Introduction

Aerospace research methods - a variant of remote research methods, a system of methods for studying the properties of landscapes and their changes using helicopters, airplanes, manned spacecraft, orbital stations and special spacecraft equipped, as a rule, with various imaging equipment. Allocate visual, photographic, electronic and geophysical research methods. Application A. m. and. speeds up and simplifies the process of mapping and has great importance when organizing monitoring of the state of the environment.

In some cases, direct satellite observations are used to track the migration of large animals, on the body of which radio transmitters are mounted, transmitting information about the movement and condition of the animals.

migration animal aerospace observation

Animal migrations

MIGRATION OF ANIMALS, relocation of animals to another habitat caused by changes in the conditions of existence in the places of their former habitat or changes in the requirements of the animal to these conditions at different stages of development (ontogenetic migrations). Exist various forms migrations. For example, plankton makes diurnal migrations, moving vertically in the water column during the day with changes in illumination and water temperature; it is followed by organisms that are in a food relationship, for example. fish. Seasonal migrations occur in autumn when the food supply deteriorates, and also in spring during the breeding season. They take place at about the same time, under certain conditions and along already known routes. There are vertical migrations performed by animals in the mountains, soil and water bodies; latitudinal and meridional - in mammals and migratory birds. Anadromous fish (salmon, sturgeon) make anadromous migrations from seas to rivers and catadromous migrations from rivers to seas. Non-periodic migrations occur in extreme natural conditions: drought, fires, floods, eruptions, earthquakes, etc., as well as an increase in population density (overpopulation). Such migrations can significantly change existing ecosystems.

The resettlement of animals is also possible with a change in lifestyle, for example. from sessile to mobile in coelenterates, barnacles; when changing the environment, eg. in insects. Migration may take years, e.g. larvae of European eels that spawn in the Sargasso Sea return to the rivers of the basin for more than 4 years Baltic Sea. The study of animal migrations is carried out different ways- from marking animals and observing them to using space satellites of the Earth.

Mammal Orientation

Since migration is one of the forms of exploration of the surrounding space, not a single living being that does not have the ability to orientate, is unable to master this space, can move in it in an ecologically expedient and beneficial way. And if this is so, then, consequently, the evolution of migratory behavior went, first of all, through the improvement of the ability to navigate in space. But if migration is impossible without orientation, then the ability to navigate in space, of course, goes beyond the limits of migration tasks, ensuring the existence of a living organism in the surrounding world. The ability to perceive objects and phenomena of the environment and on this basis to create an idea of ​​their location in space is inherent in all animals and accompanies any animal organism from the moment it is born until death.

The ability to navigate correctly is vital for all creatures, but it is especially important for migratory species. As a rule, they use noticeable landmarks, and then the ability to find the right direction by the sun, moon or stars is not so necessary, becoming a valuable help in critical situations, and in cases where travel is made over very long distances. An assistant in the orientation of animals during migration is not a mysterious "sense of direction", but vision, memory and a sense of time.

The behavior of mammals differs from the behavior of birds and lower animals, primarily in that in mammals learning plays a greater role than instinct. Therefore, among mammals, the ability to navigate by position celestial bodies is much less common, although many species have been specially studied to identify such abilities. However, scientists have found that field mice, which to some extent are also characterized by daytime activity, are guided by the sun. It is very likely that large mammals young animals can simply remember the path to follow during migration, learning from their parents and other members of their community, and then pass on the knowledge to the next generations. The assumption that the sense of smell plays a certain role in orientation in mammals has been experimentally confirmed only at the very beginning. recent times, and here we may be on the verge of interesting discoveries.

Smells and smell play a huge role in the life of animals. Smells carry vital information from the surrounding world, excite instincts, conditioned reflexes, determine a positive or negative attitude to new environmental factors. The sense of smell is one of the oldest and most important senses, with the help of which animals orient themselves in their environment.

