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One of the most important transformations of the mid-50s of the XVI century. there was a reorganization of the central government, for which a little later (approximately from the end of the 60s of the 16th century) the name “orders” was assigned. Each order focused on any one branch of government.
The new system of government institutions, which replaced the palace and patrimonial apparatus, testified to significant successes in the centralization of state power. The clerks, who, as a rule, came from the nobility, were in charge of all the paperwork of the orders. Despite the fact that the boyars or okolnichy were at the head of the most important orders, the share of the boyar aristocracy in the government of the country decreased significantly. In 1555, the Local Order was formed, which dealt with issues of land ownership, and the Discharge Order, which served as the central body for recruiting the noble army and at the same time performed the functions of a military-operational nature. Back in 1549, the Posolsky Prikaz arose, which was in charge of foreign affairs. By 1554, the appearance of the Grand Parish, which received the most important national taxes, dates back. Later, the Streltsy and Zemsky orders were created. The latter performed police functions in the city of Moscow. In connection with the annexation of new territories to Russia, some regional orders (including Kazan) were formed.
As a result of the reorganization of local government, the power of the feudal aristocracy in the localities was significantly undermined. By 1555, the labial institutions had spread throughout the country, and thus the court dealing with the most important criminal offenses passed in the counties from governors and volostels into the hands of the labial elders, selected from the local nobility. In 1554, the government transformed the boyar commission into a special Robbery Order, which dealt with "robbery cases." The lip reform, carried out in the interests of the nobility, dealt a decisive blow to the feeding system. The final elimination of feeding is associated with the Zemstvo reform, carried out mainly in 1555-1556. The meaning of this reform, which became widespread mainly in the black-sown north, was to replace the governors and volostels with zemstvo authorities - “favorite heads” and “kissers” selected from among the townspeople and wealthy circles of the black-sown peasantry.
The zemstvo authorities carried out court and reprisals on matters of secondary importance and collected taxes that had previously been paid to the feeders (“fed payback”). These taxes now went to the royal treasury, and later - to special financial orders (quarters) and went primarily to support the noble army. The lip and zemstvo institutions were class-representative bodies of the nobility, as well as the upper posad and the prosperous black-mossed peasantry. The reform of local government contributed to the destruction of the vestiges of feudal fragmentation in the local government apparatus.
According to the Regulations on the Service of 1556, each secular feudal lord had to put up horse soldiers in full armament from all his land according to the calculation: one soldier from every 150 acres, and the lack of soldiers or weapons was punishable by a fine. This contributed to an increase in the number of noble cavalry. The equalization in relation to the service of patrimonials and landowners deprived the privileges of representatives of the feudal aristocracy, who finally turned into service people who were obliged to the tsar for military service in his troops.
Along with the publication of the Code of 1556, a number of other measures were taken to strengthen the army. The government established a system of strict control, which ensured the proper performance of secular feudal lords. At military reviews, the available composition of service people was carefully checked according to "dozens", that is, military registration lists. In order to further limit localism, in 1555 the Sovereign Genealogy was compiled, which contained information about the origin of the most noble princely and noble families. Arose in 1556, the "Tsar's rank" included records of the service of the boyars and nobles starting from the 70s of the 15th century. The Sovereign genealogy and the Sovereign's rank were an official reference document that made it possible to control the parochial accounts of the feudal nobility.
In general, the military reforms of the mid-50s of the XVI century. strengthened the combat readiness of the army and contributed to the success of Russian weapons.
965 - The defeat of the Khazar Khaganate army of the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav Igorevich.
988 - Baptism of Russia. Kievan Rus accepts Orthodox Christianity.
1223 - Battle on the Kalka- the first battle between the Russians and the Mughals.
1240 - Neva battle- a military conflict between the Russians, led by the Novgorod prince Alexander and the Swedes.
1242 - Battle on Lake Peipsi- a battle between the Russians, led by Alexander Nevsky and the knights of the Livonian Order. This battle went down in history as the Battle on the Ice.
1380 - Battle of Kulikovo- a battle between the united army of Russian principalities led by Dmitry Donskoy and the army of the Golden Horde led by Mamai.
1466 - 1472 - journey of Athanasius Nikitin to Persia, India and Turkey.
