Conventional weapons are classified according to the method of delivery, caliber, type of combat units, according to the principle of action on obstacles.

The concept of conventional means of destruction (OSB) includes a complex of small arms, artillery, engineering, marine, missile and aviation weapons or ammunition that use the energy of impact and explosion of explosives and their mixtures.

OSB are classified according to the method of delivery, calibers, types of combat units, according to the principle of action on obstacles. Let's consider some of them.

According to the method of delivery, OSBs are divided into:

Ballistic and cruise missiles;

Aviation weapons in conventional equipment;

unguided aerial bombs;

guided aircraft missiles;

unguided missiles;

Delivered with the help of rocket-artillery and jet systems.

According to the action of the OSB, they are divided into shock, high-explosive, fragmentation, cumulative, incendiary.

For attacks on cities and towns, can be used aviation facilities defeats - fragmentation bombs, high-explosive bombs, ball bombs, high-explosive ammunition - volumetric detonating ammunition, incendiary weapons.

Fragmentation bombs are used to destroy people and animals. When a bomb explodes, a large number of fragments are formed, which scatter in different sides at a distance of up to 300 m. Fragments do not break through brick and wooden walls.

High-explosive bombs are designed to destroy all kinds of structures. Compared to nuclear weapons, their destructive power is small. Great danger represent unexploded bombs. Most often, they have delayed fuses that fire automatically some time after the bomb is dropped.

Ball bombs are equipped with a huge amount (from several hundred to several thousand) fragments (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing up to several grams. Ball bombs ranging in size from tennis to soccer ball can contain 300 metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5-6 mm. The radius of the damaging effect of the bomb is up to 15 m.

Volumetric detonating munitions are dropped from aircraft in the form of cassettes. The cassette contains three ammunition containing about 35 kg of liquid ethylene oxide each. Ammunition is separated in the air. When they hit the ground, a fuse is triggered, which ensures the spread of liquid and the formation of a gas cloud with a diameter of 15 m and a height of 2.5 m. This cloud is undermined by a special slow-acting device.

Incendiary weapons, depending on the composition, are divided into incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm), metallized mixtures, thermite compositions, and white phosphorus.

The means of using incendiary weapons can be aerial bombs, cassettes, artillery incendiary ammunition, flamethrowers, etc.

Incendiaries used in the form of air bombs pose a serious danger to people. Getting on open areas of the skin, clothes, they cause very severe burns.

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Unified state system for the protection of the population and territories in emergency situations
In accordance with the Federal Law "On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Emergencies of Natural and technogenic character» dated December 21, 1994 No. 68-FZ as amended by federal laws dated 2

Individual protection means
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is an item or group of items designed to protect (ensure the safety) of one person from radioactive,

civil defense
Civil Defense (GO) is a system of measures to prepare for the protection and direct protection of the population, material and cultural values ​​on those

The main types of weapons and their damaging factors
Weapons - devices and objects, structurally designed to defeat a live or other target, signaling. Conventional Weapons of Destruction (CDE) - fl

Nuclear weapon
Nuclear weapons (NW) - weapons of mass destruction of explosive action, based on the use of intranuclear energy,; released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes ur

Chemical weapon
Chemical weapons (CW) are one of the types of weapons of mass destruction, the damaging effect of which is based on the use of toxic chemical warfare agents (BTCS). To

Biological weapons
Biological weapons (BW) are special ammunition and combat devices with delivery vehicles, equipped with biological weapons and intended for mass destruction.

precision weapons
High-precision weapons (HTO) include combat missiles for various purposes, guided projectiles, guided aerial bombs, etc. With the help of HTO with

Types of weapons based on new physical principles
Beam weapons are a set of devices (generators), the damaging effect of which is based on the use of highly directed beams of electromagnetic energy or concentrating

Questions for self-control
1. What is a nuclear weapon? What kind damaging factors nuclear weapons you know? 2. What types of conventional weapons are available? How are they classified? 3. What is b

Questions for self-control
1. What is the purpose of creating public warning systems in case of a threat of emergency situations? 2. How organized centralized systems alerting the population in emergency sits

Engineering protection. Types of protective structures
Protective structures are designed to protect people from the consequences of accidents (catastrophes) and natural disasters, as well as from the damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction and conventional environments.

Questions for self-control
1. What are engineering protective structures intended for? 2. Name the main types of protective structures. 3. What requirements must modern shelters meet?

Rescue and other urgent work carried out in emergency zones
Rescue and other urgent works are actions to save people, material and cultural values, protect natural environment in the emergency zone

Education of the population in protection from emergencies
Education of the population in protection from emergencies is carried out within the framework of a unified system of training the population, the basics of which are set out in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 2

Rules for safe behavior in case of a threat of a terrorist act and in case of hostage taking
Terrorism is a method by which an organized group or party seeks to achieve its stated goals through the systematic use of violence. For inflate

State services for the protection of health and safety of citizens
State services for the protection of health and safety of citizens are: 1. fire service Russian Federation; 2. militia of the Russian Federation;

Dictionaries (reference books)
1. Rescuer's Handbook. Book 1. General information about emergency. Rights and obligations of rescuers. 1995. 2. Rescuer's Handbook. Book 2. Rescue work in the aftermath of earthquakes,

Conventional means of destruction- this is a weapon that is based on the use of the energy of explosives (HE) and incendiary mixtures (artillery, rocket and aviation ammunition, small arms, mines, incendiary ammunition and fire mixtures), as well as edged weapons. At the same time, the current level of development of science makes it possible to create conventional means of destruction on qualitatively new principles (infrasound, radiological, laser).

precision weapons. In a number of conventional means of destruction, a special place is occupied by weapons with high accuracy of hitting the target. Cruise missiles are an example. They are equipped with a complex combined control system that guides the missile to the target according to pre-compiled flight maps. The flight is prepared on the basis of information stored in the memory of the onboard computer from reconnaissance artificial earth satellites. During the execution of the task, these data are compared with the terrain and automatically corrected. The control system provides cruise missile flying at low altitudes, which makes it difficult to detect and increases the likelihood of hitting a target.

