The program of patriotic education of pre-conscription youth “Conscript. "Spetsnaz" experts on the problems of pre-conscription training Pre-conscription training 10

a set of measures carried out as part of the implementation by citizens of the Russian Federation of the constitutional duty and obligation to protect the Fatherland. D. p. is carried out in the form of compulsory and voluntary preparation of a citizen for military service. Compulsory preparation of a citizen for military service provides for: obtaining basic knowledge in the field of defense; training in the basics of military service in an educational institution of secondary (full) general education, educational institution of primary vocational and secondary vocational education and in training centers of organizations; military-patriotic education; training in military specialties of soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen in the direction of the military commissariat; medical examination. Voluntary training includes: military-applied sports; training in additional educational programs aimed at military training of underage citizens in educational institutions of secondary (complete) general education, as well as in military bands of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and organs; training under the training program for reserve officers at military departments at a state, municipal or state-accredited non-state educational institution of higher professional education in the relevant areas of training (specialties).

The current international situation poses the most serious tasks in the field of education and training of the new generation. The state needs healthy, courageous, courageous, enterprising, disciplined, literate people who would be ready to study, work for its benefit and, if necessary, stand up for its defense. The current system of preparing citizens for military service in Russian Federation largely repeats the previous one, designed for a 2-year term of military service on conscription and fundamentally different qualitative and quantitative parameters and structure military organization states. The transition from 2008 to a one-year term of military service by conscription led to a significant increase in the requirements for the quality of preparing citizens for military service. The current situation in the field of preparing citizens for military service is characterized by a number of negative factors. This problem is especially acute when analyzing the civic-patriotic beliefs and values ​​of the younger generation. Studies of children's behavior show that the blurring of patriotic values ​​leads to a tendency towards an increase in the potential for extremism, antisocial manifestations, an increase in crime, violence and cruelty.

The program "Pre-conscription training" has a military-patriotic orientation and is designed to solve the problem of patriotic education, to promote the formation of socially significant orientations in students, readiness for military service.

The content of this program instills in adolescents respect and love for the Motherland, its heroic past, the traditions of the Armed Forces, contributes to the formation of knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for training future defenders of the Fatherland, maintaining and strengthening health, development social activity students, solving the problem of expanding the educational space.

All this makes the program meaningful and relevant.

This program was developed in accordance with the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation regarding issues of patriotic education, namely the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the requirements of the laws of the Russian Federation "On Education", "On Defense", "On the Status of a Serviceman", "On Military Duty and military service", "On civil defense", "On the protection of the population and territories from emergencies natural and technogenic character", with the State program "Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation". Supports the idea of ​​the target program "Patriotic education of children and youth". Concepts

federal system of training citizens of the Russian Federation for military service for the period up to 2020

(with changes in accordance with the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 20, 2012 No. 1742-r)

When compiling this program, training methods were used for training programs for motorized rifle units, methods and techniques described in educational literature(in pedagogy, developmental physiology, psychology, etc.).

Purpose of the program- to promote the patriotic education of students and orient them to serve in the army and other law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation.

Tutorials:

To give teenagers basic theoretical knowledge in the sections: “Military history”, “General military regulations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation”, “Fire (rifle) training”, “ Military topography”, “Hand-to-hand combat”, etc.

To instill practical skills in the chosen field of activity in conditions as close to real as possible;

Develop the physical abilities of adolescents;

To promote the preservation and strengthening of the health of adolescents;

Contribute to the education of a sense of patriotism, collectivism, moral, volitional qualities of students;

To develop activity and independence, communication skills of pupils;

Create the conditions necessary for faster adaptation to the army environment;

Orient the members of the association to the choice of a profession related to the defense of the Fatherland;

Developing:

Develop physical qualities (speed, agility, coordination of movements, flexibility and endurance);

Develop communication and leadership skills students;

Improve military-patriotic education and increase motivation for military service

To give basic knowledge in the field of defense and training in the basics of military service

Educational:

To instill respect for the Fatherland, a feeling of love for the Motherland, a careful attitude to the heroic past of our people;

Raise the need for a healthy lifestyle.

Implementation conditions

The program is designed for teenagers aged 14-17. Everyone is welcome. Groups can be of the same age or of different ages. Additional enrollment of students for the second and third years of study is allowed based on the results of the interview.

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WORKING PROGRAMM

TO THE ADDITIONAL GENERAL EDUCATIONAL (GENERAL DEVELOPMENT) PROGRAM

"PRE-DUCTION TRAINING"

The age of students is 14-17 years old.

The duration of training is 3 years.

St. Petersburg

2015

Explanatory note

The educational program "Pre-conscription training" has a military-patriotic focus.

The level of development is general cultural.

Relevance of the program

The current international situation poses the most serious tasks in the field of education and training of the new generation. The state needs healthy, courageous, courageous, enterprising, disciplined, literate people who would be ready to study, work for its benefit and, if necessary, stand up for its defense. The current system of preparing citizens for military service in the Russian Federation in in many respects it repeats the previous one, designed for a 2-year term of military service on conscription, and fundamentally different qualitative and quantitative parameters and the structure of the military organization of the state. The transition from 2008 to a one-year term of military service by conscription led to a significant increase in the requirements for the quality of preparing citizens for military service. The current situation in the field of preparing citizens for military service is characterized by a number of negative factors. This problem is especially acute when analyzing the civic-patriotic beliefs and values ​​of the younger generation. Studies of children's behavior show that the blurring of patriotic values ​​leads to a tendency towards an increase in the potential for extremism, antisocial manifestations, an increase in crime, violence and cruelty.

The program "Pre-conscription training" has a military-patriotic orientation and is designed to solve the problem of patriotic education, to promote the formation of socially significant orientations in students, readiness for military service.

The content of this program instills in adolescents respect and love for the Motherland, its heroic past, for the traditions of the Armed Forces, contributes to the formation of knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for preparing future defenders of the Fatherland, maintaining and strengthening health, developing social activity of students, solving the problem of expanding educational space.

All this makes the program meaningful and relevant.

This program was developed in accordance with the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation regarding issues of patriotic education, namely the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the requirements of the laws of the Russian Federation "On Education", "On Defense", "On the Status of a Serviceman", "On Military Duty and military service”, “On civil defense”, “On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies”, with the State program “Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation”. Supports the idea of ​​the target program "Patriotic education of children and youth"; concept of the federal system of training citizens of the Russian Federation for military service for the period up to 2020

(as amended in accordance with the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 20, 2012 No. 1742-r); state program "Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2016-2020".

When compiling this program, teaching methods were used according to training programs for motorized rifle units, methods and techniques described in educational literature (on pedagogy, developmental physiology, psychology, etc.). Program goal:

The purpose of the program is to promote the patriotic education of students and orient them to serve in the army and other law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation.

Tasks

Tutorials:

To give teenagers basic theoretical knowledge in the sections: “Military history”, “Common military charters of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation”, “Fire (rifle) training”, “Military topography”, “Hand-to-hand combat”, etc.