1480 - The final deliverance of Russia from the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
1552 - Capture of Kazan Russian troops of Ivan the Terrible, the cessation of the existence of the Kazan Khanate and its inclusion in the Muscovite Russia.
1556 - Accession of the Astrakhan Khanate to Moscow Rus.
1558 - 1583 - Livonian War. The war of the Russian kingdom against the Livonian Order and the subsequent conflict of the Russian kingdom with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland and Sweden.
1581 (or 1582) - 1585 - Yermak's campaigns in Siberia and battles with the Tatars.
1589 - Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia.
1604 - The invasion of False Dmitry I in Russia. Beginning of the Time of Troubles.
1606 - 1607 - Bolotnikov's uprising.
1612 - The liberation of Moscow from the Poles by the people's militia of Minin and Pozharsky End of the Time of Troubles.
1613 - Rise to power in Russia of the Romanov dynasty.
1654 - Pereyaslav Rada decided to reunification of Ukraine with Russia.
1667 - Andrusovo truce between Russia and Poland. Left-bank Ukraine and Smolensk went to Russia.
1686 - "Eternal Peace" with Poland. Russia's entry into the anti-Turkish coalition.
1700 - 1721 - North War- fighting between Russia and Sweden.
1783 - Annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire.
1803 - Decree on free cultivators. The peasants received the right to redeem themselves with land.
1812 - Battle of Borodino- a battle between the Russian army led by Kutuzov and the French troops under the command of Napoleon.
1814 - The capture of Paris by Russian and allied troops.
1817 - 1864 - Caucasian war.
1825 - Decembrist revolt- armed anti-government rebellion of officers of the Russian army.
1825 - built first railroad in Russia.
1853 - 1856 - Crimean War. In this military conflict, the Russian Empire was opposed by England, France and the Ottoman Empire.
1861 - The abolition of serfdom in Russia.
1877 - 1878 - Russo-Turkish War
1914 - Start of World War I and the entry of the Russian Empire into it.
1917 - Revolution in Russia(February and October). In February, after the fall of the monarchy, power passed to the Provisional Government. In October, the Bolsheviks came to power through a coup.
1918 - 1922 - Russian Civil War. It ended with the victory of the Reds (Bolsheviks) and the creation of the Soviet state.
* Separate outbreaks of the civil war began in the autumn of 1917.
1941 - 1945 - War between the USSR and Germany. The confrontation took place within the framework of the Second World War.
1949 - Creation and testing of the first atomic bomb in the USSR.
1961 - First manned flight into space. It was Yuri Gagarin from the USSR.
1991 - The collapse of the USSR and the fall of socialism.
1993 - Acceptance of the constitution by the Russian Federation.
2008 - Armed conflict between Russia and Georgia.
2014 - Holding in Russia, in Sochi, the Winter Olympics.
2014 - Return of Crimea to Russia.
2018 - Hosting the FIFA World Cup in Russia.
On July 2, 1556, Russian troops took Hadji Tarkhan for the second time. Since the local khan fled, Ivan the Terrible had no choice but to annex the entire khanate to Russia. Soon a fortress was founded near the Tatar settlement, and Astrakhan, founded a second time, became a Russian city.
Astrakhan = Tmutarakan?
In order to substantiate the claims of Russia to the lands in the lower reaches of the Volga, Russian scribes falsified historical facts. Astrakhan, thanks to the consonance of names, became associated with the ancient Russian city of Tmutarakan, which in reality was located on the Taman and Kerch peninsulas. Thus, the expansion to the south turned into the return of their own lands.
Why do we need Astrakhan?
In addition to the fact that the Astrakhan Khanate was a rather large and poorly protected state (which in itself incited to conquer it), Astrakhan was an important trading center. Through it, first of all, salt and spices, which were so important in the Middle Ages, were transported. But the way through the khanate was not safe: the Astrakhans, descendants of the warlike Tatars, lived not only by trade, but also by robbery: a sailing merchant could be robbed, or even completely, like Afanasy Nikitin, they could try to sell into slavery.
Astrakhan was also important from a geopolitical point of view: the possession of this city made it possible to control the lands from the Urals to the Caucasus. Soon after the capture of Astrakhan, the Nogai tribes living to the east of it will voluntarily pass into Russian citizenship. And the Caucasian princes will increasingly complain about each other to the “big white king”, which will gradually lead to their dependence on Muscovy.
