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Prince Potemkin-Tauride
Historical data
common data
EU
real
dock
Booking
Armament
Artillery of the main caliber
- 4 (2x2) - 305 mm / 38 guns;
- 16 (16x1) - 152mm/44 guns Canet.
Anti-mine artillery:
- 16 (16x1) - 75mm/48 guns Canet;
- 2 (2 × 1) - 64-mm / 17 Baranovsky guns;
- 6 (6x1) - 47mm/40 guns hotchkiss;
- 2 (2x1) - 37mm/20 guns hotchkiss;
- 4 - 7.6 mm machine gun.
Mine and torpedo armament
- 5 - 381 mm TA.
History of creation
On October 10, 1898, on the slipway of the Nikolaev Admiralty in the city of Nikolaev, an armadillo was solemnly laid down, which became the strongest in the Black Sea Fleet. Its creation marked the completion of the transition from the traditional for the XIX century technical solutions to a whole series of innovations more characteristic of the century of the future. The development of the project, and subsequently the construction management, was carried out by the ship engineer of the Sevastopol military port, A. E. Shott, who previously worked under the guidance of a prominent shipbuilder, N. E. Kuteynikov.
The prototype for the "Potemkin" was the previously built battleship "Three Saints", but the project of the new ship incorporated a number of promising design solutions used in the construction of other battleships. So, his seafaring data corresponded to the previously built battleship "Peresvet".
The Potemkin was provided with an elevated forecastle, which made it possible to reduce the flooding of the bow of the ship during waves and to raise the axis of the bow guns of the main caliber to 7.6 meters above the water surface. In addition, for the first time, centralized control of artillery fire was used, which was carried out from a central post located in the conning tower.
The battleship became the first ship with boilers of a new design - instead of fire-tube boilers, water-tube ones were installed, designed for liquid fuel. In order to strengthen the artillery armament in comparison with the prototype ship, the Potemkin used more advanced armor with increased resistance, and due to this, it was possible to reduce its thickness and, consequently, its mass. This battleship was the first in the Black Sea Fleet to be equipped with cranes for lifting boats and boats.
By performance characteristics The squadron battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky" was the most powerful ship in its class in the Russian Navy. By the way, in terms of armament, it was superior to the squadron battleship Retvizan, which was close to it in type, built in America for the Russian fleet, as well as English battleships of the Queen type, with a much larger displacement. True, the Potemkin was inferior to them in full speed, but the Russian naval command considered 16 knots to be quite sufficient speed for the battleships of the Black Sea Fleet.
Case Description
Armament
The main caliber was represented by four 305-mm guns with 40-caliber barrels installed in two towers - fore and aft. The bow was located on the forecastle, in front of the middle superstructure, and the stern was located behind the superstructure on the main deck. The mass of one such gun was 43 tons. Rate of fire - 0.75 rounds per minute, starting speed projectile - 792.5 m / s, projectile weight - 331.7 kilograms. The maximum elevation angle of the guns was 15 degrees. They were charged using electromechanisms - in peaceful conditions, in almost two minutes, and in accordance with contract requirements, this time should have been 1.25-1.5 minutes. Ammunition for one gun of the main caliber consisted of 60 305-mm shells: 18 armor-piercing, 18 high-explosive, 4 segment, 18 cast-iron and 2 buckshot. Medium-caliber artillery included 152-mm guns: moreover, 4 of them were located on the upper deck and 12 on the main one. To protect the servants, the guns were placed in armored casemates. At the corners of the middle superstructure for the installation of 152-mm guns, special enclosures were made with exits from the mines of the ammunition supply elevators. Below, on the main deck, under the superstructure and up to the bow tower of the main caliber, only 152-mm guns were placed.
A few words about 152mm and 75mm guns. The first had a barrel length of 45 calibers and a mass of 5 tons. The rate of fire of 152-mm guns was 3 rounds per minute, the muzzle velocity of the projectile was 792 m/s. The parameters of the second are as follows: barrel length 29.5 caliber, weight - 0.9 tons, rate of fire - 4-6 rounds per minute, muzzle velocity - 823 m / s. Ammunition per barrel was: for 152-mm guns - 180 shells (47 armor-piercing, 47 high-explosive, 31 segment, 47 cast-iron and 8 buckshot), for 75-mm - 300 shells (125 armor-piercing, 50 segment and 125 buckshot) . Both types of guns were artillery systems cartridge loading. The mass of a 152-mm projectile is 41.3 kilograms, and a 75-mm projectile is 4.9 kilograms.
In addition, the ship had four 47-mm Hotchkiss guns on the foremast combat top, two 37-mm Hotchkiss guns, two Baranovsky landing guns and a machine gun. Thus, the full armament of the squadron battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky" consisted of four 305-mm, sixteen 152-mm, fourteen 74-mm guns, as well as four 47-mm, two 37-mm cannons and a machine gun. In addition, the ship had five torpedo tubes installed below the waterline. Medium caliber - sixteen 152-mm guns with a barrel length of 45 calibers, weighing 5 tons. Rate of fire - 4 rounds per minute, muzzle velocity - 792 m / s.
Booking
In Russia, armor "compound" was first used on battleships of the Chesma type, and it was widely used in the construction of ships in 1880-1900. Although the steel-iron armor "compound" was more perfect than iron armor, the protection of ships during its use remained very cumbersome and heavy. For example, on the battleship Three Saints, the thickness of the side steel-iron armor was 406-457 mm, that is, almost half a meter, and the mass of the armor reached 40% of the displacement.
By the time the battleship Potemkin was created, more durable armor had appeared, made from pure steel plates, which were cemented on the outside. As a result, the outer side of the plate became very hard, while the inner side remained viscous. The use of stronger armor on the new battleship made it possible to obtain significant savings in mass (effective protection against enemy projectiles could be provided with a smaller thickness of armor plates). This made it possible to drastically increase the power artillery weapons on Potemkin.
