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Presentation on the topic: Chemical weapon
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Chemical weapons are weapons mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of toxic substances and the means of their use: shells, rockets, mines, aerial bombs, VAPs (pouring aviation devices). Along with nuclear and biological weapons refers to weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Chemical weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of poisonous substances and the means of their use: shells, rockets, mines, aerial bombs, VAPs (pouring aviation devices). Along with nuclear and biological weapons, it refers to weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
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Chemical weapons are distinguished according to the following characteristics: Chemical weapons are distinguished according to the following characteristics: - the nature of the physiological effect of the agent on the human body - tactical purpose - the speed of the onset effect - the resistance of the agent used - the means and methods of application
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According to the nature of the physiological effect on the human body, six main types of poisonous substances are distinguished: According to the nature of the physiological effect on the human body, six main types of poisonous substances are distinguished: nervous system. The purpose of the use of OV nerve agents is the rapid and massive withdrawal personnel out of order with possible a large number deaths. The toxic substances of this group include sarin, soman, tabun and V-gases. Poisonous substances of blistering action. They cause damage mainly through the skin, and when applied in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through the respiratory system. The main toxic substances are mustard gas, lewisite. Poisonous substances of general poisonous action. Once in the body, they disrupt the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. This is one of the fastest operating systems. These include hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride.
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Asphyxiating agents affect mainly the lungs. The main OMs are phosgene and diphosgene. Asphyxiating agents affect mainly the lungs. The main OMs are phosgene and diphosgene. Psychochemical agents are capable of incapacitating the enemy's manpower for some time. These toxic substances, acting on the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause such mental deficiencies as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, and limitation of motor functions. Poisoning with these substances, in doses that cause mental disorders, does not lead to death. OB from this group is inuclidyl-3-benzilate (BZ) and lysergic acid diethylamide.
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Poisonous substances of irritating action, or irritants (from the English irritant - an irritating substance). Irritants are fast-acting. At the same time, their effect, as a rule, is short-lived, since after leaving the infected zone, the signs of poisoning disappear after 1–10 minutes. Irritating agents include lachrymal substances that cause profuse lacrimation and sneezing, irritating Airways(may also affect the nervous system and cause skin lesions). Tear agents are CS, CN, or chloroacetophenone and PS, or chloropicrin. The sneezers are DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchlorarsine) and DC (diphenylcyanarsine). Poisonous substances of irritating action, or irritants (from the English irritant - an irritating substance). Irritants are fast-acting. At the same time, their effect, as a rule, is short-lived, since after leaving the infected zone, the signs of poisoning disappear after 1–10 minutes. Irritant agents include lachrymal substances that cause profuse lacrimation and sneezing, irritating the respiratory tract (may also affect the nervous system and cause skin lesions). Tear agents are CS, CN, or chloroacetophenone and PS, or chloropicrin. The sneezers are DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchlorarsine) and DC (diphenylcyanarsine).
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There are agents that combine tear and sneezing actions. Annoying agents are in service with the police in many countries and are therefore classified as police or special means non-lethal action (special means). There are agents that combine tear and sneezing actions. Irritating agents are in service with the police in many countries and therefore are classified as police or special non-lethal means (special means). There are known cases of the use of other chemical compounds that do not aim at directly defeating the enemy's manpower. So, in the Vietnam War, the United States used defoliants (the so-called "Agent Orange", containing toxic dioxin), causing leaves to fall from trees.
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Tactical classification subdivides the weapons into groups according to combat mission. Lethal (according to American terminology, lethal agents) - substances intended for the destruction of manpower, which include agents of nerve paralytic, blistering, general poisonous and asphyxiating effects. Temporarily incapacitating manpower (according to American terminology, harmful agents) - substances that allow you to solve tactical tasks to disable manpower for periods ranging from several minutes to several days. These include psychotropic substances (incapacitants) and irritants (irritants). Tactical classification subdivides the weapons into groups according to their combat purpose. Lethal (according to American terminology, lethal agents) - substances intended for the destruction of manpower, which include agents of nerve paralytic, blistering, general poisonous and asphyxiating effects. Temporarily incapacitating manpower (according to American terminology, harmful agents) are substances that make it possible to solve tactical tasks of incapacitating manpower for periods ranging from several minutes to several days. These include psychotropic substances (incapacitants) and irritants (irritants).