Develop practical skills in the chosen field of activity in conditions as close to real as possible;

Develop the physical abilities of adolescents;

To promote the preservation and strengthening of the health of adolescents;

Contribute to the education of a sense of patriotism, collectivism, moral, volitional qualities of students;

To develop activity and independence, communication skills of pupils;

Create the conditions necessary for faster adaptation to the army environment;

Orient the members of the association to the choice of a profession related to the defense of the Fatherland;

Developing:

Develop physical qualities (speed, agility, coordination of movements, flexibility and endurance);

Develop communication and leadership qualities of students;

Improve military-patriotic education and increase motivation for military service

Provide basic knowledge in the field of defense and training in the basics of military service

Educational:

To instill respect for the Fatherland, a feeling of love for the Motherland, a careful attitude to the heroic past of our people;

Raise the need for a healthy lifestyle.

Implementation conditions

The program is designed for teenagers aged 14-17. Everyone is welcome. Groups can be of the same age or of different ages. Additional enrollment of students for the second and third years of study is allowed based on the results of the interview

Implementation timeline

Implementation timeline

The duration of the program is 3 years.

The duration of the educational process is 792 hours.

1 year of study-216 hours

2 year of study-288 hours

3 year of study - 288 hours.

Class mode

1 year of study: 216 hours, 2 times a week for 3 hours or 3 times a week for 2 hours;

Year 2: 288 hours, 2 times a week for 3 hours and once for 2 hours or 4 times for 2 hours;

3rd year of study: 288 hours, 2 times a week for 3 hours and once for 2 hours or 4 times for 2 hours;

The duration of one academic hour is 45 minutes, between the hours there is a break for rest of 15 minutes.

Occupancy of the study group by year of study

1 year-15 people

2 years - 12 people

3 years - 10 people.

Forms of classes

Lectures, conversations, role-playing games, discussions, practical exercises, sparring - classes, competitions, excursions, visits to museums, trips to military units, training camps, participation in conferences.

Expected Result

Expected Result

By the end of the first year of study, students:

Get acquainted with the composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation;

Receive presentations on the main provisions of the General Military Regulations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation;

They will gain knowledge on fire safety, first aid, rules of conduct in emergency situations;

Gain knowledge and skills in tourist preparation, organization of trips;

Learn how to shoot from small arms, performing combat techniques;

Get to know military history and the development of the army from Ancient Russia to modern Russia;

They will receive initial knowledge about the armies of a potential enemy;

Develop communication skills;

Develop endurance;

By the end of the second year of study, students:

Get acquainted with the organization of units of the Ground Forces and the Navy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation;

Learn about the features of orienteering the basics of topography;;

They will master the skills of using fire extinguishers, transporting victims, providing first aid for frostbite, and acting in response to civil defense signals;

Develop the skills of interaction in a group, emotional and volitional regulation;

Get acquainted with the basics of the theory of shooting;

Learn the basics of survival unfamiliar terrain the procedure for equipping shelters and engineering structures;

They will acquire the skills of collecting, summarizing information, analyzing the information received. ;

Join a healthy lifestyle;

Will take part in the competitions DYuOSI ​​"Zarnitsa"

By the end of the third year of study, students:

Get acquainted with the units and subunits of the RF Armed Forces, their composition and main weapons

Get acquainted with the main military registration specialties of the RF Armed Forces;

Master the skills of first aid in case of accidents;

They will master the skills of behavior in case of man-made, natural and sociogenic disasters and the procedure for actions in the conditions of radiation, chemical and bacteriological contamination;

They will master the skills of hand-to-hand combat, assembly and disassembly of the AK-74 assault rifle, combat techniques;

They will master the skills of movement in the ranks, acquire the skills of single drill training,

Get acquainted with the tactics of motorized rifle units in defense and offensive

Get acquainted with the organization of the search movement in the Leningrad region;

Get acquainted with the history of military operations during the Second World War;

Will take part in volunteer activities, memory watches, activities search parties, educational, research and project activities;

Develop communication and leadership skills;

Develop physical qualities (speed, agility, coordination of movements, flexibility and endurance);

They will receive knowledge and skills that contribute to the upbringing of respect for the Fatherland, feelings of love for the small and large Motherland, careful attitude to the heroic past of our people;

Gain knowledge and skills to help shape healthy lifestyle life;

They will take part in pre-conscription military training competitions.

Forms and methods of checking the expected result

Observations of the teacher, oral and written survey, analysis of products of activity, testing to identify the level of knowledge, passing standards, participation in competitions.

Forms of summarizing the results of the educational program implementation

The program involves the entrance, intermediate and final certification of students.

Entrance control is carried out in the month of September and is aimed at diagnosing the initial level of knowledge of students.

Intermediate control is carried out in January and allows you to identify the level of development of sections and topics of the educational program based on the results of testing, and the final results of participation in the stages of the Zarnitsa CYAE.

The final control is carried out in May and is aimed at identifying the level of development of the program for the year.

Ways of fixing the result of the educational program.

The student's portfolio, which includes: the results of testing and questioning, creative and research work, a selection of materials on the topics of the educational program, completed by the student independently, the results of participation in competitions, hikes, expeditions,

Calendar educational and thematic plan

« PRE-DUCTION TRAINING»

1 year of study
month	SECTIONS	Total	Theoretical lessons	Workshops
September	CHILDREN SET
October	MILITARY HISTORY AND RF Armed Forces.
november	MILITARY HISTORY AND RF Armed Forces.
	FIRE PREPARATION.
December	FIRE PREPARATION.
	TACTICAL PREPARATION. TOPOGRAPHY AND ORIENTATION ON THE TERRAIN.
January
February	GO AND RHBZ PROTECTION. ENGINEERING TRAINING.
March	MILITARY MEDICAL TRAINING.
	PHYSICAL TRAINING
April	PHYSICAL TRAINING
	DRILL
May	DRILL
Total

(Mon. Wed. Fri.)

2nd year of study
month	SECTIONS	Total	Theoretical lessons	Workshops
September	INTRODUCTION LESSON. INSTRUCTION ON LABOR SAFETY FOR STUDENTS.
	MILITARY HISTORY AND RF Armed Forces.
October	MILITARY HISTORY AND RF Armed Forces.
november
December	TACTICAL PREPARATION. TOPOGRAPHY AND ORIENTATION ON THE TERRAIN. INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION.
	FIRE PREPARATION.
January	INSTRUCTION ON LABOR SAFETY FOR STUDENTS
	FIRE PREPARATION
	GO AND RHBZ PROTECTION. ENGINEERING TRAINING.
February	GO AND RHBZ PROTECTION. ENGINEERING TRAINING.
	MILITARY MEDICAL TRAINING.
March	MILITARY MEDICAL TRAINING.
	PHYSICAL TRAINING
April	PHYSICAL TRAINING
	DRILL
May	DRILL
MILITARY HISTORY AND RF Armed Forces.
October	MILITARY HISTORY AND RF Armed Forces.
	TACTICAL PREPARATION. TOPOGRAPHY AND ORIENTATION ON THE TERRAIN. INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION.
november	TACTICAL PREPARATION. TOPOGRAPHY AND ORIENTATION ON THE TERRAIN. INTELLIGENCE TRAINING..
December	TACTICAL PREPARATION. TOPOGRAPHY AND ORIENTATION ON THE TERRAIN. INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION.
	PUBLIC STATE TRAINING.
	FIRE PREPARATION
January	INSTRUCTION ON LABOR SAFETY FOR STUDENTS
	FIRE PREPARATION.
	MILITARY MEDICAL TRAINING.
February	MILITARY MEDICAL TRAINING..
March	GO AND RHBZ PROTECTION. ENGINEERING TRAINING
	PHYSICAL TRAINING
April	PHYSICAL TRAINING
May	DRILL
Total

Approved
Decree of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic
dated February 11, 2014 N 87

POSITION
on pre-conscription training of young people in educational organizations implementing programs of secondary general education, professional educational programs primary and secondary vocational education

1. General Provisions

1. Pre-conscription training of youth is integral part the system of preparing citizens for military service, organized and conducted in accordance with the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic "On the universal military duty of citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic, on military and alternative service", other regulatory legal acts adopted on the basis of this Law, and this Regulation.