If the thickness of the side armor on the Three Saints was 406-457 mm, then on the Potemkin side plates are twice as thin - 178-229 mm. Accordingly, the thickness of the armor plates was significantly reduced everywhere on Potemkin: the armor of the casemates became 127 mm (instead of 406 mm on the Three Saints), the armor of the main caliber towers - 254 mm instead of 406 mm, the armor of the decks - 38-76 mm instead of 76-229 mm.
Such a decrease in the thickness of the armor, and hence its mass, made it possible to double (!) Increase the number of 152-mm guns compared to the number of guns on the battleship Three Saints. Thus, as a combat unit, the Potemkin was the most powerful of all the previously built battleships.
Armadillo Rebellion
The formation of the crew of the battleship began simultaneously with its laying. For this, the 36th naval crew was created. At the time of entry into service in May 1905, the crew consisted of 731 people, including 26 officers. After the uprising, the battleship was renamed "Panteleimon". In November 1905, the ship's crew joined the rebel cruiser Ochakov. Since the battleship was disarmed, he did not take an active part in the uprising. In 1910, a major overhaul took place in Sevastopol. Participated in the First World War: on November 5, 1914, he took part in the battle at Cape Sarych and on May 10, 1915, in the battle near the Bosphorus.
December 29, 1917 became part of the Red Black Sea Fleet. The ship was supposed to enter service in 1903, but at the beginning of 1902 there was a big fire in the boiler room. Careless handling of the fire ignited the oil that had accumulated in the bilges. The sailors who worked there showed great courage, the fire was extinguished, but managed to cause great damage. The boilers were particularly damaged and had to be replaced. The newly supplied boilers were equipped to burn solid fuels. From March 1918 it was in storage at the Sevastopol military port, where on May 1, 1918 it was captured by the German invaders, and on November 24, 1918 by the Anglo-French interventionists and on April 22-24, 1919, by order of the British command, it was blown up and put out of action. On April 29, 1919, it was captured by units of the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army, and on June 24, 1919, by the White Guards. After the capture of Sevastopol on November 15, 1920 by units of the Red Army, it was not put into operation, in 1923 it was handed over to the Komgosfond for dismantling and cutting into metal, and on November 21, 1925 it was excluded from the lists of ships of the RKKF. Currently, one of the masts of the battleship is used in the Crimea as the basis for one of the lighthouses.
The Bolshevik Matyushenko stood at the head of the revolutionary-minded ship. They were joined by the destroyer N 267, which stood on the Tenderovsky roadstead. The royal squadron battleship "Potemkin" became the ship of the revolution. However, on June 18, she was surrounded by a powerful squadron of eleven warships, which intended to destroy her. When the rebel ship decided to ram, there were no shots from the destroyers: their teams, taking the side of their comrades, went out onto the decks with shouts of “hurrah”. The battleship, on board of which there were no provisions and water, tried to moor in the port of Odessa, and after - Feodosia, where she was already waiting for him royal army. I had to head to Constantia and surrender to the Romanian authorities, who returned the ship to Russia. In an effort to erase even its name from memory, the battleship was renamed, and its crew remained in Romania as political emigrants.
Last years and death
At the end of September 1905, the tsarist government renamed the battleship "Panteleimon". But the traditions of the Potemkins continued to live on this ship. The crew of the "Panteleimon" was one of the first in the fleet to support the rebels of Ochakov, joining them on November 13, 1905.
During the First World War, a battleship (since December 10, 1907 in accordance with new classification squadron battleships were classified as battleships) participated in hostilities as part of a brigade of battleships.
After the February Revolution of 1917, the ship was returned to its former name, although in a somewhat truncated form - it became known as the Potemkin-Tavrichesky. And a month later, given the revolutionary merits of his crew, they assigned a new name - "Freedom Fighter".
In May 1918, the battleship "Freedom Fighter" was captured by the Kaiser's troops. Later, it passed into the hands of the Denikinists, and on the eve of the arrival of the Red Army in the Crimea, it was blown up by the Anglo-French invaders leaving Sevastopol. Until 1924, the battleship was half-flooded in the South Bay. In 1924, the famous ship was scrapped. Part of the metal was used to make agricultural implements, and part of the armor was used to make drills for boreholes in Baku.
Only a very strong steel foremast remained from the battleship. It was sawn in half and installed instead of blown up in civil war leading signs at the entrance from the sea to the Dnieper Estuary.
Until 1957, the foremast lights from Potemkin showed the ships a safe path, and among the people they were called “Potemkin lights”. In 1957, the target was removed, new concrete signs were installed, and parts of the mast of the battleship are still carefully stored in three museums of the country: the Central Naval Museum in St. Petersburg, the Central Museum of the Armed Forces in Moscow and the Sevastopol Museum of the Black Sea Fleet.
Image Gallery
Abstract on the topic:
Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky (battleship)
Plan:
- Introduction
- 1 Construction history
- 2
Armadillo Rebellion
- 2.1 The fate of the rebels
- 3 Further service
- 4 Memory Notes
Literature
Introduction
"Prince Potemkin-Tauride"- battleship of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. Named after G. A. Potemkin.
1. History of construction
Laid down on September 28, 1898 on the slipway of the Nikolaev Admiralty in the city of Nikolaev. The development of the project, and subsequently the construction management was carried out by the ship engineer of the Sevastopol military port, A. E. Shott.
It was built according to the prototype of the squadron battleship "Three Saints", a revised design of the battleships of the "Peresvet" type, the armor scheme is similar to the English battleship "Majestic".
For the first time on an armadillo, centralized control of artillery fire was used - from a central post located in the conning tower. Became the first ship Russian fleet with boilers for liquid fuel.
In September 1900, the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky" was launched, and in the summer of 1902 it was transferred to Sevastopol - for completion and armament. The initial commissioning date was disrupted by a fire that broke out in the boiler room. The damage was such that the boilers had to be replaced with solid fuel boilers. During the tests of the artillery of the main caliber, shells were found in the armor of the towers. They also had to be replaced with new ones.
