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MLRS 9K58 "Smerch" - Soviet jet system salvo fire caliber 300 mm.
History of creation
The Smerch multiple launch rocket system was developed in the USSR by specialists from TULGOSNIITOCHMASH (later NPO Splav, and now FSUE GNPP Splav, Tula), as well as related enterprises. It is the most powerful volley fire system, and before the development in 2009 by China of its modification of the Tornado, called AR1A, it was also the most long-range system. However, we note that the projectile for Chinese system was developed with the help Russian specialists.
The artillery unit is mounted on a modified chassis of a MAZ-543M off-road truck. Also for the Indian side, a variant of a combat vehicle was created based on an all-terrain truck of the Tatra family.
Preparing for the Smerch battle after receiving target designation takes only three minutes. Full salvo - thirty-eight seconds. A minute later, the car is removed from its place, so the system is practically invulnerable to enemy return fire.
Ammunition
Modernization
MLRS "Smerch" - 9A52-2: the firing range increased from 70 to 90 km, the combat crew decreased from four to three people, the automation of the system increased, in particular, the topographic location began to be carried out automatically through satellite systems.
Currently, a new generation of MLRS - Tornado - is being created at the Splav enterprise. It will become a two-caliber, combining on the same platform "Hurricane" and "Smerch". Automation of firing will reach such a level that the installation will be able to leave the position even before the projectile reaches the target. "Tornado" will be able to hit targets both in one gulp and single precision missiles, and in fact, will become a universal tactical missile system.
Tactical and technical characteristics
Armament
Mobility
Reliability and manufacturability
Advantages
Multifunctionality, maneuverability, high reliability and power. A volley of batteries from six Tornadoes is capable of stopping the advance of an entire division or destroying a small city.
Flaws
High cost. The price of one ammunition is about 2,000,000 rubles (2005 prices). The price of the complex is $22 million
Ammunition
9M55K - 300-mm rocket with a cluster warhead (MC) 9N139 with fragmentation warheads (OBE) 9N235. Contains 72 combat elements (BE), carrying 6912 ready-made heavy fragments designed to destroy light and unarmored vehicles, and 25920 ready-made light fragments intended to destroy enemy manpower in their concentration areas; in total - up to 32832 fragments. 16 shells contain 525312 ready fragments. Most effective in open areas, in the steppe and desert. Serial production of 9M55K (and 9M55K-IN - with BE inert equipment) began in 1987. Delivered to Algeria and India.
9M55K1 - 9N142 cluster warhead (KCh) missile with self-aiming combat elements (SPBE). The cassette warhead carries 5 Motiv-3M SPBEs (9N235), equipped with dual-band infrared coordinators, looking for a target at an angle of 30 °. Each of them is capable of penetrating 70 mm armor at an angle of 30 °. Suitable for use in open areas, in the steppe and desert, it is almost impossible to use in the forest, it is difficult to use in the city. Designed to engage from above groupings of armored vehicles and tanks. Tests completed in 1994. Shipped to Algeria.
9M55K4 - 9N539 rocket launcher for anti-tank mining of the terrain. Each projectile contains 25 anti-tank mines "PTM-3" with an electronic proximity fuse, in just one salvo of the installation - 300 anti-tank mines. Designed for operational remote setting of anti-tank minefields in front of enemy military equipment units located at the line of attack, or in the area of their concentration.
9M55K5 - 9N176 KGCH missile with 9N235 or 3B30 cumulative fragmentation warheads (KOBE). The cassette warhead contains 646 (588) combat elements weighing 240 g each, having a cylindrical shape. Normally they are capable of penetrating up to 120 (160) mm of homogeneous armor. It is most effective against motorized infantry on the march, located in armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles. In total, 16 shells contain 10336 combat elements. Designed to destroy open and covered manpower and lightly armored military equipment.
9M55F - a rocket projectile with a detachable high-explosive fragmentation warhead. Designed to destroy manpower, unarmored and lightly armored military equipment in their concentration areas, to destroy command posts, communication centers and infrastructure facilities. It was adopted by the Russian army in 1992, and since 1999 it has been in serial production. Shipped to India.