Ways to study migrations

Methods for studying mammal migration are varied and complex. This is primarily due to the fact that mammals live in different environments. Some of them live in terrestrial conditions in the forest and on the ground or in the crowns of trees. Many of these animals have excellent climbing ability. Other terrestrial animals inhabit open spaces and have a fast run, or when danger arises, they instantly hide underground (marmots, ground squirrels); some of the mammals (desman, mink, muskrat, nutria, etc.) lead a semi-aquatic lifestyle near rivers, where they get food.

Per last years on migration was drawn Special attention scientists around the world. Migrations began to be studied not only through direct observations, but also with the help of marking. Already, the marking of many terrestrial animals gives an interesting result and forces us to reconsider previous theories about their geographical distribution. Marking is a more accurate and objective reflection of migrations occurring in nature.

Marking of animals began to be used in 1924. At the beginning (in 1924-30) only 22 animals were tagged: 19 hares, 2 chipmunks and 1 bat. These were uncertain steps in the new interesting case. In the future, animal tagging began to be introduced everywhere, and after 30 years 16,693 animals belonging to 75 species were tagged.

V.S. Pokrovsky, an employee of the Commission on Environmental Protection of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, noted back in 1959 that this type of research in our country is far behind others, because. still poorly developed method of trapping and labeling of mammals.

At the first stage of development of tagging, fur-bearing animals were tagged the most. Of the 16,693 goals looped between 1924 and 1955, there were 11,248. Very few ungulates and mouse-like rodents have been tagged, although their migrations are of great scientific interest. When comparing the development of animal ringing and similar work on birds carried out over the same period, it can be said that the results obtained on mammals are insignificant.

Marking animals is a tricky business. Caught live animals are usually very aggressive. Currently, scientists are testing various drugs that temporarily put animals to sleep, especially large terrestrial ones, so that they can be used for various manipulations during tagging. This idea comes from the experience of hunters in many tribes of the Southern Hemisphere, who used poisoned arrows for hunting. A drug called curarediplocin has already been created, which has strong action on the muscles of the animal, temporarily relaxing it. The use of this invention can facilitate the mass marking of deer, kulans and other ungulates and intensify the study of the migrations of these animals. Various approaches to labeling are also determined by the morphological features of mammals. Terrestrial animals have auricles, which are intensively used for marking. Underground and water do not have them.

Labeling methods:

Tattoo . The ear of the animal is preliminarily wiped with alcohol, then a number is put with tattoo forceps and ink is rubbed into the puncture sites, which is usually well preserved.

Ringing. For animals that do not have an auricle (muskrat, shrew), the ring is put on the hind leg, above the foot.

Notches or perforations. Special tongs make marks on the ears and webs of the paws, giving each mark a conditional numbered value. Used in the study of semi-aquatic animals (mink, otter).

If ringing is carried out on a large scale, then this method allows you to draw some conclusions and about general reserves game in the area, because the number of all individuals killed by hunters should be approximately the same percentage of the total number of this game in a given area as the percentage of prey of ringed individuals to the number of rings put on: a / b \u003d x / c, where a is the number of ringed birds, c - the number of returned rings, c is the total number of individuals of the species caught by hunters.

The methodological difficulties in studying the migrations of animals lie in the fact that they are, to varying degrees, accessible to direct human observation, due to a secretive way of life; Usually, when meeting a person, all animals quickly leave, and long-term, direct observation of them in natural conditions is almost impossible.

We know a lot about the migration of animals from the works of Russian travelers of the 18th century, academicians I. Lepekhin, P. Pallas and the 19th century A.F. Middendorf and others. During their travels, they great attention turned to the resettlement of animals.

To clarify the directions and ways of migrations importance has a return of tags or a message about the tag of hunted animals.

Tagging is an important scientific method for studying migrations.

The main reason for migration is the need for food and conditions for reproduction, as well as competition for convenient habitats. When, for example, a herd of buffalo or wildebeest doubles in size, its members are forced to roam in search of food over much wider areas than before. Since fresh grass serves as food for them, the abundant growth of which is associated with a certain season, the movements of these animals also become seasonal. Before the colonization of North America, bison made such trips twice a year, going from Canada to Mexico.