Precision weapons also include guided ballistic missiles, aerial bombs, and cassettes, artillery shells, torpedoes, reconnaissance-strike, anti-aircraft and anti-tank missile systems.

High accuracy of hitting targets with these means is achieved:

guidance guided munitions to a visually observed target;

homing of ammunition using radar detection by reflection from the target surface;

· combined guidance of ammunition on the target, i.е. controlled by an automated system for most of the flight path and homing at the final stage.

The effectiveness of high-precision weapons has been convincingly confirmed in local wars.

Certain types of unguided munitions. The most common munitions related to conventional means of destruction are various types of air bombs - fragmentation, high-explosive, ball, and also volumetric explosion ammunition.

fragmentation bombs used to kill people and animals. When a bomb explodes, a large number of fragments are formed, which scatter in different directions at a distance of up to 300 m from the explosion site. Fragments do not break through brick and wooden walls.

high-explosive aerial bombs designed to destroy all kinds of structures. They often have delayed fuses that fire automatically some time after the bomb is dropped.

ball bombs may range in size from tennis to soccer ball and contain at least 300 metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5-6 mm. The destructive radius of such weapons is 1.5-15 m. Some bombs are equipped with even more damaging material: from several hundred to several thousand of the same small balls, needles, arrows. They are dropped in special packages (cassettes), covering an area of ​​160-250 thousand m 2 .

Volumetric explosion ammunition sometimes referred to as "vacuum bombs". As a combat charge, they use liquid hydrocarbon fuel: ethylene or propylene oxide, methane. Volumetric explosion ammunition is a small container that is dropped from an aircraft by parachute. At a predetermined height, the container opens to release the mixture contained within. A gas cloud is formed, which is undermined by a special fuse and instantly ignites. A shock wave propagating at supersonic speed arises. Its power is 4-6 times higher than the energy of an explosion of a conventional explosive. In addition, during such an explosion, the temperature reaches 2500-3000 ° C. At the site of the explosion, a lifeless space is formed the size of a football field. In terms of its destructive ability, such a munition can be comparable to a tactical nuclear munition.

Since the fuel-air mixture of volumetric explosion ammunition spreads easily and is able to penetrate into unpressurized rooms, as well as form in terrain folds, the simplest protective structures cannot save them from them.

The shock wave resulting from the explosion causes such injuries in people as brain contusion, multiple internal bleeding due to rupture of the connective tissues of internal organs (liver, spleen), rupture of eardrums.

The high lethality, as well as the ineffectiveness of existing measures to protect against volume explosion munitions, served as the basis for the United Nations to qualify such weapons as inhumane means of warfare, causing undue human suffering. At a meeting of the Emergency Committee on Conventional Arms in Geneva, a document was adopted in which such ammunition is recognized as a type of weapon that requires a ban by the international community.

Incendiary weapon. Incendiary substances are those substances and mixtures that have a damaging effect as a result of the high temperature created during their combustion. They have the most ancient history, but received significant development in the 20th century.

By the end of the First World War, incendiary bombs accounted for up to 40% of the total number of bombs dropped by German bombers on the cities of England. During the Second World War, this practice continued: incendiary bombs dropped in large numbers caused devastating fires in cities and industrial facilities.

Incendiary weapons are subdivided into: incendiary mixtures (napalms); metallized incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (pyrogel); thermite and thermite compounds; white phosphorus.

Napalm is considered the most effective fire mixture. It is based on gasoline (90-97%) and thickener powder (3-10%). It is distinguished by good flammability and increased adhesion even to wet surfaces, it is able to create a high-temperature focus (1000-1200 ° C) with a burning time of 5-10 minutes. Since napalm is lighter than water, it floats on its surface while retaining its ability to burn. Burning produces black poisonous smoke. Napalm bombs were widely used by US troops during the Vietnam War. They burned settlements, fields and forests.

Pirogel consists of petroleum products with the addition of powdered magnesium (aluminum), liquid asphalt and heavy oils. Heat combustion allows it to burn through a thin layer of metal. An example of a pyrogel is the Electron metallized incendiary mixture (an alloy of 96% magnesium, 3% aluminum and 1% other elements). This mixture ignites at 600°C and burns with a dazzling white or bluish flame reaching a temperature of 2800°C. It is used to make aviation incendiary bombs.

Thermite compounds- pressed powdery mixtures of iron and aluminum with the addition of barium nitrate, sulfur and binders (lacquer, oil). They burn without access to air, the combustion temperature reaches 3000 ° C. At this temperature, concrete and brick crack, iron and steel burn.

White phosphorus- a translucent, poisonous solid substance, similar to wax. It is able to ignite spontaneously when combined with atmospheric oxygen. The combustion temperature reaches 900-1200 °C. Used primarily as a napalm igniter and smoke generating agent. Causes burns and poisoning.