9M55S - a rocket with a thermobaric warhead 9M216 "Excitement". The explosion of one projectile creates a thermal field with a diameter of at least 25 m (depending on the terrain). The temperature of the field is over 1000 °C, the lifetime is at least 1.4 s. Designed to destroy manpower, open and sheltered in open-type fortifications and objects of unarmored and lightly armored military equipment. It is most effective in the steppe and desert, a city located on a non-hilly area. Ammunition tests were completed in 2004. By order of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1288 of October 7, 2004, 9M55S was adopted by the Russian army.
9M528 - rocket projectile with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead. Fuse contact, instantaneous and delayed action. Designed to destroy manpower, unarmored and lightly armored military equipment in their concentration areas, destroy command posts, communication centers and infrastructure facilities.
9M534 - an experienced missile with a small-sized reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) of the Tipchak type. Designed to conduct operational reconnaissance of targets within twenty minutes. In the target area, the UAV descends by parachute, while scanning the situation and transmitting information on the coordinates of reconnoitered targets to the control complex at a distance of up to 70 km, for prompt decision-making on the destruction of the reconnoitered object.
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The 9K58 Smerch multiple launch rocket system is a qualitatively new weapon in the field of rocket systems. MLRS 9K58 "Smerch" was created in 1986, adopted by the Armed Forces in 1989.
The Smerch multiple launch rocket system provides combat and operational characteristics at any time of the day and year in the range of surface temperatures from +50 to -50 °C.
The 9K58 "Smerch" multiple launch rocket system has no analogues in terms of range and effectiveness of fire, the area of destruction of manpower and armored vehicles. If the Grad MLRS covers an area of 4 hectares at a distance of 20 km, the Uragan MLRS - 29 hectares at a distance of 35 km, the MLRS - 33 hectares at a distance of 30 km, then the Smerch has a fantastic area of destruction - 67 hectares (672 thousand sq. m) with a salvo range of 20 to 70 km, in the short term - up to a hundred. Moreover, "Smerch" burns everything, even armored vehicles.
The composition of the MLRS 9K58 "Smerch" includes the following weapons:
- Combat vehicle (BM) 9A52-2 with 12 rails (located on a MAZ-543M high-traffic vehicle chassis, which provides a speed of up to 60 km / h, a fuel range of 850 km);
rocket projectiles;
– Educational and training aids 9F827;
- A set of special arsenal equipment and tools 9F819;
- Complex of automated fire control facilities (KSAUO) 9S729M1 "Slepok-1";
– Vehicle for topographic survey 1T12-2M;
- Radio direction finding meteorological complex 1B44.
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Preparation for the battle of the MLRS after receiving target designation - only 3 minutes, a full salvo - 38 seconds. The 12-barrel MLRS "Smerch" fires 300-mm shells. For the first time, a rocket has a control system unit on board. Unlike the previous ones, an additional engine is placed behind the missile warhead, with the help of which its short flight to the target is adjusted in height and course. As a result, dispersion is reduced by a factor of three compared to an unguided projectile, and shooting accuracy is doubled.
The third generation is in service with Russia and 14 other countries.
Despite the fact that the system was created back in the USSR, today it is one of the most powerful and destructive in the world, since it is capable of covering an area of almost 70 hectares in one salvo from a launcher.
Development
The BM-21 Grad and 9K57 Hurricane in service did not suit the Soviet military with a short firing range. At the same time, firing unguided rockets at long distance was almost impossible due to a sharp drop in accuracy.
American colleagues, creating MLRS, faced the same problem and limited the firing range to 40 kilometers.
Domestic designers were tasked with developing NURSs capable of accurately hitting targets remote from the launcher. The way out was corrective projectiles, during the flight adhering to the desired trajectory by turning off the nozzles.
On December 16, 1976, experimental design work began at the SPLAV enterprise to create new system salvo fire, corresponding to the requirements of the army. They were led by Ganichev, who was later taken over by G.A. Denezhkin. The test schedule was so tight that Denezhkin was at the test site at the time of the birth of the child.
