What does wind and squall mean. Storms, squalls, hurricanes, their characteristics, damaging factors

squally, squally, squally; squalist, squalist, squally. Being a squall. A squally wind. Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Strong, squally, squally, stormy, impetuous Dictionary of Russian synonyms. squally adj., number of synonyms: 9 bare (10) ... Synonym dictionary

App. 1. ratio with noun. squall associated with it 2. Reminiscent squall 1.. 3. Accompanied by squall [squall 1.]. Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova

Squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, squally, ... ... Forms of words

squally- scarlet shkv ... Russian spelling dictionary

squally - … Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language

Aya, oh; sheet, oh 1. Being a flurry, with flurries (1 sign). Sh. wind. Sh. rush. 2. Accompanied by a squall(s). th weather. th precipitation. Whoa cloud... encyclopedic Dictionary

squally- oh, oh; sheet, oh 1) being a squall, with squalls 1) Squall / sheet wind. Squall/leaf gust. 2) Accompanied by a squall(s). th weather. th precipitation. Whoa cloud... Dictionary of many expressions

squally- squall / ist / th ... Morphemic spelling dictionary

Wind with gusts exceeding 10 m/s. Samoilov K.I. Marine Dictionary. M. L .: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941 ... Marine Dictionary

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• Fear of flying, V. Ershov. A middle-aged but experienced pilot Klimov leads an aircraft to Norilsk. Suddenly one of the plane's engines...

A squall is a sudden increase in wind to a storm with a sharp change in direction.

A squall wind is often compared to a blow: so great are the destruction that a squall produces in a few minutes.

In terms of its strength, the squall wind is not only not inferior to storms, but even surpasses them.

The study of the nature of squalls was Special attention at the end of the last century, after the disaster in 1878 with the English military frigate Eurydice. The frigate was returning from a long voyage. The pier was crowded with greeters. The Eurydice appeared on the horizon, looming clearer and clearer every minute. When there were some 2-3 km left to the coast, a squall suddenly came up. The people on the pier were blown off their feet by the wind. Weight wet snow closed the entire horizon, turning day into night. The sea boiled and covered with huge waves. It lasted no more than five minutes. The hurricane wind suddenly subsided, the snow stopped falling, the sky cleared up. But there was no trace left of the frigate! In vain people peered into the sea. It was empty. The frigate "Eurydice" was capsized by a wind blow and instantly sank with the entire crew. Only a few days after the squall, divers found the ship at the bottom of the sea at the entrance to the bay. When information was collected from different places about the passing hurricane, it turned out that it was moving at an enormous speed - 90 km / h, - a very narrow (2-3 km wide) strip. The length of the strip was over 700 km.

It is now well known what causes such a sudden hurricane wind. A squall occurs when a cold air mass invades a warm one. This usually happens on a cold front. Cold air when it invades, it displaces the warm one, forcing it to go up. When the warm air cools, cumulonimbus clouds form above, bursting into a downpour, hail, squall, which is always goes long narrow strip, usually from 500 m to 6 km wide. Light winds usually blow ahead of the squall front. On the front itself, the wind sharply changes its direction, sometimes even completely opposite, and intensifies.

The squall cloud has a very characteristic appearance: it is black, with torn edges, like claws, descending down, and a white curtain of rain in the depths of the cloud. The cloud is coming low above the ground; its lower edge changes shape all the time. By appearance of this cloud, the observer can guess about the upcoming squall.

The strongest squall swept over Moscow on May 28, 1937. The speed of the squally wind reached 35 m/s, and the increase in wind strength occurred immediately, abruptly. The squall continued for several minutes, accompanied by thunderstorms, downpours and hail. Raindrops, crushed by the wind, rushed in a continuous curtain, like a snowstorm. In the twilight that had fallen, it was impossible to distinguish anything within three paces. Thunder rumbled in the roar of the squall.

In 1942, in Tacoma (USA), a squall destroyed a suspension bridge over a bay about one kilometer long.

In our time, scientists have learned to anticipate squalls. To do this, you need to follow the daily weather maps for cold fronts.

By determining their movement, it is possible to warn areas threatened by a squall in a timely manner.

