry of the shipbuilding industry they were received by 37 scientific and design organizations. For the command of the fleets, the leadership of research institutions showed films about the testing of nuclear weapons. There were seven such full-length films commissioned by the Office.

The nuclear weapons being worked out at the test sites began to enter the armament of the army and navy. The first to ensure the operation of nuclear weapons in the Navy was headed by Captain 1st Rank P.I. Abolishin, captain of the 1st rank V.I. became his deputy. Koshkin. The main tasks of the department were to create nuclear weapons bases in the fleets, train officers, create guidelines for the fleets on storage, operation and preparation for combat use nuclear weapons. The difficulty of the work was that there was still no experience of operating nuclear warheads in naval bases, and even more so on ships.

The only guiding documents were the mentioned order of the Minister of Defense “On the preparation of the Armed Forces for operations in the conditions of the use of atomic weapons” and the directive of the General Staff of November 3, 1953 on this issue, but they did not at all affect the operation of nuclear weapons, and did not touch on specific organizational issues. associated with this sophisticated weapon.

Development began with the creation of departments in the Higher Naval educational institutions and training of officers entering the formation of combat support units. Among the teachers, an experienced teacher and scientist Colonel N.S. Levchenya, head of the 6th department of the VMAKV named after V.I. A.N. Krylov. Subsequently, the department was headed by Honored Workers of Science and Technology of the RSFSR Professor N.N. Suntsov and M.S. Mamsurov, associate professor V.P. Sokolov. At one time Professor Yu.S. Yakovlev.

The first nuclear weapons bases were created by the Ministry of Medium Machine Building and belonged to this department, and not to the Ministry of Defense. To organize the storage of nuclear weapons in the Minsredmash system, a special Main Directorate was created, headed by N.P. Egorov. But, of course, the Ministry of Defense should have used these ammunition, if necessary. Therefore, such a situation could not exist for a long time. The Ministry of Defense began training specialists from the officer corps, the first teachers were from Minsredmash.

On March 12, 1956, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution on the training of a group of officers of the Ministry of Defense to manage the operation of nuclear weapons in the troops. From the Navy, the list included the Head of the 6th Directorate P.F. Fomin, his deputy A.N. Voshchinin, and the deputy head of the department V.I. Koshkin. I, at that time a senior officer of the department, also got on this list.

In studies, they tortured listeners with the requirements of knowing almost by heart a lot of instructions for the final preparation of special products. Errors were excluded. The difficulty was that it was necessary to know by heart - which operations are performed according to which instructions and in what order. Discipline among the students was maintained strict. The Muscovites, accustomed to command, did not like such orders.

When leading cadres were trained, nuclear weapons began to be transferred from industry to the military. The first units equipped with nuclear weapons served as the basis for the independent training of specialists in nuclear weapons by the fleet, primarily teachers for the Navy.

The first order for naval nuclear weapons dates back to December 1954. The 6th Directorate of the Navy, based on the fact that torpedoes will be issued to nuclear and diesel submarines, determined the need for nuclear weapons. The plan to prepare for equipping units with nuclear weapons began to be carried out in advance, before the weapons were delivered to the fleets.

After conducting a preliminary reconnaissance of the fleets, they began to prepare instructions on how and where to store naval nuclear weapons. In addition to the adapted structures, it was supposed to prepare for the reception of weapons and new objects made according to individual projects. They were supposed to become basic and ensure the acceptance of the entire range of special items of the Navy.

The Commander-in-Chief of the Navy approved the proposals of the 6th Directorate and on July 18, 1956 signed an order to build nuclear weapons bases in the fleets. In the first stage of construction, it was supposed to build bases in the Northern and Pacific fleets.

An important step in the formation of a system for the operation of nuclear weapons in the Navy was the creation in 1958 of departments of special weapons in the fleets. Combat officers Hero of the Soviet Union A.I. became the heads of departments. Kisov (Pacific Fleet), A.V. Dudin (SF), M.N. Sadovnikov (ChF), A.P. Borzakovsky (BF).

In the first half of the 60s, a system was formed that included all the organizations created in the Navy and was capable of not only ensuring the combat readiness of the fleet in the bases, but also creating conditions for the constant combat service of ships in the oceans.