2. Pre-conscription training of young people is a mandatory subject of training (a subject matter) in the basics of military affairs and ensuring the safety of human life and is organized regardless of the form of ownership and departmental subordination in educational organizations that implement programs of secondary general education, professional educational programs of primary and secondary vocational education (hereinafter - educational organizations).

Pre-conscripts are minor male citizens before they are accepted for military registration.

Students are underage citizens of the female and male gender, involved in pre-conscription training of youth.

3. Pre-conscription training of young people is carried out in order to teach students the necessary knowledge and practical skills in the field of military affairs, civil protection and mastering the basics of human life safety in emergency situations.

In the process of pre-conscription training of young people, students learn the norms of the current legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic on military duty, the appointment of military service, the requirements of the military oath and general military regulations of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic, the appointment and structure of the Armed Forces and other military formations of the Kyrgyz Republic.

Pre-conscription training of young people is carried out in grades 10-11 and in the first and second years of study in educational organizations, in order to instill in young people a sense of patriotism, high moral and psychological qualities, love for military service, personal responsibility for fulfilling the requirements of the military oath and general military regulations of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic.

4. Control over the conduct of pre-conscription training of youth is carried out by the state body in charge of education, together with the state body in charge of defense issues, and other interested state bodies of the Kyrgyz Republic.

2. Management of pre-conscription training of youth

5. General management of pre-conscription training is carried out by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic.

6. The state body in charge of defense issues is entrusted with:

In agreement with the state body in charge of education, and other state bodies in charge of educational organizations, the development and implementation of training programs (plans), instructions, regulations, guidelines, visual aids and instructions, as well as participation in the creation of an educational and material base on pre-conscription training of young people;

Together with the state body in charge of education and the state body in charge of physical education and sports, organization and holding of competitions in military-applied sports;

Rendering assistance in conducting educational and methodological meetings and instructive sessions with leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of young people in accordance with programs (plans) approved by the state body in charge of education;

Providing methodological assistance to the heads of educational organizations in organizing and conducting pre-conscription training of young people in accordance with programs (plans) approved by the state body in charge of education;

Providing practical assistance to the heads of educational organizations in conducting fire training classes according to the programs;

Organization of visits by pre-conscripts to military units and institutions in accordance with programs (plans) approved by the state body in charge of defense issues;

Organization and testing of pre-conscription training and military-patriotic work in educational organizations;

Drawing up action plans to improve the pre-conscription training of young people;

Together with the state body in charge of education, assessing the state of pre-conscription training of young people in educational organizations.

7. The state body in charge of education is entrusted with:

In coordination with the state body in charge of defense issues, and other state bodies in charge of educational organizations, the development, approval of curricula and programs, instructions, orders, regulations, methodological recommendations, teaching aids;

Participation in the creation of an educational and material base on the issues of pre-conscription training of young people in educational organizations;

Organization and holding of military-patriotic and defense-mass events in educational organizations;

Together with the state body in charge of defense issues, the selection of candidates for the position of leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of young people in educational organizations from among officers and conscripts in the reserve who have a military or pedagogical education, who have the necessary military knowledge, high moral character and are able to train and educate students ;

Together with the state body in charge of defense issues, assessing the state of pre-conscription training of young people in educational organizations;

Drawing up action plans to improve the pre-conscription training of young people.

8. The state body in charge of the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations is entrusted with the participation of:

In the creation of an educational and material base on the issues of pre-conscription training of young people in the field of civil protection.

9. The state body in charge of health issues is entrusted with the participation of:

In the development and implementation of training programs (plans), instructions, regulations, methodological recommendations, visual aids and instructions;

In the creation of an educational and material base on the issues of pre-conscription training of young people in terms of the basics of medical knowledge, as well as the involvement of specialists to conduct classes on the basics of medical knowledge.

10. The state body in charge of physical culture and sports is entrusted with:

Control of physical training young men of pre-conscription age;

Publication of teaching aids on physical culture for young men of pre-conscription age;

Participation in military-applied sports among students of educational organizations.

11. The state bodies in charge of educational organizations are entrusted with the provision of assistance in:

Development and implementation of training programs (plans), instructions, regulations, guidelines;

Creation of educational and material base on issues of pre-conscription training of youth;

Carrying out military-patriotic and defense-mass events.

12. Participation in:

Organization and holding of military-patriotic and defense-mass events of local importance;

Creation of an educational and material base on the issues of pre-conscription training of young people in educational organizations located on the territory of local self-government.

3. Organization of pre-conscription training of youth

13. At least 68 hours per academic year are allotted for pre-conscription training of young people in educational organizations.

14. Classes for pre-conscription training of youth are included in the general schedule of classes and are held in classes and study groups.

Classes and study groups are called groups and are divided into departments. Commanders of groups and departments are appointed from among the students by order of the head of the educational organization.

15. Pre-conscription training of youth includes the following sections of training:

Fundamentals of military affairs;

Basics of military service;

fire training;

General physical training;

Fundamentals of life safety;

Civil protection;

Fundamentals of medical knowledge;

Complex lessons.

Classes on the basics of military affairs, military service, life safety, general physical training, civil protection, complex classes are conducted by the head (teacher) of pre-conscription training of youth.

Classes in general physical training can be conducted by a teacher (teacher) in physical education.

Classes on the basics of medical knowledge are conducted by a teacher (teacher) - a specialist in the field of medicine or the head (teacher) of pre-conscription training of young people, if he has a certificate of medical training.

16. Before the initial military registration, pre-conscripts are not involved in practical and field classes for pre-conscription training of young people.

Persons recognized as unfit for military service during the initial registration for military registration are not involved in practical and field classes for pre-conscription training of young people.

17. Persons who have completed compulsory military service, as well as persons who have completed a full course of pre-conscription training of youth in educational organizations, upon transfer (admission) to another educational organization, are not involved in pre-conscription training of youth.

These persons can be involved as assistants to the leaders (teachers) of classes during classes for pre-conscription training of young people.

18. At the final stage of training for pre-conscription training of young people, in order to consolidate the acquired military knowledge and skills acquired during theoretical studies, with students, three-day field training sessions (gatherings) are held on the basis of nearby military units (institutions) or on the basis of educational organizations where there is an educational and material base for conducting field training sessions (gatherings), due to the time allotted for pre-conscription training youth.

