Israeli military aircraft. Israeli military aviation

Non-cash money turnover represents the part of the money turnover in which the movement Money is carried out in a non-cash form in the order of transfer (transfer) of funds from the payer's bank account to the recipient's account, by offsetting mutual claims, as well as using other banking operations. Non-cash money turnover is the main type of money turnover. Non-cash money turnover covers: the movement of the social product; distribution and redistribution of national income; payments for goods, services and work performed; payments related to the formation of budget revenues and the implementation of budget expenditures; payments related to sources of capital investments; settlements related to the financing of enterprises; budgetary, intra-industry, intra-economic redistribution of funds; obtaining and repayment of bank loans; payment and use of part of the monetary income of the population; other payments and receipts. The participants in these relations are organizations, including banks and non-banking financial and credit institutions, and the population.

The predominant development of non-cash money circulation in comparison with cash circulation is explained both by objective reasons and by measures deliberately carried out by the state in order to create a rational system of cash settlements and save social costs of circulation, since the speed of money movement in non-cash money circulation is much higher than the speed of money movement in cash circulation.

The replacement of cash settlements with non-cash payments and their rational organization in a market economy have importance for the regulation of money circulation, the formation of banking resources, the organization of credit relations, the control over the work of enterprises and the reduction of distribution costs associated with monetary settlements.

Non-cash money turnover is associated with credit relations that arise in the process of replacing real money with credit operations. In the absence of funds on the payer's account, non-cash money turnover can be carried out at the expense of a bank loan.

The system of cashless payments, like any system, consists of a number of elements. The main elements of the system of cashless payments are:

– types of settlement (payment) documents;

- the order of document circulation;

– principles of organization of non-cash payments;

– payment methods;

- forms of non-cash payments.

Non-cash payments are carried out, as a rule, on the basis of settlement documents, which are an order from the client to the bank to transfer funds from one account to another or to offset mutual claims.

The settlement document is drawn up on paper, in established cases - in electronic form. Settlement documents are:

- an order of the payer to write off funds from his account and transfer them to the account of the recipient of funds;

– an instruction of the recipient of funds to write off funds from the payer's account and transfer them to the account specified by the recipient of funds. The following settlement documents are used: payment orders, letters of credit, checks, payment requests, collection orders.

Introduction

In commodity-money relations, in the process of buying and selling and providing services, satisfying various claims and obligations, as well as distributing and redistributing funds, cash settlements arise. The totality of all monetary settlements, made both in cash and in a non-cash form, forms a cash flow.

The main part of money turnover (80-90%) is non-cash money turnover [Ivasenko, p. 4]. It occurs when cash settlements are made without the direct use of cash, i.e. when transferring money to the accounts of credit institutions or offsetting mutual claims. Non-cash turnover mediates such areas of economic relations as the sale of products, works and services; obtaining and repaying bank loans; payment and use of actual income. There is a close and mutual dependence between cash and non-cash circulation: money constantly moves from one sphere of circulation to another, changing the form of cash to a deposit in a bank, and vice versa.

Most acute problem Russian economy is the problem of non-payments. As of January 1, 1999 the total arrears on the obligations of enterprises and organizations reached 1,390 billion rubles. For 1998 it amounted to 34% of GDP against 31% in 1997.

Therefore, I believe that the topic of non-cash money circulation is currently relevant. Based on the foregoing, it is possible to determine the objectives of this course work:

Give the concept of the essence of non-cash turnover, its significance in the country's money turnover;

Consider the basic principles of organization of non-cash turnover and the main classifications of non-cash payments;

Analyze application various forms non-cash payments in modern conditions and the dynamics of the structure of non-cash payments and money supply in 1996-1999;

To touch on the main problems of organizing cashless payments and the prospects for certain forms of payments.

Based on the objectives of this work, it is possible to determine its structure. In the first chapter, I will consider the essence and significance of non-cash transactions, the requirements and principles of organization, give the basic concepts of the system of non-cash payments, and classify them.

The second chapter will be devoted to non-cash money circulation in Russian Federation, namely the forms of non-cash payments in modern conditions and the analysis of the dynamics of non-cash payments.

In the third chapter, I will focus on the problems of control and rational organization of the system of cashless payments, I will try to point out some ways to overcome the shortcomings and improve the organization of cashless payments in Russia, and also consider the forms of payments that are of the most promising importance.

In my work, I used the material of the following authors: O.I. Lavrushina, E.F. Zhukova, L.A. Drobozina, A.G. Ivasenko and others.

