Military air defense units. Anti-aircraft missile artillery battery Anti-aircraft air defense division

(motorized rifle troops). Like a battalion, a division is the smallest unit that has a headquarters.

On the present stage a division providing air defense can be both a structural unit as part of regiments / brigades / divisions ground forces (Military air defense ), and a structural unit as part of the Air Defense Forces carrying tasks for air defense objects ( Object air defense ).

Anti-aircraft artillery battalion

Formation Military air defense .
anti-aircraft artillery battalion (zenadn) - formation in the composition (zap) or a separate formation ozenadn as part of motorized rifle/tank/airborne divisions. In some infantry divisions of the Wehrmacht and in all divisions of the SS zenadn was part of artillery regiment. In the rifle divisions of the Red Army, he was a separate formation as part of the division ( ozenadn ).
In connection with the transition in the 60-70s to more effective missile weapons at the present stage anti-aircraft artillery regiments and zenadn those armed exclusively with anti-aircraft artillery guns - no. In the USSR Armed Forces, by the end of the 80s, the last anti-aircraft artillery regiment armed with the S-60 gun was the 990th anti-aircraft artillery regiment (990th zap) of the 201st motorized rifle division during the Afghan war. Anti-aircraft batteries of the 990th zap carried the combat guard of the Kunduz airport.

• Note: In the historical period before the advent of rocket weapons zenadn also performed the functions Object air defense . During the Great Patriotic War zenadn as part of zap united in anti-aircraft artillery divisions (zenad) performed the tasks of air defense of important objects and large cities of the USSR. For example, the 251st zap, reorganized into the 53rd zenad, defending Moscow, had a personnel of 1800 people and was subdivided into four zenadn with a total anti-aircraft artillery batteries (zenbatr ) to 25 units.

Anti-aircraft missile and artillery battalion

Formation Military air defense .
anti-aircraft missile and artillery battalion (zradn) - the formation of motorized rifle / tank regiments / brigades, which forms the basis of the air defense of the regiment / brigade. Consists of two or three (zrab ) with mixed weapons or from anti-aircraft missile battery (zrb ) and anti-aircraft artillery battery (zenbatr ).
For example happy motorized rifle regiment in the USSR Armed Forces in the fall of 1986 had the following composition:

• headquarters
• management department
• anti-aircraft missile and artillery battery (zrab) on ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" and MANPADS Strela-2
• anti-aircraft missile battery (zrb) SAM Strela-10
• support platoon (in) composed of:
  • Department of procedural and adjustment works (ORNR)
  • department Maintenance(from)
  • automobile branch (AO)
  • economic department (hoz.otd)

The personnel of the division - 117-126 people.
In the armies of NATO happy may enter a separate division into the division. For example anti-aircraft missile and artillery battalion US "heavy" divisions had the following structure:

• headquarters
• headquarters battery
• three anti-aircraft missile and artillery batteries on ZSU Vulkan and MANPADS Stinger
• anti-aircraft missile battery on the MIM-72 Cheparel air defense system
• anti-aircraft missile battery on MANPADS Stinger

The personnel of the division - 860 people.
Comparing numbers happy in the US division and regimental happy in the USSR, it should be noted that the anti-aircraft missile regiment was an analogue of the anti-aircraft division in the US division in the divisions of the Soviet Army, and there were no anti-aircraft missiles in the line brigades of the US division artillery units. The total number of air defense systems and the number of air defense units in the divisions of the United States and the USSR was comparable.

Anti-aircraft missile division

In military air defense

military subordination.
For example zrdn as part of zrr army subordination of the USSR Armed Forces in the 60s had the following structure:

• headquarters
• control platoon (woo)
• three anti-aircraft missile batteries (zrb) , each for three launchers of the 2K11 Krug air defense system
• technical battery (technical battery)

AT zrr army subordination included 3-4 zrdn and control and radar reconnaissance battery (buirr) .

• Note: AT anti-aircraft missile regiments (zrp) motorized rifle/tank division USSR Armed Forces - there was no division into divisions. Such zrp were armed with air defense systems of the 2K12 "Cube" or 9K33 "Osa" type and consisted of headquarters, five anti-aircraft batteries (zrb), technical battery (technical battery) and auxiliary units of combat and logistic support.

In the object air defense

anti-aircraft missile division (zrdn) - structural formation in anti-aircraft missile regiments / brigades district or group subordination.
For example zrdn The US Army armed with the MIM-104 Patriot air defense system has the following composition:

• headquarters
• headquarters battery
• command post division AN / MRC-136
• six anti-aircraft missile batteries , each for eight launchers SAM MIM-104 "Patriot"

In the Armed Forces of the USSR / RF scheme zrdn armed S-200 air defense system has the following form:

• headquarters
• division command post
• radio technical battery (rtb)
• starting battery (sbatr) on the six launchers (PU) ZRK S-200
• Subdivisions of provision and maintenance, consisting of:
  • automobile platoon
  • post office
  • topographical department
  • department of logistics

rtb is a combat support unit that performs electronic reconnaissance.

Technical division

Formation Object air defense .
technical division (tdn) - structural formation in anti-aircraft missile regiments / brigades district or group subordination of the Armed Forces of the USSR / RF. Performs tasks for technical support, loading of launchers, repair and routine maintenance of missile weapons and radars. Unlike other military branches, technical division does not consist of batteries, but of platoons and squads.

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Air Defense Division

But he could not answer her, much less offer something. He was simply dead, and, unfortunately, he did not know anything about what happens “after”, just like all the other people who lived in that “dark” time, when everyone and everyone was literally driven in with the hardest “hammer of lies” into the head that "after" there is nothing more and that human life ends at this mournful and terrible moment of physical death...
- Dad, mom, where are we going now? the girl asked cheerfully. It seemed that now, when everyone was assembled, she was completely happy again and was ready to continue her life even in such an unfamiliar existence for her.
- Oh, mommy, and my pen went through the bench !!! But how can I sit down now? .. - the little girl was surprised.
But mother didn’t have time to answer, when suddenly, right above them, the air sparkled with all the colors of the rainbow and began to thicken, turning into an amazingly beautiful blue channel, very similar to the one I saw during my unsuccessful “bathing” in our river. The channel sparkled and shimmered with thousands of stars, and more and more densely enveloped the dumbfounded family.
“I don’t know who you are, girl, but you know something about this,” my mother suddenly turned to me. “Tell me, should we go there?”
"I'm afraid so," I answered as calmly as possible. - It's your new world in which you will live. And he is very handsome. You will like it.
I was a little sad that they were leaving so soon, but I understood that it would be better this way, and that they would not even have time to truly regret what they had lost, since they would immediately have to accept their new world and their new life ...
- Oh, mom, mom, how beautiful! Almost like New Year!.. Vidas, Vidas, is it really beautiful?! the little girl murmured happily. - Well, let's go, let's go, what are you waiting for!
Mom smiled sadly at me and said affectionately:
- Farewell, girl. Whoever you are - happiness to you in this world ...
And, hugging her babies, she turned to the luminous channel. All of them, except for little Katya, were very sad and obviously very worried. They had to leave everything that was so familiar and so well known, and "go" no one knows where. And, unfortunately, they had no choice in this situation ...
Suddenly, in the middle of the luminous channel, a luminous female figure and began to gradually approach the stunned family, huddled together.
- Alice? .. - the mother said uncertainly, peering intently at the new guest.
The entity, smiling, extended its arms to the woman, as if inviting her into her arms.
Alice, is that really you?!
“So we met, dear,” said the luminous being. – Are you really all of them?.. Oh, what a pity!.. It’s too early for them yet... What a pity...
“Mommy, mom, who is this?” the dumbfounded little girl asked in a whisper. - How beautiful she is! .. Who is this, mother?
"That's your aunt, dear," her mother answered kindly.
- Uncle?! Oh, how good - a new aunt !!! And who is she? – the curious little girl did not let up.
She is my sister, Alice. You never saw her. She went to this "other" world when you weren't there yet.
“Well, then it was a very long time ago,” little Katya confidently stated the “indisputable fact” ...
The luminous "aunt" smiled sadly, observing her cheerful and unsuspecting little niece in this new life situation. And that one was merrily jumping up and down on one leg, trying out her unusual “new body” and, being completely satisfied with it, stared inquiringly at the adults, waiting for them to finally go to that unusual luminous “new world” of theirs ... She seemed completely happy again, since her whole family was here, which meant that “everything is fine” with them and there was nothing more to worry about ... Her tiny children's world was again habitually protected by the people she loved and she no longer had to to think about what happened to them today and just waited for what would happen next.
Alice looked at me very carefully and said affectionately:
- And it's still early for you, girl, you still have a long way to go ...
The luminous blue channel was still sparkling and shimmering, but it suddenly seemed to me that the glow had become weaker, and as if answering my thought, the “aunt” said:
“It’s time for us, my dears. You don't need this world anymore...
She took them all into her arms (which I was surprised for a moment, as she seemed to suddenly become larger) and the luminous channel disappeared along with the sweet girl Katya and her whole wonderful family ... It became empty and sad, as if I had lost again someone close, as happened almost always after new meeting with the departing...
"Girl, are you all right?" I heard someone's worried voice.
Someone bothered me, trying to "return" to a normal state, since I apparently again "entered" too deeply into that other world, far away for the rest, and scared some good man his "frozen-abnormal" calmness.
The evening was just as wonderful and warm, and everything around remained exactly the same as it was just an hour ago ... only I didn’t want to walk anymore.
Someone's fragile good lives having just broken off so easily, they flew off into another world like a white cloud, and I suddenly felt very sad, as if a drop of my lonely soul had flown away with them ... I really wanted to believe that the dear girl Katya would find at least some happiness in anticipation of her return "home" ... And it was sincerely sorry for all those who did not have visiting "aunts" in order to at least slightly alleviate their fear, and who rushed about in horror, leaving in that arc, unfamiliar and frightening world, not even imagining that their there waiting, and not believing that this is still going on their "precious and only" LIFE ...