19. Practical training in firearms training (training in shooting from small arms) is carried out only at shooting ranges (ranges) and in the shooting ranges of military units, military educational institutions and in defense sports and technical organizations in the manner determined for the organization of firearms training classes.

The time, place and procedure for conducting practical training in firearms training with students is determined by the district (city) military commissariat in agreement with the head of the garrison, the commander of the military unit, the head of the military educational institution and brings to the attention of the heads of educational organizations before the start of the academic year.

20. Heads of garrisons, together with military commissariats, assign educational organizations to military units, military educational institutions, military departments and military institutions to assist in organizing and conducting pre-conscription training and military-patriotic education of young people.

21. Students' knowledge of pre-conscription training of youth is assessed, as in other subjects, according to a five-point system.

The final grade based on the annual grades received by students in the pre-conscription training of youth (with the exception of persons declared unfit for military service upon initial registration for military registration) is set out in the corresponding document on education (certificate, diploma).

22. At the end of the pre-conscription training course in an educational organization, events are organized in military applied sports, which include competitions to perform practical actions in the scope of the program (plan) of pre-conscription training for young people and an order (decision) is announced on completion of training.

23. Lists of male students who have completed the full course of pre-conscription training of youth in educational organizations, with final grades, are sent by the head of the educational organization to the district (city) military commissariat at the place of initial military registration.

24. The educational organization uses various methods training, there is a constant concern for the quality and effectiveness of the activities. Contact is constantly maintained with military units, institutions and military educational institutions, and the military profession is actively promoted among students.

25. In an educational organization, a visual campaign is drawn up, which should reflect the military-patriotic theme, promote veterans of the Great Patriotic War, other armed conflicts and show the life of an educational organization.

4. Selection, appointment and training of leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth of educational organizations

26. Appointment to the positions of leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth and their dismissal are carried out in accordance with the norms of the labor legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic.

At the same time, the following are appointed to the positions of leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth:

Graduates of educational organizations of higher professional education in the specialty "teacher of pre-conscription training of youth and physical education";

Reserve and retired officers with a higher or secondary military education, possessing the necessary military knowledge, high moral character and able to train and educate students, as well as experienced sergeants and reserve soldiers with a higher pedagogical education.

27. The selection of teachers for classes on the basics of medical knowledge is carried out by the territorial health authorities together with the heads of educational organizations from among trained medical workers.

5. Advanced training (retraining) of leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth

28. Advanced training (retraining) of leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth, teachers in the basics of medical knowledge is carried out in order to improve the organization of the educational process and the quality of conducting classes in pre-conscription training of youth, improve pedagogical and military knowledge, improve methodological skills in training, education and preparation of young men for military service and the basics of civil protection.

29. Advanced training of leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth includes holding orientation fees (seminars), lasting up to five days, and annual three-day educational and methodological meetings, monthly one-day methodological classes; training in courses at advanced training institutes, as well as participation in the work of subject methodological commissions in an educational organization and their independent work.

30. Installation fees with newly appointed and worked less than a year and who have not passed these fees leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth are held annually, in September, according to a program approved by the state body in charge of defense, in agreement with the state body in charge of education.

At the installation camp, the leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth study the requirements of guidelines, programs of the basics of pedagogy and psychology, improve military knowledge and methodological skills, get acquainted with the methods of organizing and conducting military-patriotic work in an educational organization.

Installation fees are organized and conducted on the basis of district (city) military commissariats under the leadership of district (city) military commissars. To organize and conduct training camps, by orders of district (city) military commissars, in agreement with the commanders of military units, heads of military educational institutions, the chairman of the defense sports and technical organization, the places for training camps are determined, officials responsible for conducting training camps are appointed, experienced officers and teachers for conducting classes, the necessary weapons, ammunition, military equipment (shooting ranges, shooting ranges) and vehicles. For training camps involve specialists in pedagogy, psychology, medicine and civil protection.

31. Three-day educational and methodical gatherings are held with all leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth before the start of the academic year.

At the training camp, the results of the pre-conscription training of young people are summed up, tasks for the new academic year are set, organizational and methodological documents are studied, demonstrative, practical and other classes are held; the participants of the gathering share their experience in teaching and educating students.

Educational and methodological gatherings are organized and conducted on the basis of educational organizations according to a program approved by the state body in charge of education, in agreement with the state body in charge of defense.

32. One-day instructor-methodical classes with leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of young people are held quarterly according to a program approved by the state body in charge of defense issues, the day for conducting classes in districts (cities) is set by military commissars together with the territorial departments of education and the head of the educational organization, on on which the classes are based. On this day, practical and demonstration classes, seminars, lectures and open lessons are held with the leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth.

For conducting one-day classes, officers of military units, military educational institutions, military departments of universities, the most trained leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth, specialists of education departments, as well as officers and generals of the reserve and retired can be involved.

In the district (city) military commissariats, a register is kept of the methodological training of leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of young people and teachers in the basics of medical knowledge.

33. Leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth take part in the work of the methodological commission on issues of pre-conscription training of youth, physical culture, the basics of medical knowledge in an educational organization.

The tasks of the commission are to systematically improve the professional knowledge of the head (teacher) of pre-conscription training of youth, physical education teacher, teacher on the basics of medical knowledge, improve their methodological skills, study and promote advanced pedagogical experience, educational and educational work with students.

34. The leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth are given one day a week for methodological training (generalization of best practices, development of individual questions on pre-conscription training of youth, preparation for conducting classes, drawing up methodological developments and improving the educational and material base).

35. Refresher courses for leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth are organized by the state body in charge of education, at institutes (centers) for the improvement of teachers according to an approved program.

Leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth for advanced training courses are involved once every 5 years on a common basis with other teachers (teachers).

Courses are held staff members Institute for the Improvement of Teachers, instructors, methodologists and experienced leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth. Officers of military units, military departments of universities, as well as employees of territorial departments of civil protection can be involved in conducting individual classes.

36. With teachers on the basics of medical knowledge, one-day methodological classes are held before the start of the academic year.

Classes are held by district (city) departments of education, health authorities and military commissariats.

6. Duties of officials of educational institutions (educational organizations)

37. The head of an educational organization is responsible for the organization and condition of the pre-conscription training of young people, for the safety of the educational and material base, including training weapons and ammunition.

38. The head of the educational organization is obliged:

Ensure timely planning, organization and conduct of the educational process, complete and high-quality implementation of the Pre-Conscription Training Program for Youth;

Allocate premises, sites and places for practicing practical training of pre-conscription training of youth, take measures to constantly improve the educational and material base together with local governments in accordance with the requirements of this Regulation and the Program for pre-conscription training of youth;

Take measures to increase the personal responsibility of young people (students) for academic performance, involve students in the creation and improvement of the educational and material base;

Organize accounting and storage of training weapons and ammunition in accordance with the established requirements determined by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic;

To provide the head (teacher) of pre-conscription training of youth with educational and methodological assistance, to ensure the connection of pre-conscription training of youth with other academic subjects, the organization and conduct of circle work (optional);

To control the conduct of classes by the head (teacher) of pre-conscription training of youth, the quality of assimilation of the material passed by students, to discuss the state of pre-conscription training of youth, military-patriotic work and defense-mass work with students at pedagogical councils (meetings), at least once a year;

Organize and conduct events in military applied sports dedicated to the completion of the pre-conscription training course for young people;

Issue orders on the beginning and end of pre-conscription training for young people, on the appointment of commanders of groups and departments, and on conducting practical exercises in firearms training;

Submit reports on the state of pre-conscription training and military-patriotic work with students to district (city) military commissariats and by subordination.