Tornadoes (TORNADO, THROMB)

In nature, sometimes it happens that everything calms down, but this is the calm before the storm. A huge dark cloud. The thunder is getting stronger and stronger. And suddenly, from behind the curtain of rain on the right side of the cloud, a spinning shaft begins to emerge. Wriggling like a snake, he comes to the edge of the cloud, bends and heads down to the ground. Here it goes down and down. Towards him, a spinning column of dust rises from the ground, a figure is formed that looks like the trunk of a giant elephant. Inside the "trunk" the air rotates at great speed and at the same time spirals vigorously upwards. The "trunk" does not stand in one place, it moves all the time, albeit relatively slowly. When the "trunk" approaches the place of observation, one can see the hurricane speed of rotation of air on flying branches, branches, and sometimes boards and logs. This lasts 1-2 minutes, after which the whirlwind quickly moves on and a normal thunderstorm begins with a heavy downpour.

Such a whirlwind is called a tornado. It is almost always associated with a thunderstorm. The wind speed inside the tornado can reach 100 or more meters per second, far exceeding the speed of violent hurricanes. The diameter of a tornado on the water surface is from 25 to 100 m, on land even more - from 100 to 1000 m, and sometimes up to 1.5-2 km. The apparent height of the "trunk" reaches 800-1500 m.

In the USA and Mexico, a tornado is called differently - a tornado, and in Western Europe - a blood clot. There, in rural areas, residents arrange special cellars, where they hide when this terrible natural phenomenon approaches. We see tornadoes very rarely. Small dusty vortex columns that resemble a model of a tornado are not tornadoes: they have a completely different origin.

It should be noted that the wind during the passage of the tornado, even at a close distance from it, has the same speed as it was before the appearance of the tornado. Sometimes, while a tornado sweeps through any area, destroying everything in its path, there is almost complete calm at a distance of several tens of meters from it.

A strong rarefaction of the air inside the tornado causes a significant drop in temperature, which leads to the condensation of water vapor present in the air; therefore, the "trunk" looks like a cloud column. The suction action of a tornado, when it captures various objects and carries them over long distances, is also explained by a decrease in pressure. Waterspouts can suck up fish and throw them ashore. "Fish rain" is a phenomenon that used to terrify people. If a tornado passes over a swamp that "blooms" and has "rusty water", then it will throw out "bloody rain" in the neighboring area.

In 1927, in the vicinity of the city of Serpukhov, a tornado appeared over one of the small lakes. He took a lot of water along with the fish into his giant "trunk", went to the city and on the outskirts of it poured all the contents of the "trunk" onto the ground.

In 1933 on Far East, in the village of Kavalerovo, located 50 km from the sea, after a heavy downpour, a large number of jellyfish were found in the fields. The tornado brought them here.

The mystery of the origin of tornadoes has not yet been solved. Scientists suggest that the tornado originates in the central part of a powerful thundercloud, where the strongest updrafts are observed and sharp jumps in wind occur, both in direction and in strength. Here is the "axis" of vertical flows. If these strongest ascending currents are “overturned” by an even more powerful horizontal air current, then a vortex with a horizontal axis is formed. Carried by a horizontal current, it will, as it were, roll forward and begin to emerge from the cloud. According to the laws of mechanics, such a vortex should become annular. Therefore, the vortex begins to bend on both sides of the cloud and descend to the ground. Indeed, quite often a two-sided tornado was observed, which lowered its "trunks" to the left and right of the cloud at the same time.

A tornado that has descended from the right (in motion) side of the cloud must have a counterclockwise rotation, and a tornado that has descended from the left must rotate clockwise. This is confirmed by observations of the location of the fallen trees in the forest on the "tornado clearing" and the surviving trees, the crowns of which were twisted by the tornado. It has been established that the origin of a tornado in a cloud occurs at a height of 3-4 km.

Since a tornado is a rare and local phenomenon, it is almost impossible to predict it. As for the fight against it, even in the last century, water tornadoes were smashed with cannonballs. This is quite possible if we remember that the diameter of water tornadoes is measured in meters, rarely in tens of meters. It is unlikely that it will be possible to break a land tornado with a diameter of hundreds of meters in this way.

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Meteorological dangerous phenomena- natural processes and phenomena that occur in the atmosphere under the influence of various natural factors or their combinations that have or may have a damaging effect on people, farm animals and plants, economic objects and the natural environment.

