Maps for the first world war exam. Russia's participation in the First World War

Hello, dear readers of the site! Andrey Puchkov is with you. Today I decided to make a post about Russia's participation in World War I. This is an extremely important topic and the most difficult for school graduates who are preparing for the exam in history. In general, the entire period from 1914 to 1922 is the most difficult, and you should pay close attention to it.

In this article, clearly, concisely and accessible for students to convey important points participation of Russia in the First World War, as well as the right emphasis. A separate bonus to this article will be a table on the topic and a test that can be solved online.

So let's go!

(In preparing the text of the article, data were used from the book History of the First World War 1914-1918 - M .: Nauka, 1975.)

(You can click on the maps and a larger size will open :))

Causes of World War I

As I have said many times, any event from history can be decomposed according to the scheme: Prerequisites, Causes, Cause, Course of events and results.

The reasons for this global event should be considered the imperialist contradictions between the leading world powers. What are imperialist contradictions? Imperialism itself is the highest stage in the development of capitalism.

Suppose you are an intelligent English bourgeois - a businessman. And let's say you make uh... tea sets. You have numerous factories in England itself, Russia and Europe. But every European family already has your services, and not just one. You must understand that you may become bankrupt in the near future. Why?

Because the market is full of your product, and it continues to be produced. It needs to be sold to someone so that you continue to receive your profits. And what to do? Elementary, Watson: England is a colonial power. She has a lot of colonies: India, etc. Why not supply your goods there - to local natives. And in return, you will pump out their resources from them: tea, coffee, expensive fabrics and other local exotics.

And the colonies themselves will not be able to do anything, since you are a colonist. So it turns out that under imperialism, the domestic market for the capitalists becomes narrow for them and they need other markets, and as a result, new colonies. The bigger the colony, the better!

And by the beginning of the 20th century, it turned out that the whole world was “divided” among the great powers. “Divided” because in fact there were great contradictions between the great powers over this division. These contradictions began to emerge at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries: the Japanese-Chinese war, the Russo-Japanese, etc. Add to this the contradictions between the powers themselves over mutual hostility and disputed territories: between France and Germany there are disputed territories in Alsace and Lorraine. Between England and Germany - in North Africa. Finally, between Russia and Austria-Hungary over Bosnia and Herzegovina and other Slavic states in southeastern Europe (Serbia, Bulgaria, etc.).

Thus, the causes of the First World War were:

1. in colonial contradictions between the great powers;
2. in disputed territories and zones of influence between the powers themselves.

The prerequisites include:

The formation of military-political blocs: the Entente (England, France and Russia) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy);

The presence of local military conflicts before the decisive confrontation. If someone decides to continue the topic: add your options in the comments - otherwise the volume is running out 🙂

The plans of the parties in the First World

The "brain" of the Triple Alliance was Germany and its chief of the General Staff since 1891, Schlieffen. His concept of "blitzkrieg" (blitzkrieg) was justified by the fact that the main enemy was France, which by the beginning of the 20th century had reformed both the mobilization system of its army and the army itself. In view of this, Schlieffen proposed the defeat of the enemy troops in two stages.

The first stage should bring France out of idle standing. To do this, it was planned to attack large forces through southern Belgium - bypassing the French defensive line.

The second stage was to consist in the fact that the main forces of the German army were transferred to the eastern front (against Russia), where it was to be held back by the Austro-Hungarian troops until that time.

The German command underestimated England: it thought that England would limit itself to sending France purely symbolic assistance.

The plan for the war of Russia with Germany and Austria-Hungary began to be developed already from the end of the 1870s - after the unification of Germany and Austria-Hungary into a military alliance. The plan was defensive and had multiple options. So, if only Austria-Hungary attacked Russia, then the main forces of the Russian army would be concentrated against its forces. And 800 thousand people were allocated (on the 15th day of mobilization) for the war directly with Germany. Well, to distract part of their army on the western front. Well, in the event of an attack by both Germany and Austria-Hungary at once, two fronts were formed at once, the corresponding troops were allocated.

Thus, Russia's plans were defensive. Of course, I have given here only a general plan without specific geographical landmarks. Perhaps in the future I will make a free video tutorial on the First World War, so do not be lazy and subscribe to new articles, the form at the end of the article.

Cause for global confrontation

All literate boys and girls have long known what caused the First World War. This is the murder at the end of June 1914 in Sarajevo (Serbia) of the Austrian Archduke of the Austrian throne Franz Ferdinand and his wife. They were killed by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip. This fact murder and became a pretext for hostilities: Austria demanded from Serbia that the Austrians investigate the murder, Serbia perceived such demands as limiting its own sovereignty, as a result, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia ... and then it started ...