Incendiary weapons can be in the form of aerial bombs, cassettes, artillery incendiary ammunition, flamethrowers, and various incendiary grenades. Incendiaries cause very severe burns, burnouts. In the process of their burning, the air quickly heats up, which causes burns in the upper respiratory tract in people who inhale it.

REMEMBER!Incendiary substances that have fallen on personal protective equipment or outer clothing must be quickly discarded, and if there are few of them, cover with a sleeve, hollow clothing, turf to stop burning. You can not knock down the burning mixture with your bare hand, shake it off on the run!

If a fire mixture gets on a person, they throw a cape, jacket, tarpaulin, burlap on him. You can immerse yourself in burning clothes in water or bring down the fire by rolling on the ground.

To protect against incendiary mixtures, protective structures and their fire-fighting equipment are being built, and fire extinguishing means are being prepared.

Conventional means of destruction- this is a weapon that is based on the use of the energy of explosives (HE) and incendiary mixtures (artillery, rocket and aviation ammunition, small arms, mines, incendiary ammunition and fire mixtures), as well as edged weapons.

precision weapons. In a number of conventional means of destruction, a special place is occupied by weapons with high accuracy of hitting the target. Cruise missiles are an example. The control system provides the cruise missile with low-altitude flight, which makes it difficult to detect and increases the probability of hitting the target.

To high-precision weapons also include guided ballistic missiles, aerial bombs and cassettes, artillery shells, torpedoes, reconnaissance-strike, anti-aircraft and anti-tank missile systems.

High accuracy of hitting targets with these means is achieved: by pointing guided munitions at a visually observed target and by homing munitions using radar detection by reflection from the target surface.

Some types of unguided munitions. The most common munitions related to conventional weapons are various types of air bombs - fragmentation, high-explosive, ball, and volumetric explosion ammunition.

fragmentation bombs used to kill people and animals.

high-explosive aerial bombs designed to destroy all kinds of structures. They often have delayed fuses that fire automatically some time after the bomb is dropped.

ball bombs may range in size from tennis to soccer ball and contain at least 300 metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5-6 mm. The radius of the damaging effect of such weapons is 1.5-15 m.

Volumetric blast ammunition is sometimes referred to as "vacuum bombs". As a combat charge, they use liquid hydrocarbon fuel: ethylene or propylene oxide, methane, which is undermined by a special fuse and ignites instantly. (a small container that is dropped from an airplane by parachute). A shock wave propagating at supersonic speed arises. Its power is 4-6 times higher than the energy of an explosion of a conventional explosive, the temperature reaches 2500-3000 ° C. In terms of its destructive ability, such a munition can be comparable to a tactical nuclear munition. the simplest defense structures cannot save them.

Incendiary weapons are subdivided into: incendiary mixtures (napalms); metallized incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (pyrogel); thermite and thermite compounds; white phosphorus.

Napalm considered the most effective fire mixture. It is based on gasoline (90-97%) and thickener powder (3-10%). It is distinguished by good flammability and increased adhesion even to wet surfaces, it is able to create a high-temperature focus (1000-1200 ° C) with a burning time of 5-10 minutes. Since napalm is lighter than water, it floats on its surface while retaining its ability to burn. Burning produces black poisonous smoke.

Pirogel consists of petroleum products with the addition of powdered magnesium (aluminum), liquid asphalt and heavy oils. The high combustion temperature allows it to burn through a thin layer of metal. An example of a pyrogel is the Electron metallized incendiary mixture (an alloy of 96% magnesium, 3% aluminum and 1% other elements). This mixture ignites at 600°C and burns with a dazzling white or bluish flame reaching a temperature of 2800°C. It is used to make aviation incendiary bombs.

Thermite compounds - pressed powdery mixtures of iron and aluminum with the addition of barium nitrate, sulfur and binders (lacquer, oil). They burn without access to air, the combustion temperature reaches 3000 ° C. At this temperature, concrete and brick crack, iron and steel burn.

White phosphorus A translucent, poisonous, wax-like solid. It is able to ignite spontaneously when combined with atmospheric oxygen. The combustion temperature reaches 900-1200 °C. Used primarily as a napalm igniter and smoke generating agent. Causes burns and poisoning.

Incendiary weapons can be in the form of aerial bombs, cassettes, artillery incendiary ammunition, flamethrowers, and various incendiary grenades. Incendiaries cause very severe burns, burnouts. In the process of their burning, the air quickly heats up, which causes burns in the upper respiratory tract in people who inhale it.

REMEMBER!Incendiary substances that have fallen on personal protective equipment or outerwear must be quickly discarded, and if there are few of them, cover with a sleeve, hollow clothing, turf to stop burning. You can not knock down the burning mixture with your bare hand, shake it off on the run!

Weapons - devices and objects, structurally designed to defeat a live or other target, signaling.

Conventional means of destruction (OSW) is a complex of small arms, artillery, engineering, marine, missile and aviation weapons or ammunition that use the energy of impact and explosion of explosives and their mixtures.

A nuclear weapon is a type of explosive mass destruction weapon based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some uranium and plutonium isotopes or during fusion reactions of light nuclei, such as deuterium, tritium (hydrogen isotopes) and lithium.

Chemical weapons - weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of chemicals.

A biological weapon is a type of weapon of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms and their metabolic products.

A precision weapon (HTO) is a guided weapon, the effectiveness of which is based on the high accuracy of hitting the target.

Modern conventional weapons

Conventional weapons are classified according to the method of delivery, caliber, type of combat units, according to the principle of action on obstacles.