Much less often, migration is driven by the desire to protect oneself from climatic extremes. Even on the islands of the Arctic Ocean, neither musk oxen nor bull-hunting wolves try to move to warmer places in winter. Arctic foxes even move further north at this time of the year to stay close to polar bears and feed on the remains of the seals they have killed. Lemmings and Scottish hare hares also remain to winter in the north, and besides them, other animals and birds. Even the baribal bear does not go south, except perhaps in the most harsh winters when he moves to places where you can safely hibernate without being subjected to such ordeal(if energy resources are overused, he runs the risk of not waking up after hibernation).

Migrations arose in animals in the process of their historical development, they are an interesting biological adaptation. The emergence of migrations is, of course, associated with the evolution of the species to which they are characteristic. They have evolved from the aggregates of animal movements over countless generations. Animals that went in the wrong direction died. Those that chose the right path survived and returned with offspring. At first, there was no need to travel long distances, it was enough just to find an unoccupied territory; but, repeating every year, wandering acquired the character of a stable habit, which eventually grew into an instinct characteristic of the entire population.

Migration ecology arose and is developing as a synthesis of ecology and physiology. This area of ​​migration studies covers a wide range of various aspects migratory behavior. It is very interesting to study the issues of variability of migratory behavior, the difference in terms and routes of migration, individual variability of migratory distribution in time and territory in different species.

Migration probably formed gradually, under the influence of slow climate change such as glacier retreat. With the melting of glaciers, a gradual expansion of areas suitable for food and reproduction began. This reason for migrations seems more plausible than the assumption that over millions of years ice age animals kept the desire to return to their native lands.

A number of scientists have suggested that some modern migration routes developed against the background of the geographical conditions of earlier eras, and also that as the continents shifted relative to each other, the migration routes linking the places where the breeding took place with the feeding grounds lengthened. But migrations could also occur suddenly.

All these ideas do not necessarily contradict each other. The migrations may have resulted from a combination of climatic changes and a series of invasions from various causes. In the case of trans-equatorial migrations, when the territories where animals live in different seasons separated by a considerable distance, their occurrence is determined by a large number of complex interacting factors. Be that as it may, any hypothesis remains just a guess until it is confirmed by observations or verified experimentally.

A developed form of migration is characterized by quite high speed and travel distance.

IV. Migrations

Migration, (from Latin migrans) means resettlement. Migrations are widespread among animals of all the globe and are an interesting adaptation for enduring the unfavorable conditions that sometimes occur in nature.

In autumn, as foraging conditions worsen, the bulk of arctic foxes and reindeer migrates from the tundra to the south, to the forest-tundra and even to the taiga, where it is easier to get food from under the snow. Following the deer, the tundra wolves also migrate south. In the northern regions of the tundra, hare hares at the beginning of winter undertake massive migrations to the south, in the spring - in the opposite direction.

Animal migration occurs when different conditions and they are different.

Regular seasonal migrations of desert ungulates also depend on seasonal changes in vegetation cover, and in some places - on the nature of the snow cover. In Kazakhstan, saigas in the summer stay more often in the northern clayey semi-desert steppes; in winter they migrate to the south, to the area of ​​less snowy wormwood-fescue and wormwood-saltwort semi-deserts.

In general, migrations in mammals are characteristic of a relatively smaller number of species than in birds and fish. They are most developed in marine animals, bats and ungulates, while among the species the most numerous groups- rodents, insectivores and small predators - there are practically none.