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By the speed of impact, high-speed and slow-acting agents are distinguished. The damaging effect of the former is calculated in minutes (AC, CG). The action of the latter can last from several hours to several weeks after their application.
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During the First World War, chemical weapons were widely used in combat operations. The possibility of application was extremely dependent on the weather, the direction and strength of the wind, suitable conditions for massive use had in some cases to be expected for weeks. When used during offensives, the side using it itself suffered losses from its own chemical weapons, and the losses of the enemy did not exceed the losses from traditional artillery fire of the offensive artillery preparation. In subsequent wars of massive combat use chemical weapons have not been observed. During the First World War, chemical weapons were widely used in combat operations. The possibility of application was extremely dependent on the weather, the direction and strength of the wind, suitable conditions for massive use had in some cases to be expected for weeks. When used during offensives, the side using it itself suffered losses from its own chemical weapons, and the losses of the enemy did not exceed the losses from traditional artillery fire of the offensive artillery preparation. In subsequent wars, the massive combat use of chemical weapons was no longer observed.
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Wars with the use of chemical weapons Wars with the use of chemical weapons At the 1st peace conference in The Hague in 1899, it was adopted international declaration prohibiting the use of poisonous substances for military purposes. France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan agreed to the Hague Declaration of 1899, the United States and Great Britain joined the declaration and accepted its obligations at the 2nd Hague Conference in 1907. Despite this, cases of the use of chemical weapons were repeatedly noted in the future: First World War(1914-1918; both sides) Rif War (1920-1926; Spain, France) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1941; Italy) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945; Japan) Vietnam War (1957-1975 ; USA) Civil War in North Yemen (1962-1970; Egypt) Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988; both sides) Iraqi-Kurdish conflict (Iraqi government troops during Operation Anfal) Iraqi War (since 2003; rebels, USA)
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In 1940, in the city of Oberbayern (Bavaria), a large plant belonging to "IG Farben" was put into operation for the production of mustard gas and mustard compounds, with a capacity of 40 thousand tons. In total, in the pre-war and first war years in Germany, about 17 new technological installations for the production of OM were built, the annual capacity of which exceeded 100 thousand tons. In the city of Dühernfurt, on the Oder (now Silesia, Poland), there was one of the largest production facilities for organic matter. By 1945, Germany had 12 thousand tons of herd in stock, the production of which was nowhere else. The reasons why Germany did not use chemical weapons during World War II remain unclear to this day; according to one version, Hitler did not give the command to use CWA during the war because he believed that the USSR had more chemical weapons. In 1940, in the city of Oberbayern (Bavaria), a large plant belonging to "IG Farben" was put into operation for the production of mustard gas and mustard compounds, with a capacity of 40 thousand tons. In total, in the pre-war and first war years in Germany, about 17 new technological installations for the production of OM were built, the annual capacity of which exceeded 100 thousand tons. In the city of Dühernfurt, on the Oder (now Silesia, Poland), there was one of the largest production facilities for organic matter. By 1945, Germany had 12 thousand tons of herd in stock, the production of which was nowhere else. The reasons why Germany did not use chemical weapons during World War II remain unclear to this day; according to one version, Hitler did not give the command to use CWA during the war because he believed that the USSR had more chemical weapons.
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In 1993, Russia signed and in 1997 ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention. In this regard, a program was adopted to destroy stockpiles of chemical weapons accumulated over many years of their production. Initially, the program was designed until 2009, but due to underfunding, changes were made to the program. The program is currently running through 2012. In 1993, Russia signed and in 1997 ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention. In this regard, a program was adopted to destroy stockpiles of chemical weapons accumulated over many years of their production. Initially, the program was designed until 2009, but due to underfunding, changes were made to the program. The program is currently running through 2012.