Participation of Russia in the First World War 1914-1918

1914 OPERATIONS

EAST PRUSIAN OPERATION 1914

Since Germany, according to her plan of military operations, attacked France (western front), the task of Russia was to divert the main forces of Austria-Hungary and force Germany to transfer part of her forces to the eastern front.

The task of the East Prussian operation was to capture the Russian troops of East Prussia with the forces of two armies: the 1st army of General Rennenkampf was supposed to advance around the Masurian Lakes from the north, cutting off the Germans from Koenigsberg (now Kaliningrad). The 2nd Army, under the command of General Samsonov, was to conduct an offensive around these lakes from the west, preventing the withdrawal of German divisions beyond the Vistula. The general idea of ​​the operation was to cover the German grouping from both flanks.

The operation began on 4 (17) August. And already on August 7 (20) one of the largest battles of the First World War began - near Gumbinenn. However, the stubborn resistance of the Russian troops, as well as their heavy fire, put the German army to flight! Here is what the German commanders themselves wrote about this: “The combination of unfortunate circumstances led to the fact that the superbly trained troops, who later showed themselves worthy everywhere, lost their restraint at the first collision with the enemy. The hull was badly damaged. In the infantry alone, losses reached 8,000 men in round figures - a third of all available forces, with 200 officers killed and wounded.

Those who have read Mr. Boris Akunin's "Films" know that in the very first books the author describes the wild defeat of the Russian troops: they allegedly ran like sheep against German machine guns. In fact, there was simply nothing like it! Who thinks otherwise, write in the comments - we will discuss! 🙂

However, let's not digress: the situation allowed the Russian army to defeat the 8th German army. However, Rennenkampf was inactive. The Russian command believed that the Germans were defeated and were retreating to Koenigsberg. However, this was not the case. In fact, the 8th Army remained combat-ready. The Germans regrouped their forces and quickly developed a daring operation. Its success was also facilitated by the fact that the Russian command gave all its orders over the radio in plain text.

As a result, on August 16 (29), 2, the army of General Samsonov was surrounded, the general himself shot himself. Thus, inaction on the part of the 1st army contributed to the encirclement and defeat of the second. Meanwhile, some goals of the operation were achieved: Germany transferred part of its forces to the eastern front, which allowed the Allies to win on the river. Marne on the Western Front.

GALICIA BATTLE

In the south, the Russian command also planned an offensive operation. Its goal was to encircle and destroy the Austrian forces. The 5th and 3rd armies were to advance towards Lvov, while the 4th and 8th armies were to attack from the west and south. The plan was good, but did not meet the realities of the front. The Austrians also developed their offensive operation. As a result, a huge Galician battle ensued, which broke out in the space between the Dniester and Vistula rivers.

fighting initially deployed on a front of 320 km, which then expanded to 400 km. From the Russian side, five armies (9th, 4th, 5th, 3rd and 8th) and the Dniester detachment participated in them. The enemy had four armies (1st, 4th, 3rd and 2nd) and the Landwehr Corps of Woyrsh. As a result of the Russian offensive, the Austro-Hungarian troops suffered a serious defeat. Their losses amounted to about 400 thousand people, including 100 thousand prisoners. The Russians lost 230 thousand people. The victory was achieved by the combined efforts of all the armies of the Southwestern Front. But the Austro-Hungarian armies still managed to avoid complete defeat. The reason for this was the indecisive actions of the leadership of the Southwestern Front, which failed to organize an energetic pursuit. The matter was limited to ousting the enemy from Galicia.

The general situation on the fronts forced Germany to give big loan Turkey to enter the war on the side of the Triple Alliance. As a result, on November 2, Turkey launched offensive operations. A separate Caucasian front emerged.

Of course, in 1914 there were other offensive and defensive operations, however, to successfully solve the USE test, what has already been said about operations in 1914 is more than enough for you.

OPERATIONS IN 1915

GORLITSKA OPERATION

The Gorlitsky operation lasted 52 days: from April 19 (May 2) to June 9 (22), 1915. It was one of the largest defensive operations of the First World War. The Russian command was forced to retreat from Galicia, which was captured in 1914. The strategic position of their armies operating in Poland has seriously deteriorated. But the German-Austrians failed to achieve a major strategic result. The matter actually came down not to breaking through the Russian front, but to “pushing through” it.

OPERATIONS IN 1916

A year and a half of the bloodiest war at that time in the history of mankind could not pass in vain: crisis tendencies were growing in Europe and Russia. In Europe, it led to a sharp increase in the labor movement. In Russia, a revolutionary situation was brewing, caused by a grain, weapons, transport, and ultimately a political crisis. The reason for all this was also that the Russian society, which at first demonstrated patriotism, the more it went on, the more it did not understand why Russia got involved in this senseless massacre?