The days flew by unnoticed. Weeks passed. Gradually, I began to get used to my unusual everyday visitors ... After all, everything, even the most extraordinary events that we perceive at the beginning almost as a miracle, become commonplace if they are repeated regularly. This is how my wonderful “guests”, who at the beginning amazed me so much, became almost a common occurrence for me, in which I honestly invested a part of my heart and was ready to give much more, if only it could help someone . But it was impossible to absorb all that endless human pain without choking on it and without destroying itself. Therefore, I became much more careful and tried to help without opening all the “gateways” of my raging emotions, but tried to remain as calm as possible and, to my greatest surprise, very soon noticed that in this way I can help much more and more effectively. , while not getting tired at all and spending much less of their vitality on all this.
It would seem that my heart should have “closed” long ago, having plunged into such a “waterfall” of human sadness and longing, but apparently the joy for finally finding the much-desired peace of those who managed to help far exceeded any sadness, and I wanted to do it is endless, as far as my, unfortunately, still childish, strength was enough then.

a) services and departments of combat support:

Radiation, Chemical and Biological Protection Service (RCBZ);

Topographic Service;

intelligence service;

Engineering service;

Mobilization department;

Operations department;

Department of personnel and drill;

Department of ZAS and SUV;

Secret branch.

b) services and departments of technical support:

Rocket and Artillery Service (RAW);

Automotive service.

c) services and departments of logistic support:

Service of fuel and lubricants (fuels and lubricants);

clothing service;

food service;

Communal maintenance service (CES);

medical service;

Financial service.

The main divisions of the regiment are:

Automated command post (AKP zrp);

Groups of anti-aircraft missile divisions (gr. zrdn);

Technical battery (tbatr).

The organizational structure of the AKP zrp is shown in fig. 2.

The organizational structure of the anti-aircraft missile division is shown in fig. 3.

The technical battery is directly part of the main subdivisions of the zrp only in accordance with the peacetime staff. In wartime, each group of the regiment has one technical battery.

Rice. 2. Organizational structure of automated CP

Rice. 3. Organizational structure of the anti-aircraft missile division

The composition of the support and maintenance units is established for each specific regiment, taking into account the tasks assigned to it and the conditions of deployment.

Typical subdivisions for the provision and maintenance of an anti-aircraft missile regiment are:

Company of material support (RMO);

Repair and technical company (rtr);

Automobile company;

Department of the RCBZ;

Engineering department;

operational platoon;

Sanitary part.

To facilitate the task of controlling the CP ZRP (ZRBR) by firing units, a regiment (brigade) can be divided into groups of anti-aircraft missile battalions, several (from 2 to 6) zrdn in each.

A group of anti-aircraft missile battalions is a tactical unit of the ZRV.

Centralized management of the combat activities of divisions in each group is carried out by the command post of the zrdn group. The technical capabilities of the equipment of the command post of the zrdn group allow the exchange of combat information with divisions, the total number of which should not exceed 6. Thus, the task of reducing the number of control objects at the command post of the zrp (zrbr) is being solved.

The main tactical fire division of the ZRV is the anti-aircraft missile division.

The concepts of "anti-aircraft missile division" and "anti-aircraft missile system" should not be equated.

The anti-aircraft missile system is only the basis of a set of weapons and military equipment (AME) of the anti-aircraft missile division (zrdn). However, depending on the specific conditions in which the anti-aircraft missile division will have to carry out its combat mission, he is given additional weapons and military equipment to increase the efficiency of solving assigned tasks in these conditions.

To coordinate the combat activities of anti-aircraft missile divisions and organize their effective interaction, a centralized control point is needed. It is the command post of an anti-aircraft missile regiment (KP zrp) or brigade (KP zrbr).

The level (regiment or brigade) of a military formation carrying out the defense of an object (extended sector) depends on the required number of firing units. An anti-aircraft missile regiment contains 6 or less srdn, an anti-aircraft missile brigade - more than 6 srdn.

2. Armament of an anti-aircraft missile regiment

The composition of the S-300PS air defense system includes:

1. Command post of air defense systems (KPS) 5Н83С;

2. Anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM) 5Zh15S(up to 6 complexes);

3. A set of technological equipment and vehicles for storage, reloading and transportation of ZUR 81Ts6.

Armament and military equipment KPS and SAM contain fixed and attached funds. Fixed assets are elements of weapons and military equipment that are functionally necessary for combat. Availability of attached IWT funds increases efficiency combat use fixed assets.

Small arms of a group of anti-aircraft missile battalions

In the units of the group of anti-aircraft missile battalions in daily operation is weapon, the number of which corresponds to the number of personnel in the state of peacetime. Weapons of personnel absent from subunits due to current shortages should be stored in the armory of the unit. Small arms are also stored there, designed for the full staff of the wartime zrdn group.

Based on the full staffing of the zrdn group according to the state of wartime (administration of the zrdn group, 1 gbu, 6 zrdn, 1 tbatr, support units of the zrdn group) small arms should be:

Automatic 5.45 mm AK-74(7.62 mm AKM) - 763 units;

Pistols 9.0 mm PM - 260 units;

5.45 mm light machine guns RPK-74(PKK) - 21 units;

grenade launchers RPG-7(RPG-2) - 21 units;

Anti-aircraft machine guns 12.7 mm DShKM(12.7 mm ZPU "Cliff" on the machine 6U6) - 7 units.

Anti-aircraft missile system S-300PM

(Targets hit: aircraft, cruise and tactical missiles of all types)

Damage zone:

D min, (km) / D max, km 5/150

N min, (km) / N max, km 0.025/28

The number of simultaneously hit targets by air defense systems is up to 6

The number of simultaneously guided missiles on the target 12

The probability of being hit by one missile is 0.8-0.99

Readiness time for combat work from the march, min 5

Taking a position and transferring to a combat position in a position

field type, h up to 5

Transfer to the stowed position in the position of the field type, h up to 4

Conclusion

To check the quality of assimilation of the lesson material by conducting a short survey of students on the following issues:

1. Reveal the tasks solved by the ZRV in peacetime

2. Reveal the tasks solved by the ZRV in wartime

3. Reveal the organizational structure of the anti-aircraft missile regiment

4. Reveal the organizational structure of the automated command post

5. List the main equipment and weapons of the anti-aircraft missile regiment

6. List the support and maintenance units that are part of the structure of the anti-aircraft missile regiment

Summarize in brief formulations the target settings of the lesson.

Bring grades for the lesson, issue a task for self-study.

Give instructions on how to clean up the classroom.

Senior Lecturer of the Military Department

lieutenant colonel A. Leontiev

First Guards Anti-Aircraft.

The history of the 61st Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment is inextricably linked with the history of my native city, therefore, I could not ignore the history of this glorious unit, which became the first guard among anti-aircraft gunners.

The history of the regiment begins in June 1929, but it was not created from scratch. Even before the revolution, the city and the harbor were covered from the air by three four-gun anti-aircraft batteries equipped with 75mm Kane guns. The guns were installed on a modernized Meller machine, with an elevation angle increased to 50 degrees.

The remains of one such battery have survived to this day in one of the destroyed earthen redoubts of the Crimean War. Civil War completely destroyed the entire air defense system of Sevastopol. Already after the victory of Soviet power, six 3-gun 76mm and 75mm batteries were created in 1922 to cover the Black Sea bases from the air. There was not enough special anti-aircraft guns, and the first Black Sea anti-aircraft batteries, in addition to the 75mm Kane guns, were equipped with conventional three-inch guns on a converted Ivanov machine. Batteries were located:

In Batumi (battery commander Ushakov Nikolai Sergeevich);

In Kerch (battery commander Arkhipov, since 1923 Zhilin Ivan Sergeevich);

In Nikolaev (battery commander N.I. Gorokhov)

In Ochakiv (battery commander Naiditsch P.A.)

In Odessa (battery commander Leontiev Ivan Pavlovich).

