The history of the emergence of poisons and chemical weapons presentation. weapons of mass destruction chemical weapons

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Slide 17

In 1940, in the city of Oberbayern (Bavaria), a large plant belonging to "IG Farben" was put into operation for the production of mustard gas and mustard compounds, with a capacity of 40 thousand tons. In total, in the pre-war and first war years in Germany, about 17 new technological installations for the production of OM were built, the annual capacity of which exceeded 100 thousand tons. In the city of Dühernfurt, on the Oder (now Silesia, Poland), there was one of the largest production facilities for organic matter. By 1945, Germany had 12 thousand tons of herd in stock, the production of which was nowhere else. The reasons why Germany did not use chemical weapons during World War II remain unclear to this day; according to one version, Hitler did not give the command to use CWA during the war because he believed that the USSR had more chemical weapons.

Slide 18

In 1993, Russia signed and in 1997 ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention. In this regard, a program was adopted to destroy stockpiles of chemical weapons accumulated over many years of their production. Initially, the program was designed until 2009, but due to underfunding, changes were made to the program. The program is currently running through 2012.

Slide 19

Currently, there are eight chemical weapons storage facilities in Russia, each of which corresponds to a destruction facility:

• With. Pokrovka, Chapaevsky district, Samara region (Chapaevsk-11), the destruction plant was one of the first to be installed by military builders, in 1989, but has been mothballed to date)
• Gorny settlement ( Saratov region) (Put into use)
• Kambarka (Udmurt Republic) (First stage commissioned)
• Kizner settlement (Udmurt Republic) (Under construction)
• Shchuchye (Kurgan region) (The first stage was commissioned on February 25, 2009)
• settlement of Maradykovo (object "Maradykovsky") ( Kirov region) (First stage introduced)
• Leonidovka settlement (Penza region) (Commissioned)
• Pochep ( Bryansk region) (under construction)

Slide 20

Storage of poisonous chemicals

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Despite the precautions of the world community, there is a danger of the use of chemical weapons. Each country has its strategic reserve. And so this kind of weapon is a potential environmental problem for the whole world.

• Chemical weapons were used:
• World War I (1914-1918)
• Reef War (1920-1926)
• Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1941)
• Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
• Vietnam War (1955-1975)
• Civil War in North Yemen (1962-1970)
• Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

• Chemical weapons are poisonous substances and the means by which they are used on the battlefield. The basis of the damaging effect of chemical weapons is toxic substances.
• Poisonous substances (S) are chemical compounds that, when used, can cause damage to unprotected manpower or reduce its combat capability.
• By their own damaging properties OV differ from other combat means:
• they are able to penetrate with air into various buildings, in military equipment and inflict defeat on the people in them;
• they can retain their damaging effect in the air, on the ground and in various objects for some, sometimes quite a long time;
• spreading in large volumes of air and over large areas, they defeat all people who are in their area of ​​\u200b\u200baction without means of protection;
• vapors are capable of propagating in the direction of the wind over considerable distances from areas of direct use of chemical weapons.

• OB properties

• Chemical munitions are distinguished by the following characteristics:
• resistance of the applied agent
• the nature of the physiological effects of OM on the human body
• means and methods of application
• tactical purpose
• the speed of the coming impact
• Fortitude
• Depending on how long after application, toxic substances can retain their damaging effect, they are conventionally divided into:
• resistant (mustard gas, lewisite, VX)
• unstable (phosgene, hydrocyanic acid)
• The resistance of poisonous substances depends on :
• their physical and chemical properties,
• ways of application,
• meteorological conditions
• the nature of the area where the poisonous substances were used.
• Persistent agents retain their damaging effect from several hours to several days and even weeks.

