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In October 2014, the US National Archives and Records Administration removed the "top secret" stamp from the RG-77-BT photographic collection in its entirety at the National Archives College Park, Maryland. Thus, dozens of unique photographs made during the preparations for the atomic bombing of Japanese cities, which took place in the spring and summer of 1945 on the island of Tinian, became available. pacific ocean. Before that, only models of two atomic bombs could be seen (they were declassified in 1960), the infamous B-29 bomber (Enola Gay), which dropped a bomb on Hiroshima and individual photos from the now declassified RG-77-BT collection.
The picture above is not a museum model, but the same Little Boy atomic bomb ( Baby), which sent 80,000 people to a fiery hell, and then killed about 120,000 more Hiroshima residents over the next five years. It is placed on the test stand during the verification of the operation of automatic systems.
01. "Baby" is examined by the participants of the project A ( Alberta) geophysicist Francis Birch (left) and physicist Norman Ramsay.
02. And this is the Fat Man atomic bomb already assembled and ready for use ( fat man) that destroyed Nagasaki. Its seams are carefully puttied with sealant and painted to maintain the stable operation of the internal structural systems.
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05. Many of the participants in Project A left their autographs on the Fat Man.
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11. The process of loading the "Fat Man" into the pit.
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18. B-29 bomber (commander Charles Sweeney, 25) prepares to take on board the Fat Man atomic bomb.
19. "Fat Man" is carefully lifted into the bomb bay of a B-29.
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21. And so they loaded the B-29 Enola Gay (commander Paul Tibbets, 30 years old) with the atomic bomb "Kid".
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28. What happened next, you know. On August 6, at 1:45 a.m., a B-29 bomber commanded by the commander of the 509th Composite Aviation Regiment, Colonel Paul Tibbets, carrying the atomic bomb "Kid", took off from Tinian Island, which was about 6 hours from Hiroshima. Tibbets' aircraft flew in a formation that included six other aircraft: a spare aircraft (Top Secret), two controllers and three reconnaissance aircraft (Jebit III, Full House and Street Flash). Reconnaissance aircraft commanders sent to Nagasaki and Kokura reported significant cloud cover over these cities. The pilot of the third reconnaissance aircraft, Major Iserli, found out that the sky over Hiroshima was clear and sent a signal "Bomb the first target." At 08:15 local time, the B-29, being at an altitude of over 9 km, dropped an atomic bomb on the center of Hiroshima. The fuse was set to a height of 600 meters above the surface; an explosion equivalent to 13 to 18 kilotons of TNT occurred 45 seconds after the release.
At 2:47 a.m. on August 9, an American B-29 bomber under the command of Major Charles Sweeney, carrying the Fat Man atomic bomb, took off from Tinian Island. Clouds over the city of Kokura did not allow for targeted bombing, and after three unsuccessful visits to the target, at 10:32 B-29 headed for Nagasaki. "Fat Man" was dropped almost blindly, besides, the plane had technical problems with a fuel pump and fuel for an additional call was not enough. The explosion occurred at 11:02 local time at an altitude of about 500 meters. The power of the explosion was about 21 kilotons.
In the picture: "mushrooms" from atomic explosions over Hiroshima (left) and Nagasaki.
The architect of the Exhibition Center of the Hiroshima Chamber of Commerce and Industry, which is now known to the whole world under the name "Atomic Dome", was Jan Letzel, Trade Attache of Czechoslovakia (pictured). He lived in Japan for several years, where he designed several buildings in an unusual European style for the Japanese. In addition, Letzel helped the Czechoslovak legionnaires returning from Vladivostok, providing them with the opportunity to return to Europe by ship. The building of the Exhibition Center was located 160 meters from the epicenter of the atomic bomb explosion and one of the few survived, now becoming one of the main anti-war symbols in the world.
P.S. This year marks the 70th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Japanese cities. The people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the first and, fortunately, the last victims of the nuclear weapons on the ground. A lot has changed since then, the world has gone through a monstrous race nuclear weapons, was on the verge of a new conflict, but was able to get out of this madness. Unfortunately, now the new "hawks" have begun to spin the theme of a global war. The world is again being threatened with nuclear weapons not only by crazy Russian "patriots" who have gone crazy from the militaristic frenzy, but also by the top leadership of Russia. All this causes the most serious fears for the future of Europe and the whole world.