Animals have periodical migration, they are also called eviction. Periodic evictions - migrations include those that represent the mass departure of animals from breeding places without subsequent return to their former habitats. According to science, such evictions are caused by a sharp deterioration in living conditions, as well as lack of food, which is associated with the emerging high population density of the species, forest and steppe fires, severe droughts, floods, excessive snowfall, and other reasons. This shows that numerous circumstances can cause the movement of a mass of animals over long distances. Invasions - the movement of animals outside their homeland. Such movements differ from true migrations in their irregularity and long intervals between successive invasions. Sometimes they are considered as initial stages the formation of real migrations arising from explosive settlements - "emigrations". Invasion is like a safety valve triggered by excess population density. In itself, this favors the existence of the species only indirectly. In normal vivo population processes are in equilibrium, and population growth resulting in eviction rarely occurs. Invasion is a phenomenon, the disadvantages of which are striking, but which, at the same time, for a long time gives an advantage that more than outweighs the disadvantages. A typical example of these migrations is the migration of lemmings and squirrels. Irreversible periodic migrations are inherent ordinary squirrels. They (migrations) arise quickly in response to unfavorable conditions. Migration begins in July-August, when the squirrels begin to feed on seeds and nuts of a fresh crop and discover their deficiency. Migration continues for about 6 months. Squirrels sometimes overcome up to 500 km or more. Proteins do not migrate in groups, but singly. Squirrel wanderings are periodically repeated every 4-5 years and greatly affect the yield of furs and the economy of squirrel hunters. The speed of squirrels during migration reaches 3-4 km/h.

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Seasonal animal migrations are one of the most impressive phenomena in nature. Birds are the most avid travelers in the animal world. Half of all bird species fly long distances to places where there is a lot of food or where they can hatch chicks. Huge flocks or herds, as if on command, are removed from their place and set off on a journey hundreds and thousands of kilometers away.

Migration can be caused by the need to search for food, the lack of which is due to natural causes. In much of Africa, for example, during a drought, the grass dries up completely, and wildebeest and zebra are forced to go in search of new fresh pastures. They return later. However, not all animal migrations are so impressive. Some animals living in the mountains simply descend from the mountains a couple of hundred meters into the valleys in autumn, and again rise to the mountains in the spring.

In addition to seasonal migrations, there are also so-called animal migrations common among cicadas and lemmings. This happens when the number of animals begins to exceed the available food supplies in a given habitat, and part of the population is forced to go in search of a new habitat.

Antelope - jumper

For the appearance of Europeans in Africa, the jumping antelope paid quite a lot. In the 19th century millions of these antelopes grazed in the sparse areas of southern Africa. In dry times, when there was no more grass left on the pastures, the antelopes went in search of water and food, overcoming great distances, but when Europeans appeared and began to develop these lands, the antelopes were no longer able to move freely. The end of their migrations has come. Now in Africa, these antelopes have survived in much smaller quantities.

Arctic Terns

Arctic terns hatch chicks in the far North (sometimes beyond the Arctic Circle), where they feed on fish, diving into the sea after it. After the mating season, arctic terns travel to the other side of the world to spend the winter on the pack ice in Antarctica. Here they use the same hunting tactics as in the North, feeding on small fish that swim close to the surface of the water. In order to live in daylight all the time (which allows them to fish around the clock), the tern travels twice a year from one pole to the other. Every year this little bird covers a distance of 32,000 km. Cruising from the Arctic summer to the Antarctic, she spends a noticeably larger part of her life in daylight than any other creature. Some terns cross the Atlantic during their migrations.

Butterfly flight

In summer, the caterpillars of the monarch butterfly feed on poisonous plants from the dove family, growing in Canada and the USA. The poison accumulates in their body and then passes into the body of butterflies, which fly south in huge swarms in autumn. In the spring, they return again, with females laying eggs along the way.

Migrations of animals in the steppes of Central Asia

Saiga (saiga) - an antelope with a bizarre thickened nose - has been living in the steppes of Central Asia for 20,000 years. Male saigas have horns, which they use in battles for females. Each male gathers around him from 5 to 15 females and protects them from other males. In winter when it starts to blow cold wind and northern regions buried in snow, thousands of saigas head south in search of new pastures. They return in the spring. Their movements are closely watched by other animals. The eagles try to attack the young calves, and the wolves feed on the placenta of the females.

During the last ice age, saigas occupied the territory from England to Eastern Siberia. At present, they remain only in the steppes of Central Asia. Until recently, they were even endangered. Fortunately, the efforts made to save them were successful. Now their number has increased, and they can continue seasonal migrations. They are perfectly adapted to the environment. Saigas belong to artiodactyl animals and on thin legs they can move at high speed across snow-covered steppes. An adult saiga reaches 75 cm in height. In summer, the fur of the saiga is short, light brown; in winter it becomes very thick and brightens somewhat.