1.1 Essence and meaning of non-cash turnover

With the improvement of payment and settlement relations, the ratio between cash and non-cash spheres of money circulation also changed. Until the end of the 19th century. dominated by cash payments. In modern conditions, the share of cash, especially in industrialized countries, is small, for example, in the USA it is about 10% [Zhukov, p85].

Non-cash settlements are settlements carried out without the use of cash, by transferring funds to accounts with credit institutions and offsetting mutual claims. Non-cash payments are of great economic importance in accelerating the turnover of funds, reducing the cash required for circulation, and reducing distribution costs. Features of cashless payments appear as follows:

· the payer and the recipient, transferring the cash, take part in cash settlements. There are three participants in non-cash cash settlements: the payer, the recipient and the bank in which such settlements are carried out in the form of an entry on the accounts of the payer and the recipient;

Participants of non-cash payments are in credit relations with the bank. These relationships are manifested in the amounts of balances on the accounts of participants in such settlements. There are no such credit relations in cash circulation;

· transfers (transfers) of money belonging to one participant in settlements in favor of another are made by making entries in their accounts, as a result of which the credit relations of the bank with the participants in such operations change. In other words, a credit operation is performed here, performed with the help of money. Thus, the turnover of cash is replaced by a credit operation.

Non-cash payments serve mainly the sphere of economic relations of enterprises and their relationship with the financial and credit system. Thus, their essence is that economic bodies make payments to each other for inventory items and services rendered, as well as for financial obligations by transferring amounts due from the payer's account to the recipient's account or offsetting mutual debts.

The value of cashless payments great because:

1) non-cash payments contribute to the concentration of monetary resources in banks. Temporarily free funds of enterprises stored in banks are one of the sources of lending;

2) non-cash payments contribute to the normal circulation of funds in national economy;

3) a clear distinction between non-cash and cash turnover creates conditions that facilitate the planning of money circulation and non-cash money turnover. The expansion of the sphere of non-cash circulation makes it possible to more accurately determine the size of the issue and withdrawal of cash from circulation.

On the one hand, the development of non-cash payments leads to a reduction in the need for cash and to saving distribution costs. The larger the payment, the stronger these benefits become. However, if the amount of payment is insignificant, then a cash payment is more economical. It is rather difficult to establish exactly the line when the advantages of cash payment turn into its disadvantages.

On the other hand, non-cash payments can replace banknote circulation. Of particular importance are non-cash payments in attempts to stabilize the currency, as they facilitate the transition from "falling" money to gold circulation (or to a currency that has a gold backing). Equally significant is the impact of non-cash payments on the purchasing power of money within the country. When non-cash payments gain public acceptance (for example, a developed check system), then forcing them too much, like the excessive issuance of banknotes, can act inflationary. Therefore, the development of non-cash circulation should be subject to the same regulation as the issuance of banknotes.

Thus, we can say that non-cash payments are a set of non-cash monetary transactions in the process of selling goods and services, distributing and redistributing national income. Their purpose is to repay monetary and credit obligations of legal entities and individuals on the basis of the functioning of money as a non-cash means of payment.

1.2 Principles of organization of non-cash turnover.

Non-cash payment turnover in the country is organized on the basis of certain principles.

The principles of organization of calculations are the fundamental principles of their implementation. Compliance with the principles in the aggregate makes it possible to ensure that the calculations meet the requirements: timeliness, reliability, efficiency.

Currently, there is a lot of literature on the principles of cashless turnover and, accordingly, each author has his own approach to considering these principles, so consideration of only one author will not give a complete understanding of the essence of the principles of cashless turnover. In my work, I considered several authors.

The principle of the legal regime for settlements and payments due to the role of the payment system as the main element of any modern society. The main legislative sources of regulation of settlements include: the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation" dated April 26, 1995, the Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activities" dated February 3, 1996, the Federal Law "On Transfer and Promissory Notes" dated March 11, 1997 and others

Particularly noteworthy is the role of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, part two, entered into force on March 1, 1996. In chapters 45 and 46 of this part, many issues of organizing cashless payments in relation to market conditions of the economy are streamlined: the validity of the contract and the secrecy of a bank account, the sequence of debiting funds from accounts, payment forms and methods of payment, responsibility of participants in settlements.

The main regulatory body of the payment system is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. According to the above law on it, among its three main tasks, set out at the beginning of the law, is to ensure the efficient and uninterrupted functioning of the settlement system. The Bank of Russia is entrusted with:

¨ Establishment of rules, terms and standards for making settlements and documents used in this case;

¨ coordination, regulation and licensing of the organization of settlement systems.