Almost in new year holidays In 1982, the Smerch MLRS passed state tests, after which, on November 19, 1987, it was put into service.
Design
imposing looking fighting machine, carrying launcher, created in Minsk car factory in Belarus. Initially, it was chassis 79111, later the MAZ-543M and MAZ-543A chassis were used. Thanks to the 8x8 wheel formula and a 525 hp diesel engine. each of them is characterized by high cross-country ability.
The launcher is a package consisting of 12 tubular guides located on a swivel base. To aim at the target, the installation moves by electric drive vertically in the range from 0 ° to +55 °, horizontally - 30 ° to the left and the same amount to the right.
For stability during firing, an interesting technical solution was used, when hydraulic supports, mounted only between the third and fourth bridges, extend and hang out the rear of the combat vehicle.
In addition to the combat vehicle, the Smerch complex includes:
- transport-loading machine;
- direction-finding complex;
- machine with topographic equipment.
The transport-loading vehicle was created on a similar combat chassis, equipped with a crane and transports 12 rockets.
Armament
The main feature of the Smerch MLRS was 300 mm caliber shells with a flight control system. The electronic time device transmits signals to the control unit, which, with the help of gas-dynamic rudders, constantly corrects the trajectory of the projectile. Additionally, stabilization is carried out due to the promotion.
The designers managed to achieve accuracy, in which the deviation of the NURS is not more than 0.21% of the firing range. With a volley at the maximum distance, the spread is only 150 meters.
NURS engines are solid fuel, and head part it can be both monoblock and divided, carrying 72 combat elements in itself. Projectile length 7.5 meters, weight 800 kg.
Various warheads are used, for example, high-explosive fragmentation, cluster, thermobaric. Also possible remote mining surfaces with shells with mines. The latest development was an unmanned reconnaissance vehicle launched inside the projectile and unfolding at the moment it is over the target.
A driving combat vehicle turns into a combat position in just 3 minutes, a volley of 12 shells takes another 38 seconds, another minute is required to collapse and leave the position from which the shooting was carried out. Loading is carried out using a crane on a transport-loading machine and takes approximately 20 minutes.
Combat use
During the second Chechen war, from October 1999 to March 2003, the Perekop Guards Rocket Artillery Brigade of the Order of Kutuzov used the Smerch, striking at the Novolaksky and Botlikhsky districts in Dagestan.
MLRS was also used in Ukraine and Syria.
Export and foreign analogues
In 1989, the modification 9K58 "Smerch" was adopted, created on the basis of the MAZ-543M. At the same time, the distance of fire was increased from 70 to 90 km, satellite systems were used for guidance, and the crew was reduced to 3 people.
In 2007, the public was shown the 9K58 Kama system based on the four-axle KamAZ-6350 with 6 guides instead of 12. The machine is designed for more mobility with less weight and dimensions. Russia also expects to supply them for export.
The main operators of the machine are Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, India and Kuwait. In total, the car is in service with 15 countries.
Epilogue
For its time, "Smerch" was a revolution. Enormous power, comparable to tactical nuclear weapons, high accuracy, sufficient firing range and good mobility.
Today, this MLRS remains one of the most powerful ground weapons in the world, demonstrating tremendous effectiveness in each of the armed conflicts with its participation.
"Smerch" (9K58), 300-mm multiple launch rocket system BM MLRS
History of creation
The multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) "Smerch" 9K58 caliber 300 mm was developed in the early 80s by the State Research and Production Enterprise "Splav" (Tula) in cooperation with more than 20 enterprises of the USSR (general designer A.N. Ganichev, subsequently G.A. Denezhkin). First time on wide view presented in 1993 at the IDEX-93 arms exhibition (Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates).
MLRS "Smerch", put into service in 1987, currently has no analogues and is rated as the most powerful in the world.
Produced by JSC "Motovilikhinskiye Zavody" (Perm).
Purpose
Long-range multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) "Smerch" (9K58) is used to destroy openly located and sheltered manpower, unarmored and armored vehicles, artillery, tactical missiles and anti-aircraft systems the enemy, his helicopters in the parking lots, as well as to destroy command posts, communication centers and objects of the military-industrial structure.