Offensive South-Western Front in the summer of 1916 led to a major defeat of the Austro-Hungarian troops in Galicia and Bukovina. The enemy lost up to 1.5 million people killed, wounded and captured, 581 guns, 1795 machine guns, 448 bombers and mortars. Russian losses amounted to about 500 thousand people

To eliminate the breakthrough, the military command of the Central Powers was forced to withdraw 30.5 infantry and 3.5 cavalry divisions from the Western and Italian fronts. This eased the position of the French at Verdun. Italy also sighed lightly, as the Austrian troops were forced to stop their attacks in Trentino. “Russia sacrificed herself for her allies,” writes an English military historian, “and it is unfair to forget that the allies are indebted to Russia for this.”

MILITARY OPERATION ON THE EASTERN FRONT IN THE SUMMER OF 1917

After the February Revolution in Russia and the transfer of power to the Provisional Government, the position of the army became the most difficult. At the front, new orders and directives were introduced that abolished unity of command, fraternization began at the front: this is when soldiers from both sides stopped fighting and started, for example, playing football or drinking schnapps. 🙂

However, the interim government in the note of P.N. Milyukova in April announced that she would continue to fight on the side of Antana. As a result, the summer offensive was spanned. The main military offensive was to unfold in June. However, the June offensive bogged down mainly due to the unorganized actions of the new authorities, who sent troops into battle with a vaznoba, without a single plan. In the opinion of Kerensky and other leaders of the Provisional Government, the main thing was to start, and then maybe everything will adjust itself.

As a result, the offensive bogged down, which led to a new political crisis Provisional Government: the news of the defeats at the front increased the indignation of the people. On the morning of 3 (16) July, the soldiers of the 1st Machine Gun Regiment in Petrograd demanded the overthrow of the Provisional Government by force of arms. On July 4 (17) a grandiose anti-war demonstration took place in Petrograd. On behalf of its participants, the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets, which met in the Tauride Palace, was given the demand to take power into the hands of the Soviets.

RUSSIA'S EXIT FROM THE FIRST WORLD WAR AT THE BEGINNING OF 1918

As you know, the Bolshevik Party was against waging the First World War. Therefore, immediately after the October Revolution, the new, already Soviet leadership began a conversation with Germany and its allies about the cessation of hostilities. Lenin's position was clear: for a democratic peace without annexations and indemnities. There was, however, another point of view of L.N. Trotsky to end hostilities, which was expressed in his slogan: "No peace, no war." True, this point of view was rejected by the Soviet leadership after the German offensive.

As a result, on December 9, a conference between the Triple Alliance and Soviet Russia began on the issue of ending the military confrontation.

The position of the Soviet leadership was expressed in the following theses:

1. Refusal by both sides of the forcible annexation of the territories occupied during the war and the withdrawal of the occupying troops from there.

2. Restoration in its entirety of the political independence of those peoples who lost it in the course of hostilities.

3. Guaranteeing national groups that did not enjoy political independence before the war the right to self-determination.

4. Legislative registration of cultural independence and administrative autonomy of national minorities.

5. Refusal to collect indemnities and "military costs" from other states.

6. Granting independence and political autonomy to the colonies in accordance with the principles set forth in paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4

However, Germany decided to take full advantage of the situation and imposed its own rules of the game. As a result March 3, 1918 in Brest-Litovsk a peace treaty was signed, called "Brest-Litovsk".

You need to know its conditions and try to remember:

From Soviet Russia the Baltic States and part of Belarus were torn away; in the Caucasus, Kars, Ardagan and Batum retreated to Turkey.

Ukraine and Finland were recognized as independent states, and units of the Red Army were to be withdrawn from there. The Soviet government undertook to conclude an agreement with the Central Rada and recognize its peace treaty of January 27 (February 9) with the Central Powers.

Thus, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is considered separate. Since, on the one hand, it separated territories from Russia, and on the other hand, Russia broke with the Entente, leaving the war earlier. The word "separate" comes from the French verb separer - to finish, to divide.

The very first World War ended on November 11, 1918 with the Armistice of Compiègne. And in June 1919, a new Versailles-Washington system of checks and balances was formed, which de facto recognized its incapacity after 12-14 years.

Below I give some facts and points that you need to know and work out in order to successfully write the USE test in history:

1. The supreme commanders before the February Revolution were: Prince Nikolai Nikolaevich (from July 20, 1914 to August 23, 1915) and Nicholas II (from August 23, 1915 to March 2, 1917).