Nuclear weapons appeared - it was necessary to deal with the issues of their combat use in armed struggle at sea. Research work began in advance, even before the first samples of naval nuclear weapons appeared in the fleets. This work was headed by the head of the department, captain of the 1st rank B.A. Kokovikhin.

The essence of this problem is reflected in the order of the Civil Code of the Navy dated October 17, 1953. In accordance with it, it was required to create guidelines for the actions of the fleet in the event of the use of nuclear weapons by the enemy: instructions on conducting naval operations in the conditions of the use of atomic weapons, on anti-nuclear protection of ships and naval bases, on conducting naval combat in the conditions of the use of atomic weapons, ” Memo to the foreman and sailor about atomic weapons.

At TsNII-16, the development of the manual was led by Captain 1st Rank L.L. Novospassky, Hero of the Soviet Union. On the part of the Office, this work was carried out by Captain 1st Rank I.I. Voronin and Colonel A.K. Krapivkin, who also involved other specialists of the Department in consultations and reviewing.

The Operational Directorate of the Main Staff of the Navy often involved specialists from the 6th Directorate of the Navy to make calculations for the use of nuclear weapons and to assess the impact of various damaging factors on naval facilities.

In the 6th Directorate, medical radiation research was also supervised. The main problems were the study of the impact of radiation (instantaneous during an explosion, induced activity on a ship and radioactive contamination of the terrain and water area) on personnel, as well as ensuring dosimetric control on nuclear submarines. The Navy already had scientific organizations dealing with medical and radiation issues related to nuclear explosions and their work had to be directed and coordinated.

In 1954, at TsNIIL-14, a department of radiation research during an atomic explosion in sea conditions was created, headed by Captain 1st Rank V.P. Moshkin.

The scope of the work of physicians is evidenced by the fact that during the experiment in 1955 on Novaya Zemlya, a large number of animals placed in open and closed combat posts participated in full-scale tests.

Medical and radiation research areas have been preserved at TsNII-16, formed in 1957 on the basis of three institutes. The Institute was completely subordinated to the head of the 6th Directorate of the Navy until 1960, when it moved into the system of the 12th Main Directorate of the Moscow Region and became the Marine Branch of the 12th Central Research Institute, fulfilling the orders of the fleet.

In the 60s, the topic of radiation safety was gradually transferred to the Chemical Service of the Navy. Then the department was disbanded, but some questions on its profile remained. For example, the radiological situation on Novaya Zemlya after the tests of nuclear weapons was monitored by another department of the Directorate.

At first, the command of the Directorate of Capital Construction paid the most attention. Indeed, there was a large amount of construction work ahead. It was necessary to create a full-fledged scientific test site on the sparsely populated Arctic islands, create an experimental base on Lake Ladoga, place and equip facilities in the center, and build many facilities in the fleets. The head of this direction was Colonel E.N. Barkovsky, and after his appointment as head of Spetsstroy-700 - Colonels S.I. Zubov, I.D. Buchkin, V.L. Serebrennikov.

During the development of Novaya Zemlya, the problem of building large structures in permafrost conditions became acute. Despite the difficulty of erecting buildings on such soil, none of them collapsed during numerous hurricanes. They were not affected by frequent nuclear explosions either.

We must not forget the heroic work of the builders before the first test of a nuclear charge for a torpedo. In eight months of 1955, the following were built in the test area: 6 coastal instrument stations, 5 coastal optical stations, 2 coastal relay points for control automation, 8 coastal instrument stands for sampling air and precipitation, hydraulic engineering, engineering and experimental facilities for antiamphibious defense. Recording devices are located at all objects. At the same time, the following laboratories were built in the main base of the test site: radiochemical, physical-technical, medical-biological, film-phototechnical; special facilities for the assembly of nuclear charges and the preparation of torpedoes; service premises; storage, residential and household premises. An airfield was built and put into operation in the Rogachev Bay area with a metal strip for basing a fighter jet aviation regiment, a mixed special forces squadron and a transport aviation squadron.