Shooting can be carried out with single shells or in a volley (within 38 seconds). The launch of shells is carried out from the BM cabin or from a remote control. The power of a volley of three Smerch MLRS installations is equal in its effectiveness to the power of two brigades equipped with the 9K79 Tochka-U missile system. A volley of one machine hits targets on an area of 672 thousand square meters. m., a salvo of 12 9M55K missiles with cluster high-explosive fragmentation elements - 400,000 sq. m.
The Smerch MLRS shells have an autonomous flight path correction system.
Composition and features of the main elements
The composition of the main elements of the MLRS "Smerch" includes: combat vehicle 9A52 (9A52-2), transport-loading vehicle 9T234 (9T234-2), 300-mm rockets, training aids 9F827, a set of special arsenal equipment and tools 9F819, the 9S729M1 "Slepok-1" automated fire control system, the 1T12-2M topographic survey vehicle, and the 1B44 direction-finding meteorological complex.
The combat vehicle (BM) 9A52 consists of an artillery unit located in the rear of the highly passable four-axle chassis of the MAZ-543 vehicle. In front of the BM there is a driver's cabin (on the left in the direction of travel), an engine-transmission compartment and a crew cabin with communications equipment and fire control system equipment.
The artillery part is a package of 12 rails mounted on a swivel base with lifting, swivel and balancing mechanisms, sights, electric drive and auxiliary equipment. Guides (smooth-walled pipes) have a screw U-shaped groove to impart rotation to rockets. Power drives provide guide package guidance from 0 to +55 degrees. in the vertical plane in the horizontal sector of fire 60 degrees. (30 degrees left and right from the longitudinal axis of the machine). To increase the stability of the BM during firing, it is hung on hydraulic supports (between the third and fourth bridges).
The transport-loading vehicle (TZM) 9T234-2 is designed for mechanized loading of the BM launcher with rockets. It is equipped with crane equipment and can carry 12 shells. Charging takes 36 minutes.
BM and TZM are unified in terms of running gear (8x8 wheel arrangement, steerable 2 pairs of front wheels) and are equipped with a V-shaped 12-cylinder diesel engine D12A-525A with a power of 525 hp. (at 2000 rpm) with hydromechanical transmission, automatic planetary three-speed gearbox. All wheels have an independent torsion bar suspension, wide-profile tires with adjustable air pressure by a centralized system.
At top speed traffic on the highway up to 60 km / h, cars can move on roads of all categories and beyond them, overcoming slopes with a steepness of up to 30 degrees. and fords up to 1 m deep. The fuel range is 850 km.
The 300-mm Smerch MLRS rockets are made according to the classical aerodynamic scheme with an efficient solid-propellant mixed-fuel engine. To improve the accuracy of firing, which does not exceed 0.21% of the salvo range and is about 150 m, the projectiles have a flight control system that corrects the trajectory of their movement in pitch and yaw.
Flight correction is carried out by gas-dynamic rudders, and the projectile is stabilized in flight due to rotary motion around the longitudinal axis, obtained at the time of launch and supported in flight by the blades of the drop-down stabilizer.
In terms of accuracy and accuracy of fire, the Smerch MLRS is comparable and three times higher than artillery pieces.
The Smerch MLRS ammunition can include rockets with a firing range of up to 70 km and 90 km.
In the first case, these are shells whose warheads (warheads) are equipped with warheads (warheads) of the type: 9M55F (monoblock high-explosive fragmentation warhead), 9M55K (cluster warhead with fragmentation-type submunitions), 9M55K1 (cluster warhead with self-aiming combat elements "Motive -3M"), 9M55K3 (cassette warhead for anti-personnel mining of the area), 9M55K4 (cassette warhead for anti-tank mining of the area), 9M55K5 (cluster warhead with cumulative fragmentation warheads), 9M55K6 (cassette warhead with self-aiming warheads 9N268), 9M55K7 ( cluster warhead with small self-aiming submunitions), 9M55S (thermobaric warhead).