2. You need to know the consequences of Russia's participation in the global slaughter: be able to describe the grain crisis, transport, weapons and, most importantly, political. If there are any difficulties, all this is described in my author's video course “History. Preparation for the exam for 100 points.

3. The main internal outcome of Russia's participation is the February Revolution! How all this is connected is described in detail in my .

Well, that, of course, the article turned out to be rather big, but extremely useful. Below is the promised table on Russia's participation in the First World War:

It turned out to be drawn almost immediately on the side of the Entente bloc. But in 1917, a revolution took place in Russia, the tsar was removed from power, transferring it to the Bolshevik Party, which formed a new government that did not want to fight. Germany, as the main enemy of Russia in the First World War, was sent a message with a proposal to conclude a peace treaty. The outcome of the negotiations was the withdrawal of Russia from the war and the announcement of the conclusion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918.

World War I. Minimum for the exam.

The official reason for the war was the assassination of a member of the Austrian imperial family, Franz Ferdinand, by a Serbian nationalist on July 28, 1014. But real reasons conflicts were much deeper.

Scheme: Russia in the First World War.

Participating parties their goals and objectives

Shortly before the start of the war, two main military blocs were formed in the world:

• Entente (the main participants are Russia, the British Empire, France, Serbia);
• Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria).

Each block had its own reasons. In addition, individual states also had their own reasons.

Serbia wanted to defend its right to independence and become a leader among the Balkan states. Bulgaria tried to take revenge on Serbia and Greece for the defeat in the conflict of 1913, fought for the return of old and the annexation of new territories. Italy sought to obtain land in the South of Europe and establish the primacy of its fleet in the Mediterranean (it entered the war later than the others on the side of the Entente).

As a result, the First World War became an ideal occasion for redrawing the map of Europe.

balance of power

In total, on the side of the Entente in the First World War, fought in different periods at least 28 states, including the United States (a total of 38 countries took part in the war), but at the time of the outbreak of hostilities, the ratio of the main parties was as follows:

Serbia (Entente) and Bulgaria (Triple Alliance), as well as Italy (Entente) did not possess significant combat resources or weapons. Italy provided no more than 1 million people at the disposal of the allies.

Commanders and warlords

The fighting on different fronts on the part of the Entente was led by:

1. Russian empire:
   • Brusilov A.A.
   • Alekseev M.V.
   • Denikin A.I.
   • Kaledin A.M.

   Commander-in-Chief - Romanov Nikolai Nikolaevich.

2. France:
   • Foch Ferdinand.
   • Joffre J.J.
3. England:
   • French D.D. Pinkston.
   • Douglas Haig.

The armed forces of the Triple Alliance were led by Erich Ludendorff and Paul Hindenburg.

Main steps

The First World War lasted 4 years. In historiography, it is divided into the following periods:

First (1914-1916). At this time, the troops of the Triple Alliance led successful companies on land, and the Entente at sea.

Second (1917). The United States enters the war, at the end of the period a revolution takes place in Russia, which calls into question the possibility of its further participation in the war.

Third (1918). The unsuccessful offensive of the allies on the western front, the revolution in Austria-Hungary, the conclusion of a separate Brest-Litovsk peace and the final loss of Germany in the war.

The conclusion of the Treaty of Versailles marked the end of the First World War.

Map: Russia in World War I 1914-1918

Course of the war (table)

Russia operates on three fronts - Northwestern, Southwestern and Caucasian.

For the Russian Empire, the First World War ended on March 3, 1918, when the empire itself no longer existed. A separate peace treaty was signed between Germany and Russia, known as the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918.

Prerequisites for the conclusion of the Brest Peace with Russia, its essence and consequences

In February 1918, a revolution took place in Russia. The Bolsheviks who came to power are striving to get out of the war, even if this contradicts existing agreements with the Entente allies. A country cannot fight for the following reasons:

• there is no order in the army, the number of troops has significantly decreased due to the fault of short-sighted generals;
• the civilian population is starving and can no longer provide for the interests of the army;
• the new government is forced to turn all its attention to internal contradictions; the aggressive policy of the former imperial power does not interest him.

On February 20, peace negotiations with the Triple Alliance begin; on March 3, 1918, such a peace was concluded. Under its terms, Russia:

• lost the territories of Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Finland, and partly the Baltic states.
• conceded to Turkey a number of Batum, Ardagan, Kars.

The peace conditions were terrible, but the government had no way out. started in the country Civil War, the former allies refused to leave the Russian lands and actually occupied them. It was possible to change the situation after the end of the First World War and the stabilization of the domestic political course.