The concept of conventional means of destruction (OSB) includes a complex of small arms, artillery, engineering, marine, missile and aviation weapons or ammunition that use the energy of impact and explosion of explosives and their mixtures.

OSB are classified according to the method of delivery, calibers, types of combat units, according to the principle of action on obstacles. Let's consider some of them.

According to the method of delivery, OSBs are divided into:

• ballistic and cruise missiles;
• aviation weapons in conventional equipment;
• unguided bombs;
• guided aircraft missiles;
• unguided missiles;
• delivered by rocket-artillery and rocket systems.

According to the action of the OSB, they are divided into shock, high-explosive, fragmentation, cumulative, incendiary.

For attacks on cities and towns, aviation weapons can be used - fragmentation bombs, high-explosive bombs, ball bombs, high-explosive ammunition - volumetric detonating ammunition, incendiary weapons.

fragmentation bombs used to kill people and animals. When a bomb explodes, a large number of fragments are formed, which scatter in different directions at a distance of up to 300 m. The fragments do not penetrate brick and wooden walls.

high-explosive aerial bombs designed to destroy all kinds of structures. Compared to nuclear weapons, their destructive power is small. Unexploded bombs pose a great danger. Most often, they have delayed fuses that fire automatically some time after the bomb is dropped.

ball bombs equipped with a huge number (from several hundred to several thousand) fragments (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing up to several grams. Ball bombs ranging in size from tennis to soccer ball can contain 300 metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5-6 mm. The radius of the damaging effect of the bomb is up to 15 m.

Ammunition of the volumetric detonating action of the explosion dropped from an aircraft in the form of cassettes. The cassette contains three ammunition containing about 35 kg of liquid ethylene oxide each. Ammunition is separated in the air. When they hit the ground, a fuse is triggered, which ensures the spread of liquid and the formation of a gas cloud with a diameter of 15 m and a height of 2.5 m. This cloud is undermined by a special slow-acting device.

incendiary weapons depending on the composition, it is divided into incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm), metallized mixtures, thermite compositions, white phosphorus.

The means of using incendiary weapons can be aerial bombs, cassettes, artillery incendiary ammunition, flamethrowers, etc.

Incendiaries used in the form of air bombs pose a serious danger to people. Getting on open areas of the skin, clothes, they cause very severe burns.

Nuclear weapon

Nuclear weapons (NW) - weapons of mass destruction of explosive action, based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of certain isotopes of uranium and plutonium or thermonuclear reactions the synthesis of light nuclei - hydrogen isotopes into heavier ones.

Nuclear weapons include various nuclear weapons, means of their delivery to the target (carriers), and controls. Nuclear warheads include nuclear warheads of missiles and torpedoes, nuclear bombs, artillery shells, depth charges, mines (land mines). Carriers of nuclear weapons are aircraft, surface ships and submarines equipped with nuclear weapons and delivering them to the launch (firing) site. There are also carriers nuclear charges(rockets, torpedoes, shells, aviation and depth charges), delivering them directly to the targets.

Affecting factors nuclear explosion . A nuclear explosion is accompanied by a shock wave, light radiation, ionizing radiation (penetrating radiation), radioactive contamination of the area and an electromagnetic pulse.

shock wave- the main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion, since most of the destruction and damage to structures, buildings, as well as damage to people, are usually caused by the impact of a shock wave. It is an area of ​​sharp compression of the medium, propagating in all directions from the explosion site at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave. The damaging effect of a shock wave is characterized by the magnitude of the excess pressure, i.e., the magnitude of the difference between the maximum pressure in the front of the shock wave and normal atmospheric pressure.

light emission- a stream of radiant energy, including visible, ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation propagates almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause skin (skin) burns, damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people, and ignition of combustible materials and objects.

ionizing radiation(penetrating radiation) is a flux of gamma rays and neutrons. It lasts 10-15 s. Passing through living tissue, gamma radiation and neutrons ionize the molecules that make up the cells. Under the influence of ionization, changes in biological processes occur in the body, leading to a violation of the vital functions of the body.

radioactive contamination is the result of the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion both in the area of ​​​​the explosion and far beyond its borders, at a distance of several hundred and even thousands of kilometers. A radioactive injury resulting from external exposure and the ingress of radioactive substances into the body causes radiation sickness.

electromagnetic pulse arises as a result of the interaction of radiation emanating from the zone of a nuclear explosion with atoms environment. As a result, short-term electrical and magnetic fields, which is an electromagnetic impulse. As a result of its impact, wire and cable lines, radio equipment are damaged.

Chemical weapon

Chemical weapons (CW) are one of the types of weapons of mass destruction, the damaging effect of which is based on the use of toxic chemical warfare agents (BTCS).

To combat toxic chemicals include poisonous substances (OS) and toxins that have a damaging effect on the human and animal body, as well as phytotoxicants that can be used for military purposes to destroy various types of vegetation.

As a means of delivery chemical weapons aviation, missiles, artillery, means of engineering troops are used to targets.

Biological weapons

Biological weapons (BW) are special ammunition and combat devices with delivery vehicles, equipped with biological means and designed for mass destruction of enemy manpower, farm animals, crops. Along with nuclear and chemical weapons biological weapons refers to weapons of mass destruction.

The damaging effect of BW is based primarily on the use of the pathogenic properties of microbes and toxic products of their vital activity. The basis of the damaging effect of biological weapons is biological agents specially selected for combat use and capable of causing mass serious diseases in people, animals, plants.

precision weapons

High-precision weapons (HTO) include combat missiles for various purposes, guided projectiles, guided aerial bombs, etc.