Wind - this is the movement of air parallel to the earth's surface, resulting from the uneven distribution of heat and atmospheric pressure and directed from the zone high pressure in the low pressure zone.

The wind is characterized by:
1. Wind direction - determined by the azimuth of the side of the horizon, from where
it blows, and is measured in degrees.
2. Wind speed - measured in meters per second (m/s; km/h; miles/hour)
(1 mile = 1609 km; 1 nautical mile = 1853 km).
3. Wind force - measured by the pressure that it exerts on 1 m2 of surface. The strength of the wind varies almost proportional to the speed,
therefore, the strength of the wind is often estimated not by pressure, but by speed, which simplifies the perception and understanding of these quantities.

Many words are used to indicate the movement of the wind: tornado, storm, hurricane, storm, typhoon, cyclone and many local names. To systematize them, all over the world use Beaufort scale, which allows you to very accurately estimate the strength of the wind in points (from 0 to 12) according to its effect on ground objects or on waves in the sea. This scale is also convenient in that it allows, according to the signs described in it, to fairly accurately determine the wind speed without instruments.

Beaufort scale (Table 1)

Breeze (light to strong breeze) sailors refer to the wind as having a speed of 4 to 31 miles per hour. In terms of kilometers (factor 1.6) it will be 6.4-50 km/h

Wind speed and direction determine weather and climate.

Strong winds, significant changes in atmospheric pressure and a large amount of precipitation cause dangerous atmospheric vortices(cyclones, storms, squalls, hurricanes) that can cause destruction and loss of life.

Cyclone is the common name for eddies with reduced pressure in the center.

An anticyclone is an area of ​​high pressure in the atmosphere with a maximum in the center. In the Northern Hemisphere, the winds in the anticyclone blow counterclockwise, and in the Southern Hemisphere - clockwise, in the cyclone the wind movement is reversed.

Hurricane - wind of destructive force and considerable duration, the speed of which is equal to or exceeds 32.7 m/s (12 points on the Beaufort scale), which is equivalent to 117 km/h (Table 1).
In half of the cases, the wind speed during a hurricane exceeds 35 m/s, reaching up to 40-60 m/s, and sometimes up to 100 m/s.

Hurricanes are classified into three types based on wind speed:
- Hurricane (32 m/s and more),
- strong hurricane (39.2 m/s or more)
- fierce hurricane (48.6 m/s and more).

Cause of these hurricane winds is the occurrence, as a rule, on the line of collision of fronts of warm and cold air masses, powerful cyclones with a sharp pressure drop from the periphery to the center and with the creation of a vortex air flow moving in the lower layers (3-5 km) in a spiral towards the middle and up, in the northern hemisphere - counterclockwise.

Such cyclones, depending on the place of their occurrence and structure, are usually divided into:
- tropical cyclones found over warm tropical oceans, usually moves westward during formation, and curves poleward after formation.
A tropical cyclone that reaches unusual strength is called hurricane if he is born in the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas; typhoon - in pacific ocean or its seas; cyclone - in the Indian Ocean region.
cyclones temperate latitudes can form both over land and over water. They usually move from west to east. characteristic feature such cyclones is their great "dryness". The amount of precipitation during their passage is much less than in the zone of tropical cyclones.
The European continent is affected by both tropical hurricanes that originate in the central Atlantic and cyclones of temperate latitudes.
Storm – a type of hurricane, but has a lower wind speed 15-31
m/sec.

The duration of storms is from several hours to several days, the width is from tens to several hundreds of kilometers.
Storms are divided into:

2. Stream storms – These are local phenomena of small distribution. They are weaker than whirlwinds. They are subdivided:
- stock - the air flow moves down the slope from top to bottom.
- Jet - characterized by the fact that the air flow moves horizontally or up the slope.
Stream storms pass most often between chains of mountains connecting valleys.
Depending on the color of the particles involved in the movement, black, red, yellow-red and white storms are distinguished.
Depending on the wind speed, storms are classified:
- storm 20 m/s and more
- strong storm 26 m/s and more
- severe storm of 30.5 m/s and more.

Squall – a sharp short-term increase in wind up to 20–30 m/s and higher, accompanied by a change in its direction associated with convective processes. Despite the short duration of squalls, they can lead to catastrophic consequences. Squalls in most cases are associated with cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) clouds, either local convection or a cold front. A squall is usually associated with heavy rainfall and thunderstorms, sometimes with hail. Atmosphere pressure during a squall, it rises sharply due to the rapid precipitation, and then falls again.