Two-faced Yamgurchey
Ivan the Terrible, it seems, did not seek to seize the Astrakhan lands: it was enough for him that the local khan recognized his authority and allowed Russian merchants to trade on preferential terms. And Khan Yamgurchey satisfied these conditions: he volunteered to be a diligent servant and even a tributary of the Moscow sovereign. However, he turned out to be either weak, or stupid, or strangely cunning. Tempted by the patronage of the Crimean Khan and the Turkish Sultan, Yamgurchey broke his own oath: instead of discussing the terms of the alliance with the Russian ambassador, he dishonored him and imprisoned him on an island in the Caspian Sea. This was the reason for the campaign of our troops against Astrakhan.
The first capture of Astrakhan
On June 29, 1554, a reconnaissance detachment under the command of Prince Alexander Vyazemsky utterly defeated the vanguard of the Astrakhans. This battle was the only one in the entire campaign.
The tongues said that five kilometers down the Volga was the camp of the khan, and Astrakhan was almost defenseless. 30 thousand Russian soldiers, without waiting for the arrival of the allies from the Nogai Horde, were divided into two parts: the Vyazemsky detachment went towards Yamgurchey, and the army under the command of Yuri Pronsky-Shemyakin entered Astrakhan. True, instead of the enemy, Vyazemsky found squeaks and cannons abandoned in a panic. And when he set off in pursuit, he could only catch up with the convoy with the khan's wives.
But this was no longer so important: Astrakhan actually turned into a puppet state: Khan Derbysh-Ali was imprisoned here, expelled at one time by Yamgurchey and living for several years in Zvenigorod.
The oath and betrayal of Derbysh
The returned Khan, together with several thousand Astrakhans gathered in the market square, solemnly swore allegiance to Ivan the Terrible and his heirs. An annual tribute was appointed: forty thousand altyns and three thousand sturgeons no less than a fathom in size.
Derbysh turned out to be not much more far-sighted than Yamgurchey: within a few months after his return, he got involved in the local political game, neglecting the alliance with distant Moscow. He entered into an alliance with the opposition Nogai khans, who killed Yamgurchey, released the Moscow nobleman Turgenev from Astrakhan and began to cooperate with the Crimean khan. The Russian army was again forced to enter Astrakhan, from where, frightened by rumors, both residents and rulers fled. This happened in 1555, and Ivan the Terrible had not yet decided to annex Astrakhan completely: Derbysh was returned, forgiven, and even allowed not to pay tribute for a year.
Informant Ishmael
Not only from the Russian governors, but also from the Nogai Khan Ishmael, the tsar regularly received information about the events in Astrakhan. Ishmael, having secured an alliance with Russia, thus fought with his political enemies, other Nagai murzas, who just helped Derbysh. It was he who was the first to inform Grozny in 1556 that Derbysh had completely changed, entered into an agreement with the Crimea, drove out the Russian detachment and executed local princes loyal to Moscow. He even allegedly sent an army to Astrakhan. Three days later, his words were confirmed by the message of the governor Mansurov.
Second take and join
The second Astrakhan campaign turned out to be just as absurd as the first. In support of the garrison expelled from the city, five Cossack hundreds were sent, followed by more Cossacks, archers and Vyatchans under the command of Pisemsky. On July 2, this small army, led by Ivan Cheremisinov, joined the Cossack detachment of Lyapun Filimonov. But it turned out that there was no one to fight with: 500 Cossacks scared everyone away. “They came to Astorokhan, but let the city, the tsar and the people ran out,” Cheremesinov reports to the tsar.
They set off in pursuit of Derbysh, caught up, attacked the camp at night, then fought all day - and then Derbysh sent to beat him with his forehead, which he betrayed the king against his will. He was again forgiven, and he promised to return to Astrakhan in a few days. However, he did not return. It turned out that help from the Crimean Khan even came to him, though only 700 sabers. A new battle was planned. But then Derbysh's allies, the Nagai-oppositionists, quarreled among themselves, slaughtered each other for three days and eventually went over to the side of Ishmael, and therefore Russia. They themselves drove Derbysh away, and the people of Astrakhan began to come to the Russian chiefs, beat with their foreheads and swear allegiance to the Russian Tsar. So the Astrakhan Khanate became part of Russia.
Chronological table with dates on the history of Russia.