The design displacement of the ship was 12480 tons, the actual displacement was 12900 tons. Hull length - 113.2 m, width - 22.2 m, draft 8.4 m. two vertical triple expansion steam engines with a total power of 10,600 hp were put into operation. The ship's full speed is 16.7 knots. The propeller shafts were located symmetrically and were equipped with propellers with a diameter of 4.2 meters with a rotation speed of 82 rpm. Full fuel supply - 950 tons, reinforced - 1100 tons (coal accounted for 340 tons). Cruising range economical 10 knots - 3600 miles. Ship water reserves - 14 days, provisions - 60 days.
The main caliber is four 305 mm guns with 40 caliber barrels mounted in two turrets. The mass of one gun is 43 tons, the rate of fire is 0.75 rounds per minute, the initial velocity of the projectile is 792.5 m / s, the mass of the projectile is 331.7 kg. The maximum elevation angle is 15 degrees. The ammunition load of one gun was: 18 armor-piercing, 18 high-explosive, 4 segment, 18 cast-iron, 2 buckshot shells.
The average caliber is 16,152 mm guns with a barrel length of 45 calibers and a mass of 5 tons. Rate of fire - 3 rounds per minute, muzzle velocity - 792 m / s.
2 Armadillo Rebellion
The formation of the crew of the battleship began simultaneously with its laying. For this, the 36th naval crew was created. At the time of entry into service in May 1905, the crew consisted of 731 people, including 26 officers.
On June 13 (26), 1905, the battleship, accompanied by the destroyer No. 267, arrived from Sevastopol to the Tendrovskaya Spit - the traditional place for training camps of the fleet for experimental firing from the main caliber guns. The crew consisted of 781 sailors and 15 officers. To monitor the firing on the ship were two specialists who arrived from St. Petersburg - the head of the artillery drawing workshop of the MTK, Colonel I. A. Shults and a member of the commission for naval artillery experiments N. F. Grigoriev.
On the afternoon of June 13 (26), the commander of the battleship captain of the first rank E. N. Golikov sent the destroyer No. 267 to Odessa to purchase provisions. The inspector midshipman A. N. Makarov and sailors-artel workers purchased 28 pounds of beef at the market. Due to lack of time, we bought stale meat (the weather was hot).
Photograph of the members of the crew of the battleship Potemkin. The lieutenant in the center of the group is one of the victims of the riot.
On June 14 (according to the new style, June 27), 1905, an uprising of sailors took place on the battleship, who refused to eat borscht from rotten meat. Artillery non-commissioned officer Grigory Vakulenchuk, a native of Zhytomyr, became the organizer and first leader of the uprising on the battleship.
In the morning, part of the meat brought to the battleship was put into a cauldron for cooking borscht. At 11 o'clock the signal for dinner was given on the battleship. The team refused to take the borscht bins and ostentatiously ate crackers and washed them down with water. A line formed in the ship's shop. The refusal of the team to eat borscht was reported to the senior officer I. I. Gilyarovskiy and the commander of the ship E. N. Golikov.
The commander ordered to assemble a team. The borscht was examined by the chief doctor of the battleship S. E. Smirnov, who recognized it as good. After that, the commander threatened the sailors with punishment for rebellion and ordered those who wanted to eat borscht to go to the 12-inch tower. About a hundred people went out of order to the tower. Seeing the stubbornness of the sailors, the commander ordered to call the guard, after which most of the team moved to the tower. When about 30 people remained in the ranks, the senior officer detained the remaining ones, ordered to rewrite their names and bring a tarpaulin. The order to bring a tarpaulin was regarded by the crew as preparation for the execution of the sailors detained in the ranks.
Part of the team ran to the battery deck, broke into the pyramids with rifles and armed themselves. Attempts by the officers to calm the crew and win over the sailors who did not participate in the mutiny did not lead to anything. The first shot fired from the battery deck by G. N. Vakulenchuk killed an artillery officer, Lieutenant L. K. Neupokoev. In the ensuing fight, the senior officer mortally wounded G. N. Vakulenchuk with a shot from a rifle. The next moment he was killed by several sailors.
During the uprising, 6 officers were killed: ship commander captain 1st rank E.N. Golikov, senior officer captain 2nd rank I.I. Gilyarovsky, senior artillery officer lieutenant L.K. Neupokoev, senior mine officer lieutenant V.K. Ton, navigation officer ensign N. Ya. Livintsev and lieutenant N. F. Grigoriev. S. E. Smirnov, the senior doctor of the battleship, was also killed. The surviving officers were arrested. The rebels were led by senior quartermaster A. Matyushenko.
The rebels captured the destroyer No. 267, which was trying to leave, the commander of the destroyer, Lieutenant P. M. Klodt von Jurgensburg, was arrested.
On the morning of June 15 (28) the sailors brought the ship to Odessa, which was engulfed in a general strike, in an attempt to help the striking workers. Representatives of local social democratic organizations arrived on the battleship. A crowd gathered in the port, the police and troops left the port area. Tramp elements of the city and port, taking advantage of the absence of police and troops in the port, began to rob goods in warehouses, break barrels of vodka and wine. Fires broke out in the port. In the evening, the troops surrounding the port began shelling the people who were there, hundreds of people were killed and wounded. In the port, a number of warehouses and buildings burned down, several standing at the berths of steamers. The total loss from the fire amounted to about 50 million rubles.
On June 16 (29) the rebellious sailors released and sent ashore the arrested officers. The funeral of G. N. Vakulenchuk took place. Upon returning from the funeral, the guard of honor of the sailors was fired upon by a military patrol. The battleship bombarded the city with guns. The flight of the wealthy part of the population from Odessa began.
Monument to the sailors of the Battleship Potemkin in Zagatala, Azerbaijan.
17 (30) June "Potemkin" met at sea with a squadron under the command of Admiral A. Kh. Krieger. The ships dispersed without opening fire. At the same time, the battleship "George the Victorious" joined the rebellious battleship. "Potemkin" and "George the Victorious" returned to Odessa, where on June 18 (July 1) "George the Victorious" surrendered to the military authorities.