In Sevastopol (battery commander Bulakh I.P.).

Sevastopol became the main naval base of the young Soviet Republic. The main naval base could not exist without cover from air attacks, so in 1924 an air defense division was created in Sevastopol. It consisted of two three-gun mobile batteries, a searchlight battalion, and an anti-aircraft machine-gun battalion.

Mobile batteries were Lender guns mounted on trucks. Unfortunately, the material part of the division was seriously worn out; panoramas were missing on many guns. Two trucks were not enough to install two guns, there were no means of transporting ammunition.

The further development of the air defense of Sevastopol was influenced by one event, which is usually not associated with the air defense of the city. November 22, 1929 the battleship "Paris Commune" began the transition from Kronstadt to the Black Sea. January 18, 1930 arrived in Sevastopol and became part of Black Sea Fleet. In addition, during the same period, the construction of coastal batteries was started, which also required anti-aircraft cover. Therefore, on the basis of the Sevastopol anti-aircraft division, an anti-aircraft artillery regiment, subsequently numbered 61.

The regiment included two anti-aircraft artillery battalions, an anti-aircraft machine-gun battalion, and a searchlight battalion. Zashikhin R.S. became the commander of the regiment, Zhilin I.S. became the chief of staff, and Rudnev S.V. became the commissar. On May 17, 1933, I.S. Zhilin became the commander of the regiment.

The 1st anti-aircraft artillery division (batteries No. 77, 78, 79) covered the 30th battery, located in a triangle around its positions. In addition, the guns of one battery also covered part of the harbor. The second division of this regiment covered the 35th battery. The batteries were 4-gun, equipped with stationary 76mm 9K cannons (it is also an anti-aircraft gun, model 1915/28). This gun was a Lender gun, with a barrel extended to 50 calibers. These were the first domestic anti-aircraft artillery systems equipped with an anti-aircraft fire control device (PUAZO-1). For the batteries, stationary equipped positions were built (the so-called "air defense forts"), which had 2-3 ammunition cellars, two gas bomb shelters, 4 gun yards, a POISO courtyard, united by underground covered communication passages.

The searchlight battalion consisted of 2 companies, the companies were divided into divisions. There were 9 searchlights in the company. The anti-aircraft machine-gun battalion consisted of two companies of 14 machine guns.

Significant progress in the development of air defense was observed in 1938-41. The regiment began to receive new guns and fire control devices. In 1938 Zhilin I.S. becomes the commander of the air defense of the Black Sea Fleet, I.P. Talashchenko becomes the commander of the regiment. In 1939 the 76th and 80th batteries are formed in the regiment, equipped with the latest, at that time, 85mm guns. At the same time, all Sevastopol anti-aircraft batteries are being re-equipped with 1931 guns.

Due to the released obsolete 9K guns, the 3rd division of the three-battery composition (batteries No. 54, 55, 56) is being formed. The task of the division is to cover the city itself. The batteries were located in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bMaximov Dacha - Sapun Mountain. The location of the batteries was quite accurate.

The 73rd was located in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe modern Avtobat (m. Feolent), on its territory there is still a military unit. The remains were not identified due to the inaccessibility of the territory for inspection.

The 76th was on the cape, between the Omega b. and b. Kamyshovaya, behind the modern street. P. Korchagin. On its territory, there is also a military unit to this day. The remains have not been identified due to the inaccessibility of the territory.

The 74th was located not far from the former battery No. 24 (royal battery No. 15), in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe modern Victory Park, an Aquapark has now been built on its territory. Until recently, the remains of a blown up anti-aircraft battery were read under the layers of the abolished post-war military unit.

The 75th was located in Yukharinaya Balka in the area of ​​​​the modern high-rise building of the NPO Musson. The remains of the battery could not be identified, but good photos have been preserved.

The 77th was located above the Mekenzievy Gory station (height 60.0), now this height is called the height of the Heroes. The territory is planned for private development.

78th in the area of ​​​​the Northern Fortification, between the latter (now a military unit) and the sea. Dachas are now spread on its courtyards, one of the houses has a round shape, repeating the shape and size of the courtyard.

79th above the village of Belbek (Fruktove), located above the Lyubimovka-Fruktove road, about 1 km from the intersection of the Kachinsky highway and the Lyubimovka-Fruktove road. The battery was almost preserved, only the ceilings were torn off from it.

80th was in the area of ​​​​the modern village. Elm grove, between the village and the village "Bereg", on the territory of the former military unit. The remains of the battery are covered with buildings of the post-war military unit, but in some places the remains of old structures are visible.

The guns of the 3rd division covered the city itself. The 54th was on the farm of Lukomsky (now it is a military unit), it was not possible to examine it.

The 55th was located in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bmodern Ostryakov Avenue, near the old terminus of route 12 in an earthen redoubt, on the slope of a beam. Only the ammunition cellar rebuilt after the war has survived.

The 56th was located above the Inkerman-2 station (above the Kamenolomenny ravine). Now it is a military unit, but the remains of the battery were recognized in the post-war buildings.

In 1939, the 61st anti-aircraft artillery regiment received small-caliber anti-aircraft artillery. The 4th division of the regiment of three batteries is formed from it. Batteries No. 357, 358 and 359 included 6 pcs. 37mm anti-aircraft guns.

In the same year, the 11th battalion of remote observation, warning and communications of a three-company composition was formed. The battalion has 54 posts located throughout the Crimea. The battalion commander was appointed Art. l-t Krinitsky. In addition, a separate radar company is being formed (2 Rus-1 installations). The first transmitting station was at Cape Khersones, receiving stations at Cape Tarkhankut, Yevpatoria, Opolznevoe. The second transmitting station was located on the city of Ayu-Dag, receiving Yalta, Alushta Feodosia. In 1940, RUS-1 stations were replaced by more advanced RUS-2 type units.

The 215th division of barrage balloons appears as part of the air defense of the main base (commander - captain Shabalin, then captain Vakatov).

In April 1941 Colonel V.P. Gorsky becomes commander of the 61st ZenAP, early. headquarters Semenov I.K. Commissioner Shparberg L.S. The division commanders are: 1st division, Mr. Tumilovich, 2nd division, Mr. Khizhnyak, 3rd division, Mr. Rebedailo.

By the beginning of 1940, the regiment included 8 units. 85mm guns, model 1939, 24 pcs. 76mm guns 1931, 12 guns model 1915/28, 16 pcs. 37mm machine guns, 27 searchlight stations, 28 M-4 machine guns (quadruple installations of Maxim machine guns), 18 M-1 machine guns, 23 twin balloons. The regimental command post was a two-story bunker with two observation posts. It has survived to this day, in the area of ​​the former Kiriyaki farm.

In 1940, the obsolete 9K guns of the 3rd division were replaced by guns of the 1931 model, and a separate 114th anti-aircraft division was formed from the dismantled 9K guns ( Commander Mr. Andrianov). In addition, separate anti-aircraft divisions No. 26 in Evpatoria (commander Mr. F.P. Markhanko) and No. 56 in Feodosia (commander Mr. Kaminsky) were formed.

These divisions were not part of the 61st regiment, but it became the basis for the formation of their materiel and personnel.

At the beginning of the war, there were two separate mobile anti-aircraft batteries (No. 59 and No. 60) in Sevastopol. The first raid of the He-111 bombers of group II / KG 4 on the city is described in sufficient detail in the literature, and, probably, there is no point in repeating its description. Although there are some discrepancies in the description of events.

The first to open fire were anti-aircraft batteries of the 2nd division of the 61st anti-aircraft artillery regiment No. 74 ( commander l-t I.G. Kozovnik) and No. 75 (commander l-t I.P. Fastovets). They were supported by batteries No. 73 (commander junior lieutenant Kravchenko L.A.), No. 78 (commander l-t Zernov), No. 56 (commander l-t Eremenko).

So it has not yet been determined who shot down the first plane over Sevastopol, the 2nd artillery division of the regiment under the command of Mr. Khizhnyak, or a separate railway battery No. 59. But, anyway, the first German Heinkel fell in shallow water in Pesochnaya bay. The first victim among the ships, mines dropped from aircraft, was found on the same day. The mines blew up the SP-12 tug, which was returning after cleaning the artillery shields. 25 people died. When trying to get out of the bay to lift the German aircraft, the floating crane "SP-2" was lost.

Considering that the planes were coming in from the sea, and there was a threat of blocking the ships in the bay, on June 29, a combined anti-aircraft division was formed from the anti-aircraft artillery of military schools (commander Colonel L.P. Leontiev). The division is operationally subordinate to the 61st ZenAP

The division included:

2 batteries VMUBO 76mm (guns No. 3490-3493 made in 1938, and No. 87, 88, 67, 4 in 1935)

1 battery of 85mm guns from SUZA Major N.I. Podanov

8th anti-aircraft anti-aircraft battery (4x45mm)

Battery of 37mm anti-aircraft guns (2 guns), commander Lt. Reyzin.