6th century - The legend of Prince Kiy - the founder of the city of Kyiv.
9th century - Formation of the Old Russian state
860 - Rus' campaign against Constantinople.
882 - Unification of Novgorod and Kyiv under Prince Oleg.
907, 911 - Oleg's campaigns against Tsargrad. Treaty with the Greeks.
944 - Treaty of Igor with Byzantium.
945 - Rebellion of the Drevlyans.
957 - Olga's embassy in Constantinople.
964-972 - Campaigns of Svyatoslav.
980-1015 - The reign of Vladimir I.
988 - The adoption of Christianity by Russia.
1015 - The uprising in Novgorod against the Varangians.
1019-1054 - The reign of Yaroslav the Wise.
1068-1072 - Popular performances in Kyiv, Novgorod, Rostov-Suzdal, Chernigov lands.
1097 - Lyubech congress of Russian princes.
1113 - Uprising in Kyiv.
1113-1125 - Vladimir Monomakh's reign.
1136 -- Establishment of a republic in Novgorod.
1147 - The first mention in the annals of Moscow.
Beginning of the XII-end of the XV centuries. - Feudal fragmentation of Russia.
1169 - The capture of Kyiv by the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky.
1202 - Formation of the Order of the Sword.
1206-1227 - The reign of Genghis Khan.
1219-1221 - Mongol-Tatar conquest of Central Asia.
Early 13th century - Formation of the Lithuanian state.
1227-1255 - The reign of Batu.
1235-1243 - The Mongol-Tatars conquered Transcaucasia.
1236 - The conquest of the Volga Bulgaria by the Mongol-Tatars.
1237-1240 - The conquest of Russia by the Mongol-Tatars.
1237 - Formation of the Livonian Order.
1243 - Formation of the state of the Golden Horde.
1247 - Formation of the Tver principality.
1252-1263 - Alexander Nevsky - Grand Duke of Vladimir.
1262 - Uprisings in Russian cities against the Mongol-Tatars.
1276 - Formation of the Moscow principality.
1299 - Metropolitan moved from Kyiv to Vladimir.
1301 - Accession of Kolomna to Moscow.
1302 - The entry of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky into the Moscow principality.
1303 - Accession of Mozhaisk to Moscow.
1310 - Adoption of Islam as the state religion of the Golden Horde.
Around 1313-1392 - Sergius of Radonezh.
1327 - The uprising in Tver against the Golden Horde.
1328 - Transfer of the center of the metropolis to Moscow.
1359-1389 - Board of Dmitry Donskoy in Moscow (since 1363 - Grand Duke of Vladimir).
OK. 1360-1430 - Andrei Rublev.
1363 - The victory of the Lithuanian troops over the Horde at Blue Waters. The entry of Kyiv into Lithuania. 1367 - Construction of the white-stone Kremlin in Moscow.
1378 - The first victory over the Golden Horde on the river Vozha.
1382 - The defeat of Moscow by Tokhtamysh.
1385 - Kreva union between Lithuania and Poland.
1393 - Accession of Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow.
1395 - The ruin of the Golden Horde by Timur.
1425-1453 - Great feudal war between the sons and grandsons of Dmitry Donskoy.
1437 - Formation of the Kazan Khanate.
1439 - Union of Florence.
1443 - Formation of the Crimean Khanate.
1448 - Election of Jonah to the Russian metropolis. Autocephaly of the Russian Orthodox Church.
1453 - Fall of the Byzantine Empire.
1462-1505 - The reign of Ivan III
1463 - Accession to Moscow of the Yaroslavl principality.
1469-1472 - Travel of Athanasius Nikitin to India.
1471 - Battle on the river. Shelons of the Moscow and Novgorod troops.
1474 - Accession to Moscow of Rostov the Great.
1478 - Annexation of Novgorod the Great to Moscow.
1480 - Standing on the river Ugra. The final overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
1484-1508 - Construction of the current Moscow Kremlin. The construction of cathedrals and the Faceted Chamber, brick walls.
1485 - Accession of Tver to Moscow.
1489 - Accession to Moscow of the Vyatka land.
1497 - Sudebnik of Ivan III.
End of the XV-beginning of the XVI centuries. - Formation of the Russian centralized state.
1500-1503, 1507-1508, 1512-1522, 1534-1537 - Russian-Lithuanian wars.