On June 19 (July 2), an uprising began on the Prut training ship. June 19 (July 2) "Potemkin" came to the Romanian port of Constanta. The Romanian government offered the sailors to surrender on the terms of military deserters, guaranteeing their personal freedom, but forbade supplying the battleship with coal and provisions. The ship commission of the battleship rejected this proposal. On June 20 (July 3) in the afternoon, Potemkin and destroyer No. 267 left Constanta and on June 22 (July 5) arrived in Feodosia, where food supplies were replenished. June 23 (July 6) "Potemkin" left Feodosia back to Constanta.
On June 24 (July 7), 1905, the battleship was again in Constanta. The next day, the team was brought ashore, they were guaranteed freedom. The Romanian authorities lowered the St. Andrew's flag on the battleship and raised the Romanian one, and the sailors were transported to the places reserved for their residence.
Destroyer No. 267 left for Sevastopol, not wanting to surrender to the Romanian authorities. Already on June 26, a squadron from Sevastopol arrived in Constanta under the command of Rear Admiral S.P. Pisarevsky, consisting of the battleships Chesma and Sinop, destroyers No. 261, 262, 264, 265. there were ten officers and about 200 sailors on the Potemkin. There was a change of guards, the Romanian flag was lowered, and at 14:10 Andreevsky was raised. A Russian priest served a prayer service and sprinkled the ship with holy water to exorcise the "devil of the revolution."
The ship was in a satisfactory condition, so already on June 28 at 19:20 Pisarevsky's squadron left Constanta. "Sinop" led in tow "Potemkin", on which 47 sailors and conductors returned to Russia, Ensign D.P. Alekseev and Lieutenant P.V. Kalyuzhny. With them was an active participant in the uprising, the machinist F. Ya. Kashugin. He did not have time to leave the ship, and the Russian officers grabbed him.
July 1 "Sinop" entered the "Potemkin" in the South Bay of Sevastopol. The remnants of the former team were removed from the battleship and sent under arrest to the training ship Prut. Even before that, the sailors of destroyer No. 267 were imprisoned in Bombora.
2.1. The fate of the rebels
On June 30, 1905, court cases began against the rebels. The trial of the sailors of the Prut training ship, which was trying to join the rebel battleship, was the first to begin in Sevastopol. There were 44 sailors in the dock, 28 were convicted. The court sentenced Alexander Mikhailovich Petrov, 23 years old, Ivan Ferapontovich Adamenko, 24 years old, Dmitry Matveyevich Titov, 25 years old, and Ivan Arefyevich Cherny, 27 years old, to death; 16 sailors - to hard labor; one - to return to correctional convict departments; six - to return to disciplinary battalions and one - to arrest. The rest were acquitted for lack of direct evidence of revolutionary activity.
The death sentence was carried out at dawn on August 24, 1905, near the wall of the Konstantinovsky battery.
The trial in the case of participants in the uprising on the battleship "George the Victorious" lasted from 16 to 26 August. The leaders of the uprising, Semyon Panteleimonovich Deinega, aged 27, Dorofei Petrovich Koshuba, aged 26, and Ivan Kondratyevich Stepanyuk, aged 27, were sentenced to death. 52 sailors The rest were sent to eternal penal servitude or sentenced to hard labor for a term of 4 to 20 years, to return to prison correctional departments for a term of 3 to 5 years.
On September 3, two active participants in the uprising on the battleship "George the Victorious" were shot (with the help of lawyers, Stepanyuk managed to replace the execution with indefinite hard labor).
Several hundred sailors from the "Prut", "George the Victorious", "Potemkin" and other ships were sent to Far East to the Amur Flotilla. After the end of the service, they were left there for settlement.
All the "Potemkin" and the sailors of the destroyer No. 267 who returned to Russia were also put on trial. Initially, they wanted to be tried by a civil court as political criminals. But then the tsarist government considered it more profitable to consider the Potemkin uprising as a military crime, and the case was transferred to the naval court of the Sevastopol port. 68 people were judged (54 Potemkin, 13 sailors from the destroyer No. 267 and one sailor from the Vekha vessel), dividing them into four groups. The first included those who belonged to a revolutionary organization and deliberately started an uprising with the aim of overthrowing the existing system (among them - A. N. Zauloshnov, F. P. Lutsaev, T. G. Martyanov); in the second - those who voluntarily or under the threat of violence joined the first, but did not share all its political convictions (including S. Ya. Guz, I. P. Zadorozhny, F. Ya. Kashugin); in the third - those who helped the rebels under the threat of violence (such as D.P. Alekseev, A.S. Galenko, F.V. Murzak and several sailors); fourth - those who did not take part in the uprising, but did not actively resist it and were on the ship, having the opportunity to flee and surrender to the authorities.
Part of the foremast of the battleship "Potemkin" in the Museum of the Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol. In 1924, the fore mast was installed as a rear alignment mark on Pervomaisky Island. In 1957, it was removed and cut into pieces, which, like relics, are kept in a number of museums of the former USSR.
The trial of the Potemkinites began on February 4, 1906, after the defeat of the November uprising in Sevastopol. Three Potemkinites - Alexander Nikolaevich Zauloshnov, 22 years old, Fyodor Panteleimonovich Lutsaev, 28 years old, and Tikhon Grigoryevich Martyanov, 23 years old - were sentenced to death. But on the basis of the royal decree of October 21, 1905 on the mitigation of punishments for political crimes committed before the publication of the manifesto on October 17, 1905, the execution was replaced by 15 years of hard labor. Sailors Sergey Yakovlevich Guz, 28 years old, Ivan Pavlovich Zadorozhny, 23 years old, and Feodosia Yakovlevich Kashugin, 27 years old, were also sentenced to hard labor: the first - for ten, the second - for three and a half years, the third - for six years. The rest were sent to prison companies and subjected to other punishments. Ensign D.P. Alekseev, doctor A.S. Galenko and second lieutenant P.V. Kalyuzhny were dismissed from service. On February 23, Vice Admiral G.P. Chukhnin (Commander of the Black Sea Fleet) approved the verdict by Order No. 293.
Six Potemkin residents tried to escape to the Yushala station while being transported to Siberia, but were caught and shot. The fugitives were buried in the city of Kamyshlov, where later a monument was erected to them through the efforts of local enthusiasts.