The command post of the division was located on the former 9th tsarist battery (now the naval yacht club). The cover sector is the entrance to the bay.

The sector was covered But the mines had already been dropped. On July 1, the destroyer Bystry became a victim of German bottom mines. On July 1, 1941, it was sent to Nikolaev for repairs, and at about 14.00 the destroyer left the South Bay of Sevastopol. At 14.10, during the passage of the first line of booms (depth 14-16 m), there was a powerful explosion of a bottom mine, exposed by a German aircraft.

Traditionally, it is customary to write that due to the 85mm SUZ guns, and guns from the mobilization stock on 06/26/41. the formation of 62 ZenAP has begun (commander N.S. Ushakov). This is not entirely true. Most of the 85mm guns from the mobilization reserve and the anti-aircraft artillery school were received by the 61st anti-aircraft artillery regiment, and the formation of the 71st (commander Lt. Becker), 92nd, 23rd (commander Mr. Medzhitov) and 24 th (senior lieutenant N.G. Kulikov) divisions of the 62nd anti-aircraft artillery regiment went at the expense of the "old" (76mm guns) of the 61st anti-aircraft artillery regiment, model 1931. So, for example, the 54th anti-aircraft battery received 85mm materiel, and its 76mm guns, model 1931. became the materiel of the 926th anti-aircraft battery (commander l-t A.S. Bely) of the newly formed 92nd division. The 55th battery handed over the materiel to the 927th (commander lieutenant G.V. Korzun) The 928th battery of the 92nd division received a new 85mm materiel.

After the 62nd anti-aircraft artillery regiment was formed, anti-aircraft batteries were redistributed. As part of the 62nd ZenAP, which now covered north side, the 1st division of the 61st regiment entered, and in return the 61st ZenAP, which was entrusted with covering the South side, received the newly formed, 71st division of 76mm guns (commander st. l-t Becker) from the 62nd anti-aircraft artillery regiment.

By the end of July, 61 ZenAP included

71st division (batteries No. 227, 228, 229) all 76mm guns

2nd division (batteries no. 73, 74, 75, 76) all 85mm guns

3rd division (batteries no. 54, 55, 56) all 85mm guns

4th division (357, 358, 359) all 37mm guns

A little later, 4x37mm battery No. 360 (459) near Fort Konstantinovsky, and battery No. 370 (commander Mr. Kalugin N.S.), equipped with two shipboard shield sparks 81K, were formed and became part of the 61st ZenAP.

There were many guns and air defense systems. There was even a separate anti-aircraft battery, which was listed behind the OVR. She appeared in August 1941 had No. 3. The battery was floating, built from an experimental compartment that simulated the citadel of battleships of the " Soviet Union". On the compartment, they installed 2x130mm guns with EM "Fast", who died on mines when leaving the Sevastopol Bay on July 1, 1941. In addition, the battery had 3x76mm 34K guns (one - VMUBO training gun, two from the same EM) and three 37mm machine guns, a quad M-4 machine gun and two searchlights. They set up an unusual object on dead anchors, on the approach fairway a few miles from the coast.

In August, the 122nd anti-aircraft artillery regiment (commander Lieutenant Colonel A.V. Mukhryakov) arrived in Crimea from Nikolaev, consisting of the 1st, 36th, 70th, 85th divisions. The 1st division of this regiment took up positions in the Dzhankoy station). The 36th division (batteries No. 361, 362, 363), stood up to cover the Bekhteri-Prognoy airfield, the 85th division (batteries No. 851, 852, 853) covered the headquarters of the 51st Army in Simferopol, the 70th division (batteries No. 701, 702, 703) took up positions in the Skadovsk area. During the retreat from the Crimea, all these divisions ended up in Sevastopol, although, at the same time, they suffered serious losses.

By the end of October, a paradoxical situation arose in Sevastopol, when 90% of the anti-aircraft guns of the Black Sea Fleet were concentrated in the city.

During the retreat from Odessa, the 73rd ZenAP arrived in Sevastopol, pulled back from the Crimea

114th anti-aircraft division (Sarabuz), created on 07/07/41 (12x76mm 1915/1928, commander Major G. I. Andrianov)

26th anti-aircraft division (Yevpatoria).

25th anti-aircraft division. (Lake Donuzlav).

But from the beginning of November 1941, a sharp outflow of anti-aircraft artillery from the city began. The 73rd anti-aircraft artillery regiment departed, the 122nd ZenAP also departed, moreover, the guns that departed from Sevastopol did not always belong to these regiments. Parts in the Crimean battles suffered losses, and the lack of materiel was compensated for by the artillery of the units remaining in Sevastopol. So, it was during this period that the 80th anti-aircraft battery was “rearmed” from 85mm to 76mm guns of 1931. The battery gives its guns to be sent to " big land”, and instead of them receives the materiel of the former cadet battery Art. Lieutenant Dolgov (from the combined division of Colonel L.P. Leontiev).

In connection with the evacuation of a clear structure until November 21, 1941. did not have. The army men obeyed "their" command, the navy - their own. The situation was aggravated by the fact that on November 19, the commander of the air defense of the Black Sea Fleet, Colonel Zhilin, left Sevastopol. But, oddly enough, the "evacuation" continued after November 15th.

Thus, it is generally accepted to write that on November 23, on board the Kursk transport, “fleet property unnecessary for defense” was taken out of Sevastopol. The 23rd anti-aircraft division of the 62nd anti-aircraft artillery regiment, including the 214th 85-mm three-gun battery, the 215th 85-mm four-gun battery, and the 216th 85-mm three-gun battery, turned out to be “unnecessary property”, among other things.

By order of I.E. Petrov, two mixed regiments are formed from naval and army batteries:

1st ZenAP (1st, 2nd, 3rd divisions of the 61st ZenAP, 92nd division of the Black Sea Fleet) commander Lieutenant Colonel Semenov

2nd ZenAP (3rd army, 19th army, 114th Black Sea Fleet, 55th Black Sea Fleet divisions) commander Colonel Kukharenko

But this situation was purely formal. The 1st anti-aircraft artillery regiment, which consisted only of naval batteries, still considered itself the 61st regiment.

It is usually customary to write that in early December 1941. from Sevastopol, the 62nd anti-aircraft artillery regiment left to cover the Caucasian bases. Indeed, on December 3, 18 anti-aircraft guns left on board the Krasny Kavkaz cruiser, and on the 5th, another 4 guns on the Fabricius transport. Total 22pcs. Everything seems to match, but...

Let's remember what divisions the 62nd anti-aircraft regiment consisted of. Logically, half of the regiment should have already been in the Caucasus. What then was taken out of Sevastopol? The 62nd regiment departed as part of:

24th ZenAD:

218th 85-mm three-gun battery;

73rd 85-mm three-gun battery;

74th 85-mm four-gun battery.

71st ZenAD:

55th 85-mm four-gun battery;

56th 85-mm four-gun battery;

76th 85-mm four-gun battery.

Anti-aircraft gun battalion,

Searchlight Battalion

Total 22pcs. 85mm guns; 18 M-4 machine guns; 12 M-1 machine guns; 27 searchlight stations. Those. at least five batteries were taken from the 61st Anti-Aircraft Regiment. All? Unfortunately no. The 4th small-caliber division of anti-aircraft guns as part of anti-aircraft batteries No. 358, 359, and, partially, 357 (16 guns in total) are also taken from the 61st anti-aircraft artillery regiment. Sevastopol by the beginning of the 2nd assault was left almost without anti-aircraft cover. Everyone was preparing for a grand landing operation. But the guns that left to prepare the landing did not return back ...

What anti-aircraft batteries remained in the city for the period of the 2nd assault? I'll try to make a list. As of January 1, 1942 In Sevastopol there are:

61st ZenAP

1st division (batteries No. 78 (3x85mm), 79 (4x76mm), 80 (4x76mm))

2nd Division (batteries No. 229 (2x76mm), 75 (2x85mm), 81, also 370 (two sparks 81K 4x76mm))

3rd division (batteries No. 54 (4x85mm), 926 (2x76mm), 927 (3x76mm))

92nd division (batteries No. 364 (4x76mm 1915/28), 928(3x85mm), 227(1x76mm))

Searchlight battalion of the 61st regiment (two-company)

Anti-aircraft machine-gun battalion (three-company)

50th division (batteries No. 501 (551), 502 (552), 503 (553), 357, 360 (459)) Total 12x45mm, 3x37mm.

114th division (batteries No. 219 (4x76mm, 1938), 365 (1x76mm 1915/28), 366 (1x76mm, 1915/28)

19th division (army batteries No. 1, 2, 3) 10x85mm

3rd division (army batteries No. 1, 2, 3) 10x85mm

searchlight company

Anti-aircraft machine gun company

In addition, the divisions of the Primorsky Army included the 175th anti-aircraft division of the 40th cavalry division (8 guns) and the 677th division (6 guns), distributed in a battery between divisions. This structure, with minor changes, lasted until May 1942, when an air defense base area was created in Sevastopol.