39. The head (teacher) of pre-conscription training of youth is subordinate to the head of the educational organization and is directly responsible for the pre-conscription training of students, accounting, storage and issuance of training weapons and ammunition for them, in accordance with the requirements determined by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic.

The head (teacher) of pre-conscription training of youth is obliged to:

Comply with the established rules and safety measures when conducting classes using military equipment and practical training in firearms training, in accordance with the established requirements determined by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic;

Organize, plan and conduct at a high scientific, theoretical and methodological level educational, optional and extracurricular activities for pre-conscription training of young people;

To supervise the work of teachers on the basics of medical knowledge;

To make proposals for the improvement of educational work, the introduction of the most effective forms, methods and means of training and education;

Keep records of academic performance and attendance;

Explore personal qualities individual characteristics pre-conscripts, prepare them for military service, keep records of pre-conscripts of an educational organization; lead a circle to study the basics of military affairs, organize military sports games;

Participate in planning activities for military-patriotic and defense-mass work;

Organize work on interaction with military commissariats, military units and military educational institutions, make the most of their assistance in improving the education and military-patriotic education of students;

Ensure the creation and improvement of the educational and material base for the pre-conscription training of young people;

Keep records, organize storage and repair of training weapons and other military property in accordance with the established requirements determined by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic;

Check, at least once a month, the availability and technical condition of the educational and material base, timely organize their repair in the prescribed manner;

Participate in the organization and conduct of district (city) competitions in military-applied sports and civil protection;

Ensure compliance with safety measures during practical exercises;

Prepare reports in the prescribed format;

Systematically improve their military and pedagogical knowledge, improve methodological skills.

The head (teacher) of pre-conscription training of youth of an educational organization works together with the deputy head of the educational organization for educational work, with a teacher of physical culture (head of physical education) and class teachers(masters of industrial training), with the teaching staff of the educational institution.

The work of the head (teacher) of pre-conscription training of youth is regulated by the schedule of classes, the plan of events held after school hours, and his personal plan approved by the head of the educational organization.

The work of the head (teacher) of pre-conscription training of youth, not provided for by functional duties and the approved plan, is carried out in each individual case in agreement with the head of the educational organization. The head (teacher) of pre-conscription training of youth is not involved in the duty of the educational organization.

The head (teacher) of pre-conscription training of young people is not expected to be assigned the duties of a class teacher.

7. Logistics support for pre-conscription training of youth

40. To conduct classes on pre-conscription training of youth, the state body in charge of defense issues provides educational organizations with training weapons, small-caliber rifles and cartridges for them, and personal protective equipment.

41. The demand for training weapons by military commissariats is carried out in accordance with the number and terms indicated in the report card, according to annual reports-applications, separately for each type of training weapon submitted to the state body in charge of defense, annually by October 1.

42. The transfer of training weapons to military commissariats from the warehouses of military units, repair shops and institutions is carried out according to the orders (waybills) of the state body in charge of defense issues.

Training weapons are handed over complete with technical documentation (descriptions, diagrams, instructions, etc.).

43. Receipt of training weapons is carried out by representatives of the military commissariats upon presentation of a power of attorney and identity documents (passport, identity card).

44. The delivery of training weapons for educational organizations is carried out by forces and means of education departments together with military commissariats, in accordance with the requirements determined by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic.

45. The state body in charge of the prevention and elimination of emergency situations provides educational organizations with civil protection property at the expense of the organizations in charge of educational organizations, at the request of education departments.

46. ​​The state body in charge of health issues, through subordinate bodies, attracts specialists to conduct classes on the basics of medical knowledge, provides educational organizations with medical property on the basics of medical knowledge, at the expense of organizations in charge of educational organizations, at the request of education departments.

47. The repair of training weapons located in educational organizations is carried out through the military commissariats in the repair shops of the state body in charge of defense issues, according to the orders of the military commissariats.

48. In educational organizations, the educational and material base is created and constantly improved in accordance with the requirements of the Youth Pre-Conscription Training Program. The program includes the presence of the following: an office for pre-conscription training of youth; a room specially equipped for storing training weapons and small-caliber rifles; shooting range; places for practical study duties of orderly and drill techniques; sports town (places) for conducting classes in general physical training; a single obstacle course; a set of removable and portable educational equipment for conducting classes on the basics of military affairs; teaching aids and technical means learning.

49. Official salaries, social insurance, labor regulation of heads (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth of educational organizations are determined in the manner prescribed by the terms of remuneration of employees of the education system and current legislation.

AT teaching experience heads (teachers) of pre-conscription training of educational organizations, the term of active military service in the Armed Forces and other military formations is counted.

50. The material and technical support of classes, the creation of an educational and material base for pre-conscription training of young people can be carried out at the expense of the local budget, as well as funds not prohibited by the current legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic.

8. Control over pre-conscription training of youth in educational organizations

51. Control over the pre-conscription training of young people is carried out by:

Comprehensive verification according to the joint plans of the state body in charge of education, the state body in charge of defense, and organizations in charge of educational organizations;

Checks on certain issues of the state body in charge of defense issues, as agreed or with the involvement of the state body in charge of education, and other interested state bodies of the Kyrgyz Republic;

Checks on certain issues of the state body, organizations in charge of educational organizations.

52. Pre-conscription training of young people in educational organizations is subject to comprehensive verification according to the joint plans of state bodies in charge of education and defense, at least once every three years.

Educational organizations that have received unsatisfactory grades are rechecked after a year. In case of repeated receipt of an unsatisfactory grade, the issue of compliance with the position of the head (teacher) of pre-conscription training of young people is considered.

At least one day is allotted for the verification of the educational organization. At the same time, the organization of the educational process and the implementation of programs, attendance, the quality of assimilation of the program by students, the methodological training of the head (teacher) of pre-conscription training of young people and the quality of their classes, the state of the educational and material base, military-patriotic and defense-mass work, the quality of leadership of the pre-conscription youth training.

53. A general assessment of the state of pre-conscription training of young people in an educational organization consists of assessments of the quality of assimilation by students of programs and the state of the educational and material base.

This takes into account the implementation of programs, methodological training of leaders (teachers) of pre-conscription training of youth and the state of management of pre-conscription training of youth by the head of the educational organization.

54. To assess the quality of assimilation of programs (material passed) in educational organizations, at least two groups of at least 10 people each are checked, with individual marks being given:

By testing;

Practical actions of students.

Based on the individual assessments received by students, the assessment of the educational organization for the quality of mastering the program is derived:

- "excellent", if at least 90% of the tested trainees received positive marks, while at least 50% - "excellent";

- "good", if at least 80% of the tested trainees received positive marks, while at least 50% - "excellent", "good";

- "satisfactory" if at least 70% of the tested trainees received positive marks;

- "unsatisfactory" if more than 30% of the tested trainees received unsatisfactory marks.