A. N. Zauloshnov also tried to escape, but was captured. On February 24, 1910, he died in solitary confinement in a Saratov prison.
The trials of the Potemkinites continued until 1917. In total, out of a crew of 784 sailors, 173 people were brought to trial. And only in relation to one - Afanasy Nikolaevich Matyushenko - the death penalty was carried out. In 1907 he illegally returned to Russia, was arrested in Nikolaev as an anarchist and executed in Sevastopol on November 2 of the same year as a Potemkin.
Most of the Potemkinites lived in exile in Romania. Separate groups of sailors left for Switzerland, Argentina and Canada, sailor Ivan Beshov went to Ireland, where he founded the popular Beshoffs chain of eateries.
In total, until March 1917, 245 people returned to Russia (31% of the team). Most returned to Russia after February Revolution, which freed the rebel sailors from the judicial responsibility that threatened them.
In 1955, all the living participants in the uprising were awarded the Orders of the Red Star, and two were awarded the Orders of the Red Banner.
3. Further service
After the uprising, the battleship was renamed "Panteleimon". In 1910, a major overhaul took place in Sevastopol. Participated in the First World War. Including November 5, 1914, he took part in the battle at Cape Sarych and May 10, 1915 in the battle near the Bosphorus.
December 29, 1917 became part of the Red Black Sea Fleet. From March 1918 it was in storage at the Sevastopol military port, where on May 1, 1918 it was captured by the German invaders, and on November 24, 1918 by the Anglo-French interventionists and on April 22-24, 1919, by order of the British command, it was blown up and put out of action. On April 29, 1919, it was captured by units of the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army, and on June 24, 1919, by the White Guards. After the capture of Sevastopol on November 15, 1920 by units of the Red Army, it was not put into operation, in 1923 it was handed over to the Komgosfond for dismantling and cutting into metal, and on November 21, 1925 it was excluded from the lists of ships of the RKKF. AT given time [when?] one of the armadillo masts is used in the Crimea as the basis for one of the lighthouses.
4. Memory
In 1930, 1972 and 1985, postage stamps depicting an armadillo were issued in the USSR:
The USSR also issued postcards dedicated to the uprising on the battleship Potemkin:
- The uprising was depicted in the film of the same name by S. M. Eisenstein (1925).
- In Kamyshlov, near the Uralizolyator plant, there is a monument to the executed sailors of the battleship, who tried to escape during the escort.
- The Potemkin uprising through the eyes of an outside observer is described by Yevgeny Zamyatin (who was an unwitting witness to these events) in the story "Three Days" (1913).
After leaving with his detachment "Moltke", the purchase of which the Russian emperor refused, "Andrew the First-Called" was finally able to begin comprehensive combat training as part of a brigade. It was necessary to immediately catch up with the preparations of the "Rurik" and "Tsesarevich", who already had extensive experience. Together, the ships had to master those new shooting methods still unfamiliar to the fleet, which in the Black Sea were practically carried out by a detachment led by the battleship "Panteleimon" (former "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky"). Now the fleet had to fully master this art of conducting squadron combat at a new stage in the development of rangefinder technology. Ship commanders, artillery officers, and gunners had to learn anew. "Maneuvering" was never associated with shooting, and while still a midshipman, I had to hear such phrases: "What do you think - how will I adapt to you? I will walk as I need, and you shoot! - Lieutenant N.I. said at his lectures in the officer class. Ignatiev (1880-1939). Leading the training in class a 1908-1912, the organizational and tactical part of the Moscow State School in 1912-1915, and in 1915-1917 being the flagship artillery officer of the headquarters of the Commander of the Fleet Baltic Sea. N.I. Ignatiev should rightly be called the creator of artillery tactics courses and the new artillery culture of the post-Tsushima fleet.
Among his best students was the first senior artilleryman of "Andrew the First-Called" senior lieutenant Vladimir Aleksandrovich Svinin (1881-1915), who already in October 1911 became the flagship artillery officer of the headquarters of the chief of the brigade of battleships, and from May 1913. - Headquarters of the naval forces of the Baltic Sea. (Killed by an absurdly lucky shrapnel hit on the battleship Slava during an inspection). From officers N.I. Ignatiev demanded by all means (regardless of specialization) knowledge of artillery tactics, the principles of directing fire and its organization to the same extent as a senior artillery officer.
The role of well-trained and consciously acting commanders also increased immeasurably. The main principle of training was also fully implemented: firing should be only squadron, and not single, as it was, at reviews in the Pacific squadron: now one of the main indicators of combat training that was completely absent before the war - rate of fire. On this subject, in the lectures of Lieutenant N.I. Ignatiev directly stated that "ignorance of the requirements in the shortest possible time to cause the greatest harm led us to slow shooting." The Japanese, as it turned out, put these requirements at the heart of their shooting. Now the fleet was fully striving to make up for the lost time. The passage of this science, together with the entire brigade, was occupied by "Andrew the First-Called". The ship was finally completed. His lists included 26 officers, 12 midshipmen, 12 conductors, 833 sailors.
Many times during the year, the ship went to sea as part of a brigade of battleships, sometimes joined with a brigade of cruisers, the 1st and 2nd mine divisions and minelayers "Amur" and "Yenisei". He visited many Baltic ports, fired a lot and successfully, participated with the fleet in the celebrations of laying the ground on June 29 at the Reval raid of the sea fortress of Emperor Peter the Great and somehow managed to be uninfected by anti-government propaganda. This propaganda was preparing a mutiny on ships and, apparently, because of its consequences, the campaign planned for July 14-20 in Travemünde - in the depths of the Mecklenburg Bay - had to be postponed. The voyage took place only on September 8-17, in a much wider composition, which included almost the entire squadron, and to another port - Copenhagen.