"Little Boy" ("Baby")
Nicknamed "Little Boy" (in honor of President Franklin Roosevelt), the bomb measured 3 m long by 0.7 m in diameter, weighed 2722 kg and used uranium as fissile material and was enriched with Uranium-235 .. Inside the shortened smoothbore caliber 76.2 mm (3 inches) of a naval gun, a subcritical projectile of uranium-235 was ignited at a subcritical target of uranium-235. At the moment of collision, a mass was formed that exceeded the critical one, which triggered a nuclear chain reaction, or an atomic explosion. The barrel of the gun and the powerful shell gave the bomb a weight of over 4 tons (8900 pounds). The subcritical material was an alloy called oralloy, a code name derived from the name of the secret laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where it was made, and the word "alloy", an alloy. Given the use of a weapon system, the fissile materials had to be geometrically designed to withstand the force of the shot in the gun barrel and then abruptly stop at the target point, and be held together long enough to detonate.
On the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. At 08:15 local time, the B-29 "Enola Gay" aircraft, under the command of Colonel Paul Tibbets, while at an altitude of over 9 km, dropped the "Little Boy" atomic bomb on the center of Hiroshima. The fuse was set to a height of 600 meters above the surface; an explosion equivalent to 13 to 18 kilotons of TNT occurred 45 seconds after the release.
"Fat Man" ("Fat Man")
Nicknamed "Fat Man" (after British Prime Minister Winston Churchill), this bomb had a plutonium-239 core, was 3.5 meters long by 1.5 meters in diameter and weighed 4.5 tons, with a yield of more than 20 kt. Its plutonium core was surrounded by 64 explosive charges located on the inner and outer shells. Explosive charges were collected in geometric shape, resembling a soccer ball in configuration, is an extremely complex and requiring attention procedure. When both shells detonated, the blast wave collapsed inwards, causing the slightly subcritical plutonium core to compress and rapidly increase in density, making it supercritical, thus exploding it in a chain nuclear reaction.
The Fat Man was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. At 10:56 a.m., a B-29 Bockscar, piloted by Charles Sweeney, arrived at Nagasaki. The explosion occurred at 11:02 local time at an altitude of about 500 meters. The power of the explosion was 21 kilotons.
"Gadget" ("Thing")
Testing of the first US atomic bomb in the Alamogordo desert ("Trinity") 1945
Atomic bombs are one from uranium-235, and the other plutonium - were designed and manufactured at the Los Alamos Laboratory (New Mexico), created in the first months of 1943.
At 5:30 am on July 16, 1945, the United States tested an atomic bomb in the Alamogordo Desert in New Mexico. It was a plutonium bomb that used a complex implosion method. The uranium-235 bomb, which was a simpler gun system, was decided not to be tested before use. The test at Alamogordo was a triumphant success. The explosion was stronger than expected - it was equivalent to an explosion of about 20 kilotons of TNT.
Arriving in Albuquerque on Sunday afternoon, July 15, Groves was worried that spies might notice that so many world-famous scientists were gathered in the lobby of the Hilton Hotel, and therefore ordered them to check into different hotels. After lunch with Alvarez early Monday morning, July 16, Lawrence, Monsanto spokesman Charles Thomas, and New York Times reporter William Lawrence squeezed into a khaki Plymouth for a three-hour drive to the Trinity Proving Ground. Thanks to Groves, Lawrence was regarded as something of a semi-official chronicler of the history of the bomb. On Trinity, Ernest joined a group of scientists who had gathered on Company Hill, from where the dignitaries watched the tests, twenty miles north of the bomb tower. The group included McMillan, Teller, Serber, and the British physicist James Chadwick. The gusts of wind and torrential rain that had lashed the desert all night finally subsided. Standing next to Lawrence, Teller nervously smeared his face with suntan oil, put on thick gloves and welder's goggles as the countdown approached zero. ("He scared the hell out of me," admitted physicist Willie Higinbotham.) Ernest sat nervously in the front seat of Plymouth, believing that windshield car will delay the ultraviolet radiation from the bomb explosion, then crawled out of it. When the bomb went off, Lawrence was just leaning over to get out of the car. "A warm, bright yellowish-white light enveloped me - from dark to bright sunlight in an instant - and, as far as I remember, it simply stunned me, "he later wrote in the report that Groves demanded from eyewitnesses. Teller began to remove heavy glasses from his eyes to look around, when he suddenly realized that everything around was bright lit up like the midday sun, and from the exploding bomb there was a palpable warmth. Against all advice, Serber, when the bomb exploded, looked at her with unprotected eyes and was instantly blind. Alvarez had exclusively good review: kneeling between the commander and the co-pilot in the cockpit of a B-29 flying about twenty miles from the epicenter of a nuclear explosion, he watched as a bright light passed through a thick layer of clouds. With a drawing pad on his lap, Louis sketched the bulging top of a boiling mushroom cloud breaking through the clouds. Robert Oppenheimer lay face down next to his brother near an underground control room 10,000 yards south of the tower, waiting for the low rumbling sound of the bomb to die down so he could get up. Then Oppie turned to Frank with a smile of pride and relief, and said only "It worked." A little later, Bush and Conant went down to the road leading to underground point control, and stopped to wait. When an army vehicle with Groves and Oppenheimer in the back seat appeared in a cloud of raised dust, both deliberately drew themselves to attention and raised their hats, smiling.