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There are currently eight chemical weapons storage facilities in Russia, each with a corresponding destruction facility: Currently, there are eight chemical weapons storage facilities in Russia, each with a corresponding destruction facility: p. Pokrovka, Chapaevsky district, Samara region (Chapaevsk-11), the destruction plant was one of the first to be installed by military builders, in 1989, but has been mothballed until now) Gorny settlement ( Saratov region) (Commissioned) Kambarka (Udmurt Republic) (First stage commissioned) Kizner settlement (Udmurt Republic) (Under construction) Shchuchye (Kurgan Region) (First stage commissioned 25.02.2009) Maradykovo settlement (Maradykovsky ”) ( Kirov region) (First stage commissioned) Leonidovka village (Penza region) (Commissioned) Pochep ( Bryansk region) (under construction)
Completed by a student of 10 "B" class Roman Pushkov, Anninskaya secondary school No. 1, Anna, Voronezh region Head: chemistry teacher Galtseva O.N. Chemical weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of poisonous substances and the means of their use: shells, rockets, mines, aerial bombs, VAPs (pouring aviation devices). Along with nuclear and biological weapons, it refers to weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Chemical weapons are distinguished according to the following characteristics: - the nature of the physiological effect of the agent on the human body - tactical purpose - the speed of the onset effect - the resistance of the agent used - the means and methods of application According to the nature of the physiological effect on the human body, six main types of poisonous substances are distinguished: actions that affect the central nervous system. The purpose of the use of agents of nerve paralytic action is the rapid and massive incapacitation of personnel with the greatest possible number of deaths. The toxic substances of this group include sarin, soman, tabun and V-gases. Poisonous substances of blistering action. They cause damage mainly through the skin, and when applied in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through the respiratory system. The main toxic substances are mustard gas, lewisite. Poisonous substances of general poisonous action. Once in the body, they disrupt the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. This is one of the fastest operating systems. These include hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride. Asphyxiating agents affect mainly the lungs. The main OMs are phosgene and diphosgene. Psychochemical agents are capable of incapacitating the enemy's manpower for some time. These toxic substances, acting on the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause such mental deficiencies as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, and limitation of motor functions. Poisoning with these substances, in doses that cause mental disorders, does not lead to death. OBs from this group are inuclidyl-3benzilate (BZ) and lysergic acid diethylamide. Poisonous substances of irritating action, or irritants (from the English irritant - an irritating substance). Irritants are fast-acting. At the same time, their effect, as a rule, is short-lived, since after leaving the infected zone, the signs of poisoning disappear after 1–10 minutes. Irritant agents include lachrymal substances that cause profuse lacrimation and sneezing, irritating the respiratory tract (may also affect the nervous system and cause skin lesions). Tear agents are CS, CN, or chloroacetophenone and PS, or chloropicrin. The sneezers are DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchlorarsine) and DC (diphenylcyanarsine). There are agents that combine tear and sneezing actions. Irritating agents are in service with the police in many countries and therefore are classified as police or special non-lethal means (special means). There are known cases of the use of other chemical compounds that do not aim at directly defeating the enemy's manpower. Thus, in the Vietnam War, the United States used defoliants (the so-called "Agent Orange" containing toxic dioxin) that cause leaves to fall from trees. Tactical classification subdivides OM into groups according to combat purpose. Lethal (according to American terminology, lethal agents) - substances intended for the destruction of manpower, which include agents of nerve paralytic, blistering, general poisonous and asphyxiating action. Temporarily incapacitating manpower (according to American terminology, harmful agents) are substances that make it possible to solve tactical tasks of incapacitating manpower for periods ranging from several minutes to several days. These include psychotropic substances (incapacitants) and irritants (irritants). According to the speed of exposure, high-speed and slow-acting agents are distinguished. Depending on the duration of the preservation of the damaging ability, agents are divided into short-acting (unstable or volatile) and long-acting (persistent). The damaging effect of the former is calculated in minutes (AC, CG). The action of the latter can last from several hours to several weeks after their application. During the First World War, chemical weapons were widely used in combat operations. The possibility of application was extremely dependent on the weather, the direction and strength of the wind, suitable conditions for massive use had in some cases to be expected for weeks. When used during offensives, the side using it itself suffered losses from its own chemical weapons, and the losses of the enemy did not exceed the losses from traditional artillery fire of the offensive artillery preparation. In subsequent wars, the massive combat use of chemical weapons was no longer observed. Wars with the use of chemical weapons At the 1st peace conference in The Hague in 1899, an international declaration was adopted banning the use of poisonous substances for military purposes. France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan agreed to the Hague Declaration of 1899, the United States and Great Britain joined the declaration and accepted its obligations at the 2nd Hague Conference in 1907. Despite this, cases of the use of chemical weapons were repeatedly noted in the future: First World War (1914-1918; both sides) Rif War (1920-1926; Spain, France) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1941; Italy) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945; Japan) Vietnam War (1957) -1975; USA) Civil War in North Yemen (1962-1970; Egypt) Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988; both sides) Iraqi-Kurdish conflict (Iraqi government troops during Operation Anfal) Iraqi War (since 2003; rebels, USA) In 1940, in the city of Oberbayern (Bavaria), a large plant belonging to "IG Farben" was launched for the production of mustard gas and mustard compounds, with a capacity of 40 thousand tons. In total, in the pre-war and first war years in Germany, about 17 new technological installations for the production of OM were built, the annual capacity of which exceeded 100 thousand tons. In the city of Dühernfurt, on the Oder (now Silesia, Poland), there was one of the largest production facilities for organic matter. By 1945, Germany had 12 thousand tons of herd in stock, the production of which was nowhere else. The reasons why Germany did not use chemical weapons during World War II remain unclear to this day; according to one version, Hitler did not give the command to use CWA during the war because he believed that the USSR had more chemical weapons. In 1993, Russia signed and in 1997 ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention. In this regard, a program was adopted to destroy stockpiles of chemical weapons accumulated over many years of their production. Initially, the program was designed until 2009, but due to underfunding, changes were made to the program. The program is currently running through 2012. Currently, there are eight chemical weapons storage facilities in Russia, each of which corresponds to an enterprise for their destruction: p. Pokrovka, Chapaevsky district, Samara region (Chapaevsk-11), the destruction plant was one of the first to be installed by military builders, in 1989, but has been mothballed until now) Gorny settlement (Saratov region) (Commissioned) Kambarka ( Udmurt Republic) (First stage commissioned) Kizner village (Udmurt Republic) (Under construction) Shchuchye (Kurgan region) (First phase 25 commissioned. 02.2009) Maradykovo village (Maradykovsky facility) (Kirov region) (First stage commissioned) Leonidovka village (Penza region) (Commissioned) Pochep city (Bryansk region) (Under construction) Despite the precautions of the world community, there is a danger of using chemical weapons. Each country has its strategic reserve. And so this type of weapon is a potential environmental problem for the whole world.
The main means of using chemical weapons are chemical warheads of missiles; - rocket launchers; - chemical rocket and artillery shells and mines; - chemical aerial bombs and cassettes; - chemical bombs; - grenades; - poisonous smoke bombs and aerosol generators.
Tactical classification of poisonous substances: According to the elasticity of saturated vapors (volatility) they are classified into: - unstable (phosgene, hydrocyanic acid); - resistant (mustard gas, lewisite, VX); - poisonous smoke (adamsite, chloroacetophenone). By the nature of the impact on manpower on: - lethal: (sarin, mustard gas); - temporarily incapacitating personnel: (chloracetophenone, quinuclidyl-3-benzilate); - irritants: (adamsite, Cs, Cr, chloroacetophenone); - educational: (chloropicrin). By the speed of the onset of the damaging effect: - high-speed - do not have a period covert action(sarin, - soman, VX, AC, Ch, Cs, CR); - slow-acting - have a period of latent action (mustard gas, Phosgene, BZ, lewisite, Adamsite).
Physiological classification - nerve agents: (organophosphorus compounds): GB (sarin), CD (soman), tabun, VX; - general toxic agents: AG (hydrocyanic acid); CK(cyanogen chloride); - blister agents: mustard gas, nitrogen mustard, lewisite; - irritating agents: CS, CR, DM(adamsite), CN(chloroacetophenone), diphenylchlorarsine, iphenylcyanarsine, chloropicrin, dibenzoxazepine, o-chlorobenzalmalondinitrile, bromobenzyl cyanide; - suffocating agents: CG (phosgene), diphosgene; - psychochemical agents: quinuclidyl-3-benzylate, BZ.
Once in the body, 0V nerve agents affect the nervous system. characteristic feature The lesion is constriction of the pupils of the eyes (miosis). With inhalation damage, visual impairment, constriction of the pupils of the eyes (miosis), difficulty in breathing, a feeling of heaviness in the chest (retrosternal effect) are observed in a mild degree, the secretion of saliva and mucus from the nose increases. These phenomena are accompanied by severe headaches and can persist from 2 to 3 days. When lethal concentrations of 0V are exposed to the body, severe miosis, suffocation, profuse salivation and sweating occur, a feeling of fear, vomiting and diarrhea, convulsions that can last several hours, and loss of consciousness appear. Death occurs from respiratory and cardiac paralysis. When acting through the skin, the picture of the lesion is basically similar to inhalation. The difference is that the symptoms appear after a while. Poison nerve agents
General poisonous agents, when they enter the body, disrupt the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. This is one of the fastest operating systems. When affected by hydrocyanic acid, an unpleasant metallic taste and burning sensation in the mouth, numbness of the tip of the tongue, tingling in the eye area, scratching in the throat, anxiety, weakness and dizziness appear. Then a feeling of fear appears, the pupils dilate, the pulse becomes rare, and breathing is uneven. The affected person loses consciousness and an attack of convulsions begins, followed by paralysis. Death comes from respiratory arrest. Under the action of very high concentrations, the so-called lightning-fast form of damage occurs: the affected person immediately loses consciousness, breathing is frequent and shallow, convulsions, paralysis and death. When affected by hydrocyanic acid, there is pink coloring face and mucous membranes. Poisonous substances of general poisonous action
Mustard gas has a damaging effect in any way of penetration into the body. Areas affected by mustard gas are prone to infection. The skin lesion begins with redness, which appears 26 hours after exposure to mustard gas. A day later, at the site of redness, small blisters are formed, filled with a yellow transparent liquid. Subsequently, the bubbles merge. After 23 days, the blisters burst and a non-healing 2030 day is formed. ulcer. Eye contact with drip-liquid mustard gas can lead to blindness. When inhaled vapors or aerosols of mustard gas, the first signs of damage appear after a few hours in the form of dryness and burning in the nasopharynx, then severe swelling mucous membrane of the nasopharynx, accompanied by purulent discharge. AT severe cases pneumonia develops, death occurs on the 34th day from suffocation. Poisonous substances of blistering action
CS at low concentrations is irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract, and at high concentrations it causes burns to exposed skin, in some cases respiratory paralysis, heart failure and death. Signs of damage: severe burning and pain in the eyes and chest, severe lacrimation, involuntary closing of the eyelids, sneezing, runny nose (sometimes with blood), painful burning sensation in the mouth, nasopharynx, upper respiratory tract, cough and chest pain. When leaving the contaminated atmosphere or after putting on a gas mask, the symptoms continue to increase for 15-20 minutes, and then gradually subside over 13 hours. Irritant poisonous substances
Phosgene affects the body only when its vapors are inhaled, while there is a slight irritation of the mucous membrane of the eyes, lacrimation, an unpleasant sweetish taste in the mouth, slight dizziness, general weakness, cough, chest tightness, nausea (vomiting). After leaving the contaminated atmosphere, these phenomena disappear, and within 45 hours the affected person is in the stage of imaginary well-being. Then, due to pulmonary edema, a sharp deterioration occurs: breathing quickens, coughing With copious excretion foamy sputum, headache, shortness of breath, blue lips, eyelids, nose, increased heart rate, pain in the heart, weakness and suffocation. Body temperature rises to 38-39°C. Pulmonary edema lasts for several days and is usually fatal. Asphyxiating poisonous substances
BZ infects the body by inhaling contaminated air and ingesting contaminated food and water. The action of BZ begins to appear after 0.53 hours. Under the action of low concentrations, drowsiness and a decrease in combat effectiveness occur. When high concentrations are applied to initial stage within a few hours, there is a rapid heartbeat, dry skin and dry mouth, dilated pupils and reduced combat capability. In the next 8 hours, numbness and inhibition of speech occur. This is followed by a period of excitation lasting up to 4 days. After 23 days. after exposure to 0V, a gradual return to normal begins. Poisonous substances of psychochemical action
For the first time, chemical weapons were used by Germany in the First World War. History of the use of chemical weapons
World War I (; both sides) Tambov Uprising (; Red Army against peasants, according to order 0016 of June 12) Rif War (; Spain, France) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (; Italy) Second Sino-Japanese War (; Japan) Great - Patriotic War(; Germany) Vietnam War (; both sides) North Yemeni Civil War (; Egypt) Iran-Iraq War (; both sides) Iraqi-Kurdish conflict (Iraqi government forces during Operation Anfal) Iraqi War (; rebels , USA) History of the use of chemical weapons
The Hague Convention of 1899, article 23 of which prohibits the use of ammunition, the sole purpose of which was to cause poisoning of enemy personnel. The Hague Convention of 1899, article 23 of which prohibits the use of ammunition, the sole purpose of which was to cause poisoning of enemy personnel. the Geneva Protocol of 1925. the Geneva Protocol of 1925. The 1993 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and Their Destruction The 1993 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and Their Destruction The use of chemical weapons has been banned several times by various international agreements:
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Chemical weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of poisonous substances and the means of their use: shells, rockets, mines, aerial bombs, VAPs (pouring aviation devices). Along with nuclear and biological weapons, it refers to weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
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Chemical weapons are distinguished according to the following characteristics: - the nature of the physiological effect of the agent on the human body - tactical purpose - the speed of the onset effect - the resistance of the agent used - the means and methods of application
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According to the nature of the physiological effects on the human body, six main types of toxic substances are distinguished: Poisonous substances of a nerve agent that affect the central nervous system. The purpose of the use of agents of nerve paralytic action is the rapid and massive incapacitation of personnel with the greatest possible number of deaths. The toxic substances of this group include sarin, soman, tabun and V-gases. Poisonous substances of blistering action. They cause damage mainly through the skin, and when applied in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through the respiratory system. The main toxic substances are mustard gas, lewisite. Poisonous substances of general poisonous action. Once in the body, they disrupt the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. This is one of the fastest operating systems. These include hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride.
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Asphyxiating agents affect mainly the lungs. The main OMs are phosgene and diphosgene. Psychochemical agents are capable of incapacitating the enemy's manpower for some time. These toxic substances, acting on the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause such mental deficiencies as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, and limitation of motor functions. Poisoning with these substances, in doses that cause mental disorders, does not lead to death. OB from this group is inuclidyl-3-benzilate (BZ) and lysergic acid diethylamide.
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Poisonous substances of irritating action, or irritants (from the English irritant - an irritating substance). Irritants are fast-acting. At the same time, their effect, as a rule, is short-lived, since after leaving the infected zone, the signs of poisoning disappear after 1–10 minutes. Irritant agents include lachrymal substances that cause profuse lacrimation and sneezing, irritating the respiratory tract (may also affect the nervous system and cause skin lesions). Tear agents are CS, CN, or chloroacetophenone and PS, or chloropicrin. The sneezers are DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchlorarsine) and DC (diphenylcyanarsine).
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There are agents that combine tear and sneezing actions. Irritating agents are in service with the police in many countries and therefore are classified as police or special non-lethal means (special means). There are known cases of the use of other chemical compounds that do not aim at directly defeating the enemy's manpower. So, in the Vietnam War, the United States used defoliants (the so-called "Agent Orange", containing toxic dioxin), causing leaves to fall from trees.
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Tactical classification subdivides the weapons into groups according to their combat purpose. Lethal (according to American terminology, lethal agents) - substances intended for the destruction of manpower, which include agents of nerve paralytic, blistering, general poisonous and asphyxiating effects. Temporarily incapacitating manpower (according to American terminology, harmful agents) are substances that make it possible to solve tactical tasks of incapacitating manpower for periods ranging from several minutes to several days. These include psychotropic substances (incapacitants) and irritants (irritants).
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According to the speed of exposure, high-speed and slow-acting agents are distinguished. Depending on the duration of the preservation of the damaging ability, agents are divided into short-acting (unstable or volatile) and long-acting (persistent). The damaging effect of the former is calculated in minutes (AC, CG). The action of the latter can last from several hours to several weeks after their application.
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During the First World War, chemical weapons were widely used in combat operations. The possibility of application was extremely dependent on the weather, the direction and strength of the wind, suitable conditions for massive use had in some cases to be expected for weeks. When used during offensives, the side using it itself suffered losses from its own chemical weapons, and the losses of the enemy did not exceed the losses from traditional artillery fire of the offensive artillery preparation. In subsequent wars, the massive combat use of chemical weapons was no longer observed.
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Wars with the use of chemical weapons At the 1st peace conference in The Hague in 1899, an international declaration was adopted banning the use of poisonous substances for military purposes. France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan agreed to the Hague Declaration of 1899, the United States and Great Britain joined the declaration and accepted its obligations at the 2nd Hague Conference in 1907. Despite this, cases of the use of chemical weapons were repeatedly noted in the future: First World War (1914-1918; both sides) Rif War (1920-1926; Spain, France) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1941; Italy) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945; Japan) Vietnam War (1957) -1975; USA) Civil War in North Yemen (1962-1970; Egypt) Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988; both sides) Iraqi-Kurdish conflict (Iraqi government troops during Operation Anfal) Iraqi War (since 2003; rebels, USA)
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In 1940, in the city of Oberbayern (Bavaria), a large plant belonging to "IG Farben" was put into operation for the production of mustard gas and mustard compounds, with a capacity of 40 thousand tons. In total, in the pre-war and first war years in Germany, about 17 new technological installations for the production of OM were built, the annual capacity of which exceeded 100 thousand tons. In the city of Dühernfurt, on the Oder (now Silesia, Poland), there was one of the largest production facilities for organic matter. By 1945, Germany had 12 thousand tons of herd in stock, the production of which was nowhere else. The reasons why Germany did not use chemical weapons during World War II remain unclear to this day; according to one version, Hitler did not give the command to use CWA during the war because he believed that the USSR had more chemical weapons.
With a mild lesion, mycosis, blurred vision, pain in the eyes and forehead, runny nose with copious liquid secretions, a feeling of tightness in the chest, difficulty exhaling appear. This phenomenon lasts 1-2 days. Poisoned moderately severe is characterized by a greater severity of symptoms. With inhalation damage, bronchospasm is more pronounced, when it comes into contact with the skin, intense sweating and fibrillation of the muscles in the infected area are noted. Oral poisoning is accompanied by vomiting, severe intestinal spasms, diarrhea, shortness of breath, superficial with wheezing exhalation. The symptom of poisoning disappears no earlier than 4-5 days. With a severe degree of poisoning, the toxic effect of agents on the central nervous system comes to the fore. The strongest bronchospasm, laryngospasm, twitching of the muscles of the eyelids, face and limbs, a sharp general muscle weakness, tremors develop. Following this, the affected person loses consciousness and has paroxysmal convulsions that continue until the death of the person.