Special construction was carried out in zone “A” (Chernaya Bay), zone “B” (Belushya Bay), zone “C” (Rogachevo), zone “D” (Mityushikha Bay and Matochkin Shar Strait), zone “E” (Bashmachnaya Bay ). In addition to technical facilities, settlements were built everywhere, and in Belushya and Rogachev even with five-story houses. Builders have mastered the construction of structures on piles to avoid thawing of the soil under them, which could lead to the destruction of buildings. Berths have been built in all these places, and the most different type. Any ships and vessels could approach them. The construction of berths in the Matochkin Shar Strait was very difficult because of the strongest ice drifts. Still, they managed to make the berths so strong that the ice that climbed over the top could not destroy them.

V. L. Serebrenikov, E. F. Kolosov, L. F. Druchin put a lot of effort and knowledge into the creation of underground structures for testing nuclear charges. For this part of the construction work, R.P. Kachaev became a laureate of the USSR State Prize.

Unique structures of the social sphere were created on Novaya Zemlya. On the initiative of A. N. Voshchinin, they built an exemplary secondary school with a winter courtyard that allowed children to play even football, a swimming pool with a gym where swimming and volleyball competitions are held. The builders put a lot of effort into the construction of the Orbita station, thanks to which television and telephone communication with the mainland came to the island.

Most of the structures at the Novaya Zemlya test site were equipped with non-standard equipment supplied by the 6th Directorate of the Navy.

The 6th Directorate of the Navy was entrusted with the state examination of projects for the nuclear weapons bases of the fleets. It was carried out by specialists from the capital construction department, consulting with officers from other departments if necessary.

Organizational and staffing, personnel work and planning common events in the 6th Directorate of the Navy successively headed Captain 1st Rank V.N. Malkevich, Colonel A.V. Kazakov, Colonel N.S. Prutskov and Captain 1st Rank V.I. Afonkin. Regime issues for a long time P.A. Cherny was in charge. The personnel training system developed gradually and in a peculiar sequence.

The first in 1956 was the training of specialists at the Naval Academy. It is worth recalling that at different times graduates of the academy served in the system of the 6th Directorate, who graduated with a gold medal: B. A. Kokovikhin, N. N. Suntsov, V. A. Timofeev, V. V. Balabin, V. P. Sokolov, V. K. Steshenko, A. P. Chausov, A. G. Landov, V. N. Bitkov, V. I. Kasyanov and others. However, the academy could not satisfy all the requests of the 6th Directorate of the Navy.

In 1967, they organized the training of specialists in nuclear weapons at the Black Sea Higher Naval School. P. S. Nakhimov in Sevastopol. Later, a special department was created at the school, captain of the 1st rank P.G. became its head. Klyuchkin. The management supplied educational products, visual cut models of individual units, control and measuring equipment to the department and organized a special, well-equipped laboratory.

The personnel training system has become logical and complete. All curricula and programs of the school and the academy were mutually agreed, did not duplicate or repeat each other.

When underground tests began in 1963, the Department of Mining and Underground Works was assigned to the Directorate from the test site. He supplied the landfill with equipment, mostly non-standard. The head of the Mining and Underground Works Department reported to the head of the Capital Construction Department. The supply department was successively headed by P. I. Ivushkin, V. I. Malygin, N. V. Yakovlev, A. M. Anzin, S. S. Tsekhmistro, E. M. Lomovtsev, S. I. Kuzin. The department was mainly engaged in Novaya Zemlya and, to a lesser extent, naval facilities, although there were successful acquisitions in this direction. For example, it was possible to order in the GDR lightly assembled, voluminous, with lifting equipment, warm facilities "Plauen", which were used both in the fleets and at the landfill for storage of equipment.

As a result of the activities of the 6th Directorate in the 50s, it was possible to create a stable system for the development and testing of naval nuclear weapons, providing the forces of the fleet with nuclear weapons with their trouble-free operation in naval bases and on ships. This system has continued to improve over the years. But the requirements laid down in the initial period of increased strictness in the handling of nuclear weapons remained unshakable, and today the safety of nuclear weapons continues to be the primary task of nuclear scientists.

"The Navy needs to have its own test site for naval nuclear weapons on Novaya Zemlya."

Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar of the Navy Kuznetsov N.G.