"Andrew the First-Called" on September 8 left Revel with a brigade of battleships and three "volunteers": "Border Guard", "Hunter" and "General Kondratenko". The cruiser brigade was also in full force. At 10 am on September 7 at the appointed rendezvous at Fr. Bornholm, 11 more destroyers from the 1st and 2nd divisions joined the fleet and Beltom went to Copenhagen. In total, 5 ships of the battle brigade (including "Rurik"), 5 cruisers, 15 destroyers (including temporarily assigned to the cruising brigade "Novik") and training transport of the engine school "Ocean" participated in the voyage. They sailed at sea without lights and were engaged in general maneuvering. The raid of Copenhagen on September 12 was entered by two wake columns. Together with the salute of the nation, 31 shots saluted the standard of the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna on the Polar Star. On the "Novik" the Empress bypassed the ships of the cruiser brigade. On September 13, on the birthday of the Danish king, who went on a raid on the Dannebrog yacht, the ships blossomed with flags and saluted with 27 shots.
In general, 1912, as never before, was rich in solemn events. The fleet was memorable for the outstanding, albeit fatally belated legislative act of the adoption on June 6 by the State Duma of the "program for the hasty strengthening of the Baltic Fleet", that is, the appropriation for the fleet of those same 500 million rubles, which A.N. Krylov (Memoirs, 1956). A sign of the revival of the fleet was the celebration on June 29 of the laying of the port of Emperor Peter the Great on about. Carlos in Revel. The fleet and the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, widely celebrated on September 26, were celebrated with the whole country. Russia seemed to be confidently developing its power and patriotic self-consciousness. To match this situation were more than ever frequent visits and voyages of our ships abroad. In addition to the squadron that went to Copenhagen, the yachts "Polar Star" and "Princess" also visited here (with the Dowager Empress).
To Stockholm for the opening celebrations of the fifth Olympic Games sailed the yacht of the Minister of Marine "Neva" and the yacht "Strela", which for the duration of the games was placed at the disposal of the Chief Plenipotentiary of Russia at the games of the retinue Major General Voeikov. Four times during the navigation of 1912 in Russia, detachments of Swedish ships were received (of which one was in Biorka, led by the king), four times - ships from Germany (including a detachment led by the emperor) and once a particularly powerful detachment of British cruisers (" Indomitable", "Cochrane", "Achilles", "Warrior", "Natal"), who were in Reval from September 22 to 26. From July 27 to August 3, the French cruiser "Conde" was in Kronstadt, delivering President R. Poincaré (1860-1934). But in all these meetings (except for the visit of Wilhelm II) "Andrew the First-Called" and the entire brigade, busy with intense combat training, did not participate. The alarm in the world, caused by the two Balkan wars, forced to neglect the rules of etiquette and entrust the meeting of guests to destroyers and cruisers.
The results of combat training were optimistic. The new ships, finally, received the long-awaited system of blowing guns, quickly pulled up to the level of training of the veterans of the "Tsesarevich" and "Glory". The officers, bringing with them the experience of their own voyages, already completely owned the ship. In 1912, "Andrew the First-Called" received a new commander. He became the flag captain of the headquarters of the head of the Baltic detachment, and then the brigade of battleships, captain 2nd rank A.P., who was in 1910-1912. Green (1872-1922). He had an impressive experience of service in 1906-1908 as a senior officer on the mine cruiser "Volunteer", the cruiser "Almaz", the battleship "Tsesarevich" and command in 1908-1910. destroyers "Combat" and "Volunteer".
Probably, it was not entirely correct to remove the commander, who had undergone an almost titanic labor of outfitting and had just fully studied his ship. His experience would probably be more useful for the ship than the purely combatant advancement of the one who was appointed to replace him. But the zigzags of the passage of service are so bizarre and full of many mysterious circumstances and factors that, as a rule, it is not possible to explain the career of this or that officer. Even stranger were the previous almost fictitious appointments to the post of commander of "Andrew the First-Called" - P.I. Novitsky in 1906-1907 and M.V. Bubnov in 1908-1909. Now we can only guess what exactly - premature death, some kind of breakdown in a career or other circumstances led to the fact that Captain 1st Rank Shvank and his name from the lists of fleet officers ceased to be the commander of "Andrew the First-Called" disappeared forever.
Meanwhile, the ship in 1912 still could not completely get rid of the "tail" of imperfections that stretched behind it. On July 2, Minister of Marine I.K. Grigorovich, on the report of the commander, on the next list of outstanding work, put a resolution: "Comrade Naval Minister, is it really impossible for the Admiralty Plant to do away with" Andrew the First-Called "? Outrageous. Who is to blame? As for the portholes, they need to be done. do them gradually, starting for "Paul" from the stern, for "Andrey" - from the bow. To do the work without removing the armor. " Work on the installation of these side windows was now proposed to be included in the estimate for 1913-1914.
But the portholes could not be installed in a short time, and with an abundance of other unfulfilled work, they eventually moved into the category of unrealizable wishes. After all, even the liquidation of the dotsushima "mushroom" of the roof of the conning tower on the "Slava" was managed to rise up only by 1916. The improvement of the design of the Momerin towers of 305 and 203-mm guns was also delayed. They, as it turned out when firing on the "Andrew the First-Called", were damaged even by "shots from neighboring towers." The coal loading system was also expected to be finalized. The experience of the 1912 campaign revealed the significant advantages of the device developed by the builder of "Andrew the First-Called" Lieutenant V.A. von Ozarowski. Four arrows in the corners of the casemate, which supplied coal through the gutters in its roof to the loading pipes on the hinged deck, made it possible to receive up to 160 tons of coal per hour. It was almost 8 times more than it was possible on "Paul I". The design of Ozarovsky was proposed by the Admiralty Plant to be used for both ships.
This is how "Andrew the First-Called" entered the last pre-war 1913, and there was no certainty that this year it would be possible to cope with the remaining shortcomings.