What can be said based on these data? Old guns and batteries were left in Sevastopol, which had already suffered losses. So, the 229th battery, already in early November 1941. in repulsing an air raid and repelling an enemy attack along the Kara-Koba valley, she lost one gun. The 75th battery, repelling enemy attacks on November 7-12, also lost one gun.

Consider the state of air defense by the end of the 2nd assault. Anti-aircraft gunners suffered quite serious losses, both in materiel and in personnel. Losses were 147 killed and 315 wounded.

P.A. Morgunov writes in his book Heroic Sevastopol: “In early May, by order of the People’s Commissariat of the Navy, the Sevastopol air defense base area was formed as part of the SOR. Colonel A. M. Khlebnikov was appointed head of this district, battalion commissar A. Ya. Konobritsky was appointed military commissar, and Colonel I. K. Semenov was appointed chief of staff. As of May 20, the base area included:

61st Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment (commander - Lieutenant Colonel V.P. Gorsky) consisting of:

2nd (batteries No. 75, 229, 370, 851 - three 85-mm and ten 76.2-mm guns),

3rd (batteries No. 54, 926, 927 - three 85-mm and eight 76.2-mm guns)

4th (batteries No. 459, 357 - eight 37-mm guns) divisions;

the newly formed 110th anti-aircraft artillery regiment (commander - Colonel V. A. Matveev), consisting of

1st (formerly 61st regiment: batteries No. 78, 79, 80 - four 85-mm and eight 76.2-mm guns),

114th (batteries No. 219, 365, 366 - ten 76.2-mm guns)

55th (batteries No. 551, 552, 553 - twelve 45-mm guns) divisions;

92nd Separate Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalion (batteries No. 277, 364, 928 - three 85-mm and six 76.2-mm guns) with floating battery No. 3 attached to it (four 76.2-mm and three 37-mm guns).

In addition, there were three anti-aircraft machine gun companies (12 M-4 machine guns) and support equipment (three searchlight companies and a VNOS company with a radar installation). The base area also included air defense artillery of the Primorsky Army.

For ease of management, the Sevastopol base area was divided into three combat areas: Northern (110th anti-aircraft artillery regiment), Southern (61st anti-aircraft artillery regiment) and Chersonesos (92nd separate anti-aircraft artillery division). The enumeration of anti-aircraft artillery took a long time, and it seems that the city was reliably covered from the air, but ...

Unfortunately, most of the guns were badly worn out, due to the lack of ammunition. Let's examine the quote carefully.

61st ZenAP

Sector of responsibility: city side of Sevastopol.

The 2nd division of the 61st regiment (commander of the division, Mr. Khizhnyak) is:

Three, repaired many times, 85mm cannons of the long-suffering 75th battery (commander of Art. Lt. Fastovets), located in the area of ​​​​the Chersonesos Reserve,

Three 76mm guns, model 1931 The 229th battery (commander st. l-t Startsev), which came out of repair, they were in a stationary, fortified position near the modern NPO "Musson"

Four shafts of two stationary twin installations 81K in the area of ​​Staraya Battery No. 10 (Cape Martynov)

Three completely worn-out stationary guns of the 1915/28 model, which belonged to the consolidated battery, which was assigned the number 851 (to replace the battery of the 85th division that died in the Crimea), previously these were the guns of the 365th and 366th batteries. On it were guns badly damaged during the 2nd assault. Her positions were in the area of ​​​​Yukharina beam (now it is the area of ​​\u200b\u200bdachas)

3rd division of the 61st regiment (commander Mr. D.M.Rebedailo):

Three 85mm guns of the 54th battery (commander of senior lieutenant V. Syusyura), one gun, after repairs were not returned to the battery, but given to the 75th battery, which is why the battery became three-gun.

Four 76mm guns, mod. 1931 batteries No. 926 (commander of senior l-t A. Bely), were located in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bMakimov's dacha-farm of Lukomsky. They were also not new, but restored from the guns broken during the 2nd assault, using the details of two training anti-aircraft guns of the VMUBO school.

Four 76mm guns, mod. 1931 Batteries No. 927 (commander Sergeant Lt Korzun) were in good condition, but had significant wear and tear on the materiel.

The 4th small-caliber division consisted of:

357th battery (three 37mm naval anti-aircraft guns, two of which were installed on cars in February)

The 459th battery (former 360th battery, commander of senior lieutenant Reizin) included two barrels of an experimental 37mm automatic twin installation 66K at Fort Konstantinovsky, a 37mm stationary anti-aircraft gun installed there, and two mobile 37mm installations.

110th ZenAP

1st division (commander Mr. S.V. Tumilovich):

Four 85mm guns of battery No. 78 (commander, senior lieutenant Vengerovsky)

Four 76mm guns, mod. 31g. battery No. 79 (commander, senior l-t Alyushin)

Four 76mm guns, mod. 31g. batteries No. 80 (commander, senior lieutenant Pyanzin)

114th division (according to E.A. Ignatovich, it was commanded by senior political instructor Barakin, but the data needs to be clarified)

Three old 76mm guns, model 1915/28. 365th anti-aircraft battery (commander st. l-t Vorobyov)

Three old 76mm guns, model 1915/28. 366th anti-aircraft battery (commander l-t Samoilov)

Four 76mm guns, model 1938, battery No. 219 (commander st. l-t Limonov)

55th division (former 50th, commander Mr. Buryachenko)

553rd battery (commander of senior l-t Volovik) as part of a battery of 4 21K guns mounted on collapsible bases

552nd battery (commander senior l-t Shishlyaev) as part of a battery of 4 21K guns mounted on collapsible bases

The 551st battery (commander st. l-t Belenko) consists of a battery of 4 21K guns, two of which are installed permanently, and two on collapsible bases.

All three batteries were divided into two semi-batteries with two guns each.

92nd separate division.

227th battery Art. Lieutenant Grigorov 3 guns of 1931 (one "native", two from remaster, due to disbanded batteries)

364th battery of senior l-ta Anokhin 3 guns, model 1915/28. (very worn out)

928th battery - three guns, caliber 85mm.

One of the most important factors that influenced the collapse of the Sevastopol defense was the dominance of German aviation in the air. The most important component of air defense is anti-aircraft artillery and its auxiliary means. This is an axiom. Unfortunately, anti-aircraft artillery could not be saved.

In May 1942, the 61st anti-aircraft artillery regiment reliably covered the City side of Sevastopol, the anti-aircraft gunners scored many glorious victories, many of which are confirmed by German documents. But at the beginning of the assault, the anti-aircraft guns of Sevastopol threw most of their ammunition into the sky. Only two days on June 2-3, 1942. anti-aircraft gunners of the Black Sea Fleet fired 15 thousand shells.

Let's digress from the victories of anti-aircraft gunners (and there were quite a few of them). Consider the circumstances of the death of anti-aircraft batteries of the 61st anti-aircraft artillery regiment.

The first from the 61st regiment was hit by the 926th anti-aircraft battery st. Lieutenant A.S. Bely, located in the area of ​​​​the Lukomsky farm. A battery with a glorious history, which received the title of sniper, did not change position for too long. E.A. Ignatovich in his manuscript “Air Defense of the Black Sea Fleet in the Defense of Sevastopol” describes the events as follows: “On May 25 at 10:30 am, the 926th anti-aircraft battery was bombarded from the air and shelled. 20 dive bombers staged a "carousel". While diving, the planes dropped bombs 5-7 times but the battery, and the enemy batteries conducted intense artillery fire. the firing position was mutilated by craters, navels, instruments, communications failed; engineering structures were destroyed, fires broke out. More than two hundred bombs and shells exploded at the firing position, ... One of the first order bearers in the regiment, battery commander senior lieutenant, was killed from a direct hit of a shell in the command post

Bely Anatoly Sidorovich and the sailors Drozd and Dudenkov ... ". As a result of the raid, three guns were put out of action at once, more than half of the personnel died. The battery was almost completely disabled. What is the reason? Disabling an anti-aircraft battery if it is in long-term positions is quite difficult.

The thing is that the enemy struck "at the right time, in the right place." The blow was dealt just when the battery was unloading the ammunition that arrived the day before on the A. Serov transport. It was not without betrayal, before the start of the shelling, and 30 minutes before the air raid, next to the battery, someone lit an old car ramp, giving a smoke signal. The blow turned out to be painful, two guns could not be restored. The gun remaining in service was pulled to the area of ​​​​Maximova Dacha, on closed position, the second was sent for repair.

It is noteworthy that the successful German air strikes on anti-aircraft batteries were combined. Anti-aircraft gunners were forced to fight simultaneously with ground and air targets. It was possible to restore two guns of the battery and install them in a hollow below the sanatorium of the Black Sea Fleet. Lieutenant V.I. Slukin headed the battery.