1502 - End of the Golden Horde.
1503 - Church council on the issue of monastic land ownership (Nil Sorsky - Joseph Volotsky).
1505-1533 - The reign of Basil III.
1510 - Accession of Pskov to Moscow.
1514 - Accession of Smolensk to Moscow.
1521 - Accession of the Ryazan and Seversk lands to Moscow.
1547 - Uprising in Moscow.
1549 - Beginning of the convocation of Zemsky Sobors.
1550 - Sudebnik of Ivan IV.
1551 - Stoglavy Cathedral.
1552 - Accession of the Kazan Khanate to Moscow.
1552-1557 - The entry of the Volga region into Russia.
1556 - Accession of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia.
1558-1583 - Livonian war.
1561 - The defeat of the Livonian Order.
1564 - Beginning of book printing in Russia. "Apostle".
1565-1572 - Oprichnina.
1569 - Union of Lublin. Formation of the Commonwealth.
1581 - The first mention of reserved years.
1581 - Yermak's campaign in Siberia.
1582 - Yam-Zapolsky truce with Poland.
1583 - Peace of Plus with Sweden.
1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate. Patriarch Job.
1591 - Death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich.
1592 - Compilation of scribe and census books.
1595 - Tyavzinsky peace with Sweden.
1596 - Brest Church Union.
1597 - Decree on a five-year investigation of the fugitives.
1598-1605 - Board of B.F. Godunov.
1603-1604 - Cotton Rebellion.
1605-1606 - Board of False Dmitry I.
1606-1607 - The uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov.
1606-1610 - The reign of Vasily Shuisky.
1607 - Decree on a fifteen-year investigation of the fugitives.
1607-1610 - False Dmitry II. Tushino camp.
1610-1613 - Seven Boyars.
1612, October 26 - Liberation from the interventionists of Moscow by the people's militia under the leadership of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky.
1617 - Stolbovsky peace with Sweden.
1618 - Deulino truce with Poland.
1645-1676 - Board of Alexei Mikhailovich.
1648-1654 - The liberation war of the Ukrainian people against the Poles under the leadership of B. Khmelnitsky.
1649 - Cathedral Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
1649 - Zborovsky peace.
1651 - Belotserkovsky peace.
1651 - The beginning of the reforms of Patriarch Nikon. Split.
1654-1667 - War with the Commonwealth for Ukraine.
1661 - Peace of Cardis with Sweden.
1662 - "Copper Riot" in Moscow.
1667 - Andrusovo truce with the Commonwealth.
1667-1669 - "Campaign for zipuns".
1667 - New trade charter.
1667-1676 - Solovetsky uprising.
1670-1671 - Peasant war led by S.T. Razin.
1676-1682 - the reign of Fedor Alekseevich.
1676-1681 - War between Russia and Turkey.
1682, 1698 - Streltsy uprisings in Moscow.
1682 - Abolition of localism.
1682-1689 - Sophia's reign.
1682-1725 - The reign of Peter I, until 1696, together with Ivan V (from 1682 to 1689 - under the regency of Sophia).
1686 - "Perpetual peace" with Poland.
1687 - Opening of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
1687, 1689 - Crimean campaigns by V.V. Golitsyn.
1689 - Nerchinsk treaty with China.
1695, 1696 - Azov campaigns of Peter I.
1697-1698 - "Great Embassy".
1700-1721 - Northern War.
1707-1708 - an uprising led by K. Bulavin.
1708-1710 - Establishment of provinces.
1710-1711 - Prut campaign.
1711 - Establishment of the Senate.
1713 - Transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg.
1714 - Decree on single inheritance.
1718-1721 - Establishment of colleges.
1720 - Victory of the Russian fleet at Grengam Island.
1721 - Permission to buy peasants to factories.
1721 - Establishment of the Synod.
1722 - Table of ranks.
1722 - Decree on the succession to the throne: the emperor himself can appoint himself an heir
1722-1723 - Caspian campaign.
1725 - Opening of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg.
1725-1727 - The reign of Catherine I.
1726-1730 - Supreme Privy Council.
1727-1730 - The reign of Peter P.
1730-1740 - The reign of Anna Ioannovna. Bironovshchina.
1731 - Cancellation of single inheritance.
1741-1761 - The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.