55. The state of the educational and material base of the educational organization is assessed:

- "excellent" if there is an equipped room for pre-conscription training of youth, a room for storing training weapons, a shooting range, training weapons and property, and their accounting and storage are organized in strict accordance with the requirements of the instructions, places for practical study of the duties of daytime and combat techniques, a sports town (place) for conducting classes in general physical training, a single obstacle course, educational visual aids and technical teaching aids;

- "good" if there is everything listed for the "excellent" rating, but there is not a fully equipped place for the practical study of the duties of an orderly or a single obstacle course;

- “satisfactory” if there is an office for pre-conscription training of youth, a room for storing educational weapons, a shooting range, a sports camp for general physical training classes, educational weapons and property, and their storage and accounting are organized in accordance with established requirements;

- "unsatisfactory" if one of the elements of the educational and material base listed for the "satisfactory" rating is missing, or the conditions for storing training weapons and property do not meet the established requirements.

56. The general state of pre-conscription training of youth of an educational organization is assessed:

- "excellent", if rated: the quality of mastering the program by the trainees - "excellent", the state of the educational and material base - not lower than the mark "good";

- "good", if assessed: the quality of mastering the program by the trainees is not lower than "good", and the state of the educational and material base is not lower than "satisfactory";

- "satisfactory", if the quality of mastering the program by the trainees and the state of the educational and material base are rated not lower than "satisfactory";

- "unsatisfactory", if one of the indicators is rated "unsatisfactory".

57. When conducting inspections on certain issues, the overall assessment of the educational organization is not set.

At the end of the audit of the educational organization, the results of the audit are summed up.

58. Based on the results of the audit of pre-conscription training of young people in educational organizations (in the context of the city, district and region), an act of the results of the audit is drawn up and analyzed in the presence of representatives of state bodies in charge of defense and education, military commissariats and organizations in charge of educational organizations , with the involvement of heads of educational organizations.

Local state administrations and local self-government bodies are informed about the results of the audit.

Based on the results of the audit, an act is drawn up in the number of copies according to the number of interested parties and brought to the attention of each of the parties.

59. Office correspondence on issues of pre-conscription training of youth is conducted strictly according to departmental subordination.

Military commissariats and departments of education annually, by June 10, submit final reports on the state of pre-conscription training of young people for the past year according to departmental subordination to the state body in charge of defense issues and to the state body in charge of education.

), dressings and so on, which is one of the main components of the mobilization capabilities of the state.

Organization of the NVP

In the USSR, on the basis of the Law on universal military duty, in all secondary general education schools, in secondary specialized educational institutions (technical schools) and in vocational schools (vocational schools) NWP was carried out without interruption from study and production.
GNP in average general education schools as a subject was introduced from the 9th grade. Boys and girls of pre-conscription and military age were subject to training. Also to the area NWP related to the activities of the DOSAAF network.
According to the Soviet tradition, teachers NWP if possible, they were recruited from among the officers of the armed forces who had retired from service. The name was officially assigned to them military leader or commonly abbreviated military instructor .
On average, two NVP lessons were supposed to be in one week.
For a full-fledged study of the subject, schools, vocational schools and technical schools were provided with the appropriate educational material base as:

• training weapons (AK, small-caliber rifles, air rifles, dummies hand grenades);
• personal protective equipment (gas masks, respirators, OZK);
• means of radiation and chemical reconnaissance (dosimeters, gas analyzers);
• educational posters and layouts.

The initial stage of the program NWP There was an introduction in which the following points were explained to the students:

• Definition of the Armed Forces and its tasks.
• The composition of the armed forces, its structure and division into types of troops.
• System military ranks in armed forces and insignia.
• The order of military service.

AT Basic military training included the study of the following disciplines:

• Drill training - students were taught to form a formation, march in formation and out of formation, and perform combat techniques.
• Fire training - familiarization with the device of AK and hand grenades and their performance characteristics, training in the assembly and disassembly of AK, familiarization with the theory of shooting and skill correct aiming. Implementation of practical shooting at the shooting range.
• Tactical training - familiarization with the theory of warfare, tactics and actions of military personnel in battle.
• Protection against Weapons of Mass Destruction (ZOMP) - familiarization with personal protective equipment and the rules for their use. The study of chemical reconnaissance means. Familiarization with damaging factors weapons mass destruction. A Surface Study of the Foundations of Civil Defense.
• Medical training is a superficial study of the provision of medical care to injured and injured people.
• The study of charters - familiarization with the General Military Charters of the USSR Armed Forces.
• Topographic preparation - orientation on the ground, the study of symbols on topographic maps, movement along azimuths.
• Engineering training - the study of methods of equipment and camouflage of positions, the construction of shelters, trenches and trenches, the main types of mines and obstacles.

By the end of the program NWP, if possible, students (only boys) of the 10th grade were taken to a weekly military training camp in a military unit stationed in this region, where, under the guidance of military personnel, they got acquainted with the life of conscripts, with the organization of guard and internal services, with weapons samples, they dug single trenches for shooting, were engaged in drill training, elements of fire, tactical, physical and military medical training, studied means of individual, radiation, chemical and biological protection, carried out target practice.

NVP through DOSAAF

In addition to the required program NWP taught in schools, technical schools and colleges, in the USSR for young men who expressed a desire to receive additional training before being called up for military service, there was an all-Union network of the DOSAAF organization (Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Army, Aviation and Navy), whose representative offices were in all regional centers of the Union republics.

The DOSAAF system had military technical schools and flying clubs. For boys and girls who expressed their desire, DOSAAF could provide free education in the following military applied disciplines:

• Truck driving courses;
• Caterpillar driving courses (caterpillar tractors);
• Radiotelegraphist courses;
• Skydiving training and parachuting;
• Training in the management of sports aircraft and aircraft sports;
• Motorcycle driving training and motorcycling;
• Modeling (aeromodelling, ship modeling, car modeling, rocket modeling)
• and much more

In fact, DOSAAF was engaged in the preparation of young men who expressed a desire to enroll in higher military schools. DOSAAF was also engaged in military-patriotic education of youth

Current situation

At this stage NWP as a program for general education secondary schools, secondary specialized educational institutions and vocational schools, is mandatory in the following states of the former USSR:

Despite the Legislation "On military duty and military service" of 1998, which states that it is mandatory to have NWP in the education system, teaching has not been revived in Russia NWP in schools, despite repeated statements by the state leadership that this is possible.

NVP in other states

For objective reasons, the governments of some states are forced to increase the mobilization capabilities of the state by introducing NWP in the general education program, or to maintain paramilitary educational institutions that purposefully prepare candidates for contract service in the armed forces.

Israel

In Israel, pre-conscription training begins at the age of 13. It is carried out in a youth paramilitary organization GADNA(abbreviation from Hebrew "Youth battalions"). Management GADNA carried out by career officers of the IDF, who coordinate the training process with the Ministry of Education. Every year, high school students go to a two-week training camp in military camps. At the training camp, they are subordinate to army officers and sergeants. At the time of the training camp, students receive uniforms. They conduct classes in shooting, physical and drill training.
At the end of the training camp, each high school student at the certification receives from experts a conclusion on the level of training and a preference for choosing a military specialty. Also in the system GADNA there is an aviation and a naval section.