• Types of agents according to their physiological effects on humans

• nerve agents

• skin abscess

• general poisonous

• I suffocate

• psychos
• mental

• sneezing

• tear

• annoying

• Types of OV

• OV nerve agent actions cause damage to the central nervous system. The main purpose of the use of agents of nerve paralytic action is the rapid and massive incapacitation of personnel with the greatest possible number of deaths.
• OV blistering actions cause damage mainly through the skin, and when applied in the form of aerosols and vapors - also through the respiratory system.
• OV general poisonous actions affect through the respiratory organs, causing the cessation of oxidative processes in the tissues of the body.
• OV suffocating actions affect mainly the lungs.
• OV psychochemical actions are capable of incapacitating enemy manpower for some time. These toxic substances, acting on the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause such mental deficiencies as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, restriction of the motor functions of various organs. Death is possible at very high concentrations

• Application methods

• OV can be used for the purpose of:
• - defeat manpower for its complete destruction or temporary
• incapacitation, which is achieved by using mainly nerve agents;
• - suppression manpower in order to force it to take protective measures for a certain time and thus make it difficult to maneuver, reduce the speed and accuracy of fire; this task is performed by the use of agents of skin-abscess and nerve-paralytic action;
• - shackling(exhaustion) of the enemy in order to complicate his combat
• actions for a long time and cause losses in personnel; this problem is solved by using persistent agents;
• - infecting the terrain in order to force the enemy to leave their positions, to prohibit or make it difficult to use certain areas of the terrain and overcome obstacles ..

• Application methods

• Delivery methods

• rockets

• artillery

• land mines

• aviation

• Characteristics of the main agents

• Nerve agents
• Sarin GB is a colorless or yellow color the liquid is almost odorless, which makes it difficult to detect it by external signs.
• Persistence in summer - several hours, in winter - several days.
• Sarin causes damage through the respiratory system, skin, gastrointestinal tract.
• When exposed to sarin, the affected person experiences salivation, profuse sweating, headaches, vomiting, dizziness, loss of consciousness, attacks of severe convulsions, paralysis and, as a result of severe poisoning, death.
• Soman GD is a colorless and almost odorless liquid. In many ways, it is very similar to sarin. The persistence of soman is somewhat higher than that of sarin; on the human body, it acts about 10 times stronger.
• V-gases VX are a slightly volatile colorless liquid with a persistence of 7-15 days in summer, and indefinitely in winter. V gases are 100 to 1000 times more toxic than other nerve agents. They are highly effective when acting through the skin. Contact with human skin of small droplets of V-gases, as a rule, causes the death of a person.

• Skin blister agents
• Representatives: mustard gas HD, lewisite L,
• Mustard is a dark brown oily liquid with a characteristic odor of garlic or mustard. Its resistance on the ground is: in summer - from 7 to 14 days, in winter - a month or more.
• The action of mustard gas appears after a period covert action.
• Upon contact with the skin, mustard gas is absorbed into it. After 4-8 hours, redness and itching appear on the skin. After a day, small bubbles form, which merge into single large bubbles. The appearance of blisters is accompanied by malaise and fever.
• After 2 to 3 days, the blisters burst, leaving ulcers that do not heal for a long time.
• The organs of vision are affected by mustard gas at its negligible concentrations in the air and the exposure time is 10 minutes. Then there is photophobia and lacrimation. The disease can last 10-15 days, after which recovery occurs.
• The digestive organs become infected through food. The period of latent action (30 - 60 minutes) ends with the appearance of pain in the stomach, nausea, vomiting; then general weakness sets in, headache, weakening of reflexes. In the future - paralysis, severe weakness and exhaustion. With an unfavorable course, death occurs on the 3rd - 12th day as a result of a complete breakdown and exhaustion.

• General toxic agents
• Hydrocyanic acid AC and cyanogen chloride SC, hydrogen arsenic, hydrogen phosphide.
• Prussic acid AC is a colorless liquid with an odor reminiscent of bitter almonds.
• Hydrocyanic acid evaporates easily and acts only in the vapor state.
• The characteristic signs of damage by hydrocyanic acid are:
• metallic taste in the mouth
• throat irritation, numbness of the tip of the tongue,
• dizziness, weakness, nausea.
• dyspnea,
• slow pulse, loss of consciousness
• sharp convulsions. Spasms are observed rather not for long; they are replaced by complete relaxation of the muscles with loss of sensitivity, a drop in temperature, respiratory depression, followed by its stop.
• Cardiac activity after respiratory arrest continues for another 3-7 minutes.