With the help of the WTO with conventional, non-nuclear means of destruction, it is possible to inflict defeats comparable in their consequences to defeat from low-yield tactical nuclear weapons.

Further development of the WTO goes in the direction of its "intellectualization", i.e., the ability to recognize targets, including on the battlefield and in conditions of interference, and when exposed to large targets, choose the most vulnerable element for destruction.

conclusions

1. Various types of weapons of enormous destructive power exist and are constantly being improved in the world.
2. These include conventional weapons (CW), nuclear weapons (NW), chemical weapons (CW), biological weapons (VO), precision weapons (WTO).
3. Nuclear weapons, chemical weapons, biological weapons are weapons of mass destruction.

Questions

1. What is a nuclear weapon? What damaging factors of nuclear weapons do you know?
2. What types of conventional weapons are available? How are they classified?
3. What is a biological weapon? What is its damaging effect?
4. What is a chemical weapon? What damaging factors of chemical weapons do you know?

Tasks

1. Using the "Additional Materials" section and the Internet, prepare short message on the topic "Types of weapons on new physical principles».
2. Using special literature, prepare a message on the topic "High-precision weapons and their types."
3. Using historical and reference literature, prepare a report on the topic “The bombing of Japan in 1945 using nuclear weapons. Their consequences for the civilian population.
4. Give examples from the history of wars and military conflicts in the 20th century of the use of chemical and biological weapons by warring parties.

Theme 1.10
Modern conventional weapons

2 study question
Types of conventional ammunition depending on the purpose and their damaging factors

Fragmentation, high-explosive, armor-piercing, concrete-piercing, incendiary ammunition and volume explosion ammunition are used to destroy enemy manpower, military equipment and engineering structures.

2.1. fragmentation ammunition

The main damaging factor of fragmentation ammunition is the field of high-speed fragments of the hull or ready-made submunitions. Designed mainly to defeat manpower.

When, for example, a fragmentation bomb explodes, a large number of fragments are formed, which scatter in different directions at a distance of up to 300 meters from the explosion site.

The improvement of fragmentation ammunition is moving along the path of creating ammunition with ready-made or semi-finished lethal elements. A feature of such ammunition is a huge number (up to several thousand) of elements (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing from one to several grams. As a rule, ready-made lethal elements are located inside submunitions (each contains up to 300 or more striking elements), which, in turn, are loaded into cassettes. The leading countries of the world are armed with aviation cluster bombs, cluster artillery shells, cluster warheads ballistic missiles and missiles for systems rocket artillery. Under the action of an expelling charge, the cassettes are destroyed above the ground, and the flying submunitions explode over an area of ​​up to 250,000 m 2 .

Anti-personnel mines can also be equipped with ready-made submunitions.

Various shelters, trenches, trenches protect against damaging elements.

They are intended to destroy enemy manpower, equipment and destroy all kinds of structures (industrial, administrative and residential buildings, railway junctions, bridges, railway and highways, etc.). The main damaging factor of high-explosive ammunition is the air shock wave that occurs during the explosion of a conventional explosive. High-explosive ammunition is characterized by a high filling ratio (the ratio of the mass of explosives to the total mass of the ammunition), reaching 55%, and have a caliber from tens to hundreds and thousands of pounds (from 50 to 10,000 kg). High-explosive aerial bombs have found the greatest use.

Rice. 2.3. high explosive ammunition

They may have delayed action fuses that fire automatically after a certain time (several minutes, hours, days, months and even years) after the bomb is dropped.

From the shock wave and fragments of high-explosive and high-explosive fragmentation ammunition, shelters and shelters are effectively protected various types, dugouts, covered cracks.

2.3. Armor-piercing ammunition

For defeat armored vehicles(tanks, self-propelled artillery guns, armored personnel carriers, etc.) ammunition with a cumulative damaging effect is used, as well as kinetic armor-piercing projectiles.

Types of armor-piercing ammunition

1. Cumulative.

Cumulative effect (Munro effect) - strengthening the effect of an explosion by concentrating it in a given direction.

The cumulative effect is achieved by using a charge with a cumulative notch of a conical or spherical shape facing the target. Depending on the shape of the cumulative recess, the cumulative effect manifests itself either in the form of a cumulative jet or an impact core.

Charges of the "cumulative jet" type

In a charge with a conical cumulative recess, a cumulative jet is formed - a hypersonic metal jet moving along the axis of the ammunition at a speed of up to 10 km / s. The temperature of the jet reaches 6-7 thousand degrees, the pressure is 5-6 thousand kgf / cm². Detonation products focused in the jet are capable of burning holes in armored ceilings several tens of centimeters thick and causing fires. Moreover, the armor penetration of the cumulative jet does not depend on the strength of the armor, but depends on its density and thickness.

Charges of the "cumulative core" type

In a charge with a spherical cumulative recess, under the action of a shock wave, a shock cumulative core is formed - a projectile with a diameter of a quarter and a length of one caliber (the initial diameter of the recess), which accelerates to a speed of 2.5 km / s. The armor penetration of the core is less than that of the cumulative jet, but it remains at a distance of up to a thousand calibers.

To protect against cumulative ammunition, screens made of various materials can be used, located at a distance of 15-20 cm from the main structure. In this case, all the energy of the jet is spent on burning the screen, and the main structure remains intact.