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Animal migrations are one of the most touching and unusual phenomena mother - nature. The examples below confirm this in the full sense. The fastest, biggest, smartest, and even the most stupid of the representatives of the animal kingdom are going on a journey and overcome distances full of difficulties and adventures.

monarch butterflies
The mass migration of the Monarch butterfly is perhaps the longest - both in distance and time, among other animal species. Several generations of butterflies, in a year, in total overcome a distance of over 3200 kilometers. From North America, they run away from the approaching winter, reach coniferous forests California and Mexico.

great migration
African wildebeest and zebra migration is the largest mammalian migration on our planet. Every year in February, the Great Migration begins in Tanzania. The exact start date depends on the start of the calving season, during which about half a million calves are born. They all head towards the fertile plains and forests of the western Serengeti. About 250 thousand animals die during the journey, which is almost 1800 kilometers

red tide
Isolated in the Indian Ocean, Christmas Island is home to 1,500 people and 120 million red crabs. Every year, tens of millions of burrowing crabs migrate to the sea to lay their eggs. This spectacle is truly unique!

Arctic tern
This little bird is the absolute champion in the length of the path during its migration. She flies to the Antarctic for the winter, and returns to the Arctic in the spring. During the year, the Arctic tern flies about 70,000 km. These birds are long-lived - they can live over 30 years. It is believed that during their life, they fly over 2.4 million km! That's enough to get to the moon and back 5 or 6 times!

Reindeer caribou
One of the most famous and large-scale animal migrations is that of the northern caribou. Their winter and summer pastures are almost a thousand kilometers apart, and the reindeer migration is one of the most impressive phenomena. wildlife on the ground. because of weather conditions caribou migration occurs each time in a different scenario and in different ways.

March emperor penguins
Although the migration of emperor penguins may seem short compared to other animals in more temperate climates, the journey is incredibly difficult and no one has the right to make a mistake. compelled to migrate not only because of climatic conditions Antarctic winter, they are forced to migrate by the polar night, during which it is difficult to notice the predator. Migration routes are determined by the threat from predators. Despite all precautions, 20-30% of young animals die during the journey.

Return of the swallows
Every year on March 19th, the most famous swallows (Hirundo erythrogaster) of the San Juan Capistrano Mission in California return to their nests after wintering in southern countries, and leave them also from year to year on the twenty-third of October. Their annual departures and arrivals have been recorded by the mission staff for many years, and not once, even in leap years, there was no deviation in time. They fly about 10,000 km.

gray whales
Gray whales are the most popular attraction in California, but few know about the long migration of these giants. Each year, the round trip - from California and Mexico to the Aleutian Islands of Alaska and the Bering Strait equals 18,000 km.

Lemmings
Usually solitary, lemmings may go on massive migrations when biological conditions strongly dictate the need to seek out new feeding grounds. Along the way, they become easy prey for wolves and foxes. Surprisingly, lemmings do not even try to escape. Often on their way they run into a barrier or a river and the rear animals push out those in front.

Passenger (passenger pigeon) pigeon
These birds lived throughout North America. In colonial times, they were found in such numbers that the trees bent under their weight. Up to a hundred nests of this dove could be counted on one tree. When the flock rose, a sound was heard, as during a tornado, and the sky darkened. Imagine how those who watched the migration of these birds felt. It is hard to believe, but this bird has completely disappeared - the last representative of this species died in 1914.

Animal migration - regular and directed movements of animals "back and forth" from one habitat to another, caused by a change in the conditions of existence in their habitats or associated with the cycle of their development. There are: periodic (migratory birds, seasonal migrations of fur seals) or non-periodic (eviction due to lack of food for nutcrackers from the north of Siberia to the south, etc.) migration. They can be passive (larvae, eggs, adults carried by sea currents) and active (locust flights, anadromous fish, migratory birds). Migrations are also distinguished: forage (in search of food), wintering (flounder forms accumulations in deep, warmer waters in winter; bream, pike perch, catfish, etc. spend the cold season in the same "wintering pits").[ ...]