The warheads of rockets with a range of up to 90 km can have: 9M525 (cluster warhead with fragmentation-type combat elements), 9M526 (cluster warhead with self-aiming combat elements "Motiv-3M"), 9M527 (cluster warhead for anti-tank mining of the terrain), 9M528 (high-explosive fragmentation warhead), 9M529 (thermobaric warhead), 9M530 (penetrating high-explosive warhead), 9M531 (cassette warhead with HEAT fragmentation warheads), 9M532 (cassette warhead with small self-aiming submunitions), 9M533 (cassette warhead with self-aiming submunitions 9N268), 9M534 (small-sized reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicle), 9M536 (cassette warhead with penetrating fragmentation submunitions), 9M537 (cassette warhead with fragmentation non-contact submunitions).
Unmanned reconnaissance aircraft provide fire adjustment for 20 minutes and the production of two volleys of 12 missiles.
Implementation of a number of fundamentally new technical solutions in MLRS and a rocket make it possible to consider it a completely new generation of weapons of this type. In comparison with the American MLRS MLRS, after the creation of which they came to the conclusion about the maximum range of 30-40 km for MLRS due to the large dispersion of shells, the accuracy of Smerch MLRS rockets is 2-3 times higher than the illogical indicator of foreign rocket artillery systems .
State
The upgraded MLRS 9A52-2 (1989) is distinguished by the presence of equipment in its composition combat control and communications (ABUS) and automated system fire control, which made it possible to provide:
Automated high-speed exchange of information and its protection from unauthorized access, visual display of data on the scoreboard and their storage;
Autonomous topographic location and orientation of BM with display on an electronic map of the area;
Automated calculation of firing and flight data;
Non-targeted guidance of a package of guides without leaving the calculation from the control cabin.
The automated fire control system "Vivarium" (Tomsk Production Association "Kontur", OJSC) is designed for information exchange with higher, subordinate and interacting control bodies, data preparation and fire planning, collection and analysis of information on the state artillery units. It significantly increased the combat effectiveness of the Smerch MLRS. Includes command and staff vehicles (KShM) of the commander and chief of staff of the MLRS brigade, KShM of division commanders (up to 3) and batteries (up to 12). Each of the KShM is located on the KamAZ-4310 automobile base and is equipped with a digital computer, displays, printing devices, means of communication with classified equipment, an autonomous power supply system on site and on the move.
MLRS "Smerch" was used in combat operations in the North Caucasus.
The simplicity of design and high operational reliability have made it highly attractive to foreign buyers.
MLRS "Smerch" is in service with the armies of Russia, Ukraine (94 systems), Belarus (40), Peru (10), Algeria (18), Kuwait (27) and the United United Arab Emirates(6). India, China and other countries show interest in it. In 2007, at the Moscow Aviation and Space Salon MAKS-2007, a new modification of the Smerch MLRS was presented. The new BM is a package-type launcher placed on the chassis of a four-axle all-wheel drive KAMAZ vehicle. This increased the mobility and maneuverability of the new modification of the Smerch MLRS on existing highways and bridges with a carrying capacity of up to 25 tons. The upgraded BM with six (instead of 12) guides is equipped with modern system fire control, which makes it possible to disperse the battery on the ground and significantly increase its survivability in the face of targeted opposition from the enemy. All information is processed by a computer without human intervention. The container-type combat package contains six standard 300-mm rockets.
A number of countries in the Middle East and Southeast Asia have shown interest in the new BM, which are satisfied with the acceptable weight and size characteristics of the modernized Smerch MLRS, which allow them to maneuver across the territory of a probable theater of operations.
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Maximum firing range, km up to 90
Minimum firing range, km 20
Volley time, s 38
Number of guides 12
Mass of the main NURS, kg 800
BM weight, kg 43000
Calculation, pers. four
Reload time, min. 36
http://www.kapyar.ru/index.php?pg=254, http://byaki.net/2007/10/22/reak...nja.html, http://milkavkaz.net/forum/ viewtopic.php?p=22062