Treaty of Paris

In 1919 (January), representatives of the states participating in the First World War gathered at a special conference in Paris. The purpose of the gathering is to work out the terms of peace with each of the losing parties and to define a new world order. Under the Compiègne Agreement, Germany undertook to pay a huge indemnity, lost its fleet and a number of lands, and the size of its army and weapons was reduced significantly.

Results and consequences

The Allies did not stop at the conclusion. 1919 confirmed all the previously signed clauses of the Compiègne Agreement and obliged Germany to terminate the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Russia, as well as all alliances and agreements that had been concluded with the Soviet government.

Germany has lost over 67 thousand square meters. km, with a population of 5 thousand people. The lands were divided between France, Poland, Denmark, Lithuania, Belgium, Czechoslovakia and the free city of Danzig. Germany also lost its rights to colonies.

Not in the best way acted with the allies in the Triple Alliance. The Treaty of Saint-Germain was concluded with Austria, the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary, and the Treaty of Sevres and Lausanne with Turkey. Bulgaria signed the Treaty of Neuilly.

Historical significance of the First World War

After the end of World War I:

• there was a redistribution of Europe in territorial terms;
• three empires collapsed - Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman, in their place new states were formed;
• a new organization was created to maintain the peace and tranquility of peoples - the League of Nations;
• the Americans begin to actively interfere in European politics - in fact, the creator of the League of Nations is the American President Woodrow Wilson;
• Russia found itself in diplomatic isolation, she lost the chance to get the Bosporus and the Dardanelles;
• Great Britain and France received colonies in Africa and Indochina;
• Italy annexed Tyrol and Istria.
• dividends in the form of territories went to Denmark, Belgium, Greece, Romania, Japan;
• Yugoslavia was formed.

In military terms, all the parties involved in the war gained invaluable experience, new methods of warfare and weapons were developed. But at the same time, the human sacrifices were great and significant. Over 10 million soldiers and 12 million civilians died.

Russia suffered significant human losses. Because of the war and the devastation associated with it, famine and unrest began in the country, the government could not cope with the Civil War and foreign intervention. Prolonged international isolation, refusal to recognize the rights to the existence of a new state by the European states, exacerbated the situation. Russia emerged from the First World War extremely weakened. The conclusion of the Brest peace made it possible to improve the situation for some time, but its existence was the reason that Russia was not invited to the Paris Conference and was not recognized as the victorious country, which means that it did not receive anything.

Which statements about this cartoon are correct? Choose 2 judgments from the five offered. Write down in response the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) One of the consequences of the First World War was the collapse of the empire, which is dedicated to this cartoon.

2) Russia never signed international treaties with the empire to which the cartoon is dedicated.

3) The empire to which the cartoon is dedicated was part of the Entente.

4) During the First World War, the Russian army managed to temporarily capture part of the territory of the empire, to which the cartoon is dedicated.

5) Prussia was part of the empire to which the cartoon is dedicated.

Explanation.

1) One of the consequences of the First World War was the collapse of the empire, which this cartoon is dedicated to - YES, right, the Austrian empire collapsed as a result of the First World War.

2) Russia has never signed international treaties with the empire to which the cartoon is dedicated - NO, incorrectly, the “Union of Three Emperors”.

3) The empire, to which the cartoon is dedicated, was part of the Entente - NO, that's not true, it was part of the Triple Alliance.

4) During the First World War, the Russian army managed to temporarily seize part of the territory of the empire, to which the cartoon is dedicated - YES, right, during the Brusilov breakthrough.

5) The composition of the empire, to which the cartoon is dedicated, included Prussia - NO, incorrectly, Prussia was part of the German Empire.

Answer: 14.

Answer: 14

Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment indicated by a letter, select two corresponding characteristics indicated by numbers.

FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES

A) “The person in whose name the movement was undertaken was the empress, who managed to gain wide popularity, especially in the guards regiments. The emperor lived badly with his wife, threatened to divorce her and even imprison her in a monastery, and put in her place a person close to him, the niece of Chancellor Count Vorontsov. [The Empress] kept aloof for a long time, patiently enduring her position and not entering into direct relations with the discontented.”

B) “In the days of the great struggle with the external enemy, who had been striving to enslave our Motherland for almost three years, the Lord God was pleased to send Russia a new ordeal. The outbreak of internal popular unrest threatens to have a disastrous effect on the further conduct of the stubborn war. The fate of Russia, the honor of our heroic army, the good of the people, the whole future of our dear Fatherland demand that the war be brought to a victorious end at all costs. The cruel enemy is straining his last strength, and the hour is near when our valiant army, together with our glorious allies, will finally be able to break the enemy. In these decisive days in the life of Russia, we considered it a duty of conscience to facilitate for our people the close unity and rallying of all the forces of the people in order to achieve victory as soon as possible, and in agreement with the State Duma, we recognized it as good to abdicate the throne of the Russian state and lay down the supreme power.