Great Britain

In the UK, pre-conscription training is referred to as Non-military training system (SVP). It exists outside the general education system.
SVP represented by voluntary paramilitary youth organizations of schools and colleges. There are also joint and army cadet units, cadet corps aviation training and naval cadet corps.
Boys and girls between the ages of 11 and 18 are accepted into the combined cadet units. First, they are credited for one year, after which this period, if desired, can be extended for another year. In the first year of training, drill and fire training is given, in the second year - training in the military specialty. The topics of training for cadets of the ground forces may include: Maintenance cars and armored vehicles, horseback riding, communication, overcoming natural obstacles.
Army cadet units, in contrast to the united cadet units, are formed by regions (counties) and prepare young people for service mainly in the territorial troops. Recruitment in them can be made from both students and non-student youth. Army cadet units serve as the basis for the formation of cadet battalions, in which the initial military training youth.

Textbook for grades 10-11 (11-12) of institutions providing general secondary education with Belarusian and Russian languages ​​of instruction with 11-year and 12-year terms of study
Approved by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

INTRODUCTION
Man penetrated the secrets of intranuclear energy, went out into space clones animal cells. The human mind conquered the Earth, but could not. reconcile humanity. The world has not yet learned to live in the world. And people entered the third millennium with a burden of dictate and violence, with local and global conflicts, with the presence of armies in almost all countries of the world.
Belarus is a peace-loving state. The Constitution of our country states that, “The Republic of Belarus in its external
policy proceeds from the principles of equality of states, non-use of force or threat of force”. But peacefulness alone in the present situation does not guarantee security. One of priority areas ensuring the security of the Republic of Belarus is the creation of the necessary defense potential.
AT last years there have been changes in the theory and practice of preparing and waging wars. Armed struggle today is no longer the only and main means of achieving the goals of war. Political, diplomatic, economic, informational and other forms of confrontation came to the fore. The probability and outcome of war at the present time depend more and more on the unity and readiness of the entire people to stand up for the defense of the Fatherland. All this gave national security country, the defense of the Fatherland is truly a national character.
The content of the armed struggle was also transformed - non-contact actions, special operations, actions of irregular troops, and terrorist actions became priorities in it. Radical changes in the content of the armed struggle led to the need for a deep reform of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus. There was a need to organize a coherent system of territorial defense of the country, pre-conscription training of citizens for military service became relevant.
The defense of the country is attributed by the Belarusian legislation to the most important functions of the state, is a common cause, and the defense of the Republic of Belarus is defined by its Constitution as a duty and a sacred duty of the citizens of the republic. From time immemorial, the armed defense of the Fatherland has been the lot of men, their duty and a matter of honor. In Belarus, military duty has been established, according to which citizens are subject to military registration, are prepared and recruited for military service or service in the reserve of the Armed Forces or in other military formations of the republic, and are in the reserve.
The Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Military Duty and Military Service” provides for mandatory and voluntary training of citizens for military service. An important element of compulsory training is pre-conscription training, which is carried out in institutions that provide general secondary, vocational and secondary specialized education.
The purpose of pre-conscription training is to form in young men the moral, psychological and physical readiness for military service, to provide students with the knowledge and skills necessary to master the duties of a defender of the Fatherland.
In the process of training, pre-conscripts and conscripts must learn the constitutional rights and obligations of citizens to protect the state, the purpose of the Armed Forces and other military formations of the Republic of Belarus, the procedure for military service by soldiers and sergeants, the basic requirements of the Military Oath and general military regulations; acquire practical skills, physical training and psychological stability, so that, being called up for military service, successfully master the entrusted weapons and military equipment.
The textbook outlines the content of all topics of pre-conscription training programs for secondary schools, vocational schools and secondary specialized educational institutions. At the same time, the sequence of presentation of the material is somewhat different from the placement of topics in the programs. Such a digression makes the textbook more coherent, logically consistent and should not cause difficulties in studying the subject.
In the first section study guide contains theoretical material on the heroic historical past of our people, the origin, development and current state of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus, military legislation, issues of training and military service are specified. The study of this material contributes to the education of citizenship and patriotism, forms a psychological readiness for the upcoming military service.
The second section presents mainly the practical component of pre-conscription training. The practical development of techniques, exercises and standards contributes to a more conscious perception of the issues of the first section, and also provides an opportunity to acquire initial skills that will help young soldiers quickly adapt to military service.
The study of the subject “Pre-conscription training” in a complex system of ideological and military-patriotic education forms in young men the readiness to fulfill the constitutional duty to protect the Motherland, strengthens the morale of students, helps to increase their consciousness, responsibility, discipline, labor activity.
This publication takes into account changes in military construction, the results of the reform of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus after 2001.

DEFENSE OF THE HOMELAND
Of all the constitutional duties of the citizens of Belarus, only one is defined as sacred - this is the protection of the Republic of Belarus. In order to perform military duty consciously and with dignity, one must know one's country, its past and present, have an idea about the army, be mentally, psychologically and physically prepared for the upcoming military service and, if necessary, for the armed defense of the Fatherland - the Republic of Belarus.