If possible, limit the area of ​​impact, all of the listed natural disasters are classified as non-localized.

Dangerous consequences of hurricanes and storms.

Hurricanes are one of the most powerful forces of the elements and, in terms of their detrimental effects, are not inferior to such terrible natural disasters as earthquakes. This is due to the fact that hurricanes carry enormous energy. Its amount released by a hurricane of average power during 1 hour is equal to the energy nuclear explosion at 36 Mt. In one day, the amount of energy that would be enough to provide electricity to a country like the United States is released. And in two weeks (the average duration of the existence of a hurricane), such a hurricane releases energy equal to the energy of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station, which it can generate in 26 thousand years. The pressure in the hurricane zone is also very high. It reaches several hundred kilograms per square meter of a fixed surface located perpendicular to the direction of wind movement.

The hurricane destroys strong and demolishes light buildings, devastates sown fields, breaks wires and knocks down power lines and communication poles, damages highways and bridges, breaks and uproots trees, damages and sinks ships, causes accidents in utility networks, in production. There are cases when hurricane winds destroyed dams and dams, which led to large floods, threw trains off the rails, tore bridges off their supports, knocked down factory pipes, and threw ships onto land. Hurricanes are often accompanied by heavy downpours, which are more dangerous than the hurricane itself, as they cause mudflows and landslides.

Hurricanes vary in size. Usually, the width of the zone of catastrophic destruction is taken as the width of the hurricane. Often, the area of ​​storm force winds with relatively little damage is added to this zone. Then the width of the hurricane is measured in hundreds of kilometers, sometimes reaching 1000 km. For typhoons, the destruction zone is usually 15-45 km. The average duration of a hurricane is 9-12 days. Hurricanes occur at any time of the year, but most often from July to October. In the remaining 8 months they are rare, their paths are short.

The damage caused by a hurricane is determined by a whole complex of various factors, including the terrain, the degree of development and the strength of buildings, the nature of vegetation, the presence of population and animals in its area of ​​action, the time of year, spent preventive measures and a number of other circumstances, the main of which is the velocity head of the air flow q, which is proportional to the product of the density atmospheric air per square of air flow velocity q = 0.5pv 2.

According to building codes and the rules, the maximum standard value of wind pressure is q = 0.85 kPa, which, at an air density of r = 1.22 kg/m3, corresponds to wind speed.

For comparison, we can cite the calculated values ​​of the velocity head used to design nuclear power plants for the Caribbean region: for buildings of category I - 3.44 kPa, II and III - 1.75 kPa and for open installations - 1.15 kPa.

Every year, about a hundred powerful hurricanes march through the globe, causing destruction and often taking away human lives(Table 2). On June 23, 1997, a hurricane swept over most of the Brest and Minsk regions, as a result of which 4 people died and 50 were injured. 229 power was cut off in the Brest region settlements, 1071 substations were put out of action, roofs were torn off from 10-80% of residential buildings in more than 100 settlements, up to 60% of buildings of agricultural production were destroyed. In the Minsk region, 1,410 settlements were de-energized, hundreds of houses were damaged. Broken and uprooted trees in forests and forest parks. At the end of December 1999 from hurricane wind swept across Europe, Belarus also suffered. Power lines were cut, many settlements were de-energized. In total, 70 districts and more than 1,500 settlements were affected by the hurricane. Only in the Grodno region, 325 transformer substations failed, in the Mogilev region even more - 665.

table 2
Impact of some hurricanes

Tornado (tornado)- whirlwind movement of air, propagating in the form of a giant black column with a diameter of up to hundreds of meters, inside which there is a rarefaction of air, where various objects are drawn.

Tornadoes occur both over the water surface and over land, much more often than hurricanes. Very often they are accompanied by thunderstorms, hail and showers. The speed of air rotation in the dust column reaches 50-300 m/s and more. During its existence, it can travel up to 600 km - along a strip of terrain several hundred meters wide, and sometimes up to several kilometers, where destruction occurs. The air in the column rises in a spiral and draws in dust, water, objects, people.
Dangerous factors: buildings caught in a tornado due to a vacuum in the air column are destroyed from the pressure of air from the inside. It uproots trees, overturns cars, trains, lifts houses into the air, etc.