CHARACTERISTICS

1) This text was written by V. O. Klyuchevsky.

2) This extract from the manifesto refers to 1917.

3) The text was written before the start of World War II.

4) In this passage we are talking about the First World War.

5) A contemporary of the events described was L. N. Tolstoy.

6) The described events tell about the emperor, who was subsequently overthrown as a result of a palace coup.

Explanation.

1) This text was written by V. O. Klyuchevsky - yes, that’s right, it refers to the text of A.

2) This passage from the manifesto refers to 1917 - yes, that's right, it refers to the text of B.

3) The text was written before the start of the Second World War - no, it's not true. It has nothing to do with these sources.

4) In this passage we are talking about the First World War - yes, that's right, it refers to the text of B.

5) L. N. Tolstoy was a contemporary of the events described - no, not true. It has nothing to do with these sources.

6) The described events tell about the emperor, who was subsequently overthrown as a result of a palace coup - yes, that’s right, it refers to the text of A.

Answer: 1624.

Answer: 1624

Establish a correspondence between the names of military leaders and their activities: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column. Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

Explanation.

A) A. A. Brusilov - commander of the Southwestern Front in 1916 during the First World War.

B) S. M. Budyonny - commander of the First Cavalry Army during the Civil War.

C) A. N. Kuropatkin - commander of the Russian troops in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904−1905.

D) G.K. Zhukov - First Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief during the Great Patriotic War.

Answer: 4132.

Answer: 4132

Establish a correspondence between the statesmen of the beginning of the 20th century. and their activities.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation.

A) Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich led the Russian army during the First World War.

B) S. Yu. Witte prepared a manifesto on the establishment of a legislative State Duma.

C) S. V. Zubatov was the initiator of the creation of workers' organizations under the control of the police.

Answer: 4215.

Answer: 4215

A) leadership of the government during the First World War, this is the answer number 3

i.e. it should be 3215

Ivan Ivanovich

Nikolai Nikolaevich was the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in 1914-1915, and several people led the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Ingushetia during the First World War: Goremykin, Shturmer, Trepov, Golitsyn.

Fill in the empty cells of the table using the data presented in the list below. For each cell marked with letters, select the number of the required element.

Missing items:

2) "Fulton speech"

4) assistance program European countries in economic recovery after World War II

5) "Vyborg Appeal"

7) a statement of the intentions of the Provisional Government to continue the fulfillment of obligations to the allies in the First World War

9) the action program of the Bolshevik Party, containing the task of transferring all state power to the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation.

A)−B) In 1946 in Fulton, W. Churchill called for a rebuff from the USSR and a cold war.

C) The Vyborg Appeal of 1906 contained an appeal by deputies calling for passive resistance to the actions of the authorities after the dissolution of the first convocation of the State Duma.

D) The April Theses of 1917 contained the program of action for the Bolsheviks.

E) − F) In 1917, Milyukov announced the intentions of the Provisional Government to continue fulfilling its obligations to the allies in the First World War.

Answer: 235971.

Answer: 235971

Establish a correspondence between the names of military leaders and the names of the wars in which they became famous: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation.

A) A. A. Brusilov - The First World War.

B) M. D. Skobelev - Russian-Turkish war of 1877−1878.

C) P. S. Nakhimov - Crimean War.

D) A. V. Suvorov - Russian-Turkish war of 1768−1774.

Answer: 5431.

Answer: 5431

Source: Unified State Examination in History 05/30/2013. main wave. Siberia. Option 3., USE in history 05/30/2013. main wave. Siberia. Option 3.

Establish a correspondence between processes (phenomena, events) and facts related to these processes (phenomena, events): for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation.

A) oprichny terror - 3) the defeat of Novgorod in 1569/70

B) Seven Years' War - 4) capture Russian troops Berlin in 1760

C) the foreign policy of the first Russian princes - 1) the defeat of the Khazar Khaganate Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich

D) World War I - 6) Brusilov breakthrough in 1916

Answer: 3416.

Answer: 3416

Which of the following events happened first?

1) the beginning of the First Russian Revolution

2) Russia's entry into World War I

3) publication of the manifesto on the legislative State Duma

4) the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War

Explanation.

The Russo-Japanese War began earlier than others - January 1904. The first Russian revolution began in January 1905. The manifesto on the legislative State Duma was signed in October 1905. Russia entered World War I in August 1914.