CHAPTER I
Pages of courage and heroism of the Belarusian people
Those who live are indebted to the past and are accountable to the future. What did we take from our ancestors, how did we use their heritage, what will we pass on to our descendants?
Do not count the feats of arms committed on Belarusian soil, do not count the names of the heroes who selflessly defended their homeland.
In this chapter, we will not think about battles, wars or historical events, but about the people who stood up for the defense native land, his people, the Fatherland. Let's think, reflect and appreciate the courage, courage and greatness of the spirit of our ancestors.
§ 1. Defense of the Fatherland by our ancestors
Armed struggle of the Eastern Slavs. History knows many examples when entire tribes, peoples, and states ceased to exist in wars of extermination. Since ancient times, the right to life and one's further development had to be defended, and therefore the issues of defense, armed struggle acquired paramount importance.
Our ancient ancestors are East Slavic tribes. They led sedentary life, successfully developed agriculture, cattle breeding, crafts, and when the enemy attacked, they courageously and skillfully defended themselves.
During the period of the decomposition of the primitive communal system and the emergence of feudal relations among the Eastern Slavs, participation in military enterprises was not a privilege for some and a burden for others. Everyone who was capable of this took part in them, which means that preparing for military operations, acquiring the necessary skills and abilities was the business of everyone.
The closest neighbors of the Eastern Slavs in the south were the Huns and Avars wandering in the Black Sea steppes, and then the Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsy. During the next raids, they robbed, took away prisoners, devastated the East Slavic lands. All this made me pay great attention armed protection. Along with rural settlements, the Eastern Slavs built large fortified settlements surrounded by earthen ramparts, ditches, and a log palisade. For self-defense and warfare, they improved their weapons, which was facilitated by the successful development of crafts.
East Slavs and made their own trips. Their troops repeatedly reached the walls of Constantinople, and the Byzantine author was forced to admit that the Slavs "learned to wage war better than the Romans." The chronicle mentions that in the army of the Kyiv prince Oleg in 907 Polotsk and Radimichi fought courageously against Byzantium, for which Polotsk received tribute from the defeated Greeks.
But more often it was necessary to defend, and success came when they acted together. During the next raid of the Polovtsy in 1168, the Grand Duke of Kyiv Mstislav, having gathered all the specific princes, turned to them with the words: “Friends and brothers! Let's leave the strife; Let us look up to heaven, draw our sword, and, calling on the name of God, strike at the enemies. Glorious, brothers, to seek honor in the field and the traces laid there by our fathers and grandfathers. The Polovtsy were defeated. In joint campaigns against the nomads, together with the princes of Kyiv, the princes of Polotsk David, Grodno Mstislav, Turov Gleb, Pinsk Yaroslav and others took part with their squads.
In 1240, having captured the mouth of the Neva and the city of Ladoga, the Swedes intended to block the Novgorodians from reaching Baltic Sea. The army of the Swede J. Birger passed along the Neva and camped near the Izhora River. Prince of Novgorod Alexander Yaroslavich with a small detachment and a squad of Polochans approached the Swedish camp and in hand-to-hand combat utterly defeated the enemy. The chronicler spoke highly of the Belarusian warrior Yakov Polochanin. According to him, he, “having come to the Swedish regiment with a sword, had a lot of courage.” After the battle, Prince Alexander Nevsky personally thanked the brave warrior. An even more crushing defeat was inflicted on the crusaders on Lake Peipus in 1242.
Battle of the Neva (Alexander Nevsky on the left, N. Birger on the right, Yakov Polochanin in the foreground). Old Russian book miniature of the 16th century.
Kulikovo battle. A striking example of uniting against a common enemy was the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), where, under the leadership of the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy, Prince Andrei of Polotsk and Pskov, his brother Prince Dmitry Olgerdovich, Prince Dmitry Bobrok, Drutsk Prince Gleb fought with their troops. The combined forces dealt a severe blow to the Golden Horde, as a result of which it steadily declined.
The battle began with a duel between two heroes: the Russian Alexander Peresvet and the Mongolian Chelubey. Both died in mortal combat. Then the troops approached, and the battle began. The chronicler in the famous “Tale of the Battle of Mamaev” describes the stubbornness and bitterness of the Kulikovo battle as follows: “On that field strong regiments came together, bloody dawns came out of them from the radiance of swords, like lightning flashes. And there was a crash of breaking spears and blows of swords.
Belarusians can be proud of the courage and bravery of their ancestors - warriors who came to the Kulikovo Field to participate in the just struggle for the just cause of all fraternal East Slavic peoples.
Battle of Grunwald. Another example of a joint fight against the enemy is the famous Battle of Grunwald, in which Lithuanian, Polish, Belarusian and Russian heroes fought shoulder to shoulder against the Teutonic Order of the Crusaders.
The battle took place on July 15, 1410 near the village of Grunwald. It began with a bold attack by Vitovt's cavalry. The attack was decisive and powerful, the riders were already crushing the German bombardiers and approached the knights, but were met by an avalanche of arrows from crossbowmen and archers. And then an armored wall of knightly cavalry rushed into battle. The advanced Polish regiments also came forward. The enemies met in battle.
There was an incredible rumble from battle cries, screams, neighing of horses, clang of weapons. “The foot stepped on the foot, the armor hit the armor, and the lances were directed into the faces of the enemies...” For a long time The troops fought without any success. Vytautas, forgetting about fatigue and neglecting the dangers, appeared in one place or another in the battle, called and led his soldiers into battle.
A powerful blow was dealt by the Germans in the center, where the soldiers of the Smolensk, Orsha and Mstislav regiments stood. The Russians fought desperately, holding back an enemy several times superior to them. The Polish historian of the 15th century, Jan Dlugosh, wrote: “... Russian knights from the Smolensk land, built by three separate regiments, fought steadfastly with the enemies ... They deserved immortal glory for this.”
Master of the Teutonic Order Ulrich von Junging-gen, sensing that the enemy's forces were running out, stood at the head of his troops and went, as he believed, to defeat the enemy, but miscalculated. The Poles, on the one hand, the Lithuanians, on the other, hit Jungingen's army. Hundreds of Prussians, and behind them the knights, having abandoned their banners and weapons, began to surrender.
The order failed to shackle the Slavs in those shackles that were found by the winners after the battle in the crusader camp. The courage and bravery of our ancestors in their struggle against the German invaders at Grunwald is a golden page of military prowess and glory of the Belarusian people.
Valor and glory of the Belarusian regiments. The tsarist government did not give weapons to many peoples, but Belarusians never had any restrictions. Moreover, entire regiments were formed from them.
Polotsk regiment. The highest achievement of military art at the end of the 18th century was the capture of the then impregnable Turkish fortress of Izmail. Warriors of the Belarusian Jaeger Corps and the Polotsk Infantry Regiment took part in the unprecedented assault under the command of A.V. Suvorov. At the critical moment of the assault, when the enemy was trying to throw off the attacking column regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Ya Su led the Polochans in a counterattack. Their decisive action forced the Turks to withdraw, abandon their positions and flee. But the Polotsk people also suffered losses, their courageous commander Lieutenant Colonel Yasunsky died a heroic death. Then the regimental priest Trofim Kubinsky took his place. With a cross in his hand, he took the soldiers with him, the task assigned to the regiment was completed.
Polotsk fought courageously in the Battle of Borodino, defending the famous Rayevsky battery, in the assault on Leipzig and the capture of Paris, in the siege of Varna and the defense of Sevastopol.
The Minsk regiment, on August 26, 1812, part of the corps of Marshal Junot and the regiments of Prince Yu. Poniatovsky sought to cut off the 1st Grenadier Division from the main forces of Bagration. The Minsk 54th Infantry Regiment as part of the division, having made a maneuver, suddenly counterattacked the French and Poles, dispersed their battle formation and threw them back to their original positions. About his commander, Colonel
A. Krasavina, the award list printed: He led the regiment entrusted to him with exemplary fearlessness and, being under strong cannon fire, acted excellently and set his example to the sub-commanders with personal courage, and received a strong concussion in the leg from the core. Subsequently, the regiment smashed and drove the invaders in the direction of Maloyaroslavets, Smolensk, Logoisk, Radoshkovichi, Olypan, Grodno.
Dashing Belarusian hussars. Among the regiments named after Belarusian cities, the Belarusian 7th Hussar Regiment had the oldest and most eventful chronicle. Only during the assault on the fortresses of Silistria and Ruschuk during the war with Turkey, 82 enemy banners and 437 guns became their trophies.
The desperate grunts of the Grodno Hussars under the command of Kulnev brought confusion and sowed panic among the French in 1812. On July 30, in the battle near Klyastitsy, Kulnev's detachment thoroughly battered the parts of Marshal Oudinot, capturing almost his entire convoy and 900 prisoners. Near the village of Boyarshchina, both legs were torn off by a direct hit by a French cannonball. Death came almost instantly. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev deserves eternal memory. Even in Finland, he left the kindest memories of himself as a warrior-knight in relation to the vanquished. This is how Kulnev entered the Finnish national literature. In the Grodno Hussar Regiment, he became a colonel, then a major general, St. George's Cavalier. The regiment was named after him.

END OF BOOK FRAGMENT