The absence of older animals (5-7 years) in the population indicates a shorter life expectancy of amphibians under the influence of toxicants. Wastewater compared to their life expectancy, as established earlier, in “conditionally clean” zones (Misyura, 1989). At the same time, this leads to a decrease in the reproductive potential of the population as a whole and the possibility of its existence only if animals migrate to this reservoir from spawning grounds.[ ...]

The regulation of the number of large animals is achieved by strict control of the size of the feeding area per animal. Such control is carried out in various ways (sound signals of neighbors, animal migration, etc.).[ ...]

K. is used to study the migration routes of animals (especially birds), to establish the boundaries of their ranges, the characteristics of seasonal biology, and to solve other problems. COMBINED IMPACT - see Art. Impact on environment. COMMENSALISM, or freeloading [from lat. honeycomb - with and mensa - table, meal] - a type of cohabitation of organisms, when one of them (commensal) constantly or temporarily exists at the expense of the other, without harming it. COMPENSATORY BEHAVIOR - a complex of behavioral reactions of organisms aimed at weakening (compensating) the limiting influence environmental factor.[ ...]

Influence of artificial barriers on animal migration. Artificial obstacles that impede the seasonal migration of reindeer are created by the laying of overground, ground and semi-underground main pipelines, power lines, roads and railways and other long structures. Animals accumulate in front of such obstacles in huge herds.[ ...]

MIGRANTS [from lat. migratio - resettlement] - migratory animals (see Migration of animals) or substances that easily move in various components of the biosphere (eg, water M., air M.). MIGRATION-WATER HAZARDOUS INDICATOR - see Art. Soil pollution hazard indicators.[ ...]

Land routes of oil and gas pipelines, roads can cross the paths of animal migration. Driven by the will of instinct, animals try to cross them and in doing so expose themselves to additional danger. In practice, there are cases when, as a result of the dismemberment of winter and summer pastures, entire herds of wild deer died.[ ...]

Since July 1982, the Law “On the Protection and Use of Wildlife” has been in force on the territory of Russia. It establishes public responsibility for animal world, declares the position that animals are one of the main components of the natural environment and an important component natural resources. The law provides for the conservation of the entire species diversity of animals, the protection of their habitat, breeding conditions and animal migration routes, scientifically justified, rational use and reproduction of the animal world, regulation of the number of animals in order to protect the health of humans and farm animals, as well as the prevention of the death of animals during agricultural, logging and other work, the use of plant protection products, mineral fertilizers and other preparations. A special place in the law is given to the protection and restoration of the number of rare and endangered species.[ ...]

Correct routing of roads and design of road structures in the habitats of wild animals is impossible without taking into account the peculiarities of their behavior and habits. Animal migration routes are characterized by various features: the purpose of movement, direction, season, duration. There are regular reversible and irregular migrations, horizontal and vertical (in the mountains), daily and seasonal, active and passive. Depending on the species, large ungulates move alone, in small groups or in large herds, which must be taken into account when designing special crossings for them. Herds of reindeer or saigas number up to tens of thousands of individuals; moose, roe deer migrate alone or in small herds (up to 7 individuals), wild boars - in groups of 10-15 individuals.[ ...]

The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation regulates administrative liability for violations of the legislation on the protection and use of wildlife in Art. 7.11 "Use of objects of the animal world without permission (license)", as well as for offenses in relation to the living resources of the continental shelf (part 2 of article 8.17, article 8.20), in relation to animals in the course of agricultural activities (article 10.11), with violation of veterinary and other rules (Article 10.6 “Violation of animal quarantine rules or other veterinary and sanitary rules”, Article 10.7 “Hiding information about a sudden death or simultaneous mass diseases of animals”, Article 10.8 “Violation of veterinary and sanitary rules for transportation or slaughter of animals, rules for processing, storage or sale of animal products”). In Art. 8.33 provides for liability for violation of the rules of the habitat and migration routes of animals, art. 8.34 - for non-compliance established order creation, use or transportation of biological collections, art. 8.36 - for violation of the rules of relocation, acclimatization or hybridization of objects of the animal world, art. 8.37 - for violation of the rules for using them, art. 8.38 - for non-compliance with security rules fish stocks, Art. 8.35 - for the destruction of rare and endangered animals, art. 8.29 - for the destruction of animal habitats.[ ...]