2. Kinetic.

The action of a kinetic projectile is determined by the reserve of its kinetic energy and is characterized by armor penetration and damaging effect behind the armor. The greater the speed and mass of the projectile, the smaller the angle of impact with the armor (the angle between the longitudinal axis of the projectile and the normal to the surface of the armor at the point of impact), the greater the thickness it is able to penetrate. The defeat behind the armor manifests itself in the form of shock, fragmentation, high-explosive and incendiary action of the projectile.

2.4. Concrete-piercing ammunition

The ammunition is designed to destroy high-strength reinforced concrete structures, as well as to destroy airfield runways. Two charges are placed in the body of the ammunition - cumulative and high-explosive - and two detonators. Upon encountering an obstacle, an instantaneous detonator is triggered, which undermines the cumulative charge. With some delay (after the ammunition passes through the ceiling), the second detonator fires, detonating the high-explosive charge, which causes the main destruction of the object.

There may or may not be a cumulative charge. In this case, the barrier breaks through due to the kinetic action of the projectile. The high-explosive charge is triggered with a delay that allows the projectile to break through the barrier or enter its thickness.

An example of such a munition is the BETAB-500SHP active-reactive concrete-piercing bomb, designed to destroy reinforced concrete shelters and runways. The conventional high-explosive aerial bomb was taken as a basis. The body is made more durable with a thickened head. The bomb is equipped with a drag parachute and a jet booster. It is dropped in level flight mode from altitudes of 50-100 m. After the brake parachute is activated, the accelerator is turned on, which gives the bomb the energy necessary to break through the barrier. The bomb first breaks through the barrier, and then explodes. BETAB-500ShP can pierce ceilings up to 550 mm thick. In soil of medium density, it forms a funnel with a diameter of 4.5 m. When a bomb hits the runway, the concrete pavement is destroyed over an area of ​​up to 50 m 2.

From the end of 1943 into service Soviet army heavy assault self-propelled artillery guns ISU-152 "St. John's wort" began to arrive. Acting on the defensive mainly from ambushes, the ISU-152 showed that there is no such enemy equipment that they could not destroy. 152-mm armor-piercing shells smashed medium german tanks Pz Kpfw-III and Pz Kpfw-IV, the armor of the new "Tigers" and "Panthers" also could not oppose anything to these shells. Often, in the absence of armor-piercing shells, high-explosive or concrete-piercing shells were fired at enemy tanks. The kinetic energy of the 152.4-mm projectile was so great that when it hit the turret, it destroyed the structural elements of the shoulder strap with a purely mechanical impact, displacing the turret several tens of centimeters from the axis of rotation. There were moments when these towers literally flew in the air from the subsequent detonation of ammunition after a projectile hit. Finally, the ISU-152 was the only Soviet combat vehicle capable of successfully resisting the formidable German self-propelled guns"Ferdinand" ("Elephant").

2.5. Volumetric explosion ammunition

Designed to destroy enemy manpower, structures and equipment with a shock wave and fire. The energy source is mixtures of methylacetin, propadein and propane with the addition of butane or mixtures based on propylene oxide (ethylene) and various types of liquid fuels.

The principle of operation of such ammunition is as follows: liquid fuel with a high calorific value (ethylene oxide, diborane, acetic acid peroxide, propyl nitrate), placed in a special shell, is sprayed during an explosion, evaporates and mixes with atmospheric oxygen, forming a spherical cloud of fuel-air mixture with a radius of about 15 m and a layer thickness of 2-3 m. The resulting mixture is undermined in several places by special detonators. In the detonation zone, a temperature of 2500-3000°C develops in a few tens of microseconds. At the moment of explosion, a relative void is formed inside the shell from the fuel-air mixture - a lifeless space the size of a football field (which is why volumetric detonating ammunition is called "vacuum bombs").

The main damaging factor of the volumetric explosion ammunition is the shock wave. At the same time, the air temperature rises sharply, creating a vast area of ​​the atmosphere depleted of oxygen, poisoned by combustion products.

Volumetric explosive munitions occupy an intermediate position in their power between nuclear and conventional (high-explosive) munitions. In terms of its destructive ability, such a munition can be comparable to a tactical nuclear munition. Excessive pressure in the front of the shock wave of a volumetric explosion ammunition, even at a distance of 100 m from the center of the explosion, can reach 100 kPa (1 kgf / cm²).

Volume explosion bombs were tested by the Americans as early as 1969 in Vietnam.

Volumetric explosion ammunition was repeatedly used in various wars of the 1980-90s. So on August 6, 1982, during the war in Lebanon, an Israeli plane dropped such a bomb (American-made) on an eight-story residential building. The explosion occurred in the immediate vicinity of the building at the level of 1-2 floors. The building was completely destroyed. About 300 people died (mostly not in the building, but in the vicinity of the explosion site).

In August 1999, during the period of Chechen aggression against Dagestan, a large-caliber bomb of a volumetric explosion was dropped on the Dagestan village of Tando, where a significant number of Chechen fighters had accumulated. The invaders suffered huge losses. In the following days, the mere appearance of a single (precisely single) Su-25 attack aircraft over any locality forced the militants to hastily leave the village. The term "Tando effect" even appeared.

Since the fuel-air mixture of volumetric explosion ammunition spreads easily and is able to penetrate into unpressurized rooms, as well as form in terrain folds, the simplest protective structures cannot save them from them. Protection of people is provided only by shelter in protective structures. Shelters must operate in total isolation.

The shock wave resulting from the explosion causes such injuries in people as brain contusion, multiple internal bleeding due to rupture of the connective tissues of internal organs (liver, spleen), rupture of eardrums.