Panteleimon (battleship)
| "Prince Potemkin-Tauride", from October 12, 1905 "Panteleimon", from April 13, 1917 - "Potemkin-Tavrichesky", from May 1917 - "Freedom Fighter" |
||
|---|---|---|
| basic information | ||
| Type of | Battleship | |
| flag state | Russia |
|
| Affiliation | Black Sea Fleet | |
| Shipyard | Nikolaev Admiralty | |
| Construction started | December 15, 1897 | |
| Launched into the water | September 13, 1900 | |
| Commissioned | May 20, 1905 | |
| Withdrawn from the Navy | 1923 | |
| Modern status | Dismantled for metal | |
| Options | ||
| Tonnage | 13500 tons | |
| Length | 115.4 m | |
| Width | 22.2 m | |
| Draft | 8.2 m | |
| Booking | Krupp armor belt in the middle part 229 mm at the extremities - 178 mm, casemate 127 mm, deck 38/63 mm, armor of the main battery turrets 254 mm, wheelhouses 229 mm | |
| Technical details | ||
| Power point | 2 vertical triple expansion steam engines, 22 Belleville boilers | |
| screws | 2 screws | |
| Power | 10600 hp | |
| Speed | 16.6 knots | |
| Autonomy of navigation | 3000 miles | |
| Crew | 28 officers and 788 sailors | |
| Armament | ||
| Artillery | 4 x 305 mm guns, 16 x 152 mm guns, 14 x 75 mm guns, 2 x 63 mm, 6 x 47 mm, 2 x 37 mm | |
| Torpedo-mine armament | 4 x 456 mm. torpedo tubes | |
"Prince Potemkin-Tauride"- battleship of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. Named after G. A. Potemkin.
Construction history
After the uprising, the battleship was renamed "Panteleimon". In 1910, a major overhaul took place in Sevastopol. Participated in the first world war. December 29, 1917 became part of the Red Black Sea Fleet. From March 1918 it was in storage at the Sevastopol military port, where on May 1, 1918 it was captured by the German invaders, and on November 24, 1918 by the Anglo-French interventionists and on April 22-24, 1919, by order of the British command, it was blown up and put out of action. On April 29, 1919, he was liberated by units of the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army, but on June 24, 1919, he was captured by the White Guards. After the liberation of Sevastopol on November 15, 1920, parts of the Red Army did not put into operation, in 1923 it was handed over to the Komgosfond for dismantling and cutting into metal, and on November 21, 1925 it was excluded from the lists of ships of the RKKF. At present, one of the masts of the battleship is used in the Crimea as the basis for one of the lighthouses.
see also
Links
- Summary (synopsis) of Chishko's opera "Battleship Potemkin" on the site "100 operas"
| Squadron battleships of the Navy of the Russian Empire | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type of Peter the Great | Peter the Great |  |
| Type of Catherine II | Catherine II Chesma Sinop George the Victorious | |
| Type of Twelve Apostles | Twelve Apostles | |
| Type of Gangut | Gangut | |
| Type of Navarin | Navarin | |
| Type of Emperor Alexander II | Emperor Alexander II Emperor Nicholas I | |
| Type of Three Saints | Three Saints | |
| Type of Sisoy the Great | Sisoy the Great | |
| Type of Poltava | Poltava Petropavlovsk Sevastopol | |
| Type of Rostislav | Rostislav | |
| Type of Peresvet | Peresvet Oslyabya Pobeda | |
| Type of Prince Potemkin-Tauride | Prince Potemkin-Tauride(since 1905 - Panteleimon) | |
| Type of Retvizan | Retvizan | |
| Type of Tsesarevich | Tsesarevich | |
| Type of Borodino | Borodino · Emperor Alexander III · Eagle · Prince Suvorov · Glory | |
| Type of Evstafiy | ||
100 years ago, on May 10, 1915, an event took place, now referred to as the "Battle of the Black Sea Fleet with the battlecruiser" Goeben "or" The Battle of the Bosphorus in 1915.
It should be noted that the interest and study of the details of this battle (of course, at my amateur level ..) was the most powerful impulse that prompted me to build this model, the model of the battleship "Panteleimon", which was the "protagonist" of the Battle of the Bosphorus.
So what happened at the Bosphorus 100 years ago, and what made the battleship "Panteleimon" so distinguished ...?
I will not describe the prehistory for a long time, show the balance of forces and means, discuss certain decisions officials..., only in fact.
But in fact the situation turned out like this: on the morning of May 10, 1915, almost the entire Black Sea Fleet was located near the Bosphorus Strait, another operation began to bombard the Bosphorus (Turkish) batteries.
The battleships "Panteleimon" and "Three Saints" formed a strike group, it was they who were supposed to bombard the Turkish fortifications. From the sea they were covered by the battleships "Evstafiy", "John Chrysostom" and "Rostislav". In addition, minesweepers, destroyers, cruisers and the hydro-aircraft cruiser "Emperor Alexander I" were with the battleships.
Around 06:00, the strike group began to take up position, and at 07:10, the Turkish destroyer Numune opened fire on the Russian minesweepers trawling in front of the strike group, but immediately came under fire from the Panteleimon itself and was forced to withdraw deep into the strait.
The strike group had not yet managed to take a position for the bombardment, as the order of the fleet commander, Admiral A.A. Eberhard, followed immediately to join the main forces, the German battlecruiser "Goeben" was rapidly approaching the cover group (and these were the main forces) ...
A little about Goeben.
The newest German battlecruiser of the "dreadnought" type, commissioned in 1912, was armed with 10 280mm guns, 12 150mm guns, 12 88mm guns. Travel speed 28 knots. Since August 1914, as part of the Turkish fleet under the name "Sultan Selim the Terrible" . The cruiser operated under the Turkish flag, and the German sailors "in public" flaunted in Turkish naval uniforms, that's perhaps the whole Turkishness of the cruiser, so I, like the Russian sailors of those years, will call the cruiser his German name.
It must be said that the "Goeben", which had a high speed and powerful weapons, it was on the Black Sea, acting against the obsolete and slow-moving battleships of the Russian fleet, that it was the best possible way to implement the concept of a battlecruiser, overtake-bypass, strike-destroy, quickly leave with adverse circumstances.
"Goeben" was a real "headache" for the Russian command, until the appearance on the Black Sea of the latest domestic battleships of the "dreadnought" type.
Meanwhile, commander A.A. Ebergard, making sure that there is no time left to connect with the Panteleimon group, at 07:41 turns the ships back on their course. battleships).