Bioindication - assessment of the state and changes in the environment by studying the structure, condition, abundance, behavior, in particular migrations, animals and plants.[ ...]

The height of the grid depends on the type of animal most frequently seen on the road. Fences are installed on animal migration routes across roads with a traffic intensity of more than 2,000 vehicles / day (along the border of the right of way) with a height of 2.0 ... 2.5 m at least 0.5 km in each direction from the established traffic path animals. The height of the fence is 2.25 ... 2.80 m for deer, 1.6 ... 1.8 m - for roe deer, 1.2 ... 1.4 m - for wild boars. Fences require careful installation and careful maintenance. Coarse-mesh high fences (nets) keep roe deer, deer, etc., low, fine-mesh fences are suitable for keeping badgers, hedgehogs, etc., smooth-walled steel or concrete structures are used to protect amphibians. In order not to isolate habitats, barriers should be combined with devices that help animals cross the carriageway.[ ...]

Partial damage to the environment caused during oil production can be compensated through the construction of fish factories, fur farms and wild animal feeding points, the organization of specially protected natural areas, financing of regional environmental programs, etc. Compensatory measures should also include the organization of passages on the migration routes of animals through linear communications, tunnels under roads, crossings under structures on piles and pipelines for the passage of large animals.[ ...]

Impact low temperatures, fires, radiation, strong winds will be accompanied by decay ecological systems, reproduction of pests of forests, fields, orchards and orchards. Animals will die from hunger, frost and lack of water. As a result of animal migration, the spread of human diseases to animals will begin. Ultimately, the action of radioactive substances will lead to the death of the animal world. will be especially sensitive rainforests, because the plants of the tropics and subtropics do not have a dormant period that allows them to withstand temperatures even above zero.[ ...]

Avoidance of adverse effects - the body's production of such life cycles and behaviors that avoid adverse effects. For example, seasonal animal migrations.[ ...]

Any phenomena associated with noticeable human impacts on nature, the reverse effects of nature on humans and their economy, with life and economically significant processes, mass irregular migrations of animals, are called environmental problem.[ ...]

The Code of Administrative Offenses establishes that violation of the rules for transportation, storage and use of plant protection products, plant growth stimulants, mineral fertilizers and other drugs that cause harm to wildlife, entails a fine or a warning. Violation of the rules for the protection of habitats, animal migration routes, rules for trade in zoological collections, as well as the rules for sending and exporting objects of the animal world abroad, unauthorized resettlement, acclimatization and crossing of animals also entails a warning or a fine.[ ...]

For biota, the tertiary stage of technogenesis is expressed in the replacement of traditionally typical forms of vegetation with a restorative series or fundamentally new types of vegetation, in a change in the ways of natural migration of animals, in the disappearance of individuals and even entire species of flora and fauna.[ ...]

Environmental advantages of the intermodal corridor: the possibility of combining environmental protection measures on all modes of transport, the localization of impacts along the route (noise, gas pollution, the possibility of active engineering protection of curb green areas, the organization of passages for animal migration), modern processing of cargo flows.[ ...]

Thus, we see that living organisms adapt to very difficult conditions of existence, which become the norm for them. But such adaptation takes a long time, it takes not hundreds, but thousands of years. It is often necessary to adapt quickly, for example, when animals migrate from their usual habitat due to worsening living conditions: natural disasters, geological disasters, floods, droughts, climate change, lack of food. And the body copes with it.[ ...]