Did you know, What is the falsity of the concept of "physical vacuum"?

physical vacuum - the concept of relativistic quantum physics, by which they understand the lowest (ground) energy state of a quantized field, which has zero momentum, angular momentum and other quantum numbers. Relativistic theorists call the physical vacuum a space completely devoid of matter, filled with an unmeasurable, and therefore only an imaginary field. Such a state, according to relativists, is not an absolute void, but a space filled with some phantom (virtual) particles. Relativistic quantum field theory claims that, in accordance with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, virtual particles are constantly born and disappear in the physical vacuum, that is, apparent (seemingly to whom?), particles: the so-called zero-point oscillations of fields occur. The virtual particles of the physical vacuum, and therefore, itself, by definition, do not have a frame of reference, since otherwise Einstein's principle of relativity, on which the theory of relativity is based, would be violated (that is, an absolute measurement system with a reference from the particles of the physical vacuum would become possible, which, in turn, would unequivocally refute the principle of relativity, on which SRT is built). Thus, the physical vacuum and its particles are not elements of the physical world, but only elements of the theory of relativity that do not exist in the real world, but only in relativistic formulas, violating the principle of causality (they arise and disappear without reason), the principle of objectivity (virtual particles can be considered, depending on the desire of the theorist, either existing or non-existing), the principle of actual measurability (not observable, do not have their own ISO).

When one or another physicist uses the concept of "physical vacuum", he either does not understand the absurdity of this term, or is cunning, being a hidden or obvious adherent of the relativistic ideology.

It is easiest to understand the absurdity of this concept by referring to the origins of its occurrence. It was born by Paul Dirac in the 1930s, when it became clear that the negation of the ether in its pure form, as a great mathematician did, but a mediocre physicist, is no longer possible. Too many facts contradict this.

To defend relativism, Paul Dirac introduced the aphysical and illogical concept of negative energy, and then the existence of a "sea" of two energies compensating each other in vacuum - positive and negative, as well as a "sea" of particles compensating each other - virtual (that is, apparent) electrons and positrons in a vacuum.

However, such a formulation is internally contradictory (virtual particles are unobservable and they can be arbitrarily considered absent in one case, and present in another) and contrary to relativism (that is, the negation of the ether, since relativism is simply impossible with the presence of such particles in vacuum). Read more in -> - Karim_Khaidarov.

Naval strategic nuclear forces in the Soviet Union and later in Russia were never an independent branch or branch of the armed forces, but were organically part of the Navy. Naval strategic nuclear forces are a combination of strike, control, support and maintenance subsystems.

The strike subsystem consists of strategic missile submarines, missile systems on them and ballistic missiles of these systems. The control subsystem is a set of means and points for delivering signals and commands to the submarine missile carriers. The supporting subsystem includes surface ships, multi-purpose submarines, aviation, stationary systems for monitoring surface and underwater conditions, and other means that are tasked with ensuring the combat stability of strategic submarines. The service subsystem is a branched infrastructure of points and means designed to maintain the technical readiness of strategic missile carriers, their equipment and weapons.

Structure of the Navy

The Navy is one of the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The Navy includes the Northern, Pacific, Baltic, Black Sea Fleets, the Caspian Flotilla, and other units. The direct leadership of the Navy is carried out by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, who is also the Deputy Minister of Defense.

The Commander-in-Chief is subordinated to the Main Staff of the Navy, which exercises operational control and plans the long-term activity of the fleet. The main subdivisions of the General Staff of the Navy include operational, reconnaissance and organizational-mobilization directorates, as well as communications directorates, anti-submarine warfare services, air defense, and electronic warfare. The Chief of the Main Staff of the Navy is the First Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy.

The Deputy Commanders-in-Chief of the Navy also include:

First Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy,

Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy for armaments, head of shipbuilding, armament and operation of the Navy. The Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy for armaments is subordinated to the Main Technical Directorate of the Navy, the Shipbuilding Directorate of the Navy, the Directorate of Rocket and Artillery Weapons of the Navy, the Directorate of Anti-Submarine Weapons of the Navy, radio-technical and other departments and services,46

Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy for Combat Training, Head of the Combat Training Department of the Navy,

Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy for Logistics, Head of the Logistics Department of the Navy.

In addition, the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy directly reports to the commanders of the Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, Baltic Fleets and the Caspian Flotilla, the commander of the Navy's aviation and the chief of the coastal troops of the Navy.

The organization of fleet command is in many respects similar to the organization of the Navy. The fleets include flotillas, squadrons, naval bases, brigades, and separate divisions.