At 07:51 (according to other sources 07:53), the battleship John Chrysostom, from a distance of 94 cab, makes the first sighting salvo at the approaching Goeben. The Goeben, which turned right on an almost parallel course, began to respond with five gun salvos. "Goeben" opens fire head "Evstafiy". The trailing "Rostislav" did not open fire, so as not to "shoot down the fire" of the lead battleships.
Russian 305mm shells of concentrated four-gun volleys burst undershot, there were no hits on the Goeben ...
"Goeben", in turn, although it took the flagship "Evstafiy" into the "fork", there were no hits either, although its volleys fell very closely. "Eustace" sometimes completely disappeared from sight in the huge water columns, giant masses of water fell on the ship, flooding the glass of the rangefinders and interfering with effective return firing.
The situation was extremely dangerous, one successful volley of "Goeben" threatened, if not to destroy the flagship "Evstafiy", but could be guaranteed to put it out of action, thereby demoralizing the rest of the fleet, and then, taking advantage of the speed advantage and taking a position convenient for itself, " Goeben" would probably take on "John Chrysostom" and further down the list ...
The situation was BROKEN by the battleship "Panteleimon"!
The Panteleimon group hurried to the battlefield.
Here is how Senior Lieutenant A.M. Chernushevich, a participant in those events, describes this episode:
"... At that time, the Panteleimon, the best walker of the three ships of the same type (it freely developed 17 knots), did not seem to be walking, but flying ... A huge white breaker was rising under its stem ... Far behind it" old man "III Saint".
Thus, the "Panteleimon" rushed to join the main forces of the fleet. At about 08:05, he caught up with the "Rostislav". At this time, the captain of the "Panteleimon", the captain of the 1st rank M.I. "from the maximum distance, without waiting for the end of the maneuver to connect with the main forces.
The senior artilleryman of the "Panteleimon" Lieutenant V.G. Malchikovsky covered the "Goeben" with a second volley, hitting it in the middle part of the hull, below the waterline.
Here is what the senior officer of "Panteleimon", captain of the II rank G.K. Leman writes:
... "When at about 8:12 a.m. .. "Panteleimon" fired a volley that lay behind the stern of "Goeben", Lieutenant Malchikovsky ordered "four to the left", and at about 8:13 a.m., approaching the battleship "Three Saints," Panteleimon "fired a volley again with a corrected installation of the rear sight and with a sight, if I'm not mistaken, 104 cables. At this time, "Goeben" kept us at a heading angle of 120-130 degrees. Hearing distinctly the warnings of the galvanizer "get up", "fall!", I saw that one fall of this volley fell behind the stern of the "Goeben" in 30-40 sazhens, and the projectile exploded on the water, while another fall gave a hit in the area of \u200b\u200bthe rear pipe and a third towers ... When the projectile burst, it gave a thick cloud of black smoke, which was cut through by a bright reddish flame.
Around 08:15 "Panteleimon" took a place in the column, thus the entire 1st brigade of battleships was together. Soon, two more 305mm shells hit the "Goeben", one presumably from the "Evstafiy", in the tank and one from the "Panteleimon", exploded at the stern tower.
Andrey Avgustovich Ebergard reported to headquarters:
"... After several of our hits, the Goeben's shooting became much worse. In its volley, instead of five, there were already three, sometimes two shots."
The Russian battleships increased their speed to 12 knots and turned to the right, the battle distance began to decrease, the artillery superiority of the Russian squadron became obvious, now the water around the Goeben was "boiling" from shell explosions.
When the distance was reduced to 73 cabs, "Goeben", with an anti-torpedo net hanging overboard from a broken box and most likely smoking in the places of hits (which is not a fact), with a sharp turn to the right, left the battle ....
Prototype.
It was laid down on September 28, 1898 in the city of Nikolaev at the Nikolaev Admiralty as a squadron battleship "Prince Potemkin Tauride".
September 26, 1900 launched.
On May 20, 1905, outfitting work was completed on the battleship, but the commissioning of the ship was completely disrupted due to the participation of the crew in the revolutionary events of 1905.
On October 6, 1905, the battleship was renamed Panteleimon.
At the end of March 1917, the ship was renamed Potemkin-Tavrichesky.
April 28, 1917 renamed "Freedom Fighter"
On November 21, 1925, it was excluded from the lists of the RKKF ships and cut into metal.
Some performance characteristics of the ship for 1915:
Displacement - 12,582 tons;
speed - 16.7 knots;
Armament:
4 - 305mm guns in two turrets;
16 - 152mm guns in casemates;
14 - 75mm guns
4 - 381mm underwater torpedo tubes (fifth-bow, dismantled in May 1911, the rest were removed in February 1916)
By model.
I want to express my deep gratitude to our colleague Alexei Nikitin, who from the very beginning of my work (working with the model was, so to speak, in live, on our website, in the "construction tales" section) helped me understand the very prototype of the model and actually set the correct vector in the work itself.
Thank you so much and to other colleagues, who in one way or another assisted in working on the model.
The construction itself lasted a year and seven months. At the heart of the model is the well-known plastic kit from "Ogonyok" - the "battleship Potemkin". Added all sorts of photo-etching from various manufacturers. Wooden deck-blank "artvoks"
Paints "star", "tamiya", varnish "star".
When building the model, I used the following literature:
N.A. Kuznetsov
Squadron battleship "PRINCE POTEMKIN-TAVRIC";
R.M. Melnikov
"Panteleimon" - "Freedom Fighter" in World War and Revolution;
I. Maksimikhin
"Battleship Potemkin".
And of course, almost the most important source of information on appearance"Panteleimon" were photos from the network.
Not everything was done, for various reasons. There is both a lack of information and personal inattention ... So, for example, on the model there is a very annoying "not cut" the bow bulkhead of the spardeck, in the presence of excellent drawings, I missed this moment, I saw it after assembling this assembly ..
Nevertheless, the model is ready and presented to your colleague's gaze.
The battleship "Panteleimon" enters the "hallway" strait at low speed.