Biogeocenoses are open systems; they exchange matter and energy with each other. The substance is transported in the form of gas, liquids, bulk and other materials. The interbiogeocenotic transfer of living matter and energy is noted during the movement of organisms, for example, during the resettlement of plants, animal migrations.[ ...]

Change of conditions in aquatic environment causes certain behavioral reactions of organisms. Changes in illumination, temperature, salinity, gas regime and other factors are associated with vertical (descension into the depths, rise to the surface) and horizontal (spawning, wintering and feeding) migrations of animals. In the seas and oceans, millions of tons of aquatic organisms take part in vertical migrations, and during horizontal migrations, aquatic animals can travel hundreds and thousands of kilometers.[ ...]

For example, in the 60s and 70s the Kalmyk saiga population was restored at the cost of great efforts. Its number exceeded 700 thousand heads. Currently, the saiga in the Kalmyk steppes has become much smaller, and its reproductive potential has been lost. The reasons are various: intensive overgrazing of livestock, excessive use of wire fences, the development of a network of irrigation canals that cut off the natural migration routes of animals, as a result of which thousands of saigas drowned in the canals along their path.[ ...]

Sections of rivers that have been turned into the so-called downstream pools of reservoirs, where they should be covered with a stable ice cover, in many cases lose this property. In the downstream, a winter polynya is formed and functions; a river that does not freeze even in the most severe frosts, and the cover of ice that replaces it downstream turns out to be fragile, uneven and discontinuous. Thus, below each large dam in winter there is an insurmountable barrier to the migration of animals and to the maintenance of economic ties. For example, on the Yenisei River, the winter polynya stretches from Divnogorsk, which is 30 km above Krasnoyarsk, and almost to the mouth of the Angara. By the end of winter, its length is reduced. The usual changes in the length of the winter polynya of the Yenisei River range from 280 to 50 km.[ ...]

Rhythm of phenomena in the geographical shell. The geographic envelope of the Earth is constantly changing, the relationship between its individual components is becoming more complicated. These changes occur in time and space. In nature, there are rhythms of different duration. Short, diurnal and annual rhythms are especially important for living organisms. Their periods of rest and activity are consistent with these rhythms. The daily rhythm (change of day and night) is due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis; annual (change of seasons) - the revolution of the Earth around the Sun. The annual rhythm is manifested in the existence of periods of rest and vegetation in plants, in molting and migration of animals, in some cases - in hibernation, reproduction. The annual rhythm in the geographical envelope depends on the latitude of places: in equatorial latitudes it is less pronounced than in temperate or polar ones.[ ...]

Nutrition is one of the oldest connections of the body with the environment. Adaptation to its lack can also be behavioral. them, instinctive, and conditioned by processes occurring at the molecular level. The former include, first of all, eating more food than the energy expenditure of the body requires. Excessively consumed food is converted into fat reserves, which are consumed under unfavorable conditions; for hunting. This is observed, for example, in coppers, whose females feed their young in winter without leaving the den. Other examples of instinctive adaptation to the lack of food are the storage of food for the winter by many rodents and various animal migrations (whether within their habitat, to more food-rich areas, or over long distances, like migratory birds). An essential way of adapting to the lack of food and water is the winter and summer sleep discussed earlier, which is associated not only with changes in the nature of nutrition, but also with seasonal fluctuations. temperature regime, length daylight hours and other environmental conditions.[ ...]

At all stages of substantiation and decision-making on the use natural resources and the placement of energy facilities, analysis and assessment of the impact of the planned economic activity on the environment, including the ecology of adjacent areas, will be carried out. The developed programs for the development of the energy sector of the regions and the construction of new energy facilities must undergo a mandatory environmental review. At the same time, studies of the social consequences of the proposed activity must be carried out without fail, with an analysis of possible emergency situations, the determination of measures to prevent negative consequences in the short and long term, and an assessment of the degree of risk and reliability of facilities. As a rule, new facilities of the fuel and energy complex will provide for a set of tools for environmental monitoring, in particular monitoring the state of hydrological systems, monitoring seismicity and hydrodynamics of oil and gas production areas, monitoring the migration of animals and birds, restoring their populations .