• suffocating
• Phosgene CG and Diphosgene CG2
• Phosgene - colorless, volatile liquid with the smell of rotten hay or rotten apples. Durability 30-50 min.
• The period of latent action is 4 - 6 hours. When inhaling phosgene, a person feels a sweetish unpleasant taste in the mouth, then coughing, dizziness and general weakness appear.
• When leaving the contaminated air, the signs of poisoning quickly disappear, a period of so-called imaginary well-being begins.
• But after 4-6 hours, the affected person experiences a sharp deterioration in his condition: bluish coloration of the lips, cheeks, and nose quickly develops; there are general weakness, headache, rapid breathing, severe shortness of breath, excruciating cough with liquid, frothy, pinkish sputum, indicating the development of pulmonary edema.
• The process of phosgene poisoning culminates within 2-3 days. With a favorable course of the disease, the affected person will gradually begin to improve his state of health, and in severe cases defeat comes death.
• Diphosgene also has an irritating effect

• Annoying agents
• This group includes gas CS, CN, CR.
• CS at low concentrations is irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract, and at high concentrations it causes burns to exposed skin, in some cases respiratory paralysis, heart failure and death. Signs of damage: severe burning and pain in the eyes and chest, severe lacrimation, involuntary closing of the eyelids, sneezing, runny nose (sometimes with blood), painful burning sensation in the mouth, nasopharynx, upper respiratory tract, cough and chest pain.
• tear- chloroacetophenone "Bird cherry" (named for its characteristic smell, bromobenzyl cyanide and chloropicrin.
• Lachrymation occurs at a concentration of 0.002 mg / l, at 0.01 mg / l it becomes intolerable and is accompanied by irritation of the skin of the face and neck. At a concentration of 0.08 mg / l and an exposure of 1 min. a person is put out of action for 15-30 minutes. ; concentration of 10-11 mg/l is lethal. Does not affect the eyes of animals.
• sneezing agents
• This group includes agents DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchlorarsine) and DC (diphenylcyanoarsine)
• The defeat is accompanied by uncontrollable sneezing, coughing and retrosternal pain.
• Accompanying symptoms such as nausea, the urge to vomit, headache and pain in the jaws and teeth, a feeling of pressure in the ears, indicate a lesion. paranasal sinuses nose.
• In severe cases, damage to the respiratory tract is possible, leading to toxic pulmonary edema.

• OV psychochemical action
• Representative: Lysergic acid dimethylamide, Bi-Zet (BZ)
• Lysergic acid dimethylamide. When it enters the human body, after 3 minutes mild nausea and dilated pupils appear, and then hallucinations of hearing and vision continue for several hours.
• BZ (BZ)
• Under the action of low concentrations, drowsiness and a decrease in combat effectiveness occur.
• When high concentrations are applied to initial stage within a few hours, there is a rapid heartbeat, dry skin and dry mouth, dilated pupils and reduced combat capability.
• In the next 8 hours, numbness and inhibition of speech occur.
• This is followed by a period of excitation lasting up to 4 days. After 2-3 days. after exposure to 0V, a gradual return to normal begins.

• the end

Chemical weapons (CW) are one of the types of weapons of mass destruction, the damaging effect of which is based on the use of combat toxic chemical substances(BTHV).

HTS includes poisonous substances (OS) and toxins that have a damaging effect on the human and animal body, as well as phytotoxicants that can be used for military purposes to destroy various types of vegetation.

According to the effect on the human body, toxic substances are divided into: nerve agents; blister; suffocating; general poisonous; irritant and psychochemical.