The high lethality, as well as the ineffectiveness of existing measures to protect against volume explosion munitions, served as the basis for the United Nations to qualify such weapons as inhumane means of warfare, causing undue human suffering. At a meeting of the Emergency Committee on Conventional Arms in Geneva, a document was adopted in which such ammunition is recognized as a type of weapon that requires a ban by the international community.

2.6. incendiary ammunition

An important place in the system of conventional weapons belongs to incendiary weapons, which are a set of weapons based on the use of incendiary substances.

An incendiary weapon is a weapon whose damaging effect is based on the direct impact of high temperatures on people, equipment, buildings, structures, forests, agricultural crops and economic objects.

According to the American classification, incendiary weapons are classified as weapons of mass destruction.

In addition to the damaging effect, one should also take into account the ability of incendiary weapons to have a strong psychological effect on the enemy. The use of incendiary weapons can lead to mass defeat personnel, weapons, equipment and other materiel, the occurrence of fires and smoke over large areas, which will have a significant impact on the methods of action of the troops, will greatly complicate the performance of their combat missions.

Incendiary weapons include incendiary substances and their means of use.

2.6.1. Incendiary substances

The basis of modern incendiary weapons is made up of incendiary substances with which incendiary ammunition and flamethrowers are equipped.

Incendiary substances are those substances and mixtures that have a damaging effect on the high temperature created during their combustion.

Incendiary substances have an ancient history, but they received significant development in the 20th century.

By the end of the First World War, incendiary bombs accounted for up to 40% of the total number of bombs dropped by German bombers on the cities of England. During the Second World War, this practice continued: incendiary bombs dropped in large numbers caused devastating fires in cities and industrial facilities.

The first US air raid on Japan using incendiary weapons was noted in March 1945 and was directed against areas of Tokyo that were most prone to fires. An account of this bombardment indicated that a terrible fire had broken out, burning over 15 square miles of the city, and the flames were so high in the air that they could be seen over 200 miles (300 km) away. Subsequently, US experts stated that even atomic bomb could not be compared in its destructive power with one massive air attack with incendiary bombs, neither in the number of dead, nor in the amount of property destroyed.

During the Vietnam War, using the "scorched earth tactics", US aircraft dropped about 100,000 tons of napalm bombs on the cities and villages of Vietnam in five years, as a result of which a large number of the population died and huge material damage was caused.

All incendiary substances are divided into four main groups:

1. Petroleum based.
2. Metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels).
3. Thermite and thermite compositions.
4. Self-igniting substances (ordinary and plasticized phosphorus, alkali metals, a mixture based on triethylene aluminum).

Petroleum based incendiaries

They are divided into non-thickened (liquid) and thickened (viscous). The most widely used incendiary substances based on petroleum products are napalms, which are thickened gasoline (up to 97% gasoline, up to 3% thickener). Napalms are incendiary substances that do not contain an oxidizing agent and burn by combining with atmospheric oxygen. Napalm is highly flammable, burns relatively slowly (combustion rate depends on viscosity), emitting thick acrid black smoke (flame temperature 900-1100°C depending on the type of fuel), adheres well to the affected objects, including vertical surfaces.

Napalm is used in aviation bombs, fire bombs, backpack (wearable) and mechanized flamethrowers, incendiary cartridges to destroy manpower, military equipment and create fires. Napalm was first adopted in armed forces USA in 1942 and was used by American aircraft during World War II, in the Korean War in 1950-1953. and especially widely - during the Vietnam War in 1964-1973. The Argentine Air Force used napalm bombs against British forces during the Battle of the Falklands in 1982.

The most efficient is napalm B adopted by the US Army in 1966. It is characterized by good flammability and increased adhesion even to wet surfaces, it is able to create a high-temperature (1000-1200 degrees) focus with a burning time of 5-10 minutes. Napalm B is lighter than water, therefore it floats on its surface, while retaining the ability to burn, which makes it much more difficult to eliminate fires. When heated, it liquefies and acquires the ability to penetrate shelters and equipment. Contact with unprotected skin even 1 gram of burning napalm B can cause severe injuries. The complete destruction of openly located enemy manpower is achieved at a consumption rate of napalm 4-5 times less than high-explosive fragmentation ammunition. Napalm B can be prepared directly in the field.

Metallized mixtures

They are used to increase the self-ignition of napalms on wet surfaces and on snow. If you add powdered or shavings of magnesium, as well as coal, asphalt, saltpeter and other substances to napalm, you get a mixture called pyrogel. The combustion temperature of pyrogels reaches 1600 degrees. The high combustion temperature allows them to burn through a thin layer of metal. Unlike conventional napalm, pyrogels are heavier than water and burn in just 1-3 minutes. When a pyrogel gets on a person, it causes deep burns not only to open areas of the body, but also to those covered by uniforms, since it is very difficult to remove clothes while the pyrogel is burning.

Thermite compounds

Used for a relatively long time. Their action is based on a reaction in which crushed aluminum enters into combination with oxides of refractory metals with the release of a large amount of heat. For military purposes, thermite mixture powder (usually aluminum and iron oxides) is pressed. Burning thermite heats up to 3000 degrees. At this temperature, brick and concrete crack, iron and steel burn. Because when burning thermite, no flame is formed, 40-50% of powdered magnesium, drying oil, rosin and various oxygen-rich compounds are added to it. Such a mixture allows the thermite composition to be used as an incendiary weapon. As a result of ongoing chemical reaction oxygen is released, so thermite compositions can burn without air access.