1750 - Opening of the first Russian theater in Yaroslavl.
1756-1763 - Seven Years' War.
1761-1762 - The reign of Peter Sh.
1762 - Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility.
1762-1796 -Reign of Catherine II.
1764 - Secularization of church property.
1764 - Liquidation of the hetmanate in Ukraine.
1768 - Beginning of the issue of banknotes.
1767-1768 - Laid Commission,
1768-1774 - Russian-Turkish war. Kyuchuk-Kainarji world.
1771 Plague riot in Moscow.
1772, 1793, 1795 - Partitions of Poland.
1773-1775 - The uprising of E.I. Pugachev.
1775 -- Establishment of the provinces of the Russian Empire.
1783 - Georgievsky treatise. Transition of Eastern Georgia; under Russian protectorate.
1785 - Letters of grant to the nobility and cities.
1787-1791 - Russian-Turkish war. Jassy world.
1796-1801 - Reign of Paul I
1797 - Manifesto on the three-day corvee.
1801-1825 - Reign of Alexander I Pavlovich.
1802 - Establishment of ministries in Russia.
1803 - Decree on "free cultivators".
1804-1813 - Russian-Iranian war.
1805-1807 - Russia's participation in the III and IV anti-Napoleonic coalitions.
1806-1812 - Russian-Turkish war.
1807 - Peace of Tilsit.
1810 - Creation of the State Council.
December 21, 1812 - Order of M.I. Kutuzov for the army to expel the French army from Russia.
1813-1814 - Foreign campaigns of the Russian army.
1813 - "Battle of the Nations" at Leipzig.
1816-1817 - Activities of the Union of Salvation.
1818-1821 - Activities of the Union of Welfare.
1820 - Rebellion in the Semyonovsky regiment.
1821 - Formation of the Southern Society.
1822 - Formation of the Northern Society.
1823 - Formation of the Society of United Slavs.
1825-1855 - The reign of Nicholas I Pavlovich.
1826 - Publication of the "cast-iron" censorship charter.
1826-1828 - Russian-Iranian war.
1828-1829 - Russian-Turkish war.
1837 - Construction of the railway from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoye Selo.
1837-1841 - P.D. Kiselyov carried out a reform of the management of state peasants. 1839-1843 - Monetary reform of E.F. Kankrin.
1842 - Publication of the decree on "obliged peasants".
1844-1849 - Activities of the secret circle of M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky.
1845 - Formation of the Slavic Society of St. Cyril and Methodius.
1853-1856 - Creation of the "Free Russian Printing House".
1855-1881 - Reign of Alexander II Nikolaevich.
1855 - Signing of the Shimodsky treaty between Russia and Japan.
1856 - Paris Congress.
1860 - Beijing treaty between Russia and China.
1861-1863 - Activities of the secret circle "Great Russian".
1861-1864 - Activities of the organization "Land and Freedom".
1864 - Judicial, zemstvo and school reforms.
1864-1885 - The conquest of Central Asia by Russia.
1866 - Formation of the Turkestan Governor-General.
1868 - Establishment of vassal dependence of the Emirate of Bukhara from Russia.
1870 - Foundation of the Russian section of the First International.
1870 - Publication of the "City Regulations".
1873 - Establishment of the Union of the Three Emperors.
1874 - Military reform. The introduction of universal military service.
1874 - The first "going to the people."
1875 - Treatise of Russia and Japan on the division of possessions in the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island.
1876 - The entry of the Kokand Khanate into Russia.
1876-1879 - Activities of the organization "Land and Freedom".
1876 - The second "going to the people."
1877-1878 - Russian-Turkish war.
1878 - Signing of the San Stefano peace treaty.
1878 - Berlin Congress.
1879-1881 - Activities of the organization "Narodnaya Volya".
1879-1881 - Activities of the Black Redistribution organization.
1881-1894 - Reign of Alexander III Aleksadrovich.
1881 - Adoption of the "Regulations on measures to protect state security and public peace."
1882 - Transfer of peasants to compulsory redemption.
1885 - A strike at the Nikolskaya manufactory of T.S. Morozov in Orekhovo-Zuevo.
1887 - Circular about "cook's children".
1889 - Adoption of the "Regulations on zemstvo chiefs".
1890 - Adoption of the "Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions" (zemstvo counter-reform).