Design
The weight of the bomb was 4 tons, the size was 3 meters in length, 71 centimeters in diameter. Uranium for its filling was mined in the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), in Canada (Great Bear Lake) and in the USA (Colorado).
Unlike most modern implosion bombs, the "Kid" was a cannon-type bomb. The cannon bomb is easy to design and build, and has little to no failure (that's why the exact blueprints for the bomb are still classified). Back side this design - low efficiency.
A barrel of a 16.4 cm caliber naval gun shortened to 1.8 m was used, while the uranium “target” was a cylinder with a diameter of 100 mm and a mass of 25.6 kg, on which, when fired, a cylindrical “bullet” with a mass of 38 was advancing, 5 kg with corresponding internal channel. Such an “intuitively incomprehensible” design was made to reduce the neutron background of the target: in it, it was not close, but at a distance of 59 mm from the neutron reflector (“tamper”). As a result, the risk of a premature start of a fission chain reaction with incomplete energy release was reduced to a few percent.
Despite the low efficiency, the radioactive contamination from the explosion was small, since the explosion was carried out 600 m above the ground, and the unreacted uranium itself is slightly radioactive compared to the products of a nuclear reaction.
The fuses in this bomb were inserted directly on the plane, in the bomb bay, 15 minutes after takeoff, in order to minimize the danger of the consequences of an unsuccessful takeoff. At the same time, there was a possibility that it could work abnormally.
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An excerpt characterizing the Kid (bomb)
The Tarutino battle, obviously, did not achieve the goal that Tol had in mind: to bring the troops into action in order, according to the disposition, and the one that Count Orlov could have had; capture Murat, or the goal of instantly exterminating the entire corps, which Benigsen and other persons could have, or the goals of an officer who wanted to get into business and distinguish himself, or a Cossack who wanted to get more booty than he got, etc. But , if the goal was what really happened, and what was then a common desire for all Russian people (the expulsion of the French from Russia and the extermination of their army), then it will be completely clear that the Battle of Tarutino, precisely because of its incongruities, was the very , which was needed during that period of the campaign. It is difficult and impossible to think of any outcome of this battle more expedient than the one that it had. With the smallest exertion, with the greatest confusion and with the most insignificant loss, the greatest results in the entire campaign were obtained, the transition from retreat to attack was made, the weakness of the French was exposed, and that impetus was given, which was only expected by the Napoleonic army to start the flight.Napoleon enters Moscow after a brilliant victory de la Moskowa; there can be no doubt about victory, since the battlefield remains with the French. The Russians retreat and give up the capital. Moscow, filled with provisions, weapons, shells and untold riches, is in the hands of Napoleon. The Russian army, twice as weak as the French, does not make a single attempt to attack for a month. Napoleon's position is the most brilliant. In order to fall on the remnants of the Russian army with double strength and exterminate it, in order to negotiate a favorable peace or, in case of refusal, to make a threatening movement against Petersburg, in order even, in case of failure, to return to Smolensk or Vilna , or stay in Moscow - in order, in a word, to keep the brilliant position in which the French army was at that time, it would seem that no special genius is needed. To do this, it was necessary to do the simplest and easiest: to prevent the troops from plundering, to prepare winter clothes, which would have been enough in Moscow for the entire army, and it would be right to collect provisions that were in Moscow for more than six months (according to the indications of French historians) for the entire army. Napoleon, the most brilliant of geniuses and having the power to direct the army, historians say, did nothing of the sort.
Not only did he not do any of this, but, on the contrary, he used his power to choose from all the paths of activity presented to him that which was the most stupid and pernicious of all. Of all that Napoleon could do: spend the winter in Moscow, go to Petersburg, go to Nizhny Novgorod, go back, north or south, the way that Kutuzov later went - well, no matter what you think up, it’s more stupid and more pernicious than what Napoleon did, that is, stay in Moscow until October, leaving the troops to rob the city, then, hesitating, leave or not leave the garrison, leave Moscow, approach Kutuzov, do not start the battle, go to the right, reach Maly Yaroslavets, again without experiencing chance to break through, go not along the road that Kutuzov went, but go back to Mozhaisk and along the devastated Smolensk road - it was impossible to think of anything more stupid than this, more detrimental to the army, as the consequences showed. Let the most skillful strategists come up with, imagining that Napoleon's goal was to destroy his army, come up with another series of actions that would, with the same certainty and independence from everything that the Russian troops did, would completely destroy the whole French army, like what Napoleon did.