The correct answer is numbered: 4

Answer: 4

Establish a correspondence between the names of military leaders and the wars in which they participated.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation.

A) P. I. Bagration was the military commander of the Patriotic War of 1812.

B) M. D. Skobelev - general of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878.

C) PS Nakhimov commanded the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War.

D) A. A. Brusilov - military commander of the First World War of 1914-1918.

Answer: 2314.

Answer: 2314

Look at the diagram and complete the task

What judgments relating to the events indicated on the map are correct? Choose three sentences from the six offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) The map shows the events of the final stage of the war.

2) The Red Army was assisted by the allies in the First World War.

3) The period of the war indicated on the map includes the passage through the Sivash Bay.

4) In the west, the Red Army is fighting against the troops of General N. Yudenich.

5) The war ended with the signing of the Brest Peace.

6) The troops of the Red Army in the south were commanded by M.V. Frunze.

Explanation.

1) The map shows the events of the final stage of the war - YES, that's right, the map of the civil war shows the events of the final stage of the war - the Soviet-Polish war of 1920 and the defeat of the troops of General P. Wrangel in the Crimea.

2) The Red Army was assisted by the allies in the First World War - NO, not true.

3) The period of the war indicated on the map includes the passage through the Sivash Bay - YES, right, in the fall of 1920.

4) In the west, the Red Army is fighting against the troops of General N. Yudenich - NO, not true.

5) The war ended with the signing of the Brest Peace - NO, not true.

6) The troops of the Red Army in the south were commanded by M.V. Frunze - YES, right.

Answer: 136.

Answer: 136

Elena Alexandrovna Dergunova

In 1920, the civil war ended in the main territory of Russia. On the outskirts of the country, it continued until 1922.

Guest 05.05.2013 15:18

Answer 1 is incorrect. The civil war was divided into 3 stages and 1920 belongs to the second stage (November 1918 - March 1920). The third stage of the war continued until October 1922, before the capture of the city of Vladivostok, where at that time anti-Bolshevik formations were based with the support of Japanese troops. I consider it unfair that 1920 is considered the end of the war here, because until the defeat of the Siberian Volunteer Squad in 1923, military clashes took place on the territory of Russia.

Unified State Examination on the topic “The First World War. February Revolution of 1917"

Part A.

1. What are the causes of the First World War?

a) the desire of the leading world powers to redraw the map of the world in their own interests

b) the desire of the governments of the countries participating in the war to distract their peoples from the revolutionary struggle

c) the desire of the participating countries to take away the colonies from the largest colonial power, Great Britain

2. What was the main outcome of the 1914 military campaign?

a) the signing of a separate peace by Germany and England

b) Germany failed to implement its blitzkrieg plan

c) Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France

3. When did the February 1917 revolution start in Petrograd?

4. What are the main results of the February Revolution?

a) the monarchy fell b) dual power arose

c) the democratization of the country began d) the Constituent Assembly was convened

5. What is the meaning of order #1?

a) the establishment of dictatorships in the proletariatb) the democratization of the army beganc) the State Duma was liquidated

6. What appeared main reason the April crisis of the Provisional Government?

a) Milyukov's note on the continuation of the warb) Lenin's speech at the First Congress of Soviets

c) a breakthrough on the front of General Brusilov

7. Why did the Russian army fail during World War I?

a) poor supply of the army with weapons and shells

b) there was a scattered action of the fronts

c) England and France violated the alliance treaty

8. What are the results of the First World War for Russia?

a) the internal political and economic situation in the country has deteriorated sharply

b) Russia achieved the goals for which it participated in the war

c) during the war in Russia, the First Russian Revolution will take place

9. What events caused the riots in February 1917 in Petrograd?

a) demonstration of women in honor of International Women's Day

b) the dismissal of 30,000 strikers from the Putilov factory

c) speech by the soldiers of the Petrograd garrison

10. What two authorities appeared in Petrograd during the February Revolution?

a) Constituent Assembly

b) Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies

c) Provisional Government

d) Council of State

11. What changes did the Declaration of the Provisional Government, adopted on March 3, 1917, bring into the life of Russia?

a) introduced broad civil rights and freedoms

b) provided the peasants with land

c) brought Russia out of World War I

12. What was the composition of the Entente on the eve of the war?

a) England, USA, France; b) England, Russia, France; c) England, Russia, Italy.