Chemical weapons have a wide range of effects both in terms of the nature and degree of damage, and in terms of the duration of its action (infection from several minutes to several days and weeks).

Affecting factors chemical weapons: Ü Ü Ü pathogens (bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi); microbial toxins (botulinum toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin, rickettsiae, fungi); vapors of combat toxic substances (BTXV): BTXV aerosol, BTXV drops.

A variety of chemical weapons are binary chemical munitions and military devices. The term "binary" means that the chemical munitions loadout consists of two components. Binary munitions are based on the principle of refusing to use a finished toxic product (OS) and transferring the final stage technological process receiving OV in the ammunition itself.

The combat properties of agents are understood as their toxicity, which is characterized by combat concentrations and toxic doses, the density and persistence of infection, and the depth of distribution of the cloud of contaminated air.

Toxicity (Greek Toxikon - poison) is the most important characteristic of agents and other poisons, which determines their ability to cause pathological changes in the body that lead a person to loss of combat capability (working capacity) or to death. The toxicity of OM is quantified by the dose. Combat concentration is the concentration of OM in the air necessary to achieve a certain combat effect. It is determined by the amount of RH per unit volume of air.

The density of infection is a quantitative characteristic of the degree of infection of various surfaces, including unprotected skin, which is understood as the mass of OM per unit area of ​​the infected surface. Under the resistance of agents, on the one hand, they understand the duration of their presence on the ground or in the atmosphere as real material substances, on the other hand, the time they retain a pronounced effect. The distance from the leeward edge of the site of application (site of infection) to the outer boundary of the contaminated cloud, at which the combat concentration of OM is maintained, is called the depth of propagation of the cloud of contaminated air.

Chemical weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of poisonous substances and the means of their use: shells, rockets, mines, aerial bombs, VAPs (pouring aviation devices). Along with nuclear and biological weapons, it refers to weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

Chemical weapons are distinguished according to the following characteristics: the nature of the physiological effect of the agent on the human body the nature of the physiological effect of the agent on the human body tactical purpose tactical purpose the speed of the offensive effect the speed of the attack

According to the nature of the physiological effects on the human body, six main types of poisonous substances are distinguished: Poisonous substances neuroparalytic actions that affect the central nervous system. The purpose of the use of agents of nerve paralytic action is the rapid and massive incapacitation of personnel with the greatest possible number of deaths. The toxic substances of this group include sarin, soman, tabun. Poisonous substances of blistering action. They cause damage mainly through the skin, and when applied in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through the respiratory system. The main toxic substances are mustard gas and lewisite. Poisonous substances of general poisonous action. Once in the body, they disrupt the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. This is one of the fastest operating systems. These include hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride.

Asphyxiating agents affect mainly the lungs. The main OMs are phosgene and diphosgene. Psychochemical agents are capable of incapacitating the enemy's manpower for some time. These toxic substances, acting on the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause such mental deficiencies as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, and limitation of motor functions. Poisoning with these substances, in doses that cause mental disorders, does not lead to death. OBs from this group are inuclidyl-3-benzilate (BZ) and lysergic acid diethylamide.

Poisonous substances of irritant action, or irritants (from the English irritant irritant). Irritants are fast-acting. At the same time, their effect, as a rule, is short-lived, since after leaving the infected zone, the signs of poisoning disappear after 1-10 minutes. Irritant agents include lachrymal substances that cause profuse lacrimation and sneezing, irritating the respiratory tract (may also affect the nervous system and cause skin lesions). Lacrimal agents CS, CN, or chloroacetophenone and PS, or chloropicrin. Sneezers DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchlorarsine), and DC (diphenylcyarsine).

There are agents that combine tear and sneezing actions. Irritating agents are in service with the police in many countries and therefore are classified as police or special non-lethal means (special means). There are known cases of the use of other chemical compounds that do not aim at directly defeating the enemy's manpower. So, in the Vietnam War, the United States used defoliants (the so-called "Agent Orange", containing toxic dioxin), causing leaves to fall from trees.