Self-igniting substances

White phosphorus

It is a white translucent solid poisonous substance similar to wax. Able to ignite spontaneously when combined with atmospheric oxygen. The combustion temperature is 900-1200 degrees. When burning, it emits a large amount of white poisonous smoke (phosphorus oxide), which, along with burns, can cause severe injuries to people.

White phosphorus finds use as a smoke-generating substance, as well as an igniter for napalm and pyrogel in incendiary ammunition.

plasticized phosphorus

It is formed by adding rubber to white phosphorus. Due to this, it acquires the ability to stick to vertical surfaces and burn through them. This allows you to use it to equip bombs, mines, shells.

alkali metals

Alkali metals, especially potassium and sodium, tend to react violently with water and ignite. Due to the fact that alkali metals are dangerous to handle, they have not found independent use and are used, as a rule, to ignite napalm.

2.6.2. Primary means of using incendiary substances

1. Aviation:
   • napalm (fire) bombs;
   • aviation incendiary bombs;
   • aviation incendiary cassettes;
   • aviation cassette installations.
2. Artillery incendiary ammunition.
3. Flamethrowers.
4. Rocket incendiary grenade launchers.
5. Fire (incendiary) land mines.
6. Hand incendiary grenades.
7. Incendiary bullets.

Napalm bombs are thin-walled containers filled with thickened substances. Currently, napalm bombs with a caliber of 100 to 400 kg are in service. Unlike other ammunition, napalm bombs create a voluminous focus of destruction. At the same time, the area of ​​destruction by 300 kg caliber ammunition of openly located personnel is about 4 thousand m 2, the rise of smoke and flame is several tens of meters.

Aviation incendiary bombs small calibers - from one to ten pounds - are used, as a rule, in cassettes. They are usually equipped with termites. Due to the insignificant mass of the bombs of this group, they create separate fires, being, thus, incendiary ammunition.

Aviation incendiary cassettes designed to create fires over large areas. They are disposable shells containing from 50 to 600-800 small-caliber incendiary bombs and a device that ensures their dispersal over a large area during combat use.

Aviation cassette installations have a purpose and equipment similar to aviation incendiary cassettes, but unlike them, they are reusable devices.

Artillery incendiary ammunition are made on the basis of thermite, napalm, phosphorus. Thermite segments scattered during the explosion of one ammunition, tubes filled with napalm, pieces of phosphorus can cause ignition of combustible materials in an area equal to 30-60 m 2. Duration of burning of thermite segments is 15-30 s.

flamethrowers are effective incendiary weapons. They are devices that eject a jet of burning fire mixture with the pressure of compressed gases. Flamethrowers can be knapsack, tank, self-propelled.

Rocket incendiary grenade launchers have a much greater range and are more economical than grenade launchers.

2.6.3. Protection against incendiary weapons

Getting on open areas of the skin, clothing, incendiary agents cause severe burns and burnouts. In the process of burning these products, the air heats up, which leads to burns of the upper respiratory tract. The gases released during combustion are poisonous and cause massive severe poisoning. The use of incendiaries causes massive fires.

the only effective tool protection against incendiary weapons are special shelters.

If fire mixtures get on outer clothing or personal protective equipment, the incendiary substance must be quickly discarded, and a small amount of it on clothing or an open area should be tightly closed with a sleeve, hollow clothing, or turf. Do not try to bring down the burning mixture with your bare hand. You should not shake off the mixture while running, as this will increase the burning process and lead to a more severe defeat.

If a person gets a large amount of fire mixture, they throw a cape, jacket, tarpaulin, burlap, etc. on him. You can dive into the water in burning clothes or knock down the fire by rolling on the ground. It is impossible to extinguish napalm with a fire extinguisher.

To protect against incendiary substances, protective structures, natural shelters, buildings (ravines, ditches, pits, stone buildings, sheds, awnings), personal protective equipment, winter outerwear, clothing, raincoats, capes are used.

To prevent fires, it is necessary to carry out fire fighting measures: to create reserves of wet clay, lime, cement for the manufacture of refractory coatings; to create reserves of dry sand and soil, to build rolls and grooves at the entrances to shelters and cellars to prevent the leakage of incendiary mixtures; prepare extinguishing solutions and improvised means (tarpaulins, capes, etc.).

To eliminate fires, it is necessary to prepare fire extinguishing means: fill tanks with water, boxes with sand, prepare existing fire fighting equipment.

Conclusions on the second educational question

1. Depending on the purpose, conventional ammunition is divided into fragmentation, high-explosive, armor-piercing, concrete-piercing, incendiary ammunition and volumetric explosion ammunition. They are designed to destroy manpower, military equipment and engineering structures of the enemy.

2. The main damaging factors of conventional ammunition are:

• a field of high-speed fragments of the hull or ready-made submunitions (for fragmentation and high-explosive fragmentation ammunition);
• air shock wave (for fragmentation, high-explosive fragmentation ammunition and volumetric explosion ammunition);
• high temperature (for cumulative, incendiary and volume explosion munitions);
• big kinetic energy(for cumulative, armor-piercing and concrete-piercing ammunition);
• toxic combustion products (for volume explosion ammunition and incendiary ammunition).

3. The most effective and therefore the most dangerous, primarily for the civilian population, munitions are explosive and incendiary munitions. In a number of countries, these munitions are classified as weapons of mass destruction.

4. Various covers are used to protect against conventional weapons. Moreover, to protect against volume explosion and incendiary ammunition, such shelters must be airtight.