Strike subsystem of naval strategic forces

Strategic missile carriers are organizationally united into tactical formations-divisions of the same type of strategic submarines (there are from 5 to 10 SSBNs in the division). Operational formations—flotillas—comprise one or more divisions of strategic missile carriers. The flotilla may also include divisions of multi-purpose submarines. By mid-1995, the Russian Navy had seven divisions of strategic submarines. Four divisions were part of the Northern Fleet, and three were part of the Pacific Fleet.

The Northern Fleet operated a division of heavy SSBNs of project 941 (Typhoon) as part of the 1st submarine flotilla (Nerpichya base), as well as two divisions of strategic submarines of projects 667BDRM, 667BDR and 667BD as part of the 3rd flotilla (Yagelnaya base). The remaining Project 667B (Delta I) strategic submarines were part of the division based in Ostrovnoy.

In the Pacific Fleet, two divisions of the SSBNs of project 667B (Delta I) and project 667BDR (Delta III) were part of the flotilla of nuclear submarines (Rybachy base in Kamchatka). The division of strategic submarines (in Pavlovsky Bay) included SSBNs of project 667B (Delta I).

The end of the service life of second-generation submarines (projects 667B and 667BD), as well as Russia's fulfillment of obligations under the START-1 Treaty, will lead to a significant reduction in the strike subsystem of naval strategic forces. As a result, by the beginning of the next millennium, the Russian naval strategic forces will most likely have no more than three divisions of strategic missile carriers, two of which will be based in the Northern Fleet, and one in the Pacific.

Management of naval strategic forces

Distinguish operational and administrative management of strategic submarines. Issues related to combat training, material and technical support of the fleet are entirely under the jurisdiction of the fleet and are resolved administratively through the relevant departments and services.

During the period of combat patrols by strategic submarines in a given water area or combat duty in a base, as well as during a threatened period, operational control is exercised. During this period, the commander of a missile submarine reports directly to the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy (through the Main Headquarters of the Navy and the Headquarters of the Fleet). The Commander-in-Chief of the Navy directs the combat service of strategic missile carriers in accordance with the operational plan of the General Staff of the Armed Forces. The goals and security of a nuclear strike (the number of SSBNs on combat patrols in given areas and on combat duty at base points) are determined by the General Staff of the Armed Forces, which also transmits the order of the Supreme High Command on the use of nuclear weapons.

Ensuring the combat stability of naval strategic forces

Ensuring the combat stability of naval strategic nuclear forces is usually understood as a set of measures, including:

Ensuring the safety of SSBNs at crossings and in combat patrol areas;

Carrying out operations to search for, divert enemy assets from SSBNs and oust them from the patrol areas of strategic submarines;

Protection of SSBNs at base points from attacks from the air, from the sea, land and from sabotage;

These tasks are carried out in conjunction with other tasks of the Navy, and practically all the forces of the combat strength of the fleets take part in their implementation. Measures to ensure the security of strategic submarines are primarily aimed at increasing their survivability and increasing the effectiveness of naval strategic forces in a situation of armed conflict. The greatest emphasis is placed on anti-submarine defense of SSBN routes and patrol areas.

During the crisis period, the forces of the Russian Navy will be tasked with implementing a number of offensive measures aimed at weakening the potential of the enemy. In particular, such measures may include creating a threat to aircraft carrier groups, sea and ocean communications, coastal installations and strategic submarines. Multi-purpose submarines are called upon to play a central role in solving these problems. Taken simultaneously in different areas of the world's oceans, these measures will make it possible to divert anti-submarine forces and means of a potential enemy and thereby reduce the threat to Russian SSBNs. In addition, the Navy will have to carry out operations to search for and destroy enemy multi-purpose nuclear submarines in the patrol areas of Russian SSBNs.

Among the measures to ensure the combat stability of naval strategic forces, the defense of strategic missile carriers at their bases occupies a special place. The importance of this task is due to the fact that during the period when there are no military operations and there is no threat of attack, most of the Russian strategic submarines are in bases. The defense of strategic submarine bases is provided by the deployment of air defense units designed to provide protection against aircraft and cruise missiles. Protection against possible landings and attacks from land is provided by coastal defense troops ( Marines and coastal rocket and artillery troops).