June 11 was the last day for the 54th anti-aircraft battery on the Kamchatka lunette. She exactly repeated the fate of the 926th battery. The sequence of events was as follows:

At 02.35 transport "Bialystok" (captain MP Rymkus) arrived from Novorossiysk to Sevastopol. 227 tons of artillery ammunition were delivered by transport. From the memoirs of A.G. Volovik: “On June 11, at night, the Bialystok moored at the refrigerator. 130 and 85mm ammunition arrived on it, which was taken to Malakhov Kurgan .... ". From the memoirs of E.A. Ignatovich: “... On the morning of June 11, shells were brought to the 54th battery. Full ammo. It was possible to unload at the northern slope, in front of the enemy; in another place the car is not

pass: solid funnels. Unload something unloaded, but did not have time to cover. The Nazis, who were standing not far away, immediately reacted - both from the air and from the ground, they rained down a hurricane of fire on the battery.

Anti-aircraft gunners took an unequal battle. Two Heinkels were shot down, the rest were driven away. But it was not possible to cope with the heavy artillery located behind the mountain range. And Green Hill at the enemy had been shot for a long time and a direct hit on the ammunition pile did its job: the position turned into a real hell. The shells exploded and littered everything around with fragments. The rangefinder and fire control device were smashed, the guns were smashed to smithereens.

The shelters on the battery were reliable, but in battle you have to work, act. And now thirteen people have died, many have severe wounds. And the battery lived, fought. During the night they equipped a new position and, in anticipation of the guns, climbed into the cockpit. There, a half-ton aerial bomb covered eight more.

Almost unarmed, with one M-4 and light carbines, the batterymen fought with two dozen "musicians". When the quadruple "Maxim" fell silent - the entire crew led by Stepan Vodyanitsky died - the dive-bombers finally became insolent: they shot the now defenseless anti-aircraft gunners from a low level.

My battle-tested deputy Volodya Syusyura, the modest trouble-free driver Misha Krysanov, and the magician-cook Ashot Avakyan died. Commanders Poltavets and Rybak, the commander of the instrumentation department Serobaba, the hard-working hard worker Shkurko and many license plates, who, thanks to the efforts of the wounded Nikolai Zhushman and Boris Yefimov, were nevertheless managed to be transported to the hospital during the continuous battle, were seriously injured.

Only Marchenko with his lads from the usual “tar” was still fighting off the predatory flock of air pirates, until a heavy bomb that hit the parapet completely buried the entire crew. Almost at the same time, a direct hit from an artillery shell blew up the BKP, where the signalmen were located. The squad leader junior sergeant Litvinov, telephonists Bobrovnikov and Shumilin, radio operator Kolomiytsev were killed. The few survivors were temporarily assigned to the air defense headquarters of the fleet ... ". This is not entirely true, three guns and a range finder failed, one surviving gun was transferred to a spare position forward, to Kilen-beam. The remnants of the battery were headed by l-t Semyonov.

On the same days, the 927th anti-aircraft battery also suffered heavy losses, the scenario is the same, the result is similar. A combined strike by artillery and aircraft, near one of the guns, a folded ammunition explodes, two guns and two crews perish.

By June 15, 1942, the 61st anti-aircraft regiment operates: stationary anti-aircraft battery No. 370 (two twin 76mm gun mounts), battery No. 927 (2 guns), 45mm battery No. 553 has two guns in its composition. Other anti-aircraft guns drawn to the area of ​​Cape Khersones. Those. the city was left almost without anti-aircraft guns. What is the reason for such high losses? Actually, there are three reasons:

The first, objective, is that the enemy really concentrated quite a lot of aircraft near Sevastopol. The enemy simply knocked out the batteries with massive air raids in combination with artillery shelling.

The second reason is more difficult to describe, but it is related to the first. It consists in the forced combination of air defense with anti-tank defense. The combination is highly undesirable. The batteries were forced to be placed in open positions, which made it possible to knock out guns with artillery fire and aircraft (which was used by the Germans). In addition, the batteries themselves were forced to fight simultaneously on two fronts, which reduced the effectiveness of both anti-aircraft and anti-tank fire.

The third reason seems to be obvious, but has a number of important details. The reason is the lack of anti-aircraft ammunition. The Sevastopol command "stepped on its own tail." It did not retain a reserve of guns (including anti-aircraft guns) and shells for receiving transports with ammunition.

By June 22, only three army and four naval anti-aircraft guns were operating on the South Side, except for the guns of the anti-aircraft batteries of Cape Khersones. The 851st battery was killed, the 75th was silent, the guns of the 229th battery were completely disabled, the 927th was destroyed. On the 20th, the “Don’t Touch Me” floating battery dies from enemy aircraft. Rifle units were completely defenseless from air attacks.

Trying to somehow compensate for the death of anti-aircraft artillery, the 78th battery is removed from Cape Chersonese. She occupied positions at Inkerman, on June 19th she was transferred to Malakhov Kurgan, on the 21st in the area of ​​the Kommunarov cemetery. Constantly changing positions, it covers the Soviet units for some time, but what can one anti-aircraft battery do, where more than 200 guns are required? On June 27th, the battery was returned to Cape Khersones, and the last two 85mm army artillery guns were pulled here.

In order to preserve the cadres of anti-aircraft gunners, the training of which requires considerable time, the evacuation of the air defense officers to the mainland was begun. They don't write about it, but it's true. Moreover, four guns are being taken out of Sevastopol to the Caucasus. It’s not worth condemning the command for this, it catastrophically lacks ammunition. They also take out the documents of the batteries, the banner of the regiment. To be more precise, the banner should have been changed. June 18 "... For the courage shown in battles with the Nazi invaders, for stamina and courage, discipline and organization, heroism of the personnel", by order of the People's Commissar of the Navy of the USSR N.G. Kuznetsov, the regiment was transformed into 1- 1st Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment of the Black Sea Fleet.

In fact, the regiment died in Sevastopol. Almost all of his personnel remained in the Sevastopol land. The entire command staff of the regiment is listed as missing on July 2-3, 1942. Including: regiment commander lieutenant colonel V.P. Gorsky, commander of the 2nd division, Mr. Khizhnyak, commander of the 3rd division, major Rebedailo, commander of the 4th division, st-l-t Sariev, 80% of battery commanders. Of the rank and file of the regiment, only 9% survived. Basically, these are those who were taken out wounded. The rest have the same entry in their personal files: “disappeared on July 3, 1942.” Objectively speaking, the regiment ceased to exist. In the lists of the Black Sea Fleet, for 1942, the regiment does not appear in any document. But…

The banner of the regiment was preserved, and it was decided to keep it. On March 14, 1943, the Guards Banner was presented to the regiment by Vice Admiral Oktyabrsky. The regiment was revived fighting formation was only in September 1943, when he was transferred to the 23rd division of the 73rd anti-aircraft artillery regiment from Tuapse (batteries No. 214, 215, 216, in total, 10 pieces of 85mm guns). A little later, due to the arrival of new guns and reorganization, the 2nd and 3rd divisions of the regiment were formed.

Instead of the taken 23rd division, a “new” 92nd division was formed in the 73rd ZenAP, bearing the number of the anti-aircraft division that died in Sevastopol. As of October 1943 in the 1st Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment there are 33 pieces. 85mm guns, anti-aircraft machine gun battalion, searchlight company. In the autumn of 1943, in the Poti naval base, an air defense base area was formed, consisting of the 1st (85 mm - 33 pieces), 122nd (76 mm - 34 pieces) and 65th (76 mm - 24 pieces .) anti-aircraft artillery regiments.

The 65th ZenAP was received from the former Kerch naval base. The 85-mm guns of this regiment (135th division) were transferred to the 1st Guards ZenAP for its reinforcement. Those. The regiment was reassembled piece by piece.

Already after the capture of Sevastopol In August 1944, by order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Armed Forces, the regiment was given the honorary name "Sevastopol" (1st Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Sevastopol Regiment).

The regiment returned to its hometown only in January 1945, after the main naval base was transferred from Poti to Sevastopol. It was already a completely different military unit, but until 1947 the regiment proudly bore the title of the 1st Sevastopol.

At the present stage, a division providing air defense can be either a structural unit as part of regiments / brigades / divisions of the ground forces ( Military air defense ), and by a structural unit within the Air Defense Forces carrying out tasks for air defense of objects ( Object air defense ).

Anti-aircraft artillery battalion

Formation Military air defense .
anti-aircraft artillery battalion (zenadn) - formation in the composition (zap) or a separate formation ozenadn as part of motorized rifle/tank/airborne divisions. In some infantry divisions of the Wehrmacht and in all divisions of the SS zenadn was part of artillery regiment. In the rifle divisions of the Red Army, he was a separate formation as part of the division ( ozenadn ).
In connection with the transition in the 60-70s to more effective missile weapons at the present stage anti-aircraft artillery regiments and zenadn those armed exclusively with anti-aircraft artillery guns - no. In the USSR Armed Forces, by the end of the 80s, the last anti-aircraft artillery regiment armed with the S-60 gun was the 990th anti-aircraft artillery regiment (990th zap) of the 201st motorized rifle division during the Afghan war. Anti-aircraft batteries of the 990th zap carried the combat guard of the Kunduz airport.