1891-1894 - Registration of the Franco-Russian Union.
1892 - Adoption of the "City Regulations" (city counter-reform).
1894-1917 - Reign of Nicholas II Alexandrovich.
1895 - Creation of the "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class".
1897 - The first general population census in Russia.
1897 - Monetary reform S.Yu. Witte.
1898 - I Congress of the RSDLP.
1901 - "Obukhov defense".
1902 - Unification of neo-populist circles. Creation of the "Party of Socialist Revolutionaries".
1904-1905 - Russo-Japanese war.
1904, January 26-27 - Japanese ships attack Russian squadrons in Port Arthur and Chemulpo.
1905 - Creation of the "Union of the Russian people".
1907 - Creation of the "Union of Michael the Archangel".
1907-1912 - Activities of the III State Duma.
1917, February 27 - Formation of the Committee of the State Duma and the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
1917, March 2 - Abdication of Nicholas II from the throne. Formation of the Provisional Government. Establishment of dual power in Russia.
1917, October 24-26 - Armed uprising in Petrograd. II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Formation of the Soviet government. (Great October Socialist Revolution).
1929 - Beginning of continuous collectivization.
1957 - Civil industry management reform. Creation of economic councils.
1959 - Visit of N.S. Khrushchev in the USA. 1959-1965 - Seven-year plan.
1970 - XXIV Congress of the CPSU.
1975 - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki).
1976 - XXV Congress of the CPSU.
1981 - XXVI Congress of the CPSU.
1982 - Adoption of the Food Program.
1986 - XXVII Congress of the CPSU.
1987-1991 - The period of "perestroika" in the USSR.
1988 - XIX All-Union Party Conference.
1991 Dissolution of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Treaty Organization.
1991, December 8 - Belovezhskaya agreement on the dissolution of the CCCI and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
1993, September 21 - Decree of President Boris Yeltsin on the beginning of constitutional reform in Russia and the dissolution of the Supreme Council.
1993, October 3-4 - Armed clashes between supporters of the Supreme Council and government troops in Moscow.
LEADERS OF THE SOVIET STATE AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
head of state
(Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, since 1923 - Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, since 1938 - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, from May 1989 to March 1990 - Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, since March 1990 - President of the USSR, since December 1991 - President of the Russian Federation).
1. Kamenev Lev Borisovich - November 1917 (according to the new style)
3. Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich - March 1919 - March 1946
4. Shvernik Nikolai Mikhailovich - March 1946 - March 1953
5. Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich - March 1953 - May 1960
7. Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich - July 1964 - December 1965
8. Podgorny Nikolai Viktorovich - December 1965 - June 1977
9. Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich - June 1983 - February 1984
10. Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich - April 1984 - March 1985
11. Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko - July 1985 - October 1988
12. Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich - October 1988 - December 1991
13. Yeltsin Boris Nikolaevich - June 1991 to December 1999
Head of the government
(Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, from July 1923 - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, from March 1946 - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, from December 1990 to December 1991 - Prime Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR, from December 1991 - Prime Minister Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation)
1. Lenin Vladimir Ilyich - November 1917 - January 1924
2. Rykov Alexey Ivanovich - February 1924 - December 1930
3. Molotov Vyachevlav Mikhailovich - December 1930 - May 1941
4. Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich - May 1941 - March 1953
5. Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov - March 1953 - February 1955
6. Bulganin Nikolay Alexandrovich - February 1955 - March 1958
7. Khrushchev Nikita Sergeevich - March 1958 - October 1964
8. Kosygin Alexey Nikolaevich - October 1964 - October 1980
9. Tikhonov Nikolai Alexandrovich - October 1980 - September 1985
10. Ryzhkov Nikolai Ivanovich - September 1985 - December 1990
11. Pavlov Valentin Sergeevich - December 1990 - August 1991
12. Gaidar Egor Timurovich - Spanish. obligatory – December 1991 – December 1992
13. Chernomyrdin Viktor Stepanovich - December 1992 - March 1998
14. Kirienko Sergey Vladilenovich - March 1998 - August 1998
15. Primakov Evgeny Maksimovich - September 1998 - May 1999
18. Kasyanov Mikhail Mikhailovich - May 2000 - to the present
Head of Comm, parties
(General Secretary of the Central Committee, from 1953 to 1966 First Secretary of the Central Committee).
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