Tactical classification subdivides the weapons into groups according to their combat purpose. Lethal (according to American terminology, lethal agents) substances intended for the destruction of manpower, which include agents of nerve paralytic, blistering, general poisonous and asphyxiating effects. Substances that temporarily incapacitate manpower (according to American terminology, harmful agents) make it possible to solve tactical tasks of incapacitating manpower for periods ranging from several minutes to several days. These include psychotropic substances (incapacitants) and irritants (irritants).

According to the speed of exposure, high-speed and slow-acting agents are distinguished. Depending on the duration of the preservation of the damaging ability, agents are divided into short-acting (unstable or volatile) and long-acting (persistent). The damaging effect of the former is calculated in minutes (AC, CG). The action of the latter can last from several hours to several weeks after their application.

During the First World War, chemical weapons were widely used in combat operations. The possibility of application was extremely dependent on the weather, the direction and strength of the wind, suitable conditions for massive use had in some cases to be expected for weeks. When used during offensives, the side using it itself suffered losses from its own chemical weapons, and the losses of the enemy did not exceed the losses from traditional artillery fire of the offensive artillery preparation.

In 1940, in the city of Oberbayern (Bavaria), a large plant belonging to "IG Farben" was put into operation for the production of mustard gas and mustard compounds, with a capacity of 40 thousand tons. In total, in the pre-war and first war years in Germany, about 17 new technological installations for the production of OM were built, the annual capacity of which exceeded 100 thousand tons. In the city of Dühernfurt, on the Oder (now Silesia, Poland), there was one of the largest production facilities for organic matter. By 1945, Germany had 12 thousand tons of herd in stock, the production of which was nowhere else. The reasons why Germany did not use chemical weapons during World War II remain unclear to this day; according to one version, Hitler did not give the command to use CWA during the war because he believed that the USSR had more chemical weapons.

In 1993, Russia signed and in 1997 ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention. In this regard, a program was adopted to destroy stockpiles of chemical weapons accumulated over many years of their production. Initially, the program was designed until 2009, but due to underfunding, changes were made to the program. At the moment the program is designed until 2012 Russia Russia 1997

Currently, there are eight chemical weapons storage facilities in Russia, each of which corresponds to an enterprise for their destruction: p. Pokrovka, Chapaevsky district, Samara region (Chapaevsk-11), the destruction plant was one of the first to be installed by military builders, in 1989, but has been mothballed until now) Gorny settlement (Saratov region) (Commissioned) Kambarka ( Udmurt Republic) (First stage commissioned) Kizner settlement (Udmurt Republic) (Under construction) Shchuchye (Kurgan region) (First stage commissioned) region) (First stage commissioned) Leonidovka village (Penza region) (Commissioned) (Commissioned) Pochep (Bryansk region) (Under construction)

Wars with the use of chemical weapons At the 1st peace conference in The Hague in 1899, an international declaration was adopted banning the use of poisonous substances for military purposes. France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan agreed to the Hague Declaration of 1899, the United States and Great Britain joined the declaration and accepted its obligations at the 2nd Hague Conference in 1907. Despite this, cases of the use of chemical weapons were repeatedly noted in the future: First World War (; both sides) Rif War (; Spain, France) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (; Italy) Second Sino-Japanese War (; Japan) Vietnam War (; United States) North Yemeni Civil War (; Egypt) Irano -Iraq war (; both sides) Iraqi-Kurdish conflict (Iraqi government troops during Operation Anfal) Iraqi war (since 2003; insurgents, USA) Despite the precautions of the world community, there is a danger of using chemical weapons. Each country has its strategic reserve. And so this type of weapon is a potential environmental problem for the whole world. Despite the precautions of the world community, there is a danger of the use of chemical weapons. Each country has its strategic reserve. And so this type of weapon is a potential environmental problem for the whole world.