• Note: In the historical period before the advent of rocket weapons zenadn also performed the functions Object air defense . During the Great Patriotic War zenadn as part of zap united in anti-aircraft artillery divisions (zenad) performed the tasks of air defense of important objects and large cities of the USSR. For example, the 251st zap, reorganized into the 53rd zenad, defending Moscow, had a personnel of 1800 people and was subdivided into four zenadn with a total anti-aircraft artillery batteries (zenbatr ) to 25 units.

Anti-aircraft missile and artillery battalion

Formation Military air defense .
anti-aircraft missile and artillery battalion (zradn) - the formation of motorized rifle / tank regiments / brigades, which forms the basis of the air defense of the regiment / brigade. Consists of two or three (zrab ) with mixed weapons or from anti-aircraft missile battery (zrb ) and anti-aircraft artillery battery (zenbatr ).
For example happy motorized rifle regiment in the USSR Armed Forces in the fall of 1986 had the following composition:

• headquarters
• management department
• anti-aircraft missile and artillery battery (zrab) on ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" and MANPADS Strela-2
• anti-aircraft missile battery (zrb) SAM Strela-10
• support platoon (in) composed of:
  • Department of procedural and adjustment works (ORNR)
  • maintenance department (oto)
  • automobile branch (AO)
  • economic department (hoz.otd)

The personnel of the division - 117-126 people.
In the armies of NATO happy may be a separate unit within a division. For example anti-aircraft missile and artillery battalion US "heavy" divisions had the following structure:

• headquarters
• headquarters battery
• three anti-aircraft missile and artillery batteries on ZSU Vulkan and MANPADS Stinger
• anti-aircraft missile battery on the MIM-72 Cheparel air defense system
• anti-aircraft missile battery on MANPADS Stinger

The personnel of the division - 860 people.
Comparing numbers happy in the US division and regimental happy in the USSR, it should be noted that the analogue of the anti-aircraft division in the US division in the divisions of the Soviet Army was an anti-aircraft missile regiment, and there were no anti-aircraft artillery units in the line brigades of the US division. The total number of air defense systems and the number of air defense units in the divisions of the United States and the USSR was comparable.

Anti-aircraft missile division

In military air defense

military subordination.
For example zrdn as part of zrr army subordination of the USSR Armed Forces in the 60s had the following structure:

• headquarters
• control platoon (woo)
• three anti-aircraft missile batteries (zrb) , each for three launchers of the 2K11 Krug air defense system
• technical battery (technical battery)

AT zrr army subordination included 3-4 zrdn and control and radar reconnaissance battery (buirr) .

• Note: AT anti-aircraft missile regiments (zrp) motorized rifle/tank division USSR Armed Forces - there was no division into divisions. Such zrp were armed with air defense systems of the 2K12 "Cube" or 9K33 "Osa" type and consisted of headquarters, five anti-aircraft batteries (zrb), technical battery (technical battery) and auxiliary units of combat and logistic support.

In the object air defense

anti-aircraft missile division (zrdn) - structural formation in anti-aircraft missile regiments / brigades district or group subordination.
For example zrdn The US Army armed with the MIM-104 Patriot air defense system has the following composition:

• headquarters
• headquarters battery
• AN/MRC-136 division command post
• six anti-aircraft missile batteries , each for eight launchers of the MIM-104 Patriot air defense system

In the Armed Forces of the USSR / RF scheme zrdn armed S-200 air defense system has the following form:

• headquarters
• division command post
• radio technical battery (rtb)
• starting battery (sbatr) on the six launchers (PU) ZRK S-200
• Subdivisions of provision and maintenance, consisting of:
  • automobile platoon
  • post office
  • topographical department
  • department of logistics

rtb is a combat support unit that performs electronic reconnaissance.

Technical division

Formation Object air defense .
technical division (tdn) - structural formation in anti-aircraft missile regiments / brigades district or group subordination of the Armed Forces of the USSR / RF. Performs tasks for technical support, loading of launchers, repair and routine maintenance of missile weapons and radars. Unlike other military branches, technical division does not consist of batteries, but of platoons and squads.

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Air Defense Division

Andrey was silent: it was both pleasant and unpleasant for him that his father understood him. The old man got up and handed the letter to his son.
“Listen,” he said, “do not worry about your wife: what can be done will be done.” Now listen: give the letter to Mikhail Ilarionovich. I am writing to get you good places I used it and did not hold it for a long time as an adjutant: a bad position! Tell him that I remember him and love him. Yes, write how he will accept you. If it's good, serve. Nikolai Andreich Bolkonsky's son, out of mercy, will not serve anyone. Well, now come here.
He spoke in such a rapid way that he did not finish half of the words, but the son was used to understanding him. He led his son to the bureau, threw back the lid, pulled out a drawer, and took out a notebook covered in his large, long, concise handwriting.
“I must die before you.” Know that here are my notes, to transfer them to the sovereign after my death. Now here - here is a pawn ticket and a letter: this is a prize to the one who writes the history of the Suvorov wars. Submit to the academy. Here are my remarks, after me read for yourself, you will find something useful.
Andrei did not tell his father that he would probably live for a long time. He knew he didn't need to say it.
“I will do everything, father,” he said.
- Well, now goodbye! He let his son kiss his hand and hugged him. “Remember one thing, Prince Andrei: if they kill you, it will hurt the old man ...” He suddenly fell silent and suddenly continued in a loud voice: “and if I find out that you did not behave like the son of Nikolai Bolkonsky, I will be ... ashamed! he screeched.
“You could not tell me that, father,” said the son, smiling.
The old man was silent.
“I also wanted to ask you,” continued Prince Andrei, “if they kill me and if I have a son, do not let him go away from you, as I told you yesterday, so that he grows up with you ... please.
- Don't give it to your wife? the old man said and laughed.
They stood silently facing each other. The old man's quick eyes were fixed directly on his son's eyes. Something quivered in the lower part of the old prince's face.
- Goodbye ... go! he suddenly said. - Get up! he shouted in an angry and loud voice, opening the office door.
– What is, what? - asked the princess and princess, seeing Prince Andrei and for a moment the figure of an old man in a white coat, without a wig and in old man's glasses, leaning out screaming in an angry voice.
Prince Andrei sighed and did not answer.
“Well,” he said, turning to his wife.
And this “well” sounded like a cold mockery, as if he was saying: “now you do your tricks.”
Andre, deja! [Andrey, already!] - said the little princess, turning pale and looking at her husband with fear.
He hugged her. She screamed and fell unconscious on his shoulder.
He gently drew back the shoulder on which she was lying, looked into her face, and carefully seated her in a chair.
- Adieu, Marieie, [Farewell, Masha,] - he said quietly to his sister, kissed her hand in hand and quickly left the room.
The princess was lying in an armchair, m lle Bourienne was rubbing her temples. Princess Mary, supporting her daughter-in-law, with tearful beautiful eyes, was still looking at the door through which Prince Andrei went out, and baptized him. From the study were heard, like shots, the often repeated angry sounds of the old man blowing his nose. As soon as Prince Andrei left, the door of the office quickly opened and a stern figure of an old man in a white coat looked out.
- Left? Well, good! he said, looking angrily at the insensible little princess, shook his head reproachfully and slammed the door.

In October 1805, Russian troops occupied the villages and cities of the Archduchy of Austria, and more new regiments came from Russia and, weighing down the inhabitants with billeting, were located near the Braunau fortress. In Braunau was the main apartment of the commander-in-chief Kutuzov.
On October 11, 1805, one of the infantry regiments that had just arrived at Braunau, waiting for the review of the commander-in-chief, stood half a mile from the city. Despite the non-Russian terrain and situation (orchards, stone fences, tiled roofs, mountains visible in the distance), the non-Russian people, who looked at the soldiers with curiosity, the regiment had exactly the same appearance as any Russian regiment preparing for a show somewhere in the middle of Russia.
In the evening, on the last march, an order was received that the commander-in-chief would watch the regiment on the march. Although the words of the order seemed unclear to the regimental commander, and the question arose of how to understand the words of the order: in marching uniform or not? in the council of battalion commanders, it was decided to present the regiment in full dress on the grounds that it is always better to exchange bows than not to bow. And the soldiers, after a thirty-verst march, did not close their eyes, they repaired and cleaned themselves all night; adjutants and company officers counted, expelled; and by morning the regiment, instead of the sprawling disorderly crowd that it had been the day before on the last march, represented a slender mass of 2,000 people, each of whom knew his place, his business, and of whom each button and strap was in its place and shone with cleanliness. . Not only the outside was in good order, but if the commander-in-chief had been pleased to look under the uniforms, then on each he would have seen an equally clean shirt and in each knapsack he would have found a legal number of things, “an awl and a soap,” as the soldiers say. There was only one circumstance about which no one could be calm. It was shoes. More than half of the people had their boots broken. But this shortcoming did not come from the fault of the regimental commander, since, despite repeated demands, the goods from the Austrian department were not released to him, and the regiment traveled a thousand miles.
The regimental commander was an elderly, sanguine general with graying eyebrows and sideburns, thick and broad more from chest to back than from one shoulder to the other. He was wearing a new, brand-new, creased uniform and thick golden epaulettes, which seemed to raise his stout shoulders rather than downwards. The regimental commander looked like a man happily doing one of the most solemn deeds of life. He paced in front of the front and, as he walked, trembled at every step, slightly arching his back. It was evident that the regimental commander was admiring his regiment, happy with them, that all his mental strength was occupied only by the regiment; but, in spite of this, his trembling gait seemed to say that, in addition to military interests, the interests of social life and the female gender also occupy a considerable place in his soul.
“Well, father Mikhailo Mitrich,” he turned to one battalion commander (the battalion commander leaned forward smiling; it was clear that they were happy), “I got nuts this night. However, it seems, nothing, the regiment is not bad ... Eh?
The battalion commander understood the humorous irony and laughed.
- And in the Tsaritsyn Meadow they would not have driven out of the field.
- What? the commander said.
At this time, on the road from the city, along which the machinations were placed, two horsemen appeared. They were the adjutant and a Cossack riding behind.
The adjutant was sent from the main headquarters to confirm to the regimental commander what was not clear in yesterday's order, namely, that the commander-in-chief wanted to see the regiment in exactly the position in which he walked - in overcoats, in covers and without any preparations.