13. Germany declared war on Russia:

a) June 28, 1914; b) July 28, 1914; c) 1.08.1914; d) 3.08.1914

14. Brusilovsky breakthrough took place in:

15. The Verdun operation took place in:

a) 1914, b) 1915; c) 1916; d) 1917

Part B

1. Arrange the events by year:

A) 1914; b) 1916; c) 1918

1. Battle of the Somme; 2. Brusilovsky breakthrough; 3. the first gas attack near Ypres; 4. US entry into the war; 5; battle on the Marne; 6. Battle of Jutland; 7. Battle of Verdun; 8. Milyukov's note on Russia's participation in the war to a victorious end; 9. Brest peace; 10. Compiègne truce;

2. Write the name of the historical event.

Russia abandoned all territories occupied by German troops. It was obliged to demobilize the army, to pay compensation for damage caused to the property of German citizens on its territory.

3. Reasons February Revolution become.

1 . The agrarian question was not solved

2. Participation of Russia in the First World War

3. Lack of labor legislation

4. Creation of the Provisional Government

5. Creation of the Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies

4. Match.

1. G.E. Lvov A. Minister of Justice

2. A.I. Guchkov B. Minister of Foreign Affairs

3. P.N. Milyukov V. Chairman of the Provisional Government

4. A.F. Kerensky G. Minister of Military Affairs

D. Minister of Finance

5. The reasons for the June and July crises were the authorities.

1. Mass actions of workers

2. Unsuccessful counteroffensive at the front

3. A sharp deterioration in the economic situation of the country

4. Abdication of Nicholas II from the throne

5. Resignation of G.E. Lvov

6. Select events related to the 1917 revolution.

1. Bloody Sunday

2. The fall of the autocracy

3. Establishment of dual power

4. Manifesto "On the improvement of the state order"

5. Kronstadt uprising

Part C

Read the text and do the tasks.

According to the garrison of the Petrograd district to all soldiers of the guard, army, artillery, navy for immediate and accurate execution, and to the workers of Petrograd for information.

1. The Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies decided:
2. 1. In all companies, battalions, regiments, batteries, squadrons and separate services of various military departments and on ships of the navy, immediately select committees from elected representatives from the lower ranks of the above military units
3. 2. In all military units that have not yet elected their representatives to the Council of Workers' Deputies, elect one representative from the companies, who will appear with written certificates in the building of the State Duma by 10 o'clock in the morning on March 2
4. 3. In all its political actions, the military unit is subordinate to the council of workers' and soldiers' deputies and its committees.
5. 6. In the ranks and in the performance of official duties, soldiers must observe the strictest military discipline
6. 7. Rough treatment of soldiers of any military ranks and, in particular, addressing them as “you” is prohibited

C1. Write the name of the document and the date of its adoption.

C2. Expand the main provisions of the document characterizing the relationship to the military.

C3. What event caused the adoption of this document and what is its significance for the military?

C4. Below are 2 points of view on the signing of the Brest Peace. Please indicate which of these points of view you prefer. Give at least three facts, provisions that can serve as arguments confirming your chosen point of view.

1. The signing of the Brest peace was a forced measure of the Soviet government.
2. The signing of the Brest peace was beneficial for the Bolsheviks, as they were afraid of losing power.

C5. . Compare historical events Revolution of 1905 and Revolution of 1917 Name at least 2 general provisions and at least 3 differences in their activities.

An interesting idea was expressed by the Russian religious thinker of the XIX century N.F. Fedorov: “Geography tells us about the earth as a dwelling; the story is about it as about a cemetery. Moreover, this statement is relevant for the situation of war. The history of wars cannot be studied without a geographical map, so I propose to work out a methodology for solving test tasks in the USE format using a map.

FULL STUDY OF EVERYTHING NEEDED ON THE USE IN THE HISTORY OF THE MATERIAL FOR THE PERIOD 1900-1945
high-quality analytics of theoretical material
no "water" and empty reasoning
constant performance of assignments in the USE format
great presentation design
constant work with the historical map
constant analysis documentary sources
constant appeal to facts from spiritual culture, art, which are so difficult for graduates

And here are all the topics of the course:
1. Russia in the late XIX - early XX centuries.
2. Social upheaval Russian history early 20th century
3. Russia on the eve of World War I (1907-1914)
4. World War I
5. Russia in 1917
6. Civil war and its aftermath
7. NEP
8. History of the USSR in the 1930s.
9. USSR on the eve of the Great Patriotic War
10. Strategic retreat
11. Root fracture
12. The offensive stage of the Second World War

The First World War is a “blank spot” on the map of Russian history

2. We plotted front lines and their movements on the map.

3. We have refreshed our knowledge of the nuances of the First World War.

4. We have defined how to find World Wars events on maps.

5. We continued to work with part 1 (test)

6. We analyzed the key event of the First World War on the Eastern Front - the Brusilovsky breakthrough of 1916.

7. We remembered how to format the answers to the test tasks of part 1 in the format