The procedure for non-cash payments in the national economy is defined in Regulations on non-cash payments in the Russian Federation dated July 9, 1992 No. 14 with subsequent changes and additions. According to this provision, the organization of cashless payments in the Russian Federation is based on the following rules:

1. With a variety of forms of ownership, activities of enterprises in the conditions of the development of commodity-money relations, enterprises retain the right to freely choose the forms of payment and fix them in contracts. Restriction of freedom of choice by commercial bank not allowed.

2. Funds are debited from the accounts of enterprises by order of the account holder.

Money turnover - the continuous movement of banknotes in cash and non-cash forms.

Cash turnover - making payments in cash.

Non-cash money turnover - making payments by transferring funds from one account to another. Quantitatively, it is expressed as a set of non-cash payments for the period under study.

Non-cash money turnover is the basis of the payment turnover of any state. It is carried out through the system of credit institutions, by moving funds in a non-cash form through the accounts of business entities, the population, financial institutions and state bodies opened in them.

Initially, non-cash payments existed in the form of giro settlements - medieval banks carried out non-cash payments, transferring amounts of money from the account of one client to the account of another. Giro settlements were made among persons connected by common trade relations.

Historically, the first non-cash payments (giro) occurred among customers of the same bank, within the same city or one province. Further, correspondent relations in their modern sense arose between several banks located in different cities, provinces and even countries.

Further, in addition to the accounts, special fats appeared. Zhirochek - a check containing an order from the client (drawer) to the bank to transfer to the check holder a certain amount of money from the check drawer's account (giros account) to the check holder's account. The holder of the check must have opened an account in the same bank as the drawer.

The bankers of that time appreciated the advantages of giro settlements:

· High speed calculations.

· No need to receive, check, store and transport gold and silver coins.

· Banking operations are exclusively accounting in nature, which results in their low labor intensity and, as a result, cheaper turnover.

· Growth of security and reliability of settlements, in particular, when transferring funds within the branches of one bank.

However, bankers had to face a number of significant shortcomings:

· Money from the accounts was used for transfer purposes, there was a transformation of money from giro accounts into cash.

· The circulation of money in giro accounts was limited to a single bank or its branches.

In the process of development of the world banking system, these shortcomings were eliminated, national banking systems developed and strengthened. As a result, all currently known forms of non-cash payments have arisen on the basis of giro settlements.

Advantages of non-cash money circulation

Today, when we talk about non-cash money circulation, we mean that the initial and final object of use and receipt of the money supply is a bank account. Both a legal entity and an individual can own an account. If there is a shortage of funds in the payer's account, he can use credit funds. This is a win-win for both the bank and the client.

Both types of money circulation are interconnected and flow one into the other. But at the present time, undoubtedly non-cash money circulation is a priority. There are a lot of reasons for this, I want to focus on the main ones.

1. Saving distribution costs - only settlement documents are used in settlements, not cash. In this regard, the wear and tear of banknotes is reduced and, accordingly, the funds allocated by the Central Bank for issuance are saved.

2. Use of information on payments made as statistical data in the preparation of the budget, balance of payments of the state

3. All settlement participants have settlement documents in their hands and, if necessary, can control the correctness and legality of the monetary transactions performed.

4. Significant savings in time, labor and financial resources for servicing settlement transactions. All transactions can be carried out electronically, regardless of the location of the settlement participants, in real time. At the same time, the number of employees involved in the process of mutual settlements is reduced, which leads to savings.

If at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century the advantages of non-cash money circulation were the prerogative of large modern organizations, then at the moment they are available and enjoy growing popularity not only among organizations and enterprises, but also among the population.

The dominant number of enterprises and organizations pay wages on the bank cards, thus ensuring not only the convenience and safety of their employees, but also saving their own money.

With the spread of Internet technologies, many transactions are carried out by the population in a non-cash way. What contribute various systems, for example, "Bank-client".

Non-cash money turnover functions by creating a system of various bank accounts, through which funds are debited or credited.

The system of non-cash money turnover is usually divided according to the level of conduct into:

1. Non-cash money turnover within one bank.

2. Interbank non-cash money turnover.

3. Non-cash money turnover on international payments.

The priority development of non-cash money circulation can be explained not only by the above reasons, but also by the policy of the state and the Central Bank. Since they are interested in creating a rational mechanism for cash settlements and saving costs associated with money circulation. It is obvious that the money supply in non-cash money circulation moves at a much higher speed than in cash circulation.

The rational organization of non-cash payments, their replacement of cash settlements in market conditions are priority in the regulation of money circulation, the formation of banking resources, control over the work of enterprises, and the reduction of distribution costs arising from monetary settlements.

Non-cash money turnover is associated with credit relations that arise in the process of replacing real money with credit operations. In the absence of funds on the payer's account, non-cash money turnover can be carried out at the expense of a bank loan.