Floating battery "Pervenets".
1863

The term is also applied to special units management and combat support.

At earlier historical stages in navy, the term "battery" could refer to fortifications and artillery ships.

Story

Initially, the term "battery" meant the temporary concentration of a certain number of guns in one position artillery companies the so-called "foot artillery".

Composition, command and strength

The battery is headed by an officer in office battery commander .

Depending on the type and kind of troops, a battery may consist of platoons, squads, or platoons and squads.

By organizational and staffing, batteries can be individual(outside divisions). These include individual batteries in the regimental and battalion artillery and some control and combat support batteries at the headquarters of the regiment / brigade / division. Or be part of an artillery (rocket, reconnaissance artillery, rocket and park) division or regiment (without division into divisions).

At the present stage in various armies of the world artillery battery comprises :

• battery management;
• control platoon(or management department)
• 2-3 fire platoon;
• thrust separation(for towed guns)

The battery can be armed with from 4 to 9 guns (mortars, combat vehicles MLRS, anti-tank systems).

In both Soviet and current Russian military terminology, for batteries in missile and rocket-artillery battalions, the term is not fire, but starting battery. Part starting battery may include 1-2 starting divisions, and in service are 1-2 missile systems. For example, in the 1980s, separate missile battalion motorized rifle division (tank division) of the USSR Armed Forces included 2 starting batteries each of which had 2 tactical missile systems of the Luna-M or Tochka-U type.

In the batteries of combat support in the air defense forces, there is also no division into platoons. For example, in the air defense forces of the USSR radar reconnaissance and control battery consisted of calculations of radar stations, control, communications, topographic reference and anti-aircraft guns department.

Control Platoon in an artillery battery, it performs reconnaissance of targets, maintenance of firing and provides communication between the observation post of the battery, the firing position and the headquarters of the artillery battalion.

The number of personnel of the battery depends on its type and nationality. For example, in the Soviet army of the late 1980s, batteries in regiments, brigades and divisions, depending on the purpose and type of troops, had the following numbers (the number of main weapons is indicated in brackets):

• anti-aircraft missile battery anti-aircraft missile regiment (4 Osa air defense systems) - 25 people;
• anti-aircraft missile battery anti-aircraft missile regiment (4 air defense systems Cube) - 30 people;
• anti-tank battery motorized rifle regiment on an armored personnel carrier (9 9P148) - 40 people;
• starting battery a separate missile division (2 TRK Luna-M or 2 Tochka-U) - 40 people;
• battery of control and radar reconnaissance anti-aircraft missile regiment on the Kub air defense system or the Osa air defense system - 55 people;
• (6 122-mm self-propelled guns 2S1) - 55 people;
• self-propelled artillery battery(6 152-mm self-propelled guns 2S3) - 60 people;
• (6 122-mm D-30A howitzers) - 60 people;
• rocket artillery battery(6 122-mm MLRS BM-21) - 60 people;
• anti-aircraft missile artillery battery as part of a motorized rifle regiment on armored personnel carriers (4 ZSU-23-4 and 4 Strela-10 air defense systems) - 60 people;
• anti-aircraft artillery battery anti-aircraft artillery regiment (6 S-60) - 65 people;
• command and artillery reconnaissance battery motorized rifle or tank division - 70 people;
• mortar battery motorized rifle battalion on an armored personnel carrier (8 120-mm 2B11) - 75 people;
• battery management artillery regiment of a motorized rifle or tank division - 75 people;
• technical battery anti-aircraft missile regiment at the Kub air defense system - 85 people;
• artillery reconnaissance battery artillery regiment of a motorized rifle or tank division - 100 people;

It should be noted that the staff of artillery batteries in the NATO armies for the same historical period (1980s) differed from the Soviet personnel with the same number of guns. For example, in the US Army, they had the following indicators:

• howitzer artillery battery(6 105 mm M102) - 87;
• heavy self-propelled artillery battery(6 203-mm self-propelled guns M110) - 122;
• self-propelled artillery battery(8 units of 152-mm self-propelled guns M109) - 129 people.

Application

Batteries (artillery, launch, anti-aircraft missile) for the implementation of combat missions are deployed in battle formation, the main elements of which are observation post and firing position.

Types of batteries in the ground forces and air defense forces

There are the following types of batteries:

• artillery batteries (cannon, howitzer, jet (MLRS), anti-tank artillery, anti-tank systems, mortars);
• starting batteries (in missile troops);
• control batteries (in the state of artillery and missile brigades and regiments, the control battery of the chief of artillery of the division);
• anti-aircraft batteries (anti-aircraft artillery batteries, anti-aircraft artillery batteries, anti-aircraft missile batteries);
• batteries for combat support (artillery reconnaissance, topogeodetic, sound, radio engineering, meteorological, photogrammetric);
• technical batteries (for servicing rocketry in the Air Defense Forces and the Missile Forces);
• park batteries.

Types of batteries in the navy

Battery naval artillery has two meanings:

1. from 2 to 8 guns of the same type of large, medium or small caliber, which are combined on the ship according to the place of installation and controls.
2. a subdivision of a ship's artillery warhead, analogous to a turret or group. If there are divisions, it is included in their composition.

Coastal artillery battery

Coastal artillery battery- an artillery unit including 3-6 guns of the same caliber, radio and optical means for detecting and monitoring naval targets, fire control devices and communications equipment. They can be both stationary and mobile (self-propelled guns or towed guns).

floating battery

floating battery- a historical term designating in the 19th century a towed vessel or a self-propelled vessel armed with artillery. They were intended for the defense of naval bases and ships in the roadstead, as well as fire support for troops operating on the coast.

In 1877-1878, 7 non-self-propelled armored floating batteries were built in the tsarist fleet on the Black Sea. By design, each was a wooden pontoons united by a common platform, on which rifled guns (3 units of 152-mm guns and 2 229-mm guns) and 2 smooth-bore 152-mm "cannon-corronades" were installed.

To protect against enemy fire, there was a 6-inch-thick frontal armored parapet. On the sides, the thickness ranged from 1 to 2 inches.

Due to the absence of an armored fleet on the Black Sea, which was prohibited by the Paris Treaty of 1856, the presence of such floating batteries was sufficient to prevent an enemy attack on protected bases and straits.

torpedo battery

torpedo battery- a historical term denoting 1-2 torpedo tubes installed on the coast of sea bottlenecks to destroy enemy ships making a breakthrough.

see also

Notes

1. The team of authors. Volume 1, article "Battery"// Military Encyclopedia / Ed. P.V. Grachev. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1997. - S. 41. - 639 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5-203-01655-0.
2. The team of authors. article "Battery"// "Naval Dictionary" / ed. Chernavina V. N. . - M.: Military Publishing House, 1990. - S. 294. - 511 p. - 100,000 copies. - ISBN 5-203-00174-X.
3. The team of authors. Volume 1, article "Battery"// Soviet military encyclopedia in 8 volumes (2nd edition) / Ed. Grechko A. A. . - M.: Military Publishing House, 1978. - S. 406. - 638 p. - 105,000 copies.
4. The team of authors. Chapter I. "Fundamentals of combat operations of artillery units"// Combat charter of the artillery of the ground forces. Part II. Division, battery, platoon, gun. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1990. - S. 4, 9-15, 20-21, 52. - 368 p.
5. The team of authors. Chapter I. "Radar units and the basics of their use"// Combat Charter of the Air Defense Forces. Part X. "Radar company (battery), platoon, air defense calculation." - M.: