Means of destruction and ammunition of the villagers. Modern conventional weapons

Conventional weapons are based on the use of the energy of explosives and incendiary mixtures. These include artillery, rocket and aviation ammunition, small arms, land mines, mines and other means.

The most common ammunition of conventional weapons that can be used to strike cities and towns can be fragmentation bombs, high-explosive bombs, ball bombs, volume explosion ammunition, incendiary weapons. Let's meet some types of conventional weapons ammunition and their damaging factors.

fragmentation bombs used to kill people and animals. When a bomb explodes, a large number of fragments are formed, which scatter in different sides at a distance of up to 300 m from the explosion site. Fragments do not break through brick and wooden walls.

high-explosive aerial bombs designed to destroy all kinds of structures. Compared to nuclear weapons, their destructive power is small. Great danger represent unexploded bombs. Most often, they have delayed fuses that fire automatically some time after the bomb is dropped.

ball bombs equipped with a huge number (from several hundred to several thousand) fragments (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing up to several grams. Ball bombs ranging in size from tennis to soccer ball can contain 300 metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5-6 mm. The radius of the damaging effect of the bomb is up to 15 m.

Volumetric explosion ammunition dropped from the aircraft in the form of cassettes. The cassette contains three ammunition containing about 35 kg of liquid ethylene oxide each. Ammunition is separated in the air. When they hit the ground, a fuse is triggered, which provides a dispersion of liquid and the formation

gas cloud with a diameter of 15 m and a height of 2.5 m. This cloud is undermined by a special slow-acting device.

The main damaging factor of a volumetric explosion ammunition is a shock wave propagating at supersonic speed, the power of which is 4-6 times higher than the explosion energy of a conventional explosive.

incendiary weapons in depending on the composition, it is divided into: incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm), metallized incendiary mixtures, thermite compositions, white phosphorus.

The means of using incendiary weapons can be aerial bombs, cassettes, artillery incendiary ammunition, flamethrowers, etc.

The thermal effect of incendiary weapons on the human body leads primarily to burns.

Incendiaries used in the form of air bombs pose a serious danger to people. Getting on open areas of the skin, clothes, they cause very severe burns, burnouts. In the process of burning these products, the air quickly heats up, which leads to burns of the respiratory tract. The use of incendiaries causes massive fires.

precision weapons most modern look conventional weapons, which include fire and strike weapons that use guided and homing ammunition and missiles capable of hitting targets from the first shot, launched with a probability of at least 0.5.

High accuracy of destruction is achieved using the following methods of aiming ammunition, missiles at the target:

guidance guided munitions, missiles on a visually observed target;

homing ammunition, missiles on reflection from radar surface of the target;

combined guidance-control of ammunition, a missile by an automated control system over most of the flight path and homing in the final section.

Concluding the consideration of the issue of modern weapons, it should be noted that the task of ensuring the security of the country and the population from the dangers arising from the conduct of military operations or as a result of these operations remains relevant.

Questions and tasks

1. What damaging factors of nuclear weapons do you know?

2. List the main types of poisonous substances

3. Name the damaging factors of bacteriological (biological) weapons.

4. Prepare a message on the topic " general characteristics modern conventional weapons."

What are modern conventional weapons? This weapon, which has already become traditional. Mankind has learned to use energy explosives, various incendiary mixtures, an extensive range of ammunition, mines and much more, not related to nuclear weapons, which is rightfully considered the last deterrent argument. But scientific thought in matters of the extermination of all living things does not stand still. Today it has become possible to create weapons on a more advanced, qualitatively new level of efficiency and principles. The classification of modern conventional means of destruction occurs according to their purpose and damaging effect. What are the principles and projectiles during the fighting?

Table

Ammunition

According to the principles, characteristics of the impact on objects, fragmentation, cumulative, concrete-piercing, incendiary, volume explosion ammunition are distinguished. Such a variety of damaging factors of means of destruction implies a wide range of applications: enemy manpower, equipment, strategic objects.

fragmentation

The main feature is the presence of a huge number of ready-made or semi-finished lethal elements designed to exterminate enemy soldiers. Fragments can scatter with a radius of up to three hundred meters. Of these, cluster ball bombs and high-explosive munitions are of the greatest interest. In a ball bomb, the striking element is pieces of metal and plastic of various diameters. The usual delivery method is an aircraft dropping a batch of these bombs in cassettes of various numbers. Can cover an area of ​​more than two hundred thousand square meters. m.

A separate variety is high-explosive ammunition, the blast wave and fragments of which destroy large ground objects.

Cumulative

Modern conventional weapons include ammunition capable of destroying armored targets with a directed jet of high temperature gases. The detonation products are focused, burning holes in the metal, which has the properties of armor of different thicknesses, so their use is also advisable in order to cause fires. Screens are used for protection. different materials located at some distance from the main structure. The energy of the jet, occupied by burning through such a screen, practically does not damage the object with such protection.

Concrete-piercing

When creating modern conventional weapons, much attention is paid to the issue of effective destruction of the entire military infrastructure of the enemy. The sphere of interests of this type of weapons are airfields, communication centers, bunkers and other objects. The main work is carried out by kinetic energy and high-explosive charge, acting in 2 stages. Initially, the main task is to break through the obstacle. The second stage is an explosion inside (sometimes with a slowdown).

Incendiary

This is a whole range of tools that use incendiary substances. It is no coincidence that Americans consider it a weapon with a huge effect of psychological impact. This type of weapon is divided into incendiary mixtures, metallized incendiary mixtures and thermite compositions.

Incendiary mixture. The famous fire mixture, better known as napalm. The composition is based on gasoline with the addition of a thickener powder. It has two convenient properties during application: it ignites perfectly, it adheres perfectly to any surface. It burns even in water. The temperature it creates is about 1200 degrees.

Pyrogel. An oil product to which powdered magnesium, heavy oils, liquid asphalt are added.

white phosphorus. Used as a napalm igniter.

vacuum bomb

it terrible weapon also applies to modern conventional weapons. It is considered the most dangerous invention of mankind after nuclear weapons, but its impact on the environment is minimized. With all the destructiveness for all living things, it leaves buildings and equipment practically intact, which makes it very promising to use in conflicts.

Principle of operation. A container is dropped from an aircraft using a parachute, in which a detonator is launched at a certain height, destroying the bomb shell. Immediately, an aerosol cloud is sprayed over the surroundings, which increases sharply. Mixing with air and, as it were, becoming attached to it, it penetrates into the most inaccessible places (starting with open windows, ending with bunkers). Even in the mountains, in caves, you can’t hide from him. All the while, the cloud is growing in size. When the desired concentration of the substance in the air is reached, the second detonator is launched. After that, all oxygen is destroyed in the resulting mixture of air and ejected matter, which leads to the formation of a vacuum. Not a single terrestrial creature can survive in such conditions.

It's all about low pressure in such an artificially created absence of oxygen. Human vessels are not able to withstand such overloads. Another important advantage is the supersonic shock wave and incredibly high temperature. Taken together, all these factors leave virtually no chance for the enemy's manpower.

precision weapons

A striking example is cruise missiles, or, as they were originally called, - projectile aircraft. The first developments were carried out since the first conflicts of the early twentieth century. Refers to high-precision weapons as an independent type of offensive strategic weapons. Able to maneuver various conditions terrain at low altitudes. This makes it difficult to detect. One of the main disadvantages is its price and weak charge power. With the current trends in scientific and technological progress, the importance of non-nuclear cruise missiles will increase. For the dynamic optimal development of this direction, a Global Space Navigation System is needed. At the moment, the United States and Russia have it. The European Union has also come close to completing the development of this program at home.

Conclusion

The general characteristic of modern conventional weapons is that, for all their fantastic destructive power, they do not have such a detrimental effect on the environment as nuclear weapons. Rethinking the Basic Doctrine of Leading modern war led to an understanding of the need to reduce, if possible, the destruction associated with it. The same is true with questions on the impact on the manpower of the enemy. A perfect example is the PFM-1 mine. It doesn't kill, it just maims. But the psychological effect that such a weapon has is difficult to overestimate.

Further development of modern conventional weapons will continue. In the near future, the possibility wide application laser, and even methods of parapsychological influence. Already today, the first steps in the implementation of various robots are visible. Therefore, the 21st century is increasingly referred to as the “era of non-contact wars”. But according to the forecasts of military experts, wars are unlikely to become less destructive.

To conventional means of destruction include aerial bombs various designs, shells, mines, torpedoes, rockets filled with explosives or special mixtures. Due to the special design and high accuracy of hitting the target, modern conventional weapons have an increased damaging and destructive effect, bringing them closer to low-yield nuclear weapons.

fragmentation ammunition designed to target the unprotected population. The striking effect is achieved due to the large number of fragments resulting from the crushing of a steel spiral bar during the explosion of the main explosive charge. A bomb explosion occurs at a height of 5–20 m above the ground, which ensures the destruction of a large area. Thus, a fragmentation bomb weighing 125 kg strikes an area of ​​100 × 75 m.

cluster munitions are intended to destroy people, equipment and other targets over large areas. They are ordinary large-caliber air bombs, equipped with small-sized ammunition of various types: instantaneous fragmentation fuses to destroy the personnel of civil defense formations, the population, and equipment located outside shelters; fragmentation with mine-type fuses - for mining port facilities, airfields, railway stations and other objects of the national economy.

high explosive ammunition designed to destroy all kinds of structures. Compared to nuclear weapons, their destructive power is small. Unexploded bombs pose a great danger. Most often, they have delayed fuses that fire automatically after some (specified) time after the bomb is dropped. The main damaging factor of high-explosive ammunition is the air shock wave that occurs during the explosion of a conventional explosive (HE) with which these ammunition are equipped. They are distinguished by a high filling ratio (the ratio of the mass of explosives to the total mass of ammunition), reaching 55%, and have a caliber from tens to hundreds and thousands of pounds.

From the shock wave and fragments of high-explosive and fragmentation ammunition, shelters, shelters of various types, dugouts, and blocked cracks are effectively protected.

guided aerial bombs are designed to destroy industrial, administrative facilities, transport hubs and highways, energy, communications, gas supply enterprises, etc. The bomb is dropped from an aircraft that does not fly over the target, which reduces the possibility of hitting it with air defense systems. Warhead an aerial bomb can carry a high-explosive charge of increased power or a cassette filled with small-sized ammunition.

Bomb cassettes of volumetric (vacuum) explosion explode on impact with the ground as a result of the expelling charge. The design of the hull and the characteristics of the expelling charge ensure the spread of liquid and the formation of a gas-air cloud with a diameter of about 15 m and a thickness of 2.5 m. When it is undermined by an initiating device, a hard shock wave with an overpressure of up to 3 MPa is created. The effectiveness of the impact of such ammunition on people, equipment and structures is almost 10 times higher than fragmentation and high-explosive of the same caliber. A cloud of gas-air mixture is able to penetrate (“flow”) into various recesses and crevices, so protective structures can be blown up from the inside. In addition to a powerful shock wave, an oxygen-depleted atmosphere is formed at the site of the explosion, poisoned by combustion products, which is an additional damaging factor. This barbaric American-made weapon was used by the Israeli aggressors in the fall of 1982 against the civilian population of Lebanon. The US military used volumetric bombs in 1969 during the fighting in Vietnam.

Cumulative ammunition designed to destroy armored targets. The principle of operation is based on burning through the barrier with a powerful jet of detonation products of explosives with a temperature of 6-7 thousand degrees and a pressure of 5-6 thousand kgf / cm². The formation of a cumulative jet is achieved due to the cumulative recess of a parabolic shape in the explosive charge. Focused detonation products are capable of burning holes in armored ceilings several tens of centimeters thick and causing fires. To protect against cumulative ammunition, screens made of various materials can be used, located at a distance of 15-20 cm from the main structure. In this case, all the energy of the jet is spent on burning the screen, and the main structure remains intact.

concrete bombs are intended for the destruction of particularly strong and buried structures, runways with concrete pavement, dams, tunnels. The damaging effect is achieved due to the high dynamic characteristics and design features of the warhead, made in the form of two charges: cumulative - for making a hole in an obstacle, and high-explosive - a conventional explosive. The effectiveness of the ammunition is 10 times that of a conventional high-explosive bomb of the same caliber.

incendiary bombs explode after being dropped from an aircraft. During the explosion, the explosive charge destroys the body of the bomb, and the contents in the form of burning particles scatter in all directions, creating a lesion. The area affected by a 750-pound bomb can reach 4,000 m2. In addition to thermal effects, when burning some mixtures, highly toxic substances (hydrogen chloride, hydrocyanic acid vapors, benzene) are released, which makes it difficult to eliminate fires and requires special means protection.

small incendiary bombs(napalm) aviation cassettes can be equipped. Each cassette contains 670 small-sized incendiary bombs weighing 0.4 kg each, which ensures the creation of a fire zone on an area of ​​0.12-0.15 km 2. Using the "scorched earth tactics", during the military operations in Vietnam, the Americans dropped about 100 thousand napalm bombs on cities and towns. This barbaric experience was widely used by the Israeli military in Lebanon.

Conventional weapons pose a danger for people in open areas. Therefore, it should be remembered that the most effective protection against fragments, the shock wave of conventional ammunition and incendiaries is provided by protective structures (shelters, shelters of various types, stone buildings). When forced to stay in open areas, it is necessary to use ravines, ditches, ditches, pits, etc. for protection.

If the incendiary mixture gets on clothes or shoes, they must be quickly removed, and small fires should be tightly covered with a sleeve, hollow clothes, sprinkled with sand, earth. You should not try to throw off the burning mixture, nor should you run, as the increased air flow will contribute to a greater ignition and lead to a more severe defeat. If a large amount of an incendiary substance has fallen on the victim, a cape, tarpaulin, burlap should be thrown over him to stop further ignition.

Importance to reduce the damaging effect of incendiary substances, timely assistance to the victims has. Bandages moistened with water or a 5% solution of copper sulfate are applied to the affected areas, then they are treated with anesthetics and antibiotics.

In the fight against incendiary munitions, safety measures must be observed. Having found an unexploded incendiary bomb (ammunition), it is necessary to take it to a safe place, using a long hook for this. To protect against burns of the respiratory tract, use cotton-gauze bandages or press any tissue to the mouth.

New weapons

Currently, in many countries of the world, work is actively underway to create non-lethal (non-lethal) types of weapons (NVO) for various purposes. This is due to the desire to avoid mass loss of life, large-scale environmental disasters associated with the contamination of territories for many years with radioactive isotopes, chemicals, microorganisms, and cause significant damage to the macroeconomics of the enemy.

It is customary to refer to non-lethal types of weapons as means that cause functional damage to manpower, weapons, military equipment and at the same time using non-ionizing radiation, such as microwave, laser, ultrasonic, as well as chemical substances, biological and biotechnological means.

Electromagnetic and infrasonic NVO- sources of microwave radiation of high power have both informative and energy ways of influencing a person. By changing the frequency, power and modulation of signals, it is possible to simulate the nature and level of stress - from minor mental disorders, thermoregulation disorders to the destruction of internal organs and death of microwaves - high-power radiation causes a thermal effect. Depending on its frequency, the work of the brain and central nervous system, there is a feeling of hard tolerable noise and whistling, internal organs are affected, which is fraught with death.

The information impact of microwave radiation is manifested in the so-called radio audibility effect. It lies in the fact that people who are in a powerful field of microwave radiation begin to hear "inner voices", music, etc.

infrasound- artificially created elastic acoustic waves that cause the human eardrums to vibrate, while in the inner ear, which regulates spatial orientation, nerve impulses occur, which are recorded by the brain as sound. In addition, at certain frequencies, internal organs and individual parts of the human body resonate. High-intensity sound waves disrupt psychomotor functions and cause pain, fear, vomiting, intestinal spasms, convulsions, up to lethal outcome. The psycho-neurological effects of low-frequency acoustic vibrations are manifested in a feeling of oppression and fear. Electromagnetic radiation provokes the emergence of unmotivated anxiety, uncertainty in choosing the right solution. Seizures are a particular danger to life.

Acoustic NVOs are developed on the basis of acoustic generators with a frequency of continuous radiation up to 500 Hz, as well as acoustic "bullets" - ultrasonic beams of pulses that form a plasma. Infrasound (frequency less than 25 Hz) propagates over long distances, has absolute penetrating power, is practically not extinguished by any materials, and external means of protection against it are not effective. Infrasound can be used against manpower in shelters.

Chemical NVO. Chemical agents such as hallucinogens primarily affect a person's systems that ensure his emotional behavior, the "struggle for life" in a hopeless situation, causing stress. These substances disrupt the adaptive behavior of the body (tear gases, substances with an unbearable odor, irritating the respiratory tract, causing severe pain, etc.). Products of biotechnological production can provide both energetic and short, and soft, but long-term (up to several weeks), withdrawal from active purposeful activity of certain contingents of individuals, without causing permanent damage to their health.

Optical means HBO (laser means) designed to destroy sensors and input paths of detection, tracking, guidance, surveillance and reconnaissance systems, as well as to blind manpower. AT last case portable low-power devices are used, while installations for disabling sensors and optical equipment are complex devices of high power and dimensions.

High Intensity Optical Weapons is a powerful directed streams of optical radiation based on the explosive heating of inert gases (neon, argon or xenon). Due to the explosion, they are compressed with the formation of a plasma with a temperature of several thousand degrees Celsius, which emits energy in a very wide spectral range - from ultraviolet to infrared. Sources of high-intensity optical radiation can be delivered to the target using grenade launchers, mortars, air bombs, etc. Hand grenades of this type are successfully used in the fight against terrorists during the release of hostages.

Optical means of HBO affect a person in the following way. When using flashing sources of optical radiation and high-power stroboscopic pulses with a frequency close to the rhythms of the brain, people experience dizziness, nausea and disorientation. This effect, called the Booch effect, is familiar to helicopter pilots - bright sunlight reflecting off the rotating blades causes dizziness. In combat conditions, bright sources of flashing light can cause temporary blindness, make it difficult to aim or move around the area.

Optical and high-intensity weapons are not banned yet, but there are currently no effective and reliable means of protection against them.

Beam weapon- weapons of directed energy, the main damaging factor of which are beams of elementary particles (electrons, protons, neutrons). The straightness and transonic speed of propagation, the large penetrating power of the beam provide an almost instantaneous defeat of the target. The defeat of objects (targets) occurs by creating mechanical loads on the target, intense thermal exposure and inflicting radiation damage. Radio-electronic systems and equipment are most sensitive to its effects.

The use of beam weapons is characterized by suddenness of action, all-weather capability, instantaneous processes of destruction (damage) and decommissioning of objects; it does not require taking into account the law of ballistics. There is a possibility of intense irradiation of huge surface areas (hundreds of square kilometers) by beam weapons from space, which can lead to mass defeat people and other biological objects.

Geophysical weapons- a set of various means that make it possible to use the destructive forces of nature through artificially caused changes physical properties and processes occurring in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Its varieties:

1. Atmospheric (meteorological) weapons is based on the use of various processes associated with the violation of climatic and weather phenomena. With an artificial impact on the atmosphere, thunderstorm processes occur, causing heavy precipitation, fog dissipates or intensifies, and the temperature regime changes over large areas. A number of meteorological weapons projects are based on methods of changing the strength of tropical cyclones, stimulating drought over vast areas, etc. Methods are being developed for the focal destruction of the ozone layer, which absorbs ultraviolet radiation and protects life on earth.

2. Hydrospheric (hydrological) weapons is based on the use of energy from rivers, lakes, seas, oceans and glaciers. Underwater and underground nuclear explosions, as well as explosions of large charges of conventional explosives, can be used to influence the hydrosphere and hydraulic structures. The damaging factors in this case will be water flows (waves) such as tsunamis and flooding of large areas.

3. Lithospheric (geological) weapons based on the use of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc. Ground or underground nuclear explosions can be used as a detonator for their occurrence.

Information weapon. At present, attention should be paid to the improvement of the old ones, which is growing at a rapid pace, and most importantly, to the emergence of new information psychotechnologies that make up real weapon and the danger to the intellect of an individual, and most importantly the people as a whole, its army, law enforcement agencies, governing bodies of power.

According to the direction of impacts, information warfare is divided into two main types: information-technical and information-psychological (psychological).

Information-technical type of weapon. In information and technical warfare, the main objects of attack and defense are control and communication systems, telecommunication systems, and various electronic means. It was here at the very beginning that the concept of "information weapons" was formed, which became widespread after the completion of the military operation against Iraq in 1991. At that time, the decisive contribution to the defeat of Iraq was made by the integrated use of reconnaissance, command and control, communications, navigation and electronic warfare, the totality of which was defined as an information weapon of the theater of operations. It is noteworthy that this conclusion made it possible to formulate key provisions military art: if the first world war singled out as an obligatory factor in achieving victory in battle - fire superiority over the enemy, the second world war - gaining air superiority, then the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, following the results of local wars, singles out the obligatory and main attribute of victory in modern combat - gaining superiority in the information sphere.

Information warfare on the battlefield is aimed at achieving this goal - information warfare in the theater of military operations. In wartime, it is supposed to be conducted at the strategic, operational and tactical levels. But information weapons must be used even before the start of hostilities, and fully used already during the battles. Even in peacetime, the objects and goals of this struggle are the information resources of the state, which include, first of all, information on material media or existing in any other form.

The special importance of information resources is due to the key position that they, due to the special role of information as a system-forming factor, occupy in relation to any other resources of the state - economic, scientific and technical and military proper. The influence of information resources on military potential is manifested not only in the general trend of the introduction of intelligence military weapons, but also in the emergence of qualitatively new means of armed struggle, developed for a special program-mathematical impact on information systems to protect their own information resources from a similar impact. Specialists in computer technology understand the means of destroying, distorting or stealing information arrays, extracting the necessary information from them after overcoming protection systems, restricting or prohibiting access to them by legitimate users, disorganizing the operation of technical means, disabling telecommunications networks and computer systems. The main methods of information influences here are embedded devices "logic bombs", computer viruses, special programs and other means of destruction, suppression, falsification of information and means of protection against them.

Information-psychological type of weapon. In the information-psychological struggle, the main objects of attack and defense are the psyche of the personnel of the Armed Forces, the population of the opposing sides, the system of formation public opinion and decision making. Such a struggle is carried out by methods and means of information and psychological influence, oriented towards the troops and the population on both sides of the "front". At the same time, information-psychological influences are understood as informational in nature impacts on the psyche, primarily on the consciousness of a person and communities of people, manifested in a change in their perception of reality, correction of their behavior and decision-making, and also, in some cases, in changes in the physiological state of the human body.

Information-psychological methods and means of psychotechnologies are divided into open and hidden, positive and negative and destructive, pursuing explicit and hidden goals. It is quite obvious, and it is already, unfortunately, well known that open psycho-technologies are implemented with the help of honest "clean" and the use of deceptive "dirty" methods and techniques. Information-psychological influences of a latent type are aimed at direct manipulation of a person's consciousness through his subconscious, by using hidden psychotechnologies, when the subject of influence is not aware of the fact of the influence itself. These hidden influences include psychotronic (technogenic) means, as well as suggestive (suggestion, mass hypnosis) and psychotropic (pharmacological) influences, hundreds of types of their combinations and represent the danger of a “non-lethal” weapon of the outcome of the 21st century!

Psychophysical influences or influences of a latent type have a hidden violent orientation on the psyche and subconscious of a person with the aim of unconditional modification of consciousness, behavior and health in the direction necessary for the influencing party.

The desire to secretly influence directly, through the subconscious of a person, is carried out by modern sophisticated hidden psycho-technologies, including the use of super-weak energy-informational interactions. It should be emphasized that there are sensational and scandalous publications about the impact on the human psyche to solve military-political problems. They sin with the absence of factual data and conclusions from “this can never be!” to "it's so obvious!" The results of serious research. usually. are not published.

Psychophysical weapons- this is a combination of all possible methods and means: technotronic, suggestive, psychotropic, complex hidden violent influence on the subconscious of a person in order to modify his consciousness, behavior and physiological state in the direction necessary for the influencing party.

The most dangerous for a person is the combined complex type of psychophysical weapons, although the possibilities of combined methods of unconscious influence have not been studied far. Even a simple assessment by the formula of permutations (combinations) of all known methods, means, techniques of unconscious influence suggests that there can be many hundreds of such combinations. And this is only for paired combinations. And if we take into account the possibility of triple, quadruple and completely unexplored options for exposure, then the number of combinations will increase several times. Such a "perspective" opens before scientists a rich field of research, the results of which can lead to the creation of highly effective models of psychophysical weapons.

An analysis of the possible consequences of psychophysical impact on a person makes it possible to identify dangers at various levels. The main psychophysical dangers include:

● change in character traits, personality behavior, decrease in intelligence and creativity, suppression and replacement of personality;

● deterioration of health at the genetic level, at the levels of body organs and their management;

● increase in psychological tension in groups, polarization of opinions, stratification of groups with an increase in the aggressiveness of subgroups, a gap social relations;

● stratification of society into social strata with mutually exclusive interests and goals and a decrease in the criticality of assessing one's own actions;

● the emergence of social groups controlled at a subconscious level by individuals or groups and carrying out any commands.

Extensive scientific research on a variety of problems of biofields and psychophysical effects is carried out in NATO countries, in particular, at the universities of Bonn and Freiburt (Germany), at London, Cambridge, Bristol universities (England), in France, Italy, Denmark, and also in Austria , Argentina, Brazil, Holland. In China, Japan, Israel, South Africa, a search will be launched for new techniques, methods, forms and methods of influencing the consciousness and psyche of large masses of people and army units. Awareness of the formidable reality of the appearance and implementation of psychophysical weapons causes an urgent need for careful consideration of the problems of ensuring the psychophysical security of our society and organizing timely counteraction to the enslavement of the nation.

Topic 15: PROTECTIVE FACILITIES OF GO.

Question 5. Conventional means of attack, their damaging factors.

Conventional means of destruction(OSB) are designed to hit small and dispersed targets.

The main damaging factors of conventional ammunition are:

Impact (punching) action;

Local action of the explosion (action of the products of the explosion);

Air shock wave;

Shards;

fire impact;

Toxic impact.

Impact (punching) action consists in breaking through an obstacle or penetrating it to a certain depth.

Local explosion action characterized by the formation of an explosive funnel and the destruction of the material near the explosion site.

air shock wave acts by analogy with explosions of explosives and hot water.

shards infect unprotected people and animals.

fire impact leads to the emergence of fires in the area of ​​​​the explosion and the release of various substances harmful to the human body, which is toxic effect.

Types of conventional weapons

1. Fragmentation ammunition(defeat of people).

Ball bombs (stuffed with balls with a diameter of 2-3 mm or other piercing and cutting objects (cubes, shrapnel, nails, etc.).

Apply with the help of aviation. Bombs are placed in cassettes. The cassette, not reaching the surface of the earth (still in flight), opens up, and small bombs fan out and explode over an area of ​​about 250 thousand square meters. m (500 x 500). The range of each bomb is up to 15 m.

2. High-explosive ammunition.

Are applied to: destruction of buildings and constructions (residential, industrial, administrative); damage to equipment; defeat of people.

Damage factors: shock wave and fragments.

Protection: shelters; shelters, covered gaps; terrain folds (ravines, hollows); collector wells.

3. Cumulative ammunition(defeat of armored targets).

The principle of operation is based on burning through the barrier with a powerful jet of detonation products of explosives (HE).

Affecting factors: high temperature (6-7 thousand degrees); excess pressure (5-6 thousand kg / cm 2 \u003d 500-600 thousand kPa).

At the time of the explosive explosion, the detonation products are focused in the form of a cumulative jet (which is achieved due to the cumulative parabolic recess on the ammunition).

The cumulative jet is capable of burning holes in armored ceilings several tens of centimeters thick and causing fires.

Protection: installation protective screens from various materials located at a distance of 15-20 cm from the main structure.

In this case, all the energy of the jet is spent on burning the screen, and the main structure remains intact.

4. Concrete-piercing ammunition.

They are used for: destruction of reinforced concrete structures of high strength; destruction of airfields.

Ammunition has: two charges (cumulative and high-explosive); two detonators.

Principle of operation: when meeting with an obstacle, an instantaneous detonator is triggered, which undermines the shaped charge (to burn through the obstacle).

A little later, with some delay (after the ammunition passes through the ceiling), the second detonator fires, detonating the high-explosive charge, which causes the main destruction of the object.

5 . Incendiary ammunition.

Are applied: for defeat of people; destruction by fire of buildings, structures, industrial facilities, settlements, rolling stock, warehouses.

Depending on the base, incendiary ammunition is divided into groups: napalms- incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products; pirogel- based on metallized incendiary mixtures; termites and thermal compositions; plain and plasticized phosphorus.

napalms(polystyrene, naphthenic, palmitic bioacids).

Features: adheres well even to wet surfaces; combustion temperature 1200 0 C (with the release of toxic gas); burning time - 5-10 minutes; are capable of penetrating through holes and crevices, causing damage to people in shelters and equipment.

Pyrogels(metallized mixtures based on petroleum products).

They have magnesium or aluminum shavings (powder) in their composition, therefore they burn with flashes, developing temperatures up to 1600 0 C or more.

Damaging effect: able to burn through thin sheets of metal.

Thermite compounds.

Metal mixtures consisting of powdered metals. The combustion temperature is up to 3000 0 С.

Features: can burn without air(since oxygen is released during the chemical reaction).

White phosphorus is capable of self-ignition, the combustion temperature is 900 0 C. During combustion, a large amount of white poisonous smoke (phosphorus oxide) is released. Causes severe burns.

6. Volumetric explosion ammunition(vacuum bomb).

The damaging factor - powerful shock wave (up to 100 kPa) at a distance of 100 m from the epicenter.

It occupies intermediate (in terms of power) positions between nuclear and conventional (high-explosive) munitions.

Principle of operation: liquid fuel with a high calorific value (ethylene oxide, acetic acid peroxide, propyl nitrite) is sprayed over the territory during an explosion, evaporates, mixes with atmospheric oxygen and forms an explosive fuel-air mixture, which, being heavier than air, fills all low places , flowing into unpressurized spaces.

A cloud with a diameter of 30 m and a height of 2-3 m is formed, after which the mixture, with some time delay, is undermined by special detonators, which are previously scattered into the places where liquid fuel is spilled.

Temperature - 2500-3000 0 C, overpressure - 100 kPa.

At the moment of explosion, a relative void is formed inside the cloud. This action can be compared to the explosion of the shell of a ball with evacuated air.

7. High-precision weapons.

a) reconnaissance and strike complexes(RUK).

Serve for guaranteed defeat well-protected objects (strong and small-sized) with minimal means.

RUK brings together damaging means (aircraft, missiles with homing warheads , capable of selecting targets) and technical means, ensuring their use (means of communication, reconnaissance, navigation communications, control systems, information processing, etc.).

HAND have automated system guidance and control of ammunition (practically without human intervention);

b) UAB- guided aerial bombs.

UAB have their own control system and small wings. According to their purpose, they are divided into: concrete-breaking; armor-piercing; anti-tank; cassette.

The aircraft, not reaching the target, drops a bomb, and then the pilot, using radio and television (telecontrol) systems, aims the bomb at the target.

Thus, summarizing all of the above, we can conclude that conventional (modern) weapons have sufficient destructive and striking force.

The degree of destruction of buildings and structures will depend on the characteristics of buildings, caliber and amount of ammunition.

When an ammunition explodes near a building:

The building receives complete destruction if Sp³0.5 S 3;

The building receives severe damage if Sp = (0.3¸0.5) S 3;

The building receives medium damage if Sp = (0.2 ¸ 0.3) S 3;

The building receives weak damage if Sp< 0,2 S 3, а также при взрыве боеприпаса на расстоянии:

where: Sp - destruction area (m 2);

S 3 - building area in terms of (m 2);

here: C is the weight of the explosive charge (mainly tritanol is used);

K ef- coefficient of efficiency of explosives (tritanol) in relation to TNT, (for tritanol K ef =1,53).

With a direct hit by ammunition, buildings receive:

Complete destruction - if 50 ¸ 100% of the construction volume of the building is destroyed, or 2Rр > 0.5L;

Severe destruction - if 30¸50% of the construction volume of the building is destroyed, or 2Rр = (0.3¸0.5) L;

Medium destruction - if 20¸30% of the construction volume of the building is destroyed, or 2Rр = (0.2¸0.З) L;

Weak destruction - if less than 20% of the construction volume of the building is destroyed, or 2Rp< 0,2 L .

where: Rr - destruction radius, m; L is the maximum size of the building, m.

During the explosion of a conventional ammunition, an air shock wave is formed outside the local action of the explosion, which, as it moves away from the center of the explosion, turns into a sound wave.

The effectiveness of the impact of an air shock wave of a conventional ammunition on an obstacle is much less than the effectiveness of an air shock wave nuclear explosion, at the same pressure.

During the explosion of ammunition of a volumetric explosion, the excess pressure in the detonation zone can reach 20-30 kgf / cm 2, and the air shock wave, in terms of the effectiveness of its impact on the elements of buildings and structures, is quite comparable with the shock wave of a nuclear explosion.

Classifications of modern conventional weapons

Characteristics of modern weapons.

Fire and strike means (ammunition)

Fragmentation ammunition - designed to defeat people. A feature of ammunition with ready-made or semi-finished lethal elements is a huge number (up to several thousand) of elements (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing from fractions of a gram to several grams. Splinter radius up to 300m.

Ball bombs - can be the size of a tennis ball to a soccer ball and contain up to 200 metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5 mm. The radius of destruction of such a bomb, depending on the caliber, is 1.5-15m. Ball bombs are dropped from aircraft in cassettes containing 96-640 bombs. Scattered ball bombs explode on an area up to 250,000 sq.m.

High-explosive ammunition - designed to defeat a shock wave and fragments of large ground objects (industrial and administrative buildings, railway junctions, etc.). The mass of the bomb is from 50 to 10000 kg.

Cumulative ammunition - designed to destroy armored targets. The principle of operation is based on burning through the barrier with a powerful jet of gases high density With

temperature 6000-7000 0 C. Focused detonation products can burn holes in armored ceilings several tens of centimeters thick and cause fires.

Concrete-piercing ammunition - designed to destroy the runways of airfields and other objects with a concrete coating. The Durandal concrete-piercing bomb weighing 195 kg and 2.7 m long has a warhead mass of 100 kg. It is capable of penetrating a 70cm thick concrete pavement. After breaking through the concrete, the bomb explodes (sometimes with a slowdown), forming a crater 2m deep and 5m in diameter.

Ammunition of a volumetric explosion - designed to defeat people, buildings, structures and equipment with an air shock wave and fire. The principle of operation is to spray gas-air mixtures in the air, followed by undermining the resulting cloud of aerosols. As a result of the explosion, enormous pressure is created.

Incendiary ammunition - the damaging effect on people, equipment and other objects is based on the direct effect of high temperatures. Incendiary substances are divided into:

● Compositions based on petroleum products (napalm)

● Metallized incendiary mixtures

● Thermites and thermite compounds

● White phosphorus

Characteristics of incendiary ammunition:

● Compositions based on petroleum products. NAPALM- a mixture of gasoline and thickener powder (90-97: 10-3). It ignites well even on wet surfaces, is able to create a high-temperature focus (1000 - 1200 ° C) with a burning time of 5-10 minutes. Lighter than water.

● Metallized incendiary mixtures. ELECTRON is an alloy of magnesium, aluminum and other elements (96:3:1). Ignites at 600 0 C and burns with a dazzling white or bluish flame, reaching a temperature of 2800 ° C.

● Thermite compositions - pressed powder of aluminum and oxides of refractory metals. Burning thermite heats up to 3000˚С.

● White phosphorus is a translucent, wax-like solid. Able to ignite spontaneously when combined with atmospheric oxygen. Flame temperature 900-1200˚С. It is most commonly used as a napalm igniter and smoke generating agent.

Precision weapons:

Reconnaissance and strike systems (RUK) - the RUK combines two elements: striking weapons (aircraft, missiles equipped with homing warheads capable of selecting the right targets among other objects and local objects) and technical means that provide them combat use(means of reconnaissance, communications, navigation, control systems, processing and display, information, command generation).

Guided aerial bombs - designed to hit small targets that require high accuracy. Depending on the type and nature of targets, UABs can be concrete-piercing, armor-piercing, anti-tank, cluster, etc. The probability of hitting UABs is at least 05.

Nuclear weapon. Damage factors of a nuclear explosion. Har-ka damage factors of a nuclear explosion. Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the use of the fission energy of heavy nuclei of certain isotopes of uranium and plutonium or on thermonuclear reactions synthesis of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium.

By power, nuclear weapons are divided: (Ultra-small (less than 1 kt), Small (1-10 kt), Medium (10-100 kt), Large (100-1000 kg), Extra large (more than 1000 kt))

AFFECTING FACTORS

Shock wave (direct or indirect effect on the body)

Light radiation - thermal burns of the skin and eyes.

Penetrating radiation - a stream of neurons and gamma rays.

Radioactive contamination of the area.

electromagnetic pulse

Feature: combined lesions.