The brilliant Napoleon did it. But to say that Napoleon destroyed his army because he wanted it, or because he was very stupid, would be just as unfair as to say that Napoleon brought his troops to Moscow because he wanted it, and because that he was very smart and brilliant.
In both cases, his personal activity, which had no more power than the personal activity of each soldier, only coincided with the laws according to which the phenomenon took place.
Quite falsely (only because the consequences did not justify the activities of Napoleon) historians present to us the strength of Napoleon weakened in Moscow. He, just as before, as after, in the 13th year, used all his skill and strength to do the best for himself and his army. Napoleon's activity during this time is no less amazing than in Egypt, in Italy, in Austria and in Prussia. We do not know correctly about the extent to which the genius of Napoleon was real in Egypt, where forty centuries looked at his greatness, because all these great feats are described to us only by the French. We cannot correctly judge his genius in Austria and Prussia, since information about his activities there must be drawn from French and German sources; and the incomprehensible surrender of corps without battles and fortresses without siege should incline the Germans to recognize genius as the only explanation for the war that was waged in Germany. But there is no reason for us to recognize his genius in order to hide our shame, thank God. We have paid to have the right to simply and directly look at the matter, and we will not cede this right.
Baby(eng. Little Boy, literally a little boy) is the code name for the atomic (uranium) bomb developed as part of the Manhattan Project. The first successfully detonated uranium bomb and the first atomic bomb in history that was used as a weapon and was dropped by the United States on August 6, 1945 on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Hiroshima after the nuclear explosion
Design
The weight of the bomb was 4 tons, the size was 3 meters in length, 71 centimeters in diameter. Uranium for its filling was mined in the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), in Canada (Great Bear Lake) and in the USA (Colorado).
Unlike most modern implosion bombs, the Kid was a cannon-type bomb. The cannon bomb is easy to design and build, and has little to no failure (that's why the exact blueprints for the bomb are still classified). The downside of this design is low efficiency.
Nuclear fuel has a critical mass: a subcritical amount of uranium is simply radioactive, a supercritical one explodes (this is due to the huge release of energy during a chain reaction). A chain reaction in a critical mass fuel can start spontaneously, but in "Baby" a stream of neutrons is used, which causes the initial fission of the nuclei. Then the nuclei themselves release neutrons during fission, thereby causing a new chain of reactions. With a weak neutron flux and poor "sealing", the mass quickly becomes non-critical and the chain reaction ends. It is necessary to quickly bring the fuel to a supercritical state and keep it in this state for as long as possible, not allowing it to scatter ahead of time. The “baby” solved this problem as follows: the main part of the bomb is a cut-off barrel of a naval gun, at the muzzle end of which there is a target in the form of a uranium cylinder and a beryllium-polonium initiator. breech - cordite gunpowder and a tungsten carbide projectile. A uranium tube is attached to the head of the projectile. A shot from such a "gun" connects the pipe and the cylinder, so that they form a supercritical mass. At the same time, the initiator is compressed, the neutron flux from it increases many times, and nuclear explosion; the strength of the barrel and the pressure of the powder gases hold the uranium parts.
The bomb contained 64 kilograms of extremely expensive enriched high degree uranium, of which about 700 grams or a little more than 1% directly participated in the nuclear chain reaction (the nuclei of the remaining uranium atoms remained intact, since the rest of the uranium charge was dispersed by the explosion and did not have time to participate in the reaction). The mass defect during the nuclear reaction was about 600 milligrams, that is, according to Einstein's formula, 600 milligrams of mass turned into energy equivalent to the energy of an explosion (according to various estimates) from 13 to 18 thousand tons of TNT.
A barrel of a 16.4 cm caliber naval gun shortened to 1.8 m was used, while the uranium “target” was a cylinder with a diameter of 100 mm and a mass of 25.6 kg, on which, when fired, a cylindrical “bullet” with a mass of 38 was advancing, 5 kg with corresponding internal channel. Such an “intuitively incomprehensible” design was made to reduce the neutron background of the target: in it, it was not close, but at a distance of 59 mm from the neutron reflector (“tamper”). As a result, the risk of a premature start of a fission chain reaction with incomplete energy release was reduced to a few percent.