The rate of non-cash money turnover is understood as the time during which an operation is carried out related to debiting funds from the payer's account and crediting them to the recipient's account.

All non-cash payments are usually divided according to the nature of participation in the reproduction process into commodity and non-commodity.

Cash turnover is divided into cash and non-cash turnover. The main part of the cash flow is payment turnover, in which money functions as a means of payment, is used to pay off debt obligations. It is produced both in cash and non-cash forms. All non-cash turnover is payment, because it implies a gap in time of movement of goods in its various varieties and cash, i.e. the function of money as a means of payment. Non-cash payment turnover, being the predominant one (up to 90% of the total cash turnover), is carried out in the form of entries on the accounts of payers and recipients of funds in banks, or by offsetting mutual claims. Accordingly, economic processes in the national economy are mediated mainly by non-cash payment transactions.

Cashless payments cash settlements made by recording payers' accounts or by offsetting mutual claims without the use of cash.

The totality of payments made without the use of cash is non-cash transactions.

Principles of cashless payments:

1. Legal regime for settlements and payments;
2. Making payments mainly on bank accounts;
3. Economic independence of business entities in choosing the forms of payment;
4. Obligatory consent (acceptance) of the payer for payment;
5. Payments are made only if there are sufficient funds on the payer's account;
6. Funds are credited, as a rule, after debiting the corresponding amount from the payer's account;
7. Urgency of payment;
8. Property liability of settlement participants for non-compliance with their conditions;
9. Control of all participants in the calculation for the correctness of its commission.

Form of non-cash payment a set of interrelated elements, including a workflow scheme, payment document and the method of payment (the procedure for transferring funds).

In transitional conditions to a market economy, the most common form of payment has become translations. In accordance with the classification of the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, used in many countries, transfers are divided into debit and credit. Credit transfer characterized by the fact that the money is first debited from the payer's account, and then transferred to the recipient's account. In this case, the initiative of payment belongs to the payer (debtor), who instructs the bank to credit the account of the recipient (creditor) of funds. Debit transfer: First, the money is credited to the recipient's account, and then they are debited from the payer's account. The initiative to start the transfer belongs to the creditor (payee).

Forms of non-cash payments: 1) settlements by payment orders and payment requests by orders; 2) letter of credit form of payment; 3) check form of payment; 4) bill of exchange form of payment; 5) collection; 6) clearing.

Payment order this is an order of the account holder (payer) to the bank serving him, drawn up by a settlement document, to transfer a certain amount of money to the account of the recipient of funds opened in this or another bank.

Collection order is a settlement document on the basis of which funds are debited from the payers' accounts in an indisputable manner.

Letter of credit(from Latin "accredo" I trust) this is a conditional monetary obligation accepted by the bank (issuing bank) on behalf of the payer, make payments in favor of the recipient of funds upon presentation by the latter of documents that comply with the terms of the letter of credit, or authorize another bank (Executing bank) make such payments (Regulation "On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation").

Check This is a written instruction from the drawer to the bank to pay the holder of the check the amount indicated on the check. it security, containing an unconditional order of the drawer of the check to the bank to pay the amount specified in it to the holder of the check.

bill of exchange a security that certifies an unconditional obligation of the drawer (promissory note) or other payer specified in the bill (transfer bill) to pay the amount specified in the bill to the holder of the bill (owner of the bill) or to any other person at his order.

Collection – Bank operation, through which the bank (issuing bank), on behalf of and at the expense of the client, on the basis of settlement documents, takes actions to receive payment from the payer. For collection settlements, the issuing bank has the right to involve another bank (executing bank). In the basis of collection operations, according to the law of most countries, there is an agency agreement.

Clearing is a method of non-cash payments based on the offset of mutual claims and obligations of legal entities and individuals for goods (services), securities.

International payments these are payments for the obligations of legal entities and individuals of one country in relation to the claims and obligations of legal entities and individuals of another country.

So, the variety of forms of payment used and the principles for choosing one or another form of payment when concluding contracts and transactions depend on the specific economic situation in the country, and undergo significant changes during reforms in the economic sphere.

The choice of the form of payment is mainly determined by:

• the nature of economic relations between counterparties;
• the peculiarity of the supplied products and the conditions for its acceptance;
• the location of the parties to the transaction;
• method of transportation of goods;
• financial position legal entities. The choice of forms should be controlled by the bank for compliance with the established rules for conducting settlements. The Bank should recommend that clients be guided by the need to maximize their acceleration, simplify the document flow, and exclude the counter redistribution of funds between counterparties when establishing forms of payment.