Tornadoes in Belarus occurred in 1859, 1927 and 1956.

By surprise, especially from the side opposite to the direction of the wind. A squall is often accompanied by a thunderstorm, a downpour. Wind speed during a squall can exceed 20-30 m/s. The onset of a squall during the day is sometimes noticed by the formation of dark clouds on the horizon, at night - by the sound of water.

see also

• Tornado (tornado)

Links

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• Pandora's box
• Heavy fire

See what "Squall (wind)" is in other dictionaries:

wind- A whiff, a breeze, a storm, a snowstorm, a whirlwind, wrap, a blizzard, a blizzard, a blizzard; (trade winds, simum, sirocco, tornado, typhoon, hurricane, cyclone, storm, aquilon, windstorm, marshmallow). It carries, blows through the window; through wind. See frivolous .. throwing money down the drain, in ... ... Synonym dictionary

squall- fire, fidget, wind, gust, shooting, shooting, hurricane, storm Dictionary of Russian synonyms. flurry n., number of synonyms: 15 baikal (7) ... Synonym dictionary

SQUALL- SQUALL, husband. 1. A strong and sharp gust of wind, usually accompanied by a thunderstorm. I flew into 2. trans., what. About a strong and sharp manifestation of something. Sh. of fire (about strong artillery fire). Sh. indignation. Sh. applause. | adj. flurry, oh, ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

SQUALL- (Squall) a sudden blowing wind of greater or lesser force, continuing a short time. The origin of squalls is different. Frontal sh. (often thunderstorms) are of particular strength, in which the until then calm weather was several ... ... Marine Dictionary

squall- SQUAL, a, m A strong and sharp wind that appears suddenly, usually accompanied by a thunderstorm, a downpour. A flurry of those that in a second knocks down the masts on a sea sailboat, breaks the steering wheel, blows boats, people into raging waves ... (A. N. T.) ... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns

SQUALL- husband, marine foray, raid, blow, streak, a gust of sudden and strong wind, which soon runs further; Belomor. torok and thoron: squally wind, uneven, gusty, stripes, haulm. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND. Dal. 1863 1866 ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Baiga, nebelwind (German Nebelwind), fogwind (English, fogwind) wind, accompanied by advective fog or dense haze. It is observed at the boundaries of warm and cold sea currents and in the breeze or monsoon zones of the coasts, near which ... ... Wind Dictionary

SQUEAL WIND - wind, gusts of which are 10 m/s or more higher than the average wind speed. Each impulse lasts no more than 20 s.

The frequency of wind gusts in some cases is its main characteristic (for example, with a strong bore or hairdryer).

Dictionary of winds. - Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. L.Z. Proh . 1983

See what "SHQUAL WIND" is in other dictionaries:

squall- heavy whirlwind heavy fire heavy wind ... Dictionary of Russian Idioms

wind- hellish wind mad wind wild wind cruel wind fierce wind violent wind piercing wind harsh wind strong wind terrible wind crazy wind heavy wind furious wind ... Dictionary of Russian Idioms

wind- fragrant (Fofanov); weak-willed (Gippius); bottomless (Balmont); serene (Balmont); restless (Gilyarovsky, Surikov); indifferent (Sologub); homeless (Bashkin); fragrant (Maikov); violent (Gilyarovsky, Balmont, Bunin, Belousov, ... ... Dictionary of epithets

squall- oh, oh. 1. Being a flurry, with flurries (1 sign). Sh. wind. Sh. rush. 2. Strong, massive (about shooting). Sh. fire. Sh. shelling ... encyclopedic Dictionary

squall- oh, oh. 1) being a squall, with squalls 1) Squall / squall wind. Squall / lny gust. 2) Strong, massive (about shooting) heavy fire. Heavy shelling ... Dictionary of many expressions

Katabatic wind- Katabatic wind "merging" from the edge of the ice shelf ... Wikipedia

Katabatic falling wind

falling wind- Katabatic wind, "merging" from the edge of the ice shelf Scheme of formation of katabatic winds Katabatic wind (from Greek κατάβασις, katabasis descent, decrease), also falling dense and cold air ... Wikipedia