Despite the low efficiency, the radioactive contamination from the explosion was small, since the explosion was carried out 600 m above the ground, and the unreacted uranium itself is slightly radioactive compared to the products of a nuclear reaction.
The fuses in this bomb were inserted directly on the plane, in the bomb bay, 15 minutes after takeoff, in order to minimize the danger of the consequences of an unsuccessful takeoff. At the same time, there was a possibility that it could work abnormally.
see also
- Fat Man (bomb)
- Trinity (trial)
- Nuclear weapon
- List of United States nuclear weapons
Links
- Nuclear bombs of the first generation: "Baby" and "Fat Man"
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| Weapon | "Thing" · "Fat Man" · "Baby" · "Thin" | |||||||||||
| Tests | "Trinity" · "Crossroads" | |||||||||||
| Leaders | Leslie Groves · Kenneth Nichols · Robert Oppenheimer · James Conant · Vanivar Bush | |||||||||||
| Scientists | Enrico Fermi · Robert Oppenheimer · Harold Agnew · Luis Alvarez · Robert Bacher · Hans Bethe · Niels Bohr · Norris Bradbury · Robert Brode · James Chadwick · Charles Critchfield · Klaus Fuchs · Maria Goeppert-Mayer · Georgy Kistyakovsky · Georges Koval · Mark Oliphant · Norman Foster Ramsay · Bruno Rossi · Glenn Seaborg · Emilio Segre · Louis Zlotin · Henry Smith · Edward Teller · Stanislav Ulam · Robert Wilson · Leona Woods · Arthur Compton · Ernest Lawrence · Leo Szilard · Richard Feynman | |||||||||||
| Articles on this topic |
Plutonium · Weapon-grade plutonium · Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki · United States Atomic Energy Commission · Enola Gay | |||||||||||
baby bomb watch baby and carlson baby drive baby drive (2017)
The weight of the bomb was 4 tons, the size was 3 meters in length, 71 centimeters in diameter. Uranium for its filling was mined in the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), in Canada (Great Bear Lake) and in the USA (Colorado).
Unlike most modern implosion bombs, the Kid was a cannon-type bomb. The cannon bomb is easy to design and build, and has little to no failure (that's why the exact blueprints for the bomb are still classified). The downside of this design is low efficiency.
As you know, nuclear fuel has a critical mass: a subcritical amount of uranium is simply radioactive, a supercritical amount explodes. But if you connect (for example, with your hands) two pieces of uranium, there will be a so-called "puff" - a weak explosion that can only destroy a bomb. It is necessary to quickly bring the fuel to a supercritical state and keep it in this state for as long as possible, not allowing it to scatter ahead of time. In "Kid" this problem is solved as follows: the main part of the bomb is a cut-off barrel of a naval gun, at the muzzle end of which there is a target in the form of a uranium cylinder and a beryllium-polonium initiator. In the breech - cordite gunpowder and a tungsten carbide projectile. A uranium tube is attached to the head of the projectile. A shot from such a "gun" connects the pipe and the cylinder, so that they form a supercritical mass. At the same time, the initiator contracts, the neutron flux from it increases many times, and a nuclear explosion begins; the strength of the barrel and the pressure of the powder gases hold the uranium parts.
The bomb contained 64 kilograms of uranium, of which about 700 grams or a little more than 1% directly participated in the nuclear chain reaction (the nuclei of the remaining uranium atoms remained intact, since the rest of the uranium charge was dispersed by the explosion and did not have time to participate in the reaction). The mass defect during the nuclear reaction was about 600 milligrams, that is, according to the Einstein formula E = mc ^ 2, 600 milligrams of mass turned into energy equivalent to the explosion energy (according to various estimates) from 13 to 18 thousand tons of TNT.
A barrel of a 16.4 cm caliber naval gun shortened to 1.8 m was used, while the uranium “target” was a cylinder with a diameter of 100 mm and a mass of 25.6 kg, on which, when fired, a cylindrical “bullet” with a mass of 38 was advancing, 5 kg with corresponding internal channel. Such an “intuitively incomprehensible” design was made to reduce the neutron background of the target: in it, it was not close, but at a distance of 59 mm from the neutron reflector (“tamper”). As a result, the risk of a premature start of a fission chain reaction with incomplete energy release was reduced to a few percent.
Despite the low efficiency, the radioactive contamination from the explosion was small, since the explosion was carried out 600 m above the ground, and the unreacted uranium itself is slightly radioactive compared to the products of a nuclear reaction.
The fuses in this bomb were inserted directly on the plane, in the bomb bay, just before the release. At the same time, there was a possibility